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医学研究杂志2019年6月第48卷第6期-IE春•高血压患者的适宜随访时间和频率李志芳段培芬刘新太姬忠保冯向先武阳丰摘要目的探索依托村医实施高血压规范管理的适宜随访时间和频率，为提出适宜的髙血压管理模式提供依据。
方法本研究利用“中国农村健康行动”在晋城市的2个县12个村接受规范化管理的所有463例高血压患者作为研究对象，分析其在干预期间血压水平和血压控制达标率随干预时间的变化情况。
结果在干预后的不同时间，干预人群平均收缩压和血压控制率呈不同下降趋势。
平均收缩压前3个月内下降迅速，从166.5nunHg(l mmHg=0.133kPa)降至139.5mmHg；第4~6个月缓慢下降，之后维持134mmHg左右水平。
血压控制达标率前6个月上升明显，第6个月达63.2%；至第10个月达70.0%，之后基本稳定。
结论初步建议在农村高血压规范化管理工作中，对于新纳入管理的高血压患者前3~6个月最好每个月随访1次，待血压达标并稳定之后每3个月随访1次即可。
关键词高血压规范化管理随访时间随访频率中图分类号R544.1文献标识码A DOI10.11969/j.issn.1673-548X.2019.06.017A Preliminary Investigation on the Appropriate Follow-up Cycle and Frequency for Hypertensive Patients.Li Zhifang,Duan Peifen,Liu Xintai y et al.Office of Epidemiology,Department of Public Health and Prevent Medicine,Changzhi Medical College,Shanxi046000,China Abstract Objective To explore the appropriate follow-up time and frequency of the standardized management of hypertensive patients depending on village doctors,and provide a foundation for proposing good hypertension management model.Methods Relying on **China Rural Health Initiative*',463hypertension patients undergoing standardized management from12villages of2counties in Jincheng City were selected into the study.The changes of blood pressure and the blood pressure controlling rate with intervention time during the standardized management were explored.Results The mean systolic pressure and the blood pressure controlling rate showed different decreasing trends during the different follow-up period.The mean systolic pressure was decrease rapidly with in the first3months,but was decreasing slowly during the4th to6th month,and then maintained at about134mmHg.The blood pressure controlling rate was increasing obviously in the first6months,and reached63.2%in the6th month.After the10th month of70.0%,the rate entered the plateau period.Conclusion It was recommended to follow up the new hypertensive patients in rural at least once a month for the first3-6 months,then to follow up every three months when blood pressure was up to standard and stable.Key words Hypertension；Standardized management；Follow-up cycle；Follow-up frequency2017年《国家基层高血压防治管理指南》中指出，高血压的严重并发症如脑卒中、冠心病、心力衰竭等致残和致死率远远超过世界平均水平（，'21o2009年我国将高血压规范化管理纳入国家基本公共卫生服务项目，截至2016年底，规范化管理人数达到9023万人，这意味着高血压规范化管理进入正轨。
农业科学 2019.08红外夜视自动监测仪在野生动物调查中应用——东岗山省级森林公园野生动物调查劳 赛(浙江省余姚市林场，浙江 余姚 315400)摘 要：采用红外夜视自动监测仪对东岗山省级森林公园野生动物物种、种群、生活习性、生存习性进行初步调查，为建立野生动物资源监测体系提供依据，森林公园开发建设提供客观真实数据。
关键词：红外夜视自动监测仪；野生动物调查；森林公园中图分类号：S862 文献标识码：AApplication of Infrared Night Vision Automatic Monitor in Wildlife Investigation——Investigation on Wildlife in Donggang Mountain Provincial Forest ParkLAO Sai(Forest Farm in Yuyao City in Zhejiang Province, Yuyao, Zhejiang, 315400)Abstract: Preliminary investigation on species, population, living habits and survival habits of wild animals in Donggang Mountain Provincial Forest Park by Infrared Night Vision Automatic Monitor, it provided objective and real data for the establishment of wildlife resources monitoring system and the development and construction of forest parks. Keywords: Infrared night vision automatic monitor; Wildlife survey; Forest park为配合宁波市野生动物资源监测体系构建，浙江省余姚市林场与浙江农林大学动物科技学院周圻教授团队合作，对森林公园的野生动物资源现状及生存环境进行1次调查，利用红外夜视自动监测仪在森林公园设立3个监测点(带)。
云南大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区昭通杜鹃种群状况初步调查作者：钱颖吴太平赵子蛟马永鹏来源：《安徽农业科学》2024年第14期摘要昭通杜鵑（Rhododendron tsaii）于2021年列入《云南省极小种群野生植物名录》，云南大山包黑颈鹤国家自然保护区为新分布记录，为掌握该保护区内昭通杜鹃的种群及分布状况，于2022年3—8月采用访问、踏查、实地调查及面积测量等方法，初步查清昭通杜鹃在该地的分布及种群状况。
结果显示：昭通杜鹃空间上分布于大山包集镇南侧的4个地块；种群分布面积3 022.24 m2；种群数量共计550丛，其中健康223丛，亚健康207丛，不健康120丛，单株幼树2株；成苗率低、种群面积狭小，鼠害、干旱等是昭通杜鹃繁衍的主要威胁因子；受限于空间分布狭窄，且处于人为干扰较频繁的区域，严重威胁着昭通杜鹃的生存，急需采取相关保护措施；现有文献资料表明云南大山包黑颈鹤国家自然保护区是昭通杜鹃已知种群数量最大的分布地。
基于上述结果，建议相关部门采取就地、近地保护措施，在云南大山包黑颈鹤国家自然保护区建立昭通杜鹃保护示范小区，进行严格保护，以恢复其种群。
关键词极小种群；昭通杜鹃；数量分布；保护示范小区中图分类号 S759.9 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2024）14-0071-02doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.14.015Preliminary Investigation on the Population Status of Rhodendron tsaii in Dashanbao Black-necked Crane Nature Reserve， YunnanQIAN Ying1， WU Tai-ping2， ZHAO Zi-jiao2 et al（1. Forestry Station of Dashanbao Town， Zhaotong， Yunnan 657000;2.Administrative Bureau of Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve， Zhaotong，Yunnan 657000）Abstract Rhodendron tsaii was recently included in the List of Yunnan Protected Plant Species with Extremely Small Population （2021），the Yunnan Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve was a new distribution record. In order to understand the population and distribution status of Rhododendron tsaii in the reserve， methods such as visits， field surveys and area measurements were used from March to August 2022 to preliminarily investigate the distribution and population status of Rhododendron tsaii in the area.The result showed that Rhodendron tsaii was found in four specific areas within the Hexing Village range.The population distribution area was 3 022.24 m2.The population consists of 550 clusters， including 223 healthy clusters， 207 sub-healthy clusters， 120 unhealthy clusters， and 2 single young trees.The low seedling rate， narrow population area， rodent infestation， drought， etc. were the main threat factors to the reproduction of Rhodendron tsaii.Due to its narrow spatial distribution and vulnerability to human interference，urgent protective measures were needed to ensure the survival of Rhodendron tsaii.Existing literature data showed that the Yunnan Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve was the largest known distribution area of Rhodendron tsaii population. Based on the above results， it was suggested that relevant departments take on-site and near-site protection measures， establish a Rhodendron tsaii conservation demonstration area in the reserve， and strictly protect it to restore its population.Key words Minimal population;Rhodendron tsaii;Quantity distribution;Conservation demonstration area作者简介钱颖（1975—），男，云南昭阳人，高级工程师，从事植物多样性研究。
客户投诉处理流程（中英文对照）模板客户投诉处理流程 (中英文对照)Complaint Handling Procedure for Customers1. 描述 (Description)客户投诉是每个企业经营中都可能遇到的情况。
有效处理客户投诉对于维护良好的客户关系以及提升企业形象都具有重要意义。
本文将介绍客户投诉处理流程，并提供一份中英文对照的模板供参考。
Customer complaints are a common occurrence in any business. Handling customer complaints effectively is crucial for maintaining good customer relations and enhancing the company's image. This article will introduce the process of handling customer complaints and provide a template in both Chinese and English for reference.2. 投诉接收 (Complaint Reception)2.1 中文 (Chinese):当客户提出投诉时，我们需要确保投诉能够被及时接收并记录下来。
以下是投诉接收的步骤：1. 接听客户投诉电话或接收投诉邮件。
2. 节录客户的投诉内容，包括具体的细节和涉及的人员或事物。
3. 向客户确认投诉的准确性，以确保我们理解问题的真正原因。
4. 向客户说明我们对于投诉的重视程度，并告知他们我们将尽快处理此事。
