If Hillary Clinton Is Elected President

2010年6月英语六级考试真题Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese. Y ou should write at least 120 wor ds following the outline given below:1.近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象；2.出现这种现象的原因和后果；3.我认为…注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of ChinesePart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer fr om the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the inform ation given in the passage.Obama's success isn't all good new s for black AmericansAs Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls."I've always been an achiever," says White, who is studying for an MBA at V anderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. "But there had always been these things in the back of my mind questioning whether I really can be who I want. It was like a shadow, following me around saying you can only go so far. Now it's like a barrier has been let down."White's experience is what many psychologists had expected - that Obama would prove to be a powerful role model for African Americans. Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans, too, challenging those who still harbour racist sentiments. "The traits that characterise him are very contradictory to the racial stereotypes that black people are aggressive and uneducated," says Ashby Plant of Florida State University. "He's very intelligent and eloquent."Sting in the tailAshby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who seized on Obama's candidacy to test hypotheses about the power of role models. Their work is already starting to reveal how the "Obama effect" is changing people's views and behaviour. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not all good news: there is a sting in the tail of the Obama effect.But first the good news. Barack Obama really is a positive role model for African Americans, and he was making an impact even before he got to the White House. Indeed, the Obama effect can be surprisinglyimmediate and powerful, as Ray Friedman of V anderbilt University and his colleagues discovered.They tested four separate groups at four key stages of Obama's presidential campaign. Each group consisted of around 120 adults of similar age and education, and the test assessed their language skills. At two of these stages, when Obama's success was less than certain, the tests showed a clear difference between the scores of the white and black participants—an average of 12.1 out of 20, compared to 8.8, for example. When the Obama fever was at its height, however, the black participants performed much better. Those who had watched Obama's acceptance speech as the Democrats' presidential candidate performed just as well, on average, as the white subjects.After his election victory, this was true of all the black participants.Dramatic shiftWhat can explain this dramatic shift? At the start of the test, the participants had to declare their race and were told their results would be used to assess their strengths and weaknesses. This should have primed the subjects with "stereotype threat" – an anxiety that their results will confirm negative stereotypes, which has been shown to damage the performance of African Americans.Obama's successes seemed to act as a shield against this. "We suspect they felt inspired and energised by his victory, so the stereotype threat wouldn't prove a distraction," says Friedman.Lingering racismIf the Obama effect is positive for African Americans, how is it affecting their white compatriots (同胞)? Is the experience of having a charismatic (有魅力的) black president modifying lingering racist attitudes? There is no easy way to measure racism directly; instead psychologists assess what is known as "implicit bias", using a computer-based test that measures how quickly people associate positive and negative words—such as "love" or "evil"—with photos of black or white faces. A similar test can also measure how quickly subjects associate stereotypical traits—such as athletic skills or mental ability—with a particular group.In a study that will appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Plant's team tested 229 students during the height of the Obama fever. They found that implicit bias has fallen by as much as 90% compared with the level found in a similar study in 2006. "That's an unusually large drop," Plant says.While the team can't be sure their results are due solely to Obama, they also showed that those with the lowest bias were likely to subconsciously associate black skin colour with political words such as "government" or "president". This suggests that Obama was strongly on their mind, says Plant.Drop in biasBrian Nosek of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, who runs a website that measures implicit bias using similar test, has also observed a small drop in bias in the 700,000 visitors to the site since January 2007, which might be explained by Obama's rise to popularity. However, his preliminary results suggest that change will be much slower coming than Plant's results suggest.Talking honestly"People now have the opportunity of expressing support for Obama every day," says Daniel Effron at Stanford University in California. "Our research arouses the concern that people may now be more likely to raise negative views of African Americans." On the other hand, he says, it may just encourage people to talk more honestly about their feelings regarding race issues, which may not be such a bad thing.Another part of the study suggests far more is at stake than the mere expression of views. The Obama effect may have a negative side. Just one week after Obama was elected president, participants were less ready to support policies designed to address racial inequality than they had been two weeks before the election. Huge obstaclesIt could, of course, also be that Obama's success helps people to forget that a disproportionate number of black Americans still live in poverty and face huge obstacles when trying to overcome these circumstances."Barack Obama's family is such a salient (出色的) image, we generalise it and fail to see the larger picture—that there's injustice in every aspect of American life," says Cheryl Kaiser of the University of Washington in Seattle. Those trying to address issues of racial inequality need to constantly remind people of the inequalities that still exist to counteract the Obama's effect, she says.Though Plant's findings were more positive, she too warns against thinking that racism and racial inequalities are no longer a problem. "The last thing I want is for people to think everything's solved."These findings do not only apply to Obama, or even just to race. They should hold for any role model in any country. "There's no reason we wouldn't have seen the same effect on our views of women if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected," says Effron. So the election of a female leader might have a downside for other women.Beyond raceWe also don't yet know how long the Obama effect—both its good side and its bad—will last.Political sentiment is notoriously changeable: What if things begin to go wrong for Obama, and his popularity slumps?And what if Americans become so familiar with having Obama as their president that they stop considering his race altogether? "Over time he might become his own entity," says Plant. This might seem like the ultimate defeat for racism, but ignoring the race of certain select individuals—a phenomenon that psychologists call subtyping—also has an insidious (隐伏的) side. "We think it happens to help people preserve their beliefs, so they can still hold on to the previous stereotypes." That could turn out to be the cruellest of all the twists to the Obama effect.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

