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A religious doctrine that advocates hard work, self-discipline, thrift, and sobriety, regards labour as one’s divine task, without the enjoyment of the fruit of the labour. The purpose is to purify the corrupted church as had been established by Jesus Chris himself.John cotton and William rogerRomanticismIs intellectual movement originating in Germany at the end of 18th century that gained strength in Western Europe after the Industrial Revolution, in the reaction to the social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, its scientific rationalization of nature. The romantic values revolved around the full spectrum of the human emotional side embracing its instincts and rejecting the conventions of the Age of Reason.Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.Transcendentalismas a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.2) they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 3）they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.Emerson 第一个提出idealism代表人物：Emerson，believed that man was a part of absolute good。
美国文学中的主要作家及其代表作品美国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，拥有众多杰出的作家和作品。
本文将介绍一些主要的美国作家以及他们的代表作品，以展示美国文学的丰富与多样性。
一、马克·吐温（Mark Twain）马克·吐温是美国文学史上最著名的作家之一，他以幽默和讽刺的风格闻名于世。
他的代表作品《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》被视为美国文学的经典之作，揭示了美国南方社会的黑暗和种族歧视现象。
二、欧内斯特·海明威（Ernest Hemingway）海明威是20世纪美国文学的巨匠，他以简洁明快的写作风格和对战争、人性的深刻洞察而闻名。
他的代表作品《老人与海》讲述了一个老渔夫与大海的搏斗，通过对人性、毅力和命运的思考，展现了人类的勇气和坚韧。
三、威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）福克纳是美国南方文学的代表人物，他的作品充满了对美国南方历史和文化的深度思考。
他的代表作品《喧哗与骚动》和《押沙龙，押沙龙！》以其复杂的叙事结构和深刻的人物描写而著称，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等重要议题。
四、弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）菲茨杰拉德是美国爵士时代文学的代表人物，他的作品描绘了上层社会的繁华与堕落。
他的代表作品《了不起的盖茨比》通过对财富、爱情和美国梦的探索，揭示了人类对幸福的追求与现实的冲突。
五、托尼·莫里森（Toni Morrison）莫里森是美国当代文学的重要代表，她以其对种族、性别和历史的关注而获得了广泛的赞誉。
她的代表作品《亲爱的》和《宠儿》通过对非洲裔美国人的生活经历和心理状态的刻画，探讨了种族歧视和自我认同等重要议题。
六、约翰·斯坦贝克（John Steinbeck）斯坦贝克是美国现实主义文学的代表人物，他的作品关注农民和工人阶级的生活困境。
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
美国文学术语解释美国文学术语解释American puritanism(美国清教主义)Colonial American(殖民时期的美国)Great Aweaking(宗教大觉醒运动)American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义)Gothic tradition(哥特传统) Historical novel(历史小说)Civil War（美国内战）Transcendentalism(超验主义) Individualism(个人主义) Unitarianism(上帝一位论) Allegory(寓言) American Renaissance(美国文艺复兴)Original Sin(原罪)American Enlightenment(美国启蒙运动)Free verse(自由诗) Alliteration(头韵) Assonance(类韵) Consonance(和音)Lyric(抒情诗)Sonnet(十四行诗)Point of view(视角)Realism(现实主义)Local Colorism(地方特色主义) Irony(反讽)Naturalism(自然主义)Social Darwinism(社会达尔文主义)Dadaism(达尔文主义) Expressionism(表现主义) Harlem Renaissance(哈姆雷特文艺复兴)Imagism(意象主义)Jazz Age(爵士乐时代) Surrealism(超现实主义)V orticism(漩涡派)Dramatic Monologue(戏剧性独白)Lost Generation(迷惘的一代) Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)Narrator(叙述者)Stream of Consciousness(意识流) The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代) The 1930s(美国30年代)New Criticism(新批评主义) Theatre of the Absurd(荒诞剧) Postmodernism(后现代主义) Metafiction(元小说) Confessional poetry(自白派诗歌) The New York School(纽约派诗人)The absurd(荒谬派)Parody(戏讽)Magic realism(魔幻现实主义) The National Association for the Advancement of ColoredPeople(NAACP)(美国有色人种协进会)The Native American Renaissance(土著美国人文艺复兴)。
Imagism (1908-1917)1. Time: 1908-19171) first began in 1908-1909 T.E. Hulme founded a Poet's Club discussed the techniques of writing poetry.2) 1912-1914 Ezra Pound headed the movement. He and Flint laid down three Imagist principles3)1914-1917: Amy Lowell pushed the movement into the period of "Amygism"2.three Imagist Principles1). economy of expression(exclusion of redundant words)2). metrical freedom（free verse form and the rhythm of metrical phrase(讲究自由诗歌形式,使用音乐性短语的节奏而不按节拍器的节奏3). produce a dominant and clear visual image or a series of related images (no symbolic meaning of images, avoidance of romantic or mystical themes)3. Representatives :Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle, Carlos WilliamsThe Lost Generation1. Time: a term coined by Gertrude Stein after the WWI (1920s)2. Ideas: a group of American intellects, artists and writers fled to France to reject the values of American materialism. They were disillusioned and frustrated with the war and were spiritually bitter and lead aimless life.3. Representatives: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzegerade, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein etc.Tough Guys1) Men who show grace under pressure, who face up to life's tragedies such as danger, violence and even death with desperate courage and maintain dignity, honor and grace.2) Life can defeat and destroy you, but if you keep calm and stand on your set of principles, you may win on your own terms. 