2.1 英文 (English):When a customer lodges a complaint, it is important to ensure that the complaint is received and recorded in a timely manner. The following are the steps for complaint reception:1. Answer the customer's complaint call or receive the complaint email.2. Summarize the details of the customer's complaint, including specific incidents and individuals or entities involved.3. Confirm the accuracy of the complaint with the customer to ensure a proper understanding of the root cause of the problem.4. Express the company's commitment to addressing the complaint and inform the customer that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.3. 投诉调查 (Complaint Investigation)3.1 中文 (Chinese):投诉调查是核实和了解投诉背后原因的关键步骤。
第24卷第6期临沂师范学院学报2002年12月Vol.24No.6Journal of Linyi Teachers&College Dec.2002临沂市蒙山药用植物资源调查( )王文房,邱奉同(临沂师范学院生命科学系,山东临沂276005)摘要:通过对临沂市境内蒙山地区植物资源的调查,初步掌握了临沂市境内蒙山地区的药用植物资源.共有药用蕨类植物10科21种,药用单子叶植物9科42种.关键词:临沂市;药用植物;单子叶植物;蕨类植物中图分类号:Q948.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-6051(2002)06-0040-031地理位置和自然条件临沂市又称沂蒙山区,地处鲁中南丘陵区东南部和鲁东丘陵区南部.地跨东经117!24∀ 119!11∀,北纬34!22∀ 36! 22∀.东连日照,近黄海,西接枣庄、济宁、泰安,北靠淄博、潍坊.南北最大长距228km,东西最大宽度161km,总面积17184km2公里,是山东省面积最大的城市.临沂市地势西北高东南低.北部为风光旖旎的山区,中部为连绵起伏的丘陵,南部为辽阔无垠的平原.境内山地、丘陵、平原各占1 3左右.境内山脉自北而南有鲁山、沂山、蒙山、尼山4条主要山脉.山地主要分布在北部和西部,丘陵主要分布沭河以东,平原为沂沭河冲积平原.较大山头800余座,一般海拔200 500m.海拔500m以上的山峰有500余座,海拔千米以上的山峰有10余座,秀出云表,风光壮丽.蒙山海拔1156m,为山东第二高峰,素称#岱宗之亚∃.全市河流纵横交错,水资源丰富,10k m以上的河流有300多条.其中,沂河境内长287.5k m,沭河境内长253k m.全市有大小水库90座,库容量34亿m3,水资源丰富.临沂市为典型的暖温带季风大陆型气候,四季分明,雨量充沛,气候调和,全年平均气温14. 1%,极端最高气温37.5%,最低气温-11.1%,年降水量849mm,全年无霜期200天以上.2调查内容及范围我们从1985年开始,利用学生野外实习和业余时间对临沂市境内蒙山地区的维管植物资源做了大量的调查研究工作,并收集了大量的植物标本,同时我们走访了当地的林业部门专业人员及一些懂得中草药知识的村民,调查了本地常见常用的中草药,并查阅了有关资料,对药用植物的种类标本进行了整理统计.现已统计出药用植物共93科471种.本文给出了药用植物中蕨类植物、种子植物中单子叶植物名录,并简述其药用功效.3药用植物名录3.1蕨类植物(共10科21种)3.1.1卷柏科卷柏Selaginella tamariscina(Beauv)Spring全草药用固下止血,破瘀行血,通淋散结.旱生卷柏S.stauntoniana Spring全草药用,活血散瘀,凉血止血.3.1.2木贼科问荆Equisetum a rvense L.全草药用,清热利尿、止血、消肿、止咳.节节草H ipp ochaete ramosissima(Desf.)Boerner全草药用,明目退翳、清热利尿.3.1.3瓶尔小草科狭叶瓶尔小草Op hioglossum the rmale Kom.全草入药,消肿解毒.3.1.4蕨科蕨(变种)Pte rdium a p uilinu m(L.)Kuhn tiusculum(Desv)Underw.全草药用,祛风湿、利尿解热,杀虫.3.1.5凤尾蕨科井栏边草Pteris mu lti f ida Poir.ex Lam.全草药用,清热利湿、凉血解毒、止泻.收稿日期:2002 10 19作者简介:王文房(1961 ),男,山东日照人,临沂师范学院副教授.3.1.6中国蕨科野鸡尾Onychium j a p on icum(Thunb.)Kze.全草药用,清热解毒、利尿、止血.银粉背蕨Aleuritopteris argentea(Gmel.)F&ee全草药用,调经、止血.无银粉背蕨(变)A.argentea(Gmel.)F&ee var.obscura(Chri st)Ching.功效同银粉背蕨.3.1.7铁角蕨科过山蕨Ca mptosorus sibiricus Rupr.全草药用,止血、消炎、生肌.虎尾铁角蕨Asplenium in cisu m Thunb.全草药用,治疗小儿惊风.变异铁角蕨A.varians Wall.ex Hook.et Grev.治妇女月经不调.3.1.8鳞毛蕨科半岛鳞毛蕨Dryop teris p eninsulae Kitagawa.根状茎药用,清热解毒、止血,杀虫.贯众Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm.根茎药用,清热解毒、止血,驱虫.山东贯众C.shan don gense J.X.Li.药效同贯众.海州骨碎补Davallia marz esii Moore ex Bak.根状茎药用,坚骨、补肾.3.1.9水龙骨科瓦韦Lepisorus thunbergianus(Kaul f.)Ching全草药用,清热通淋、消肿解毒、止血.华北石韦Pyrrosia da vidii(Gies.)Ching全草药用,清热、利尿、止血.有柄石韦P.petiolosa(Christ)Ching全草药用,清热、利尿、止血、通淋、止咳.3.1.10苹科苹Marsilea quadri folia L.全草药用,清热、解毒、利尿、消肿.3.2单子叶植物(共9科42种)3.2.1禾本科白茅Im p erata cylindrica(L.)Beauv.va r.major(Nees)C.B.Hubb.根状茎药用,清凉利尿.荩草Arthra xon hispidus(Thunb.)Makino茎叶药用,治咳嗽,洗疮.薏苡Coix lac ryma-j obi L.颖果药用,滋补、利尿、祛风湿、利肠胃、消肿.3.2.2莎草科香附Cyperus rotundus L.块茎药用,理气止痛、健胃、调经、解郁.3.2.3天南星科菖蒲Acorus ca lamus L.根状茎药用,开窍、助消化.半夏Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.块茎药用,祛痰、镇咳,消肿散结、和胃止呕.虎掌半夏P.pedatisecta Schott块茎药用,祛风镇痉、化痰、散结消肿.独角莲Typhonium giganteum Engl.块茎药用,祛寒湿、化痰结、祛风镇痉.东北南星Arisaema amurense Maxi m.块茎药用,祛风镇痉、化痰、散结消肿.3.2.4鸭跖草科鸭跖草Commelina com munis L.全草药用,清热解毒、利尿.饭包草C.ben ghalensis L.全草药用,清热解毒、消肿利水.3.2.5百部科直立百部Stemona sessilifolia(Miq.)miq.块根药用,镇咳祛痰.3.2.6百合科天门冬Asparagus cochinchinensis(Lour.)Merr.块根入药,滋阴、润燥、清火、止咳.石刁柏A.officinalis L.嫩茎入药.菝葜Smila x china L.根状茎入药,祛风除湿.华东菝葜S.sieboldii M iq.根药用,祛风湿、通经络.牛尾菜S.riparia A.DC.根茎入药,活血散瘀、祛痰止咳.尖叶牛尾菜S.riparia var.acuminate(C.H.Wri ght)Wang et Tang用途同牛尾菜.禾叶山麦冬Liriope gramin i f olia(L.)Baker块根入药,清热养阴、润肺止咳.山麦冬L.spica ta(Thunb.)Lour.块根入药,清热养阴、润肺止咳.阔叶山麦冬L.platg p h ylla Wang et T ang块根入药,清热养阴、润肺止咳.铃兰Convallaria ma j alis L.全草入药,强心利尿.粉条儿菜Aletria spica ta(Thunb.)Franch.根入药,润肺止咳、杀蛔虫、消疳积.小黄花菜H emeroca llisminor Mill.根药用,解热、利尿消肿.鹿药Smilacina japonica A.Gray根状茎入药,消痈肿,补虚损.41第6期王文房等:临沂市蒙山药用植物资源调查( )42临沂师范学院学报第24卷黄精Polygonatum sibiricum Delar.ex Redoute根状茎入药,生津润肺、补中益气.玉竹P.odoratum(Mill.)Druce根状茎入药,润肺止咳、生津止渴.热河黄精P.macropodium Turcz.根状茎入药,生津润肺、补中益气.宝铎草Disp orum sessile D.Don.根状茎药用,清肺化痰、止咳、健脾、舒筋活血.薤白Alliu m macrostemon Bge.鳞茎药用,健胃、理气、祛痰.黎芦Veratrum nigrum L.全草药用,有强烈的催吐功效,有剧毒.绵枣儿Scilla scilloides(Lindl.)Druce鳞茎药用,消肿止痛.百合(变种)Lilium brown ii F. E.Brown ex Miellez var.viridulu m Baker鳞茎药用,滋补强壮,润肺止咳、镇静安神.渥丹L.concolor Salisb.鳞茎药用,可代百合入药.有斑百合(变种)L.concolor var.pulchellum(Fisch.)Regel鳞茎药用,同原种.卷丹nci f olium Thunb.鳞茎入药,滋补强壮、润肺止咳、镇静安神.3.2.7薯蓣科穿龙薯蓣Dioscorea n ipponica Makino根状茎药用,舒筋活血、祛风止痛.薯蓣D.opposita Thunb.块茎药用,健脾胃、补肺肾.3.2.8鸢尾科白射干(野鸢尾)Iris dichotoma Pall.根药用,清热解毒、消炎散结.马蔺ctea Pall.var.chinenses(Fisch.)Koidz.花药用,清热养血、利尿消肿;种子药用,凉血止血、清热利湿;根药用,清热解毒.射干Belamcanda chinensis(L.)DC根状茎药用,清热解毒、散结消炎、消肿止痛、止咳化痰.3.2.9兰科羊耳蒜Lip a ris japonica(Miq.)Maxim全草药用,活血调经、止血、止痛,强心镇静.绶草Spiranthes sinensis(Pers.)Ames.全草或根药用,清热凉血、消炎止痛、止血.4药用植物资源的保护、开发和利用沂蒙山区的植物种类非常丰富,野生植物中药用植物种类繁多.当前,除了部分药用植物采取人工种植外,大多数药用植物是采自自然状态下生长的.由于过度采挖,造成了资源枯竭,以致有个别种类的野生植株很难找到.因此,我们应采取积极措施,保护野生资源,开发种植.首先,在查清药用植物资源的种类、分布和产量的基础上,采取计划收购,限量采集或划分保护地,保护野生资源.第二,变野生为半人工栽培,鼓励农户采取封山育植的方法,让其自然繁殖生长,有计划地采集,以恢复野生药用植物资源,取得较广的经济效益和生态效益.第三,进行规模化人工栽培,使其形成种植、加工、销售规模化经营,增加市场竞争力.参考文献:[1]山东树木志编写组.山东树木志[M].济南:山东科学出版社,1984.∋2]中国高等植物图鉴编写组.中国高等植物图鉴[M].北京:科学出版社,1982.[3]陈汉斌.山东植物志(上卷)[M].青岛:青岛出版社.1989.[4]山东经济植物编写组.山东经济植物[M].济南:山东人民出版社,1978.[5]http:(.A Preliminary Investigation On the pharmaceu tical plantsResources of Mengshan Mountain in Linyi City(I)W ANG Wen fang,QIU Feng tong(Department of Life Science,Linyi T eachers&College,Linyi Shandong276005,China)Abstract:On basis of investigations of pharmaceutical plants growing on Mengshan Mountain in Linyi,the pharmaceutical plants have been investigated clearly.There are10families21species of pteridophyte and9families 42species of monocotyledon in Mengshan Mountain.Key words:Linyi;pharmaceutical plant;monocotyledon;pteridophyte责任编辑:袁兆岭。
学号：021060642010届本科生毕业论文（设计）题目：杨凌地区螟蛾类害虫种类及发生危害初步调查学院(系)：植物保护专业年级：植保063班学生姓名：郭振营指导教师：杨兆富讲师完成日期： 2010年5月26日目录摘要Abstracts1 引言 01.1 杨凌地区概况 (1)1.2 螟蛾类昆虫研究概况及经济意义 (1)1.3 螟蛾类昆虫生物学习性 (2)2 螟蛾类害虫研究概况 (2)2.1 种类调查 (2)2.2 发生危害 (3)2.3 防治技术 (4)3 目的及意义 (6)4 试验材料及方法 (6)4.1 实验材料 (6)4.2 调查区域 (6)4.3 调查方法 (7)5 试验结果与分析 (7)5.1 亚洲玉米螟 (7)5.1.1 特征及害状特点描述 (7)5.1.2 危害严重程度及发生量 (8)5.2 豆荚野螟 (9)5.2.1 特征及害状特点描述 (10)5.2.2 危害严重程度及发生量 (10)5.3 豆啮叶野螟 (11)5.3.1 特征及害状特点描述 (11)5.3.2 危害严重程度及发生量 (11)5.4 桃蛀螟 (12)5.4.1 特征及害状特点描述 (13)5.4.2 危害严重程度及发生量 (13)5.5 甜菜白带野螟 (14)5.5.1 形态特征描述 (14)5.5.2 危害严重程度及发生量 (15)5.6 稻纵卷叶螟 (15)5.6.1 形态特征描述 (15)5.6.2 危害严重程度及发生量 (15)6 讨论 (15)参考文献 (17)致谢 (19)杨凌地区螟蛾类害虫种类及发生危害初步调查姓名：郭振营指导教师：杨兆富（讲师）摘要：本实验于2009年通过对杨凌地区的农作物、果树和蔬菜等的螟蛾类害虫的调查，采集并鉴定了6种螟蛾类害虫，隶属于螟蛾总科的六个属。
并对每一种害虫的形态特征，为害特点及危害状况进行了的描述。
其中亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)在玉米成熟期、豆荚野螟Maruca vitrata (Geyer)对于豇豆结荚期种群数量巨大，是需要重点防治的类群。
硕士研究生一年级英文以下是20个常见的适合硕士研究生一年级水平的单词：一、单词：1. Ambiguous- 英语释义：having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally.- 短语：ambiguous statement（模棱两可的陈述）- 用法：作形容词，可用于修饰名词。
