【学术英语】(4)

Unit 4 Writing a Literature ReviewI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit, you will learn how to:1.write a self-contained literature review2.write a literature review as a part of an essay3.cite sources by correct quotation and paragraphs4.give the appropriate documentation to the source you use5.avoid different kinds of plagiarism6.identify common knowledge7.acquire paraphrasing skills8.enhance language skills related with reading and listening material presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures1 Writing a literature reviewTask 11 The four articles were published right after the Fukushima disaster in Japan and all addressed the topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation.2 Radiation is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources of radiation every day. Whether it will endanger human health or not depends on the duration and strength of radiation exposure.3 Amber Cornelio holds a different attitude from the other three authors. He believes that radiation exposure will certainly raise the risk of getting cancer and government officials downplay its potential danger to justify its use of nuclear power.4 Answers may vary.5 It seems that Text 11, 12, 14 provide more scientific facts about nuclear radiation than Text 13 which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and phrases like “I am simply floored”, “let officials be oblivious”, “not to be outdone”, “Do not tell us about that”. Hence it appears less reliable and trustworthy.Task 2Compared with uranium which the production of conventional nuclear power needs, there is more lithium in the sea water which can support 30 million years’ fusion fuel.Task 31 Review the previous related studies2 State the previous s tudies’ limitation3 Announce the direction for further studies2 Writing a self-contained literature reviewTask 11 Stigmatization, a kind of social rejection, is big challenge to the mentally ill. They are rejected by people because of the label they carry or that their behaviors indicate that they belong to a certain labeled group.2 To report the past studies of the topic. Studies have proved that stigmatization of the mentally ill is caused by the public’s belief in myths about the dangerousnes s of the mentally ill and exposing those myths can reduce stigmatization.3 Three articles.4 Pescosolido & Tuch (2000) thought that a common respond to the mentally ill are rejection and fear of violence. Another article concluded that rejection and fear are caused by less contact with mentally ill. Alexander and Link (2003) found that any type of contact with mentally ill individuals reduced perceptions of dangerousness of the target.5 1) What are major causes for the rejection and fear, and can they be reduced?2) This finding is verified by Alexander and Link (2003).Task 2Text 11Title: Risks of Nuclear PowerAuthor(s): Bernard L. CohenSource: .Summary: Radiation from nuclear power is feared to have the potential of causing a cancer or some genetic diseases. This fear, however, is dismissed by Cohen after he compares artificial radiation and the radiation that occurs naturally in our environment, analyzing their respective impact on human health. Cohen separately discusses the different sources of nuclear power risks and arrives at the following conclusions: 1) the probability of real reactor accidents, with the safety system of defense in depth, are extremely small; 2) radioactive waste, if properly handled, causes negligible damage; 3) other radiation problems, such as accidents in transportation or radon exposures in mining, are also not so threatening as they seem to be. In summary he believes that radiation due to nuclear power will cause much fewer cancers and deaths than coal burning. (130 words)Text 12Title: How Radiation Threatens HealthAuthor(s): Nina BaiSource: Scientific AmericanSummary: Nina Bai addresses the widespread concerns over the health effects of radiation exposure in the wake of Fukushima nuclear crisis. She discusses three determinative factors: thelevel, type and duration of radiation exposure. First, radiation sickness usually occurs when there is excessive dose of exposure, though the limits of radiation level differ for the general public, radiation workers, and patients going through medical radiation. Second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, X-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two, albeit being lower energy, are more likely to cause health damage. Third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmful than the same dosage accumulated over time. Finally, Bai draws on the lesson of Chernobyl, and concludes radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. (136 words)Text 13Title: Should Nuclear Radiation Found in Domestic Milk Come as a Surprise?Author(s): Amber CornelioSource: http://www. Summary: Amber Cornelio (2011) maintains that radiation from Japan’s Fukushima disaster h as threatened the daily life of ordinary Americans. He challenges the government’s view that radioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. He suspects that the government is downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. He believes the government has failed to do the job of protecting people. In the end, he urges the government to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line. He warns that covering up the facts is not the key to avoid similar disasters in the future. (108 words) 66Text 14Title:Radiation and Health: The Aftershocks of Japan’s Nuclear DisasterAuthor(s): Susan BlumenthalSource: http://www. Summary: Susan Blumenthal (2011) aims to inform people of nuclear radiation with scientific facts. She starts the essay with a reference to the worldwide spread of fear in the wake of Fukushima disaster and then explains what radiation is. The explanation is followed by a report of different types of radioactive materials released into the air. She goes on to tell that an exposure to those materials will increase the risks of some major diseases. However, she concedes radiation is not so menacing as was assumed and humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. Whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration and strength of the exposure. She warns that exposure to high doses of radiation can lead to acute health problems. Long-term low dose exposure to radiation is equally fatal. (137words)Task 3The release of substantial amounts of radiation into the atmosphere from Fukushima nuclear plant has triggered widespread concerns over the use of nuclear power and the health effects of radiation exposure. Since the Chernobyl disaster, especially the Fukushima nuclear crisis, many scientists and scholars have attempted to estimate the effect of nuclear radiation on human health. Cohen (2011) believes the fear that nuclear