希拉⾥.克林顿总统竞选退职演讲（英⽂） Transcript of Hillary Clinton’s Speech Hillary Clinton delivered the following remarks in Washington, D.C., on Saturday: Thank you so much. Thank you all. Well, this isn’t exactly the party I’d planned, but I sure like the company. I want to start today by saying how grateful I am to all of you to everyone who poured your hearts and your hopes into this campaign, who drove for miles and lined the streets waving homemade signs, who scrimped and saved to raise money, who knocked on doors and made calls, who talked and sometimes argued with your friends and neighbors, who emailed and contributed online, who invested so much in our common enterprise, to the moms and dads who came to our events, who lifted their little girls and little boys on their shoulders and whispered in their ears, "See, you can be anything you want to be." To the young people like 13 year-old Ann Riddle from Mayfield, Ohio who had been saving for two years to go to Disney World, and decided to use her savings instead to travel to Pennsylvania with her Mom and volunteer there as well. To the veterans and the childhood friends, to New Yorkers and Arkansans who traveled across the country and telling anyone who would listen why you supported me. To all those women in their 80s and their 90s born before women could vote who cast their votes for our campaign. I’ve told you before about Florence Steen of South Dakota, who was 88 years old, and insisted that her daughter bring an absentee ballot to her hospice bedside. Her daughter and a friend put an American flag behind her bed and helped her fill out the ballot. She passed away soon after, and under state law, her ballot didn’t count. But her daughter later told a reporter, "My dad’s an ornery old cowboy, and he didn’t like it when he heard mom’s vote wouldn’t be counted. I don’t think he had voted in 20 years. But he voted in place of my mom." To all those who voted for me, and to whom I pledged my utmost, my commitment to you and to the progress we seek is unyielding. You have inspired and touched me with the stories of the joys and sorrows that make up the fabric of our lives and you have humbled me with your commitment to our country. 18 million of you from all walks of life – women and men, young and old, Latino and Asian, African-American and Caucasian, rich, poor and middle class, gay and straight – you have stood strong with me. And I will continue to stand strong with you, every time, every place, and every way that I can. The dreams we share are worth fighting for. Remember - we fought for the single mom with a young daughter, juggling work and school, who told me, "I’m doing it all to better myself for her." We fought for the woman who grabbed my hand, and asked me, "What are you going to do to make sure I have health care?" and began to cry because even though she works three jobs, she can’t afford insurance. We fought for the young man in the Marine Corps t-shirt who waited months for medical care and said, "Take care of my buddies over there and then, will you please help take care of me?" We fought for all those who’ve lost jobs and health care, who can’t afford gas or groceries or college, who have felt invisible to their president these last seven years. I entered this race because I have an old-fashioned conviction: that public service is about helping people solve their problems and live their dreams. I’ve had every opportunity and blessing in my own life – and I want the same for all Americans. Until that day comes, you will always find me on the front lines of democracy – fighting for the future. The way to continue our fight now – to accomplish the goals for which we stand – is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama the next President of the United States. Today, as I suspend my campaign, I congratulate him on the victory he has won and the extraordinary race he has run. I endorse him, and throw my full support behind him. And I ask all of you to join me in working as hard for Barack Obama as you have for me. I have served in the Senate with him for four years. I have been in this campaign with him for 16 months. I have stood on the stage and gone toe-to-toe with him in 22 debates. I have had a front row seat to his candidacy, and I have seen his strength and determination, his grace and his grit. In his own life, Barack Obama has lived the American Dream. As a community organizer, in the state senate, as a United States Senator - he has dedicated himself to ensuring the dream is realized. And in this campaign, he has inspired so many to become involved in the democratic process and invested in our common future. Now when I started this race, I intended to win back the White House, and make sure we have a president who puts our country back on the path to peace, prosperity, and progress. And that’s exactly what we’re going to do by ensuring that Barack Obama walks through the doors of the Oval Office on January 20, 2009. I understand that we all know this has been a tough fight. The Democratic Party is a family, and it’s now time to restore the ties that bind us together and to come together around the ideals we share, the values we cherish, and the country we love. We may have started on separate journeys – but today, our paths have merged. And we are all heading toward the same destination, united and more ready than ever to win in November and to turn our country around because so much is at stake. We all want an economy that sustains the American Dream, the opportunity to work hard and have that work rewarded, to save for college, a home and retirement, to afford that gas and those groceries and still have a little left over at the end of the month. An economy that lifts all of our people and ensures that our prosperity is broadly distributed and shared. We all want a health care system that is universal, high quality, and affordable so that parents no longer have to choose between care for themselves or their children or be stuck in dead end jobs simply to keep their insurance. This isn’t just an issue for me it is a passion and a cause and it is a fight I will continue until every single American is insured no exceptions, no excuses. We all want an America defined by deep and meaningful equality from civil rights to labor rights, from women’s rights to gay rights, from ending discrimination to promoting unionization to providing help for the most important job there is: caring for our families. We all want to restore America’s standing in the world, to end the war in Iraq and once again lead by the power of our values, and to join with our allies to confront our shared challenges from poverty and genocide to terrorism and global warming. You know, I’ve been involved in politics and public life in one way or another for four decades. During those forty years, our country has voted ten times for President. Democrats won only three of those times. And the man who won two of those elections is with us today. We made tremendous progress during the 90s under a Democratic President, with a flourishing economy, and our leadership for peace and security respected around the world. Just think how much more progress we could have made over the past 40 years if we had a Democratic president. Think about the lost opportunities of these past seven years on the environment and the economy, on health care and civil rights, on education, foreign policy and the Supreme Court. Imagine how far we could’ve come, how much we could’ve achieved if we had just had a Democrat in the White House.We cannot let this moment slip away. We have come too far and accomplished too much. Now the journey ahead will not be easy. Some will say we can’t do it. That it’s too hard. That we’re just not up to the task. But for as long as America has existed, it has been the American way to reject "can’t do" claims, and to choose instead to stretch the boundaries of the possible through hard work, determination, and a pioneering spirit. It is this belief, this optimism, that Senator Obama and I share, and that has inspired so many millions of our supporters to make their voices heard. So today, I am standing with Senator Obama to say: Yes we can. Together we will work. We’ll have to work hard to get universal health care. But on the day we live in an America where no child, no man, and no woman is without health insurance, we will live in a stronger America. That’s why we need to help elect Barack Obama our President. We’ll have to work hard to get back to fiscal responsibility and a strong middle class. But on the day we live in an America whose middle class is thriving and growing again, where all Americans, no matter where they live or where their ancestors came from, can earn a decent living, we will live in a stronger America and that is why we must elect Barack Obama our President. We’ll have to work hard to foster the innovation that makes us energy independent and lift the threat of global