- 双语例句：- The ambiguous message left everyone confused.（这条含糊不清的消息让每个人都感到困惑。
）- His ambiguous answer made it hard to tell his real intention.（他模棱两可的回答让人很难判断他的真实意图。
）2. Constitute- 英语释义：be (a part) of a whole; form or make up.- 短语：constitute a threat（构成威胁）- 用法：及物动词，直接接宾语。
- 双语例句：- Women constitute a large proportion of the workforce in this industry.（在这个行业中，女性占劳动力的很大比例。
） - These elements constitute the basic structure of the theory.（这些元素构成了该理论的基本结构。
）3. Dilemma- 英语释义：a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially ones that are equally undesirable.- 短语：in a dilemma（处于进退两难的境地）- 用法：可数名词，常与介词in搭配。
Design of a Wireless Temperature Acquisition System forLaser Cutting ProcessM. Mokhtar, M. S. A. Mansor, O. Sidek, M. Q. Omar, H. Edin and M.A. MiskamAbstract —This paper presents thedevelopment of a wireless temperature acquisition system for the laser cutting processing of an advanced engineering material. The wireless system effectively automates the temperature monitoring activities. The system is comprised of hardware, software, and a personal computer (PC). The wireless system module architecture consists of a power subsystem, a sensor subsystem, and a main node system mainly based on wireless radio frequency (RF)technology. The advantages of this system are management of data, response to temperature alert, ease, and accuracy of required documentation. The workability of the developed integrated wireless sensor was tested at the Manufacturing Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The collected data were used to evaluate the system workability. Data shows that the system can measure and monitor the temperature in the time and distance ranges. This work is a significant start towards temperature monitoring using wireless system networks (WSN) for laser cutting process monitoring. Keywords —Temperature monitoring, wireless sensor, laser cutting, process monitoringI. I NTRODUCTIONProcess monitoring systems have the advantage of avoiding unexpected failures and greatly improving system reliability and maintainability. Its greater access to process parameters also gives better visibility and ultimately better decision-making power. These systems are usually associated with data acquisition systems to measure the parameters using sensors. Data measured by sensors are then transmitted throughwired communication to the processing system.However, these systems can be very expensiveand inflexible. With the evolution of communication technologies, data have been allowed to be transmitted wirelessly. Currently, wireless technologies, especially wireless sensors and sensors networks that integrate sensor technology, MEMS technology, wireless communication technology, embedded computing technology and distributed information management technology, have been rapidly developing. The advantages of wireless transmission are the significant reduction andsimplification in wiring and harness,implementation of otherwise impossible sensor applications, such as monitoring dangerous, hazardous, unwired, or remote areas and locations, faster deployment and installation ofvarious types of sensors, reduction of complexityof accessing more measurement points, extremelylow cost, small size, low power requirement, and mobility [1].Laser cutting of engineering metals findsapplications in the industry due to their non-contact process, high precision capability, high quality surface finish (narrow kerf width, straight cut edges, low roughness of cut surfaces, and minimum metallurgical and surface distortions), and easy integration with computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines for cutting complex profiles [2]. Alternatively, this technology has been used to study machine advanced engineering materials, such as tungsten, titanium [3], ceramic [4], aluminium alloys, inconnel, tantalum, and metal matrix composite. Laser cutting involvesmany operating parameters to achieve goodcutting performance, such as laser power, cuttingManuscript received November 9, 2010. Financial support from the Universiti Sains Malaysia Research University Grant, account no.: 811118 is gratefully acknowledged.M. Mokhtar and M. S. A. Mansor are with the School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia,14300, Nibong Tebal, Seri Ampangan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia (mohzani@m.my). O. Sidek, M. Qayum, H. Edin and M. A. Miskam are with theCollaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang Malaysia (othman@m.my; qayum@m.my; hashim@m.my; azman@m.my, phone: +6045995856, fax: +6045941025)speed, frequency, duty cycle, focal length, standoff distance, assist gas pressure, beam nozzle, and cutting lenses. These cutting parameters should be monitored during the cutting process to determine the desired cutting parameters. However, current technologies that have been used to monitor the process cutting are based on wired communication, which lacks the flexibility, for example, to deploy the required fixed wiring for power supplies and data transmission. In addition, this system faces difficulties in retrofitting when existing facilities are used for new processing operations (each of the cutting process parameters must be analyzed independently). To address this problem, wireless process monitoring system should be developed for laser cutting of advanced engineering material. There are many types of wireless technologiesbeing developed ranging from simple infrared data association (IrDA), which uses infrared light for short-range and point-to-pointcommunications; wireless personal area network(WPAN) for short range and point-to multi-point communications, such as Bluetooth and ZigBee; mid-range, multi-hop wireless local area network (WLAN) to long-distance cellular phone systems, such as global system for mobile/general packet radio service (GSM/GPRS) and code division multiple access (CDMA). Among them, Infrared, Zigbee, Bluetooth, and GSM are potential candidates for wireless data telemetry for the laser cutting data monitoring system. Infrared is a license-free communication techniques that requires a transmitter and a receiver in one line for data transmission. Zigbee is widely used innetwork data collections for monitoring temperature, gases, and others. Zigbee is not a power hungry system, but it cannot transmit over a large area of distance. Bluetooth is proven to transmit in the range of 10 m. However, high power usage makes the Bluetooth not commonly used for data transmission. Another technique for wireless transmission is the GSM. Although GSM can transmit over a large range of distance,it needs much money to carry out data transmission. GSM requires credit in the subscriber identity module (SIM) card for transmission. Credit will be deducted each time a message is sent depending on the operator and recipients. Our applications require continuous data sending for process monitoring purposes.Thus, GSM is not the best choice for our paper.Radio frequency (RF) transmission at 433 MHz offers a great advantage in terms of distance, power, and unit size. Certain RF modules can transmit over a 4 km distance and at the same time draw a small portion of power. In our applications, 433 MHz RF transmission is thebest option that offers limited power usage, high range of data transmission, low cost, and low maintenance. Previous researchers chose the RF transmission system based on its large monitoring range, low cost, reliability, low power, intelligence, installation flexibility, mobility, and miniaturization [5] - [13]. Currently, the laser cutting process has been studied at Universiti Sains Malaysia to examine its application in cutting advance engineering material [14] - [17]. The data monitoring system used is wired telecommunication. In this paper, we describe the design, fabrication, and preliminary investigation on a wireless temperature monitoring system for the laser cutting process. This work is a significant step towards temperature monitoring using a WSN for laser cutting process monitoring. II. T EMPERATURE W IRELESS S YSTEM D ESIGN A. Wireless System Module Architecture Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a wireless sensor node. The system consists of two major parts: sensing element and data acquisitions. The sensing node is a combination of a multiple-type sensor, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), memory, controller, and RF transceiver. A radio transceiver is often used for data transmission within a selected specific range. The major concern in WSN is power usage. Generally, a battery is used for power for computational and data transfer. Due to the application of this device in the laboratory, we decided to use a 12V source from a power supply.Fig. 1 Block diagram of a wireless sensor node. B. Sensor Node HardwareA thermocouple is a combination of two different metals (Alumel, Chromel) that produces voltage related to the temperature difference. Thermocouple type K is a wide range of temperature detection that extends from -200 to 1200ºC. It is suitable for the laser cuttingtemperature monitoring process. Thermocouple type K produces a very small analog output in linear form. This small signal output needs to amplify before 0-5V output can be produced. One method to gain the small signal and at the sametime obtain a stable output is using AD595 (Fig.2). The formula to obtain 10 mv/°C isAD595 output = (Type K Voltage + 11µV) x 247.3 (1)Fig. 2 AD595 completed systems.Based on Fig. 2, Constantan (Alumel) and Iron (Chromel) are connected to AD595 pin 14 and pin 1. The amplifying process starts at AD595 with a fixed gain at 247.3. The output gain of 10mV/°C from AD595 is stable. This output is then connected to a microcontroller for processing and transmitting at a selected range. In this system, the programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) microcontroller was selected to process the data from AD595. Operating at 5V makes the PSoC chip suitable for temperature monitoring applications. This application consists of two parts: the transmission part and the receiver part. After data are received from the sensor, the microcontroller processes the data and transmits to the receiver using a transceiver module. The receiver then receives the data. Power is the common factor in choosing the transceiver module. In this project, we used 508 RF modules that operate at a frequency of 403MHz and can transmit over a distance of 500m.C.Printed Circuit Board DesignA properly designed printed circuit board (PCB) is very important for the operation of the sensor and interfaces. The PCB is a two-layer standard FR-4 board 0.95 mm in thickness. The outline dimensions of the PCB are 89mm x 71mm. The top view (Fig. 3) shows the design using software Orcad Family Release 9.2. To maintain a small PCB layout, LED, MAX232, and PSoC chip were surface mounted.Fig. 3 Top view of the PCB design.D.Node SoftwareThis part describes how the system is developed, focusing on software programming implementation. The system is divided into several sections: sensor signal conditioning, displaying data from the sensor, sending data from the sensor through wireless, and receiving data from the transmitter node and monitor or logging the data into a form of raw information data that can be further analyzed.Fig. 4 shows how the system functions from sensor reading to the transmission of data from the sensor to the receiver. This project used the thermocouple sensor type K to monitor the temperature. The thermocouple sensor has a small output voltage in the milivolt range. A monolithic thermocouple amplifier with cold junction compensation (AD595) is used to amplify the output voltage that can integrate with the microcontroller, as shown in Fig. 5. The AD595 produces an output voltage of 10mv/°C. The maximum output voltage is about 15V depending on the power supply for IC AD595. The potential divider circuit is attached to the output voltage of AD595, which is used to scale down the voltage in the 0-5V output range. To obtain the same value of the output voltage from AD595, the output voltage at R2=5KΩ in Fig. 5 is multiplied by a value of three. This method is used because the ADC in the microcontroller can only measure input voltage (0-5V). In the microcontroller part, a 12-bit ADC is used to sample the 0-5V input voltage and then to convert the voltage signal into degree celsius. All the data can be displayed by an LCD module, and they are sent through a universal asynchronous receive transmit (UART) module integrated with the RF module. The interval time of transmitting the data for this test is about one minute.Fig. 4 Flow chart of the transmitter node software implementation.Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the AD595 monolithic thermocouple amplifiers with cold junction compensation.Fig. 6 shows the flow chart of the receiver for the sensors database. It describes how the wireless receiver module system is integrated with the computer system. In the receiver part,the system is arranged and processed for display, allowing the user to monitor the sensors data byusing the data logger software. Raw data can be stored and logged in the form of text files, whichcan be used for further analysis by using software such as Microsoft Excel or other related software.Fig. 6 Flow chart of the receiver node software implementation.E. Data Logger SoftwareThe data logger software is designed to monitor and log the data from the sensors. The software can run using Microsoft Windows XP and Microsoft Windows Vista. Communication features include serial data transfers at 9600 bps. It can be directly connected to a PC using a serial port or a commercially available RS-232 com port. It can monitor the data from the sensor in real time with a time stamp included. All data recorded and logged as text files that can be further analyzed. All data are arranged in a line, as shown in Table 