人可以被毁灭但是精神不能被打败Iceberg Theory1) In his non-fiction work Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway said "the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only 1/8 of it being above water ,7/8 is under the water. " “冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。
美国文学一、北美殖民主义时期文学时间：16世纪末到17世纪中特点：The first writings are narratives and journals of early settlers主要作家1.John SmithA True Relation of Virginia : the first book in American literatureA Map of Virginia with a description of the country二、独立革命时期文学时间：17世纪中到18世纪末特点it is featured by two revolutions. One was American revolution and the other is enlightenment, which led to the American independence and an intellectual development whose rationalistic spirit inspired Americans and brought them into a new horizon主要作家1.Benjamin Franklin ( a member of the committee to draft the Declaration ofIndependence)AutobiographyPoor Richard’s Almanac 穷理查德书2.Thomas PaineCommon SenseThe American CrisisRights of manThe Age of Reason3.Philip Freneau (poet of American Revolution)The British Prison ShipThe Rising Glory of AmericaThe Indian Burying GroundThe wild Honey Suckle 野金银花一、浪漫主义时期时间：18世纪末到19世纪中期特点：American Romanticism advocates individualism and encourage people to fight for individual right and human happiness with brevity. It attached importance to individual dignity and value and believed that human nature is benign.主要作家：1.Washington IrvingA history of New YorkThe Sketch Book 见闻札记Rip Van Winkle 瑞普梵温克尔The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷传说Tales of a traveler2.James Fenimore CooperLeather Stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集The last of the Mochicans 最后的末希干人3.William Cullen Bryant (romantic poet)poemsThe fountainThe white-footed deerA forest hymnThe flood of years4.Edgar Allen PoeTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 怪诞奇异故事集The Fall of the House Usher 呃舍屋的倒塌The Raven 乌鸦To Helen 致海伦The City in the Sea 海城5.Ralph Waldo EmersonNatureSelf-RelianceThe TranscendentalistThe American ScholarDivinity School Address 神学院的演说6.Henry David ThoreauWalden 瓦尔登湖Resistance to Civil Government 抵制公民政府Civil Disobedience 论市民的不服从7.Nathaniel HawthorneScarlet letterMosses from an old manse 古屋青苔8.Herman MevilleMoby Dick 大白鲸Typee 泰比9.Walt Whitman (诗人)Leaves of GrassSong of myself 自我之歌10.Emily Dickinson （诗人）The Poems of Emily DickinsonThis is my letter to the worldI heard a fly buzz when I died四：现实主义时期时间：19世纪中期到20世纪末特点：The rise and development of American literary realism was the product of the changes in American politics and economic development著名作家：1.Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Tom’s Cabin2.Mark TwainThe adventure of Tom SawyerThe adventure of Huckleberry FinnThe Innocents abroad 傻瓜出国记The Prince and Pauper 王子和贫民The Gilded Age 镀金时代3.O HenryThe Cop and the Anthem4.Henry JamesDaisy MillerThe portrait of a lady 贵夫人的画像The Ambassadors 大使们The wings of a dove 鸽翼5.Jack LondonThe son and the wolfThe call from the wildThe sea-wolfWhite fang 白獠牙The people of the Abyss 深渊中的人们Martin Eden 马丁易登6．Theodore DreiserSister CarrieJennie Gerhardt 珍妮姑娘Trilogy of DesireAn American TragedyThe FinancierThe Genius五：美国当代文学时间：一战后特点：writers of this time freed themselves from traditional concepts of culture and morality and created the literary art of modernism. The writers of lost generation were frustrated by the war and literature accordingly was featured by disillusionment of ideas and civilization.