radiation will cause a cancer or other genetic diseases is unnecessary. He made a detailed analysis of the effects of accidents in nuclear power plants,accidents in transporting radioactive materials and escape of radioactive wastes from confinement systems on human health by comparing the effects of coal burning. Cohen arrived at the following conclusions: nuclear radiation, if properly handled, causes negligible damage and much fewer deaths than coal burning. Cohen’s idea is shared by Bai (2011). Bai discussed three determinative factors: the level, type and duration of radiation exposure. She found that radiation sickness usually occurs only when there is excessive dose of exposure. Second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, X-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two are more likely to cause health damage. Third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmful than the same dosage accumulated over time. Bai concluded that radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. Blumenthal (2011) did similar research. She examined different types of radioactive materials released into the air. She found that an exposure to those materials would increase the risks of some major diseases. However, the radiation is not somenacing as was assumed as humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. She believes that whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration and strength of the exposure. Only exposure to high doses of radiation or long-term low dose exposure could lead to acute health problems.Contrary to the three scholars, however, Cornelio (2011) maintained that radiation from Japan’s Fukushima disaster threatened the daily life o f ordinary Americans. He challenges the government’s view that radioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. He suspects that the government is downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. Hence he urges the government to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line.3 Writing a literature review as a part of an essayTask 11 Content-based instruction (CBI) is an alternative approach to teaching English. In such an approach, language teaching is integrated within discipline-specific content courses. The major goal is to equip students with academic literacy skills across the curriculum. CBI has gained wide acceptance in U.S. undergraduate institutions.2 Numerous research studies demonstrate consistently that content-based second language teaching promotes both language acquisition and academic success.3 More than 10 articles.4 The literature on CBI has focused mainly on its most immediate effects, i.e., the outcomes of one or two semesters in which content-based instruction was provided. Studies on the sustained or long-term benefits of content-based language instruction are scarce.5 The writer plans to study how will C BI impact students’ future performance both in terms of academic courses and English proficiency.Task 2Nuclear Radiation and Its Long-Term Health EffectThere is a constant controversy as to the application of nuclear power and risks from nuclear radiation ever since the Chernobyl disaster. Especially the release of substantial amounts ofradiation into the atmosphere from Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2010 has triggered the widespread fear and concerns over risks of radiation leaks, radiation exposure, and their impact on people’s health. The commonsensical and intuitive response of the public is that nuclear radiation is most likely to cause a cancer or genetic diseases. Many researchers, however, assured the public that there is no substantial danger as assumed, and nuclear power is not as fearful or menacing as it seems to be. Cohen (2011), Blumenthal (2011) and Bai (2011), for example, cited numerical evidence and resorted to scientific facts to illustrate that a certain level of nuclear radiation risks won’t pose real danger if handled properly with the current technology available or by following the prescribed rules. They do admit the possibility of radiation initiating certain kinds of diseases, though. Only exposure to high doses of radiation or long-term low dose exposure could lead to acute health problems (Bai 2011). Nevertheless, not everyone agrees. Cornelio (2011), on the other hand, holds that nuclear radiation is most likely to threaten people’s health by contaminating milk, vegetables, and rainwater.The literature on the relationship between radiation and health largely focused on the manageability of nuclear risks and played down the damage that nuclear radiation is likely to cause. The researches generally took a detour as to whether there is any solid evidence to bear out the long-term health impact of nuclear radiation. There needs to be more well-grounded studies on the correlation between radiation and health, and on the possible long-term health effects in order to address the concerns of the general public. Besides, we also need to answer questions like “Why is there a disparity between the commonsensical feeling of the public and the explication offered by experts concerning nuclear radiation and health?”, “Are scientists biased and use the facts and statistics to their favor?” and “Is there a long-term negative health impact if one takes moderate doses of nuclear contaminated food over a long period?”Task 3Answers may vary.Task 4Answers may vary.4 CitationTask 1Order Name and date Quotation Paraphrase1 Newell and Simon (1972)√2 Feigenbaum and Feldman (1963) √3 Polya (1945)√4 Minsky (1968)√Task 2Technology plays an ever important role in the making discoveries. Throughout scientific history, many discoveries have been made because of the application of more sophisticated devises and equipment. For example, Galileo’s great discovery was attributed to the improv ementof machinery for making telescopes. And thanks to the Deep See Explorer II, life forms are now known to exist in the deeper parts of the Pacific Ocean despite the great pressure, a fact which defies the previous opinion that there was no life at the extreme depth. (Jones, 2001:125)Task 3Human activities are chiefly responsible for climate change. Despite the dispute as to whether global warming is caused by human activities (McGuire, 2001), carbon dioxide has been proved the major factor for climate change. Carbon dioxide will form a thick gas layer as it is constantly building up in the atmosphere. The gas layer is the killer of the ozone layer—the layer which protects the Earth from harmful radiation, thus causing global warming. It is documented that carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted in a number of ways, among which the burning of fossil fuel can obviously release a great amount of CO2 into the atmosphere (Dalleva, 2007). Another way is deforestation, such as