1.Table 1. Arrangement of dataTime Date Temperature (o C)09:20AM 27-01-2010 23.75 09:21AM 27-01-2010 23.75 09:22AM 27-01-2010 23.75III. E XPERIMENTAL M ETHODSThis experiment involves the transmitter and receiver parts. The transmitter part consists of a temperature controller, sensor node (transmitter), heater, and holder, as shown in Fig. 7. On the other hand, the receiver part is made up of a receiver node and a laptop, as shown in Fig. 8. The temperature controller can set the temperature in the range of 0-400ºC. The thermocouple sensor in the sensor node is attached to the heater to obtain the temperature data. The holder is used to hold the thermocouplesensor and the heater during the experiment. When the temperature controller is set at a certain temperature, the heater burns, and the thermocouple reads the temperature value displaydata on the LCD and transmits the data from thesensor node to the receiver node at the same time.Fig. 7 Experiment setup of the transmitter part.In the receiver, data from the transmitter part are received by the receiver node. Data are stored and logged in the laptop using the database software. A universal serial bus (USB) to serial converter is used to connect between the receiver node and the laptop. The temperature value is monitored in real time mode on the LCD in the transmitter part. The receiver node collects the data at an interval time of about one minute, which can be monitored using the laptop. The range between the transmitter part and the receiver part is about 5m. Therefore, data are wirelessly transmitted from the sensor node to the receiver node at about 5m. This experiment was conducted in a laboratory at the School ofTemperature controller Sensor node (Transmitter)Heater and holderMechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia.Fig. 8 Experiment setup of the receiver partIV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSIONFig. 9 shows the record data for one minute an interval time and 5m range. The results showed that the device was capable to measure temperature and transmit the data wirelessly to the computer. The measured data was verified with type K thermocouple attached to digitalthermometer from Digitron, model 2020T during the test.V.C ONCLUSIONIn this work, hardware and software architectures of wireless temperature acquisition system for laser cutting process were designed and presented that is based on RF technology.Type K thermocouple had been integrated in the PSoC platform to monitor temperature during thecutting process. Preliminary test prove that thedeveloped prototype is capable to monitortemperature, while the device has severaladvantages in term of its compact size, low costand high accuracy. The designed wireless temperature acquisition system could meet the goal of providing real-time data on temperaturemonitoring and remote querying. This device also can be used in other process industries, mining,defense and bio-medical applications. Therefore, future work will focus on implementation of multi-node network and implement the network for real-time control application in laser cutting process. The scope for future research will include data analysis, control solution and complex networks setups.VI. R EFERENCES[1] Ning Wang, Naiqian Zhang, Maohua Wang,"Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry-Recent development and future perspective," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture , vol. 50, pp. 1–14 (2006). [2] Yilbas B.S., Karatas C., Uslan, I., Keles, O.,Usta, Y., Yilbas, Z., Ahsan, M., "Wedge cutting of mild steel by CO2 laser and cut-quality assessment in relation to normal cutting," Optics and Lasers in Engineering , vol. 46, pp. 777– 784 (2008). [3] Tirumala, R. B., Rakesh Kaul, Pragya Tiwari,A.K. Nath, "Inert gas cutting of titanium sheet with pulsed mode CO2 laser," Optics and Lasers in Engineering , vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1330-1348 (2005).[4] Black, I., "Laser cutting speeds for ceramic tile: atheoretical–empirical comparison," Optics & Laser Technology , 30(2): 95-101 (1998). [5] Cheng Wang, Chunjiang Zhao, Xiaojun Qiao,Xin Zhang, Yunhe Zhang, IFIP International Federation for Information Processing , Springer Boston, Vol. 259, (2008). [6] Qingshan Shan, David Brown, Ying Liu,"Wireless Temperature Sensor Network for Refrigerated Vehicles," Proc. IEEE ISIE'05,IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Dubrovnik, Croatia (2005).[7] Mikko Kohvakka, Marko Hannikainen, Timo D.Hamalainen, "Ultra Low Energy WirelessTemperature Sensor Network Implementation,"Proc. IEEE 6th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (2005).[8] Xiping Yang, Keat G. Ong, William R. Dreschel,Kefeng Zeng, Casey S. Mungle and Craig A. Grimes, "Design of a Wireless Sensor Network for Long Term, In-Situ Monitoring of an Aqueous Environment," Sensors , vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 455-472 (2002). [9] Changsu Suh, Young-Bae Ko, Cheul-Hee Lee and Hyung-Joon Kim, "The Design and Computerfor database ReceivernodeImplementation of Smart Sensor-Based HomeNetworks," Proc. IEEE SENSORS'06, International Conference for Sensors (2006). [10]Tavares, J., Velez, F. J., Ferro, J.M., "Applicationof Wireless Sensor Networks to Automobiles,"Measurement Science Review, vol. 8, no. 3, pp.65 - 70 (2008).[11]Son, Byungrak, Her, Yong-sork and Kim, Jung-Gyu., "A Design and Implementation of Forest-Fires Surveillance System based on WirelessSensor Networks for South Korea Mountains,"International Journal of Computer Science andNetwork Security, vol. 6, no. .9b, pp. 124-130(2006).[12]Lopez Riquelme J., Soto F., Suardíaz J., SánchezP., Iborra A., Vera J., "Wireless Sensor Networksfor precision horticulture in Southern Spain,"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol.68, no. 1, pp. 25-35 (2009).[13]Xuhui Zhang, "Automatic Calibration of MethaneMonitoring Based on Wireless Sensor Network,"Proc. WiCOM '08. 4th International Conferenceon Wireless Communications, Networking andMobile Computing, vol., no., pp.1-4, 12-14(2008).[14]Nyon, K.Y., Mokhtar, M., M.R. Abdul Rahman,“Studies on temperature profiles in inconel 718during laser cutting using FE simulation,” Proc.MERC'09, 9th Mechanical Engineering ResearchColloquium (2009).[15]Mokhtar, M. and Yusoff, T. K. T., "Effect ofLaser Power Output and Cutting Speed inControlling the Surface Roughness Formation ofIncoloy ® 800," Proc. MERC'09, 9th MechanicalEngineering Research Colloquium (2009).[16]Mokhtar, M., Nyon K. Y. & Muhamad, M. R.,“Practical approach for real-time temperaturemeasurement for carbon dioxide (CO2) lasercutting.” Proc. ICAME'09, International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (2009).[17]Mokhtar, M., Yusoff, T. K. T and Muhamad, M.R., "Effect of Laser Power Output and CuttingSpeed in Controlling the Kerf Width Formationof Incoloy® 800," Proc. ICAME'09, InternationalConference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (2009).。