主要作家诗歌1.Ezra pound (imagism poet)In a station of Metro 地铁站里The Cantos 诗章Homage to Sextus PropertiusPersonage 人物The Pisan Cantos 比萨诗章2.Robert Frost (新英格来背景的诗人)A Boy’s WishNorth of BostonA Witness tree 一棵作证的树Mountain Interval 山间A Further Range 又一片牧场3.Wallace Stevens （诗人）Harmonium (风琴)The man with blue GuitarThe Auroras of Autumn （秋天的晨曦）Collected Poems 诗集4.Thomas Stearns Eliot (诗人，剧作家，1948年诺贝尔文学奖)Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂的谋杀The Waste land 荒原The Hollow Man 空心人The Sacred Wood 圣林小说1.Sinclair Lewis （第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国作家）Our Mr. Wrenn 我们的雷恩先生The Job 求职The Main Street 大街Babbit 吧比特2.Eugene O Neill(唯一一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的剧作家)The Iceman Cometh 送冰的人来了The long day’s journey into night 长夜漫漫路迢迢The Hairy Ape 毛猿Emperor Jones 琼斯皇帝The Great God Brown 大神布朗Desire under the Elm 榆树下的欲望All the God’s Children Got Wings 上帝的儿女都有翅膀3. F. Scott Fitzgerald （爵士乐时代的优秀编年体作家）The Side of Paradise 人间天堂The Beautiful and the Damned 漂亮冤家Tender is the night 月色温柔The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖兹比The last Tycoon 最后的巨头4.Ernest Hemingway （获诺贝尔文学奖，迷茫一代的代言人）The sun also risesA farewell to armsFor whom the bell tollsThe old man and the seaDeath in the Afternoon (午后之死)Green hill of Africa （非洲的青山）5.John Steinbeck （1962获得诺贝尔文学奖）The Grapes of WrathThe PearlOf Mice and MenIn Dubious BattleTortilla Flat (煎饼坪)6.William Faulkner （南方文艺复兴最杰出代表，1949年诺贝尔文学奖）The sound and fury 喧哗与骚动As I lay dying 在我弥留之际Light in August 八月之光Absalom, Absalom 押沙龙，押沙龙。
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草―独立宣言。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的―革命诗人‖。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》―The Rising Glory of America‖《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
•Anne Bradstreet ————American Puritanism•Edward Taylor————American Puritanism•Philip Freneau————American Puritanism•Benjamin Franklin——Poor Richard’s Almanac; The Autobiography——American Puritanism, The Enlightenment and Revolution Period•Jonathan Edwards ————The Enlightenment and Revolution Period•Thomas Paine——Common Sense——The Enlightenment and Revolution Period•Thomas Jefferson——Declaration of Independence——The Enlightenment and Revolution Period •Washington Irving——The Sketch Book：The Legend of Sleepy Hollow；Rip Van Winkle——American Romanticism•James Fenimore Cooper——The Leather-Stocking Tales——American Romanticism•William Cullen Bryant——To a Waterfowl；The Yellow Violet——American Romanticism•Ralph Waldo Emerson——Nature；Self-Reliance——New England Transcendentalism；American Romanticism•Henry David Thoreau——Walden；On the Duty of Civil Disobedience——New England Transcendentalism；American Romanticism●Henry Wadsworth Longfellow——The Song of Hiawatha——American Romanticism●Walt Whitman——Leaves of Grass——American Romanticism●Nathaniel Hawthorne——The Scarlet Letter；The House of the Seven Gables; Young Goodman Brown——American Romanticism•Herman Melville——Moby Dick——American Romanticism•Edgar Allan Poe——The Raven；Ligeia；The Fall of the House of Usher；The Poetic Principal——American Romanticism•Emily Dickinson————American Romanticism●William Dean Howells——The Rise of Silas Lapman ；Criticism and Fiction——The Age of Realism ●Mark Twain——The Gilded Age；The Adventures of Tom Sawyer；The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn——humor and local colorism；The Age of Realism●Henry James——The Portrait of a Lady；Daisy Miller——Psychological Realism ；The Age ofRealism●Stephen Crane——A Girl of the Streets；The Red Badge of Courage——The Age of Realism；AmericanNaturalism●Theodore Dreiser——Sister Carrie；An American Tragedy——social Darwinism；The Age ofRealism；American Naturalism●Upton Sinclair——The Jungle●Ernest Hemingway——The Sun Also Rises；A Farewell to Arms；For Whom the Bell Tolls; The OldMan and the Sea——The Lost Generation，Modernism and Post-Modernism●F. Scott Fitzgerald——The Great Gatsby——The Lost Generation，Modernism and Post-Modernism ●John Dos Passos——Three Soldiers——The Lost Generation，Modernism and Post-Modernism●William Faulkner ——The Sound and the Fury ——南方文艺复兴时期；Modernism andPost-Modernism●Ezra Pound ——The Cantos；Hugh Selwyn Mauberley ——imagism；Modernism and Post-Modernism●Langston Hughes——The Weary Blues——Harlem Renaissance；Modernism and Post-Modernism⏹Frederick Douglass——My Bondage and My Freedom——Black American Literature⏹Richard Wright——Native Son——Black American Literature⏹Ralph Ellison:——Invisible Man——Black American Literature⏹James Baldwin:——Go Tell It on the Mountain——Black American Literature ⏹Alex Haley:——Roots——Black American Literature⏹Toni Morrison:——The Bluest Eye——Black American Literature●Jack Kerouac——On the Road——The Beat Generation,当代文学●Allen Ginsberg——Howl——The Beat Generation●William S. Burroughs——Naked Lunch——The Beat Generation●Joseph Heller——Catch-22——Black Humor●J.D. Salinger——Catcher in the Rye。