the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. According to Border (2011) 15 to 20% of total carbon dioxide emissions is attributed to land use changes.5 Documentation6 Avoiding plagiarismTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 The sun rises in the east. (CK)2 Paris is the capital of France. (CK)3 Fudan is one of the best universities in China. (not CK)4 Shanghai students speak better English than Sichuan Students because of less accent. (not CK)5 Chinese college students are mostly scientific illiterate. (not CK)6 There are 1.3 billion residents in China in 2011. (CK)7 One can never judge a person by his appearance. (CK)Task 31: a) lacks both the inside acknowledgement and the reference.2: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.3: a) fails to use the quotation mark when it uses the exact words of the original.4: a) lacks both the inside acknowledgement and the reference.5: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.6: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.7: a) doesn’t use the quotation mark when it uses the exact words of the original.8: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.7 ParaphrasingTask 11: a)2: b)Task 23 Instructivists hold that the “real world”, external to individuals, can be represented as knowledge and determines what will be understood by individuals. This view has been shifting to a constructivist view over the past decade (Merriënboer, 1997).4 Two components must be present in an instructional design theory. The first component (methods) describes how human learning will be supported, and the second component (situation) describes when certain methods ought to be used (Reigeluth, 1999).5 According to Heimlich (1992), man has always had an interest in the environment both as a source of raw materials and as a refuge for the human spirit. Nowadays, the two main e nvironmental interests are based on the concept of “a better quality of life”, as well as the need to replenish the sources of raw materials. In comparison with the pre-1960s, much greater interest in the environment is currently being expressed.6 According to Gredler (2001), the same factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred and maintained.Task 31. Use a synonym of a word or phrase1) They can intrude deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby cause a cancer.2) If radioactive material is absorbed into the body, however, it is actually the lower energy alpha and beta radiation that becomes the more dangerous.3) I am simply shocked that officials are understating nuclear radiation levels in the United States as a result of the Fukushima disaster!4) Let officials be forgetful, the rest of us saw it approaching.5) On March 11, 2011, a dimension 9.0 earthquake attacked Japan, causing a destructive tsunami that tore through the coastal regions and leveled the villages in its path.2. Change the order of information1) How the spent fuel is dealt with determines the effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants.2) It is difficult to measure the effects of long-term, low-dose radiation.3) One indication of the terrible situation in Japan is that no sensible man wants to visit there again for the next 80 to 100 years.4) Understandably, panic among masses is what the authorities try to avoid.5) Burns or other symptoms of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) vary from person to persondepending on the strength of radiation and the level of exposure.3. Change from the active to the passive or vice versa1) Our cancer risk should be eventually increased by 0.002% (one part in 50,000), thus our life expectancy reduced by less than one hour due to the radiation brought by nuclear technology. 2) 180,000 people have been evacuated by the Japanese government from within a 20 kilometer radius of the Fukushima Daiichi complex.3) Farmers in Japan were asked to keep cows and cattle in barns by Government officials as radioactive contamination of milk spread from Fukushima prefecture, north of Tokyo.4) A sheet of paper can often block Alpha and beta particle radiation as it is lower energy.5) A broad range of acute health problems will arise only among the individuals who are exposed to high doses of radiation such as reactor worker.4. Change the positive into the negative and vice versa1) Since our body cells fail to distinguish between natural radiation and radiation from the nuclear industry.2) No number of noticeable deaths from coal burning was larger than in an air pollution incident where there were 3,500 extra deaths in one week.3) Should any increase in radiation due to a nuclear disaster instead of naturally occurring, be of concern?4) The dairy industry will not stop working closely with federal and state government agencies to ensure that we maintain a safe milk supply.5) Almost no one will experience a broad range of acute health problems due to their exposure to high doses of radiation except for the individuals close to the source of radiation such as reactor workers.5. Change personal nouns into impersonal nouns and vice versa1) The attack of sex cells can cause genetic diseases in progeny.2) Unawareness of the danger led parents to serve contaminated milk to their children.3) Our perplexity results from the increases in diseases, obesity and erratic behavior among our malnutritioned populace.4) Then again, officials tend to downplay everything, so that panic doesn’t occur among the masses.5) A person who is exposed to low dose but long-term radiation will develop chronic health condition including cancer.6. Change complex sentences into simple sentences and vice versa1) There is little likelihood, if any, for the failure of each system in this series of back-ups exists.2) We should not be worried at all.3) The increase in cancer risk is too small to determine unless many exposed subjects are studies.4) Any exposure will lead to certain damage and safety problem.5) Despite a lot of news distraction, we still notice the dire current situation.8 Enhancing your academic languageReading: Text 111 Match the words with their definitions.1 i2 f3 g4 c5 h6 a7 b8 e9 d 10 j2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 breach2 shallow3 implement4 survivor(s)5 hypothetical6 initiate7 potential8 despite9 neutralize 10 contact 11 transport 12 volume 13 penetrate 14 confirm 15 strategy 16 estimate 17 noticeable 18 generation 19 avert 20 medical 21 disperse 22 integrity 23 compensate3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.is associated with nuclear energy（和原子能有联系）depends somewhat on（某种程度上取决于）take care of（来对付）radiation leakage takes place（辐射泄漏发生）arises from long-time exposure of radiation（由于长时间暴露在辐射下）4 Translate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.1 辐射自然存在于我们的环境当中，一般人每秒钟都遭受着自然中15000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X 光检查则带有1000亿个粒子的辐射。