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Food Sci. Technol. Res., 15 (1), 27–38, 2009Preliminary Investigation on Variety, Brewery and Vintage of Wines using Three-dimensional Fluorescence SpectroscopyChunli Y in , Hua l i *, Chunhui D ing and Hua w angCollege of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR ChinaReceived April 21, 2008; Accepted September 19, 2008In this study, the three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopic technique was applied to discriminate the wines with different variety, brewery and vintage. A total of 42 wines produced in geographic origin of Changli county were analyzed. The results showed that the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of wine samples with different variety, brewery and vintage had different fluorescence peaks. The fluorescence peaks were found in excitation wavelengths 260 , 290 and 329 nm. However, the number, location and fluorescenece intensity varied with the types of wines. The fluorescence spectra of the wine samples were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). PCA performed on the whole collection of three-di-mensional fluorescence spectra allowed for a wide range of wine samples. These results showed that three- dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy may provide useful fingerprints that can determine the identity of wines from the Changli region.Keywords: three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, wine, authentication, principal component analysis (PCA)*To whom correspondence should be addressed.IntroductionNowadays, consumers are concerned with objectivity and authenticity of food information. The determination of food authenticity and the detection of adulteration are major issues in the food industry. Wine quality, especially wines with origin identification, is related to commercial value. Adulteration of foods is possible, which may bring an unfair competition in the wine industry and may harm the rights of consumers. Thus, there is a significant interest in accu-rate methods for wine characterization that could be used to prevent adulteration and also to classify wine from different geographical origins or countries (Liu et al., 2008; Cordella et al., 2002; Fischer et al., 1999; Reid et al., 2006).Wine is produced by the grape, and the nutrition come directly from the grape fruit, the brewing and the yeast me-tabolizing (Li, 2000; Li et al., 2005). So wine is one of the most complex alcoholic beverages. The main chemical com-position of wine involves sugars, acids, volatiles, phenolic compounds and minerals. These substances react with each other to stabilize and determine the peculiar flavour of wine. Further research is focus on these substances and makes them the basis of differences between the wines. Many research methods have been successfully achieved by mea-suring these chemical compounds using various analytical techniques such as high liquid performance chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Alvarez et al., 2003; Baxter et al., 1996; Castin ĕira et al., 2004; Cordella et al., 2002; De Villiers et al., 2005; Fischer et al., 1999; Frias et al., 2003; Maarse et al., 1987). Although these methods pro-vide valuable information on the composition and biochem-istry of food products, they are time-consuming, expensive, require highly skilled operators and hardly adapted to on line monitoring. A present trend in analytical chemistry is the development of methodologies able to provide “fitness for purpose” results which take into account aspects related with the importance of time against accuracy achieved (Urbano et al., 2006). These aims are often supported on qualita-tive aspects rather than quantitative results (Trullols et al., 2004). A great number of non-invasive and non-destructive instrumental techniques, such as spectroscopic techniques have been developed for the authentication of food products. Techniques such as infrared and fluorescence spectroscopic are fast, relatively low-cost and provide a great deal of in-rapid, environmentally friendly and noninvasive, therefore rendering them suitable for on-line or at-line process control as well as appropriate for process control. For example, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in the food field for the determination of physico-chemical param-eters of Greak Feta cheeses (Adamopoulos1 et al., 2001) and for authentication of foods, e.g., identification of different varieties of wheat (Miralbés, 2008); differentiation of frozen and unfrozen beef (Downey and Beauchêne, 1997); discrimi-nation of different edible oils (Armenta et al., 2007); and discrimination between different brands of French Emmental cheeses (Karoui et al., 2005).Studies have been done using NIRS to classify wines and to predict a wine’s chemical composition. The results of Cozzolino et al. showed that assessment of wine composition by Vis and short wavelengths in the NIRS is possible for ei-ther qualitative analysis (e.g. low-, medium- and high-quality grading) or for screening of composition during bottling and storage (Cozzolino et al., 2007). Cozzolino et al. also showed that some macro- and microelements such as Ca, K, Mg, P, Na, S, Fe, B, Mn present in wine might be measured by VIS-NIRS spectroscopy (Cozzolino et al., 2008). NIRS could also be used as rapid alternative method for the pre-diction of the concentration of phenolic compounds in red wine fermentations (Cozzolino et al., 2004). In addition, 16 enological parameters in wine were evaluated by the NIRS ( Urbano- Cuadrado et al., 2004).Fluorescence spectroscopy is a rapid and sensitive meth-od, it is 100~1000 times more sensitive than other spectro-photometric techniques. It can be used as a non-destructive analytical technique to provide information on the presence of fluorescent molecules and their environment in all sorts of biological samples. Three-dimensional fluorescence spec-troscopy is a rapid, selective and sensitive technique. The outstanding advantage of these analytic technique is that information regarding the fluorescence characteristics can be entirely acquired by changing excitation wavelength and emission wavelength simultaneously. The resulting emis-sion-excitation data matrix (EEM) data consisting of emis-sion spectra registered at different excitation wavelengths. Therefore, the excitation– emission spectra obtained for each sample can be arranged either in data vector arrays or in data matrices for further analysis. Thus, because of its high sensi-tivity, good selectivity, and non-destruction of samples, EEM fluorescence spectroscopy could be useful in the food indus-try.In wine research, the presence of fluorophores in the form of aromatic amino acids, vitamins, cofactors and phe-nolic compounds etc., makes the technique highly relevant the application of autofluorescence in analysis of food has increased during the last decade (Karoui et al., 