warming from our children’s future. But on the day we live in an America fueled by renewable energy, we will live in a stronger America. That’s why we have to help elect Barack Obama our President. We’ll have to work hard to bring our troops home from Iraq, and get them the support they’ve earned by their service. But on the day we live in an America that’s as loyal to our troops as they have been to us, we will live in a stronger America and that is why we must help elect Barack Obama our President. This election is a turning point election and it is critical that we all understand what our choice really is. Will we go forward together or will we stall and slip backwards. Think how much progress we have already made. When we first started, people everywhere asked the same questions: Could a woman really serve as Commander-in-Chief? Well, I think we answered that one. And could an African American really be our President? Senator Obama has answered that one. Together Senator Obama and I achieved milestones essential to our progress as a nation, part of our perpetual duty to form a more perfect union. Now, on a personal note when I was asked what it means to be a woman running for President, I always gave the same answer: that I was proud to be running as a woman but I was running because I thought I’d be the best President. But I am a woman, and like millions of women, I know there are still barriers and biases out there, often unconscious. I want to build an America that respects and embraces the potential of every last one of us. I ran as a daughter who benefited from opportunities my mother never dreamed of. I ran as a mother who worries about my daughter’s future and a mother who wants to lead all children to brighter tomorrows. To build that future I see, we must make sure that women and men alike understand the struggles of their grandmothers and mothers, and that women enjoy equal opportunities, equal pay, and equal respect. Let us resolve and work toward achieving some very simple propositions: There are no acceptable limits and there are no acceptable prejudices in the twenty-first century. You can be so proud that, from now on, it will be unremarkable for a woman to win primary state victories, unremarkable to have a woman in a close race to be our nominee, unremarkable to think that a woman can be the President of the United States. And that is truly remarkable. To those who are disappointed that we couldn’t go all the way especially the young people who put so much into this campaign it would break my heart if, in falling short of my goal, I in any way discouraged any of you from pursuing yours. Always aim high, work hard, and care deeply about what you believe in. When you stumble, keep faith. When you’re knocked down, get right back up. And never listen to anyone who says you can’t or shouldn’t go on. As we gather here today in this historic magnificent building, the 50th woman to leave this Earth is orbiting overhead. If we can blast 50 women into space, we will someday launch a woman into the White House.Although we weren’t able to shatter that highest, hardest glass ceiling this time, thanks to you, it’s got about 18 million cracks in it. And the light is shining through like never before, filling us all with the hope and the sure knowledge that the path will be a little easier next time. That has always been the history of progress in America.Think of the suffragists who gathered at Seneca Falls in 1848 and those who kept fighting until women could cast their votes. Think of the abolitionists who struggled and died to see the end of slavery. Think of the civil rights heroes and foot-soldiers who marched, protested and risked their lives to bring about the end to segregation and Jim Crow. Because of them, I grew up taking for granted that women could vote. Because of them, my daughter grew up taking for granted that children of all colors could go to school together. Because of them, Barack Obama and I could wage a hard fought campaign for the Democratic nomination. Because of them, and because of you, children today will grow up taking for granted that an African American or a woman can yes, become President of the United States. When that day arrives and a woman takes the oath of office as our President, we will all sta n d t a l l e r , p r o u d o f t h e v a l u e s o f o u r n a t i o n , p r o u d t h a t e v e r y l i t t l e g i r l c a n d r e a m a n d t h a t h e r d r e a m s c a n c o m e t r u e i n A m e r i c a . A n d a l l o f y o u w i l l k n o w t h a t b e c a u s e o f y o u r p a s s i o n a n d h a r d w o r k y o u h e l p e d p a v e t h e w a y f o r t h a t d a y . b r > 0 0 S o I w a n t t o s a y t o m y s u p p o r t e r s , w h e n y o u h e a r p e o p l e s a y i n g o r t h i n k t o y o u r s e l f " i f o n l y " o r " w h a t i f , " I s a y , " p l e a s e d o n t g o t h e r e . " E v e r y m o m e n t w a s t e d l o o k i n g b a c k k e e p s u s f r o m m o v i n g f o r w a r d . b r > 0 0 L i f e i s t o o s h o r t , t i m e i s t o o p r e c i o u s , a n d t h e s t a k e s a r e t o o h i g h t o d w e l l o n w h a t m i g h t h a v e b e e n . W e h a v e t o w o r k t o g e t h e r f o r w h a t s t i l l c a n b e . A n d t h a t i s w h y I w i l l w o r k m y h e a r t o u t t o m a k e s u r e t h a t S e n a t o r O b a m a i s o u r n e x t P r e s i d e n t a n d I h o p e a n d p r a y t h a t a l l o f y o u w i l l j o i n m e i n t h a t e f f o r t . b r > 0 0 T o m y s u p p o r t e r s a n d c o l l e a g u e s i n C o n g r e s s , t o t h e g o v e r n o r s a n d m a y o r s , e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s w h o s t o o d w i t h m e , i n g o o d t i m e s a n d i n b a d , t h a n k y o u f o r y o u r s t r e n g t h a n d l e a d e r s h i p . T o m y f r i e n d s i n o u r l a b o r u n i o n s w h o s t o o d s t r o n g e v e r y s t e p o f t h e w a y I t h a n k y o u a n d p l e d g e m y s u p p o r t t o y o u . T o m y f r i e n d s , f r o m e v e r y s t a g e o f m y l i f e y o u r l o v e a n d o n g o i n g c o m m i t m e n t s s u s t a i n m e e v e r y s i n g l e d a y . T o m y f a m i l y e s p e c i a l l y B i l l a n d C h e l s e a a n d m y m o t h e r , y o u m e a n t h e w o r l d t o m e a n d I t h a n k y o u f o r a l l y o u h a v e d o n e . A n d t o m y e x t r a o r d i n a r y s t a f f , v o l u n t e e r s a n d s u p p o r t e r s , t h a n k y o u f o r w o r k i n g t h o s e l o n g , h a r d h o u r s . T h a n k y o u f o r d r o p p i n g e v e r y t h i n g l e a v i n g w o r k o r s c h o o l t r a v e l i n g t o p l a c e s y o u d n e v e r b e e n , s o m e t i m e s f o r m o n t h s o n e n d . A n d t h a n k s t o y o u r f a m i l i e s a s w e l l b e c a u s e y o u r s a c r i f i c e w a s t h e i r s t o o . b r > 0 0 A l l o f y o u w e r e t h e r e f o r m e e v e r y s t e p o f t h e w a y . B e i n g h u m a n , w e a r e i m p e r f e c t . T h a t s w h y w e n e e d e a c h o t h e r . T o c a t c h e a c h o t h e r w h e n w e f a l t e r . T o e n c o u r a g e e a c h o t h e r w h e n w e l o s e h e a r t . S o m e m a y l e a d ; o t h e r s m a y f o l l o w ; b u t n o n e o f u s c a n g o i t a l o n e . T h e c h a n g e s w e r e w o r k i n g f o r a r e c h a n g e s t h a t w e c a n o n l y a c c o m p l i s h t o g e t h e r . L i f e , l i b e r t y , a n d t h e p u r s u i t o f h a p p i n e s s a r e r i g h t s t h a t b e l o n g t o e a c h o f u s a s i n d i v i d u a l s . B u t o u r l i v e s , o u r f r e e d o m , o u r h a p p i n e s s , a r e b e s t e n j o y e d , b e s t p r o t e c t e d , a n d b e s t a d v a n c e d w h e n w e d o w o r k t o g e t h e r . b r > 0 0 T h a t i s w h a t w e w i l l d o n o w a s w e j o i n f o r c e s w i t h S e n a t o r O b a m a a n d h i s c a m p a i g n . W e w i l l m a k e h i s t o r y t o g e t h e r a s w e w r i t e t h e n e x t c h a p t e r i n A m e r i c a s s t o r y . W e w i l l s t a n d u n i t e d f o r t h e v a l u e s w e h o l d d e a r , f o r t h e v i s i o n o f p r o g r e s s w e s h a r e , a n d f o r t h e c o u n t r y w e l o v e . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g m o r e A m e r i c a n t h a n t h a t . b r > 0 0 A n d l o o k i n g o u t a t y o u t o d a y , I h a v e n e v e r f e l t s o b l e s s e d . T h e c h a l l e n g e s t h a t I h a v e f a c e d i n t h i s c a m p a i g n a r e n o t h i n g c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e t h a t m i l l i o n s o f A m e r i c a n s f a c e e v e r y d a y i n t h e i r o w n l i v e s . S o t o d a y , I m g o i n g t o c o u n t m y b l e s s i n g s a n d k e e p o n g o i n g . I m g o i n g t o k e e p d o i n g w h a t I w a s d o i n g l o n g b e f o r e t h e c a m e r a s e v e r s h o w e d u p a n d w h a t I l l b e d o i n g l o n g a f t e r t h e y r e g o n e : W o r k i n g t o g i v e e v e r y A m e r i c a n t h e s a m e o p p o r t u n i t i e s I h a d , a n d w o r k i n g t o e n s u r e t h a t e v e r y c h i l d h a s t h e c h a n c e t o g r o w u p a n d a c h i e v e h i s o r h e r G o d - g i v e n p o t e n t i a l . b r > 0 0 I w i l l d o i t w i t h a h e a r t f i l l e d w i t h g r a t i t u d e , w i t h a d e e p a n d a b i d i n g l o v e f o r o u r c o u n t r y a n d w i t h n o t h i n g b u t o p t i m i s m a n d c o n f i d e n c e f o r t h e d a y s a h e a d . T h i s i s n o w o u r t i m e t o d o a l l t h a t w e c a n t o m a k e s u r e t h a t i n t h i s e l e c t i o n w e a d d a n o t h e r D e m o c r a t i c p r e s i d e n t t o t h a t v e r y s m a l l l i s t o f t h e l a s t 4 0 y e a r s a n d t h a t w e t a k e b a c k o u r c o u n t r y a n d o n c e a g a i n m o v e w i t h p r o g r e s s a n d c o m m i t m e n t t o t h e f u t u r e . b r > 0 0 T h a n k y o u a l l a n d G o d b l e s s y o u a n d G o d b l e s s A m e r i c a .。

Hillary Clinton's Concession Speech希拉里败选演讲○1concession speech 败选演讲（承认川普成为总统）concession: the act of giving up something or doing something in order to reach agreementReach agreement 达成一致Reach an agreement 达成协议Thank you. Thank you all. Thank you.Thank you all very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much.Very rowdy○1group. Thank you, my friends. Thank you. Thank you, thank you so very much○2for being here and I love you all, too. Last night I congratulated○3Donald Trump and offered to○4work with him on behalf of○5our country.○1rowdy 吵闹的（此处形容人多）disturbing the public peace, loud and rough(没有经过组织和准备的集合)○2so very much 副词修饰副词○3congratulate 祝贺to tell somebody that you are pleased about their successes or achievements○4offer to 提出offer: to make something available or to provide the opportunity for something○5on behalf of 代表……祝贺川普代表我们的国家，愿意以他代表国家的身份与他一起工作I hope that he will be a successful president for all Americans. This is not the outcome we wanted or we worked so hard for, and I'm sorry we did not win this election for the values we share and the vision we hold for our country.But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign that we built together. This vast○1, diverse○2, creative○3, unruly○4, energized○5campaign. You represent the best of America, and being your candidate○6has been one of the greatest honors of my life.○1vast 辽阔的、巨大的extremely in area, size, amount, etc; boundless○2diverse 多种多样的very different from each other and of various kinds○3creative 创造性的involving the use of skill and imagination to produce something new or a work of act ○4unruly 任性difficult to control○5energized 有活力的○6candidate 候选人a person who is trying to be elected or is applying for a jobI know how disappoi nte d you feel, because I feel i t too. And so do tens of millions of Americans who invested their hopes and dreams in this effort. This is painful, and it will be for a long time. But I want you to remember this.Our campaign was never about one person, or even one election. It was about the country we love and about building an America that’s hopeful, inclusive, and big-hearted. We haveseen that our nation is more deeply divided than we thought. But I still believe in America, and I always will. And if you do○1, then we must accept this result and then look to the future. Donald Trump is going to be our president. We owe○2him an open mind and the chance to lead. Our constitutional democracy○3enshrines○4the peaceful transfer of power○5.○1if you do 如果你也这样do的意思表示为：But I still believe in American, and I always will○2owe 欠to feel that you ought to do something for somebody or give them something, especially because they have done something for you○3constitutional democracy 宪政民主○4enshrine 铭记、珍藏；把……奉为神圣to remember and protect (someone or something that is valuable, admired, etc) shrine: a place where people come to worship because it is connected with a holy person or event○5the peaceful transfer of power 和平的权力交接transfer of power：权力交接We don't just respect that. We cherish it. It also enshrines other things, the rule of law○1; t he principle we are all equal in rights and dignity○2; freedom of worship and expression○3. We respect and cherish these values too, and we must defen d them.[Applause]○1the rule of law 法治○2the principle we are all equal in rights and dignity 权利平等和尊严平等的原则○3freedom of worship and expression 信仰自由和言论自由Let me add○1: Our constitutional democracy demands our participation○2, not just every four years, but all the time. So let's do all we can to keep advancing the causes and values we all hold dear○3. Making our economy work for everyone, not just those at the top, protecting our country and protecting our planet.○1let me add 请让我补充一下add: to put (something) with another thing or group of things group of things：一组事物○2participation 参与the act of taking part in an activity or event○3so let’s do all we can to keep advancing the causes and values we all hold dear 让我们尽我们所能推进我们珍视的事业和价值观cause: an organization or idea that people support or fight forhold dear：珍重dear：高价地、昂贵地at a high price eg: buy cheap and sell dearAnd breaking down all the barriers that hold any American back from achieving their dreams○1. We spent a year and a half bringing together millions of people from every corner of our country to say with one voice that we believe that the American dream is big enough for everyone. For people of all races, and religions, for men and women, for immigrants, for LGBT people, and people with disabilities. For everyone.○1breaking down all the barriers that hold any American back from achieving their dreams 打破所有阻碍任何一个美国人成功的障碍any有强调的意思，强调“任何一个美国人”hold back: 阻挡、抑制、控制refrain from doing连带记忆stop……from; refrain fromSo now, our responsibility as citizens is to keep doing our part, to build that better, stronger, fairer American we seek○1, and I know you will, I am so grateful to stand with all of you. I want to thank Tim Kaine○2and Anne Holton○3for being our partners on this journey○4.[Cheers and applause]○1seek 寻找、探寻to search for (someone or something); to try to obtain or achieve something○2Tim Kaine 人名蒂姆·凯恩○3Anne Holton 人名安妮·霍尔顿○4on this journey 在这次旅途上使用介词on，如同on the road for being our partners on this journey for的常用意思有两种：为（给）；因为used to introduce the reason for something mentioned in the previous statementIt has been a joy getting to go know○1them better and gives me great hope and comfort to know that Tim will remain on the front lines of our democracy○2representing Virginia○3 in the Senate○4.[Cheers and applause]○1go可以直接接动词，go drive that car, go test that home○2remain on the front lines of our democracy 继续留在民主的前线○3Virginia 弗吉尼亚州Virgini(y)a○4senate 参议院To Barack and Michelle Obama, our country owes you an enormous debt of gratitude○1.○1an enormous debt of gratitude 一个巨大的人情债enormous: very great in size or amount; extremely largeWe thank you for your graceful, determined leadership○1 that has meant so much to so many Americans and people across the world. And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, Charlotte, Aidan, our brothers and our entire family, my love for you○2 means more than I can ever○3express.○1graceful and determined leadership 优雅坚定的领导○2my love for you 我对你们的爱○3ever 比较的时候用来加强语气You crisscrossed○1this country on our behalf, and lifted me up when I needed most, even 4-month-old Aidan, who traveled with his mom. I’ll always be grateful to the creative, talented, dedicated○2men and women at our headquarters○3 in Brooklyn○4and across our country.