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The far-field region of a transmitting antenna
• The Friis free space model is only a valid predictor for Pr for values of d, which are in the far-field of the transmitting antenna.
received power.
• The path loss for the free space model when antenna gains are
included is given by quantity measured in dB, is defined as the
P(d L)B 1l0oP P r tg1l0o(G 4 g tG )[r 2 d22]
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9dBi antenna & 3dBi antenna
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.he path loss, which represents signal attenuation as a positive difference (in dB) between the effective transmitted power and the
and receiver is obstructed by a surface that has sharp irregularities (edges).
Scattering:occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of objects with dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength, and where the number of obstacles per unit volume is large.