2007). Previ-ous research has been shown that frount face fluorescence spectroscopy can discriminate 120 wines produced in France and Germany (Dufour et al., 2006). Total luminescence and synchronous scanning fluorescence spectroscopic techniques were applied for characterization and differentiation of the intrinsic fluorescence of eight different beers (Sikorska et al., 2004). However, no publication has been reported about discrimination of wines with different variety, brewery and vintage using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy.The objective of the present investigation was to assess the potential of three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy using multivariate statistical methods to discriminate wine samples from geographic origin of Changli and to identify wines according to variety, brewery and vintage.Materials and MethodsWine samples Wine samples are collected from geo-graphic origin of Changli County, supplied directly by the Huaxia great wall wine company(HGW) and Changli YUQI-ANNIAN Winery Company(CY). Serial number of wine samples is recorded in Table 1.Fluorescence measurements Three- dimensional fluo-rescence spectroscopy was performed using the Spectro-fluorometer (F-7000, Hitachi) equipped with 150 W ozone-free xenon lamp (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.) operated under normal conditions of 5 nm slit widths (excitation and emission), photomultiplier voltage of 700 V, scan speed of 1200 nm per min and auto response time. This instrument has single monochrometers on both excitation and emission spectrometers. The slit of at excition and emission was fixed at 5 nm. Emission data points in the range of 200~600 nm were acquired every 3 nm. Correction of the spectra for in-strumental components was performed using the correction protocol recommended by the manufacturer (Hitachi F-7000 owner’s manual), which consists of both an excitation and emission calibration.The wine samples were diluted to one tenth in ultrapure water (Millipore, 18.2 MΩ). The dilution was pipetted in 0.1 cm quartz cell. This short pathlength enabled to obtain absorbance values within the appropriate range ragarding to accuracy and precision specified by the spectrophotometer characteristics manual. Spectra were recorded in three repeti-tion for each wine and data for each wine were averaged.Mathematical analysis of data All statistical procedures were implemented in Matlab 7.0 and SPSS 13.0. EEM spec-tra demonstrate elliptical contours. The X-axis represents the emission spectra from 200 to 600 nm and the Y-axis isc. Y in et al.28lines, as the third dimension, are shown for each EEM spec-tra to represent the fluorescence intensity.Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine the differentiation of wine samples. The PCA has been exten-sively used for visualisation of hidden trends in a data ma-trix. It is an unsupervised technique that exuces the dimen-sionality of the original data matrix retaining the maximum amount of variance. In this experiment, the objects were the wine samples spectra and the variables were the fluorescence intensity. PCA transforms the original variables into new axes, or principal components (PCs), which are orthogonal, therefore, the data set presented on these axes are uncor-related with each other. Therefore, PCA expresses as much as possible the total variation in the data set in only a few amounts of the variance. Objects poltted in the new space-score plot constitute a first step in subsequent modelling for samples classification. PCA performed on fluorescence spec -tra makes it possible to draw similarity maps of the wines.Results and DiscussionThree-dimensional fuorescence spectra of wines The fluorescence spectroscopy gives information regarding molecules containing conjugated double bounds. There are many fluorescent molecules in wines, such as phenolic acids, stilbenes, anthocyanins, flavanols and tannins (Dufour et al., 2006). The types and amounts of these molecules vary as a function of the variety of grapes. Processing and ageing also affect the wine’s phenolic compounds. However, wines con-Investigate Wine by Fluorescence Spectrayr e w e r B y t e i r a V r e b m u N VintageAmounts (bottle)1Cabernet Sauvignon Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)200432Cabernet Sauvignon Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)200533Cabernet SauvignonChangli YUQIANNIAN Winery CO.LTD (CY)200534Merlot Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)200435Merlot Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)200536Merlot Changli YUQIANNIAN Winery CO.LTD (CY)200537Gamay Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)200438Gamay Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)200539Syrah Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)2004310SyrahHuaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)2005311Cabernet Sauvignon Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)1992312Cabernet Sauvignon Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)1996313Cabernet Sauvignon Huaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)2001314Cabernet SauvignonHuaxia great wall wine company, LTD (HGW)20033Table 1. The collection number of wine samples from geographic origin of Changli.29c. Y in et al.may fluoresce. So a three-dimensional fluorescence spec-troscopy recorded on a wine sample included information on several fluorophores and may be used to discrimination wines according to the variety, brewery and vintage.Fluorescence spectroscopy is a sensitive, rapid fluores-cence methods. In fluorescence experimentation, if absor-bance is less than 0.1, the intensity of the emitted light is proportional to fluorophore concentration and excitation and emission spectra are accurately recorded by classical right-angle fluorescence device. When the absorbance of the sam -ples exceeds 0.1, emission and excitation spectra are both decreased and excitation spectra are distorted (Karouia et al., 2007). Undiluted wine exhibits high UV-Vis absorption, thus fluorescence measured using the right-angled geometry is severely distorted due to primary and secondary inner-filter effects. To avoid these problems, appropriate dilution of samples is required.The contour maps and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy of wines with different variety, brewery and vintage were constructed in Fig. 1. In the three- dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy the x-axis represents the emission wavelengths, y-axis represents the excitation wavelengths, and z-axis represents the fluorescence intensity. Contour maps are plotted by linking points of equal fluorescence in -tensity. Although wine samples exhibit very similar fluores -cence characteristics, differences in band positions, shapes, and relative fluorescence intensities are easily noticeable in Fig. 1. The location, fluorescenece intensities and the num -bers of peaks