○1crisscross 交叉往来to make a pattern on something with many straight lines that cross each other○2dedicated 专心致志的working hard at something because it is very important to you○3headquarters 总部、司令部a place from which an organization or a military is contro ll ed○4Brooklyn 布鲁克林纽约州的一个区You pour ed your hearts into this campaign. For some of you who are veterans○1, it was a campaign after you ha d doneother campaigns. Some of you, it was your first campaign. I wan t each of you to know that you were the best campaign anybody○2could have○3ever expected or wanted○4.○1for some of you who are veterans 对你们中的一些老兵来说○2anybody 用于否定句、疑问句、条件从句，anybody如何anyone具有强调的意思○3could have 原本就是（这样）、本就是○4I want each of you to know that you were the best campaign anybody could have expected or wanted 我想你们知道：你们创造了任何一个人所期待、所想要的最好的选举活动（这是一场超越所有人预期的选举）And to the millions of volunteers○1, community leaders○2, activists○3and union organizers○4who knocked on doors, talked to their neighbors, posted on Facebook○5— even in secret private Facebook sites.○1volunteer 志愿者a person who does a job without being paid for it○2community leader 社区领导者○3activist 积极分子a person who uses or supports strong actions(such as public protests) to help make○4union organizer 工会组织者union: an organization of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of its members○5post on the face book 贴在（发表在）脸书上post：邮寄、张贴I want everybody coming out from behind that and make sure your voices are heard going forward. [Cheers and applause]To anyone who sent contributions○1, even as small as $5, that kept us going, thank you. To all of us, and to the young people in particular○2, I hope you will hear this — I have, as Tim said, spent my entire adult life○3fighting for what I believe in.○1contribution 捐款、贡献something that is given to help a person, a cause, etc○2in particular 尤其是、特别是particularly, more than usually ○3entire adult life 整个成年生活adult: fully grown or developedI've had successes○1and I’ve had setbacks○2and sometimes really painful ones. Many of you are at the beginning of your professional, public, and political careers —you will have successes and setbacks too.○1success 成功the fact that you have achieved something that you want and have been trying to do or get○2setback 挫折、失败a difficulty or problem that delays or prevents something, or makes a situation worseThis loss hurts○1, but please never stop believing that fighting for what's right is worth it○2.○1loss 失败a failure to win a contest○2worth it 值得的It is, it is worth it. [Cheers and applause]And so we need — we need you to keep up these fights now and for the rest of your lives○1. And to all the women, and especially the young women, who put their faith in this campaign and in me: I want you to know that nothing has made me prouder than to be your champion○2.○1for the rest of your life 持续你的一生○2to be your champion 成为你们的拥护者champion: a person who fights for, or speaks in support ofI, I know, I know we have still not shattered○1that highest and hardest glass ceiling○2, but someday someone will — and hopefully sooner than we might think○3right now.[Cheers and applause]○1shatter 使粉碎、砸碎to suddenly break into small pieces（分成小块）○2that highest and hardest glass ceiling 最高、最硬的无形障碍glass ceiling: 无形限制，无形顶障（妇女等在职务升迁上遇到的无形障碍）when people refer to a glass ceiling, they are talking about the attitude and traditions in a society that prevent women from rising to the top jobs○3might think （原本）可能想的And to all the little girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams. [Cheers and applause]Finally, finally, I am so grateful for our country and for all it has given to me.I count my blessings every single day○1that I am an American, and I still believe, as deeply as I ever have, that if we stand together and work together with respect for our differences○2, strengthen in our convictions○3, and love for this nation○4, our best days are still ahead of us○5.○1I count my blessing every single day 我每天都在感恩blessing: God’s help and protection or a prayer asking for 注意：as deeply as I ever have, ever（曾），have（一般现在时）○2with respect for our differences 尊重差异○3strengthen in our convictions 坚定信念○4love for this nation 热爱国家○5our best days are still ahead of us 我们最好的日子仍然在前面等着我们Because, you know, I believe we are stronger together and we will go forward together. And you should never, ever regret fighting for that. You know, scripture○1tells us, let us not grow weary○2in doing good, for in due season○3we shall○4reap if we do not lose heart. So, my friends, let us have faith in each other, let us not grow weary○5and let us not lose heart, for there are more seasons to come and there is more work todo○6.○1scripture 圣经the Bible○2weary 疲倦的、困乏的very tired, especially after you have been working hard or doing something for a long time ○3in due season 在合适的时候due: that is suitable or right in the circumstance○4shall 此处表明肯定发生或必须发生的事情season:季节○5let us not grow weary 让我们不要疲倦○6more seasons to come 来日方长I am incredibly honored and grateful to have had this chance to represent all of you in this consequential election○1. May God bless you and may God bless the United States of America.○1consequential election 至关重要的选举consequential: having important issues or results。

Helicopter Moms vs. Free-Range KidsWould you let your fourth-grader ride public transportation without an adult? Probably not. Still, when Lenore Skenazy, a columnist for the New York Sun, wrote about letting her son take the subway alone to get back to "Long story short:my son got home from a department store on the Upper East Side, she didn't expect to get hit with a wave of criticism from readers.1.When Lenore Skenazy's son was allowed to take the subway alone, he ________.b.enjoyed having the independence2. Lenore Skenazy believes that keeping kids under careful watcha.hinders their healthy growth3.Skenazy's decision to let her son take the Subway alone has net with________.d.protect children's rights4.Skenazy started her own blog to ________.a.promote sensible parenting5.According to the author, New York City ________.b.is much safe than before6.Parents today are more nervous about their kids' safety than previous generations because________.c.their fear is amplified by media exposure of crime7. According to child experts, how and when kids may be allowed more freedom depends on ________.d.their maturity and personal qualities8. According to Gallagher and Skenazy, children who are watchful will be better able to stay away from _unsafe situation____.9. Being able to find out where a child is anytime helps lessen parents' _anxiety____.10. Nowadays with the help of GPS cell phones, parents can ___track their children's movements__ from a distance.For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water's edge11.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.b.efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying out12.What does the author mean by "Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness" (Line 1, Para. 2)?d.The turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.13.What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Griffin?b.Unregulated commercial fishing.14.How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?a.It threatens the sandy beaches on which they lay eggs.15.The last sentence of the passage is meant to ________.c.call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles' survivalThere are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.16.What's the opinion of economists about going to college?c.College education is rewarding in spite of the startling costs.17. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20th century, ________.d.the gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed18. Students who attend an in-state college or university can ________.a.save more on tuition19. In this consumerist age, most parents ________.d.consider college education a consumer product20. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?b.A satisfying experience within their budgets.Bosses Say "Yes" to Home WorkRising costs of office space, time lost to stressful commuting, and a slow recognition that workers have lives beyond the office-all are strong arguments for letting staff work from home.1. What is the main topic of this passage?b.Relations between employers and employees.2. From the research conducted by the communications provider Inter-Tel, we learn that .c.more businesses have adopted remote working solutions3. What development has made flexible working practices possible according to Andy Poulton?c.Availability of the VoIP service.4. What is Neil Stephenson's advice to firms contracting internet services?b.They contact providers located nearest to them.5. Internet-based telecoms facilitates remote working by __________.a.offering sophisticated voice services6. The accountancy firm Wright Vigar promoted teleworking initially in order to __________.d.reduce operational expenses of a second office7. According to marketing director Jack O'Hern, teleworking enabled the company to __________.b.reduce recruitment costs8. Wright Vigar's practice of allowing for more flexible working hours not only benefits the company but helps improve employees' _home life____ .9. With fast, wireless internet connections, employees can still be____productive_____ while traveling.10. Single mother Lynne Hargreaves decided to work at home mainly to __increase her own productivity________.There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type. So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation's schools singled out those in the smugly（自鸣得意的）green village of Berkeley,11. What does a recent investigation by USA Today reveal?d.Parents in Berkeley are over-sensitive to cancer risks their kids face.12. What response did USA Today's report draw?c.Widespread panic.13.How did parents feel in the face of the experts' studies?a.They felt very much relieved.14. What is the view of the 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics?b.Daily accidents pose a more serious threat to children.15. Of the dangers in everyday life, the author thinks that people have most to fear from __________.d.unhealthy foodCrippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.16. The author's chief concern about the current U.S. health care system is __________.b.the declining number of doctors17. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that __________.c.visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health18. Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to __________ .d.see more patients at the expense of quality19. Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career?d.They think working in emergency rooms tedious.20. What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?a.Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians. Obama's success isn't all good news for black AmericansAs Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls.1. How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obama's victory in the election?b.Victorious.2. Before the election, Erin White has been haunted by the question of whether ______.b.she could go as far as she wanted in life3. What is the focus of Ashby Plant's study?d.The dual character of African Americans.4. In their experiments, Ray Friedman and his colleagues found that ______.a.blacks and whites behaved differently during the election5. What do Brian Nosek's preliminary results suggest?c.Website visitor's opinions are far from being reliable.6. A negative side of the Obama effect is that ______.c.people are now less ready to support policies addressing racial inequality7. Cheryl Kaiser holds that people should be constantly reminded that ______.c.racial inequality still persists in American society8. According to Effron, if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, there would also have been a negative effect on __our views of women____.9. It is possible that the Obama effect will be short-lived if there is a change in people's __political sentiment____.10. The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial __stereotypes____.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States-we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.11. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?a.America is now the only developed country without the policy.12. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?d.The opposition from business circles.13. What is Professor Anne Alstott's argument for parental support?d.Children need continuous care.14. What does the author think of America's large body of family laws governing children's welfare?b.The fail to provide enough support for parents15. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?d.It is basically a social undertaking.A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts University shows that today's youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations, and a 2008 study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activistssupport traditionally liberal causes.16. What is the finding of a new study by CIRCLE?a.More young voters are going to the polls than before.17. What is a main concern of the writers of Generation O?c.Whether young people will continue to support Obama's policy.18. What will the Generation O bloggers write about in their posts?d.Their lives in relation to Obama's presidency.19. What accounts for the younger generation's political strength according to Professor Henry Flores?c.Their utilization of the Internet.20. What can we infer from the passage about Generation X?d.They are indifferent to politics.Supersize surpriseAsk anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that it’s al down to eating too much and burning too few calories. That explanation appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it yet obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with it.1. What is the passage mainly about?c.New explanations for the obesity epidemic2. In the US Nurse’ Health Study, women who slept an average of 7 hours a night_______.a.gained the least weight3. The popular belief about obesity is that___________.b.it causes sleep loss4. How does indoor heating affect our life?d.it contributes to our weight gain5. What does the author say about the effect of nicotine on smokers?c.it suppresses their appetite6. Who are most likely to be overweight according to Katherine Fergal’s study?d.those who quit smoking7. According to the US National Center for Health Statistics, the increased obesity in the US is a result of_______.b.the rising proportion of minorities in its population8. According to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers’ children tend to be obese remains _not entirely clear_________.9. According to Michael Symonds, one factor contributing to the obesity epidemic is decrease of ___family size________.10. When two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because obesity is ____partly genetic_________.Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult toquestion either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.11. How do people often measure progress in agriculture?b.By its sustainability12. Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in________.d.the decrease of biodiversity13.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?c.They are not necessarily sustainable14.What will agriculture be like in the 21st centurya.It will go through radical changes15. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?d.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture isThe percentage of immigrants(including those unlawfully present) in the United states has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid1920s16.How were immigrants viewed by U.S. Congress in early days?a.They were of inferior races.17.What does the author think of the new immigrants?b.They can do just as well as their predecessors.18.What does Edward Tellers’ research say about Mexican-Americans?d.They may forever remain poor and underachieving.19.What should be done to help the new immigrants?c.prevent them from being marginalized.20.According to the author, the burning issue concerning immigrating is_______.b.how to help immigrants to better fit into American societyMinority ReportAmerican universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is another matter.1.What is the author's main concern about American higher education?b.The low graduation rates of minority students.2. What was the pride of President Barry Mills of Bowdoin College?d.Its increased enrollment of minority students.3. What is the risk facing America?b.The rising generation will be less well educated than the previous one.4. How many African-American students earned their degrees in California community colleges according to a recent review?c.Fifteen percent.5. Harvard, Yale, and Princeton show almost no gap between black and white graduation rates mainly because _____.b.they recruit the best students6. How does Amy Wilkins of the Education Trust view minority students' failure to get a degree?a.Universities are to blame.7. Why do some students drop out after a year or two according to the author?b.They cannot afford the high tuition.8. To tackle the problem of graduation gap, the University of Wisconsin-Madison helps minority students get over the stereotype that ___that they are less qualified__.9. For years, private colleges such as Princeton and MIT have provided minority students with_some preparatory cources____ during the summer before freshman year.10. Washington and Lee University is cited as an example to show that the gap of graduation rates between whites and minorities ca n __be closed___.