学术英语医学第二版unit4（中英文实用版）English:The academic English medical textbooks, second edition, Unit 4, covers a wide range of topics related to medical science.This unit focuses on the importance of research in the medical field and how it contributes to the development of new treatments and therapies.It also discusses the ethical considerations involved in medical research, including informed consent and the protection of patient privacy.中文：学术英语医学第二版Unit4教材涵盖了医学科学领域的众多主题。

本单元重点介绍了医学研究的重要性，以及它如何促进新治疗方法和疗法的开发。

此外，还讨论了医学研究中的伦理问题，包括知情同意和患者隐私保护。

English:In this unit, students will learn how to critically analyze scientific articles and extract relevant information from them.They will also practice writing abstracts and presenting scientific data in a clear and concise manner.Additionally, this unit emphasizes the development of communication skills, which are essential for healthcare professionals to effectively convey information to patients and colleagues.中文：在本单元中，学生将学习如何批判性地分析科学文章并从中提取相关信息。

Unit 4 Text A传统中医和现代西医的融通人们对传统医学和补充医学的兴趣正在引起医疗界、政府部门、媒体和公众等美国社会各界的关注。

越来越多的保险公司和管理式医疗机构为传统医学大开方便之门，现在大多数美国医学院也开设了传统医学课程。

艾森伯格的多项全国性研究表明也有更多人在使用补充疗法。

为了便于研究替代疗法的有效性，美国国家补充与替代医学中心于1999年获得了多达五千万美元的预算。

由于认识到除了要对饮食补充剂安全性和有效性进行系统性评估之外，还需要提升植物药材科学数据的质量和数量，今年为此设立了两个研究中心，以研究植物药材的生物学作用。

许多患者传统模式和现代模式同时并用，这就需要将两种医学进行合理平稳地结合。

传统中医的理论和技术涵盖了美国归为补充医学的多数实践，在医疗保健体系中变得日益重要。

若运用得当，传统中医费用合理，技术含量低，安全且有效。

在全球，正在展开针对针灸、草药、按摩和太极的诸多研究，这可阐释传统中医的一些理论和实践。

雄心勃勃的研究设计提供的证据和巨大的患者需求正在推动传统中医和现代医学在临床层面的结合，而学术研究者和学术机构对两种治疗体系结合的潜力也有越来越浓厚的兴趣。

针刺基于1997年美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）专家共识会议审查的证据，NIH 专家共识发展小组保守建议针刺可以作为多种疾患的辅助疗法、替代疗法或综合管理方案的一部分。

该专家组确认针刺可用于治疗手术后出现的和化疗引起的恶心和呕吐，也可治疗术后牙痛。

专家组同时也建议针灸可作为辅助疗法或可接受的替代疗法，用以治疗成瘾、卒中康复、头痛、经痛、网球肘、纤维肌痛、肌筋膜疼痛、骨关节炎、下背痛、腕管综合症和哮喘等。

未来在传统中医架构下进行的针刺临床试验与当前这一代主要主要从生物医学的角度对针刺疗效进行评判的临床试验相比，可能对针刺的疗效提供更恰当更有临床意义的评估。

临床研究中现有的科学严谨性必须保持。

然而，NIH数据分析的方法过于严格，限制了潜在的适应症。