vary with different wine samples. In Table 2, the fluorescence intensity is significantly different with each wine sample. In Fig.1, the wine samples from 2004 and 2005 had the different peak location and peak numbers. The Cabernet Sauvignon (sample 1 , 2 and 3) and Merlot (sample 4 , 5 and 6) had three peaks of peak Ⅰ, peak Ⅱ and peak Ⅲ at excitation wavelength 260 , 290 and 329 nm, respectively; Gamay (sample 7 and 8) had two peaks, peak Ⅰ at excitation wavelength 260 and 269 nm, peak Ⅲ at excitation wave-length 335 and 332 nm; Syrah in 2004 (sample 9) had three peaks of peak Ⅰ, peak Ⅱ and peak Ⅲ at excitation wavelength 263, 287 and 332 nm, respectively. Syrah in 2005 (sample 10) had two peaks of peak Ⅱ and peak Ⅲ at excitation wave-length 290 and 329 nm. Obviously there are distinct differen-tiation of different variety and brewery. The wine produced with Cabernet Sauvignon from 2001, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (sample 13, 14, 1, 2) had the same peak location and peak numbers, the peaks of peak Ⅰ, peak Ⅱ and peak Ⅲ at excita-tion wavelength 260 , 290 and 329 nm, respectively, and the fluorescence intensity were different; in vintage of 1992 andSamplePeaks Location λEX /λEM (nm)Fluorescence IntensityⅠⅡⅢI ⅠI Ⅱ I Ⅲ1263/365290/368332/425525.1665.9518.82260/368290/371326/425437.4587.5606.83260/365290/368329/416690.8843.8736.44260/377287/365329/39812931255993.95260/377284/365329/4251427.01418.0699.16260/365290/368329/410576.6615.2600.57260/362——335/416727.4——570.58269/359——332/4281190.0——802.19263/365287/368332/398602.4597.4715.910——290/380329/401——327.2587.911————332/413————372.612————323/407————327.013260/365290/371326/416294.0409.7388.214260/362293/374332/401275.6576.6685.9Table 2. Parameters of fluorescence characteristics.30Investigate Wine by Fluorescence Spectra PeakⅠPeakⅡ PeakⅢPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲab1Peak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak ⅢPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲab2Peak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak ⅢPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲab3Peak ⅡPeak ⅠPeak ⅢPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲ4ba Fig. 1-1. Contour maps and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy of wine samples31c. Y in et al.Peak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak ⅢPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲab5Peak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak ⅢPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲab6Peak ⅠPeak ⅢPeak ⅠPeak Ⅲab7Peak ⅠPeak ⅢPeak ⅠPeak Ⅲ8ab32Investigate Wine by Fluorescence Spectra Peak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak ⅢPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲab9Peak ⅡPeak ⅢPea ⅡPeak Ⅲab10Peak ⅢPeak Ⅲ11abPeak ⅢPeak Ⅲ12ab33c. Y in et al.Peak ⅢPeak ⅡPeak ⅠPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲ13abPeak ⅢPeak ⅡPeak ⅠPeak ⅠPeak ⅡPeak Ⅲ14ab1996(sample 11, 12) there is one peak of peak Ⅲ at excitation wavelength 332nm. This shows that there is distinct differen-tiation between vintages.Principal component analysis of wine fluorescence spectra Multivariate techniques are increasingly being applied to complex instrumental data to achive classifica-tion of agricultural products. Spectroscopic techniques are often favoured for the interaction of all absorbing species in the sample matrix is captured and taken into consideration when the analysis is carried out. However, it requires the use of multivariate analysis in order to interpret and extract the information of such complex matrices. Principal component analysis is a main method to do that.PCA was applied separately on the normalised three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. The maps defined by PC1-PC2 for the PCAs performed on fluorescence data are shown in Fig. 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. For the three-dimensional fluorescence data collection, a discrimination of the wine samples with different variety, brewery and vintage was ob-served. In Fig. 2 the wine samples 1, 4, 7 and 9 were made up with different variety in 2004. The first two principal components took into account 51.02% and 24.5% of the to-made up with different variety in 2005. The first two princi -pal components took into account 64.1% and 21.58% of the total variance. In Fig. 4 the wine samples 2, 3, 5 and 6 were made up with different brewery in 2005. The first two prin -cipal components took into account 49.64% and 27.17% of the total variance. In Fig. 5 the wine samples 1, 2, 11, 12, 13 and 14 were made up with different vintage of Cabernet Sau-vignon. The first two principal components took into account 50.12% and 20.75% of the total variance. The PCA similarity map ( Fig.2, 3, 4 , 5 ) showed a clear discrimination of wines with different variety, brewery and vintage.The ability of the three-dimensional fluorescence spec-tra to discriminate wine samples with variety, brewery and vintage was in investigated. Through the Fig.2, 3, 4 and 5, we found that the spectra retain complementary and useful information allowing the discrimination of the wine collec-tion. The fluorescence spectrum recorded directly on a wine sample can be considered as a fingerprint.ConclusionThree-dimensional fluorescence measurements applied directly on wines have been used for discriminate the vari-Fig. 1-4. (Continued).34Investigate Wine by Fluorescence Spectra pc1:51.02%100.0050.000.00-50.00-100.00p c 2:24.50%100.0050.000.00-50.00-100.00-150.009Syrah7Gamay 4Merlot 1Cabernet Sauvignon Variety4791Fig. 2. PCA score map determined by principal components 1 and 2 for three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of different variety wines in 2004.pc1:64.10%150.00100.0050.000.00-50.00-100.00p c 2:21.58%100.0080.0060.0040.0020.000.00-20.00-40.0010Syrah8Gamay 5Merlot 2Cabernet Sauvignon Variety1025835c. Y in et al.pc1:50.12%50.0025.000.00-25.00-50.00p c 2:20.75%60.0040.0020.000.00-20.00-40.001420031320011219961119922200512004Vintage1211131412Fig. 4. PCA score map determined by principal components 1 and 2 for three- dimensional fluorescence spectra of different brewery wines in 2005.pc1:49.64%200.00150.00100.0050.000.00-50.00-100.00p c 2:27.17%100.0050.000.00-50.00-100.006Merlot(CY)5Merlot(HGW)3Cabernet Sauvignon(CY)2Cabernet Sauvignon(HGW)Brewery632536Investigate Wine by Fluorescence SpectraThis preliminary study shows that the fluorescence peaks were found in excitation wavelength 260 , 290 and 329 nm. The number and location were different with variety, brew-ery and vintage. PCA performed on the whole collection of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra allowed for a good discrimination of wine samples. The technique is non-de-structive, rapid, easy to use and inexpensive. It needs neither a particular sample preparation nor special qualification of the personnel. 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