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy.11.What can we learn from the first paragraph?d.The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration.12. In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?b.They can get consumer goods at lower prices.13. Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?c.They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.14. What is the chief concern of native high-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?d.It may place a great strain on the state budget.15. What is the irony about the debate over immigration?c.People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact. opinions.Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you'll geta completely different impression.16. What characterises the business school student population of today?a.Greater diversity.17. What is the author's concern about current business school education?b.It will produce business leaders of a uniform style.18. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?c.Attitude and approach to business.19. What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?c.Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.20. What does Mannaz say about the current management style?d.It is shifting towards more collaborative models.Google's Plan for World's Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy Or Act of Piracy?In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books.1.Google claims its plan for the world's biggest online library is _____.b.to encourage reading around the world2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google's book-scanning project will _____.b.help the broad masses of readers3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world's books should be controlled by _____.C) multinational companies4. Google has involved itself in a legal battle as it ignored _____.d.the differences of in-print and out-of-print books5. Google defends its scanning in-copyright books by saying that _____.b.it is willing to compensate the copyright holders6. What do we learn about the class action suit against Google?b.It was settled after more than two years of negotiation.7. What remained controversial after the class action suit ended?d.The commercial provisions of the settlement.8. While __Providing information for free___, Google makes money by selling advertising.9. Books whose copyright holders are not known are called _orphan works____.10. Google's entrance into digital bookselling will tremendously _change the world’s book market____ in the future.What's the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China! India! Brazil! How about trade!When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.11. How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?d.It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.12. What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?a.It indicates that economic activities in the U.S. have increased.13. Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?c.Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.14. What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?C) Slack trade activities.15. What is the author's advice to U.S. companies and individuals?b.To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.16. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialisation?a.They fail to convert knowledge into money.17. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities' performance in commercialisation?b.It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.18. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that "policy interventions" (Line 1, Para.4) refers to _____.ernment aid to non-research-oriented universities19. What does the author suggest research-led universities do?a.Publicise their research to win international recognition.20. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK's economic growth?c.By promoting technology transfer and graduate school education.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity anda warning for the best higher-education system in the world.1. Why did Hartwick College start three-year degree programs?a.To create chances for the poor.2. By quoting Stephen Trachtenberg the author wants to say that .b.the summer vacation contributes to student growth3. The author thinks the tenure system in American universities .c.guarantees academic freedom4. What is said about the new three-year degree program at Hartwick?a.Its students have to earn more credits each year.5. What do we learn about Judson College’s three-year degree program?b.It is open to the brightest students only.6. What changes in high schools help students earn undergraduate degrees in three years?b.More students have Advanced Placement credits.7. What is said to be a drawback of the three-year college program? Students have to cope with too heavy a workload.8. College faculty members are afraid that the pretext of moving students into the workforce might pose a threat to __the core curriculum____.9. Universities are increasingly aware that they must adapt to a rapidly changing world in order to __stay competitive and relevant____.10. Convenient academic schedules with more-focused, less-expensive degrees will be more attractive to _bright, motivated students_____.As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That's partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.11. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?d.The goals most people set are unrealistic.12. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?a.Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.13. How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?b.They competed with one another to attract more customers.14. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research?b.It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.15. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?16. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?d.Free market plus government intervention.17. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem” (line4, Para. 3)?b.Many social problems arise from government’s inefficiency.18. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?b.Cooperation between the government and businesses.19. What is the author’s suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit?d.They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.20. What’s the problem with the European Un ion?d.Excessive borrowing.Welcome,Freshmen. Have an iPod.Taking a step that many professors may view as a bit counterproductive, some colleges and universities are doling out Apple iPhones and Internet-capable iPods to their students.1. Many professors think that giving out Apple iPhones or Internet-capable iPods to students a.updates teaching facilities in universitiesd.may not benefit education as intended2. In the author’s view, being equipped with IT products may help colleges and universitiesa.build an innovative image3. The distribution of iPhones among students has raised concerns that they will_________ .c.further distract students from class participation4. Naomi Pugh at Freed-Hardeman University speculated that professors would_________ .b.have to work harder to enliven their classes5. Experts like Dr. Kyle Dickson at Abilene Christian University think that________ .a.mobile technology will be more widely used in education6. What do we learn about the University of Maryland at College Park concerning the use of iPhones and iPods?d.It is proceeding with caution.7. University officials claim that they dole out iPhones and iPods so as to_________ .c.facilitate students’ learning outside of class8. Ellen Millender at Reed College in Portland is concerned that technology will take the place of___teaching or analysis______9.Professor Robert Summers at Cornell Law School banned laptop computers from his class because he thinks qualified lawyers need to possess a broad array of__complex reasoning abilities required of good lawyers___.The experience at Duke University may ease some concerns because the students have used iPods for active__interaction___.'Depression'' is more than a serious economic downturn. What distinguishes a depression from a harsh recession is paralyzing fear--fear of the unknown so great that it causes consumers, businesses, and investors to retreat and panic. They save up cash and desperately cut spending.11. Why do consumers, businesses and investors retreat and panic in times of depression?d.They don't know what is going to happen in the future.12. What does Christina Romer say about the current economic recession?b.Its initial blow to confidence far exceeded that of 1929.13. Why didn’t the current recessi on turn into a depression according toChristina Romer?a.The government intervened effectively.14. What is the chief purpose of all the countermeasures taken?b.To curb the fear of a lasting free fall.15. What does the author think of today’s economic sit uation?c.It has not gone from bad to worse.Usually when we walk through the rain forest we hear a soft sound from all the moist leaves and organic debris on the forest floor,” says ecologist Daniel Nepstad. “Now we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That’s the sound of a dying forest.”16. We learn from the first paragraph that _______.d.the sound of a forest signifies its health condition17. In the second paragraph, the author challenges the view that _______.a.the collapse of rain forests is caused by direct human interference18. The author argues that the rising carbon levels in rain forests may _______.a.turn them into a major source of greenhouse gases19. What has made it easier to turn some rain forests into farmland?ck of rainfall resulting from global warming.20. What makes Brazil one of the world’s top five contributors to greenhouse gases?b.Its practice of burning forests for settlement and development,。

2010年6月大学英语六级考试阅读真题答案与详解PartⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)1.【答案】C)。

【定位】由题干中的Erin White和Barack Obama’s victory in the election定位到原文第一段第一句：As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders.【精析】C）Relieved“如释重负”与句中提及的怀特的感受felt a burden lifting from her shoulders是同义转述，故C)为正确答案。

2.【答案】D)。

【定位】由题干中的Erin White和haunted by the question of whether定位到原文第二段第二句：But there had always been these things in the back of my mind questioning whether I really can be who I want.【精析】该句中been these things in the back of my mind questioning whether 与题干中been haunted by the question of whether对应，由此可推知一直困扰她的问题是whether I really can be who I want。

D)she could go as far as she wanted in life含义与之相符，故为正确答案。

3.【答案】B)。

【定位】由题干中的the focus of Ashby Plant’s study定位到原文第一个小标题下第一句：Ashby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who seized on Obama’s candidacy to test hypotheses about the power of role models.【精析】题干中的the focus是定位句中seized on...to的同义转述。

Helicopter Moms vs. Free-Range KidsWould you let your fourth-grader ride public transportation without an adult? Probably not. Still, when Lenore Skenazy, a columnist for the New York Sun, wrote about letting her son take the subway alone to get back to "Long story short:my son got home from a department store on the Upper East Side, she didn't expect to get hit with a wave of criticism from readers.1.When Lenore Skenazy's son was allowed to take the subway alone, he ________.b.enjoyed having the independence2. Lenore Skenazy believes that keeping kids under careful watcha.hinders their healthy growth3.Skenazy's decision to let her son take the Subway alone has net with________.d.protect children's rights4.Skenazy started her own blog to ________.a.promote sensible parenting5.According to the author, New York City ________.b.is much safe than before6.Parents today are more nervous about their kids' safety than previous generations because________.c.their fear is amplified by media exposure of crime7. According to child experts, how and when kids may be allowed more freedom depends on ________.d.their maturity and personal qualities8. According to Gallagher and Skenazy, children who are watchful will be better able to stay away from _unsafe situation____.9. Being able to find out where a child is anytime helps lessen parents' _anxiety____.10. Nowadays with the help of GPS cell phones, parents can ___track their children's movements__ from a distance.For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water's edge11.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.b.efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying out12.What does the author mean by "Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness" (Line 1, Para. 2)?d.The turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.13.What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Griffin?b.Unregulated commercial fishing.14.How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?a.It threatens the sandy beaches on which they lay eggs.15.The last sentence of the passage is meant to ________.c.call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles' survivalThere are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.16.What's the opinion of economists about going to college?c.College education is rewarding in spite of the startling costs.17. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20th century, ________.d.the gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed18. Students who attend an in-state college or university can ________.a.save more on tuition19. In this consumerist age, most parents ________.d.consider college education a consumer product20. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?b.A satisfying experience within their budgets.Bosses Say "Yes" to Home WorkRising costs of office space, time lost to stressful commuting, and a slow recognition that workers have lives beyond the office-all are strong arguments for letting staff work from home.1. What is the main topic of this passage?b.Relations between employers and employees.2. From the research conducted by the communications provider Inter-Tel, we learn that .c.more businesses have adopted remote working solutions3. What development has made flexible working practices possible according to Andy Poulton?c.Availability of the VoIP service.4. What is Neil Stephenson's advice to firms contracting internet services?b.They contact providers located nearest to them.5. Internet-based telecoms facilitates remote working by __________.a.offering sophisticated voice services6. The accountancy firm Wright Vigar promoted teleworking initially in order to __________.d.reduce operational expenses of a second office7. According to marketing director Jack O'Hern, teleworking enabled the company to __________.b.reduce recruitment costs8. Wright Vigar's practice of allowing for more flexible working hours not only benefits the company but helps improve employees' _home life____ .9. With fast, wireless internet connections, employees can still be____productive_____ while traveling.10. Single mother Lynne Hargreaves decided to work at home mainly to __increase her own productivity________.There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type. So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation's schools singled out those in the smugly（自鸣得意的）green village of Berkeley,11. What does a recent investigation by USA Today reveal?d.Parents in Berkeley are over-sensitive to cancer risks their kids face.12. What response did USA Today's report draw?c.Widespread panic.13.How did parents feel in the face of the experts' studies?a.They felt very much relieved.14. What is the view of the 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics?b.Daily accidents pose a more serious threat to children.15. Of the dangers in everyday life, the author thinks that people have most to fear from __________.d.unhealthy foodCrippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.16. The author's chief concern about the current U.S. health care system is __________.b.the declining number of doctors17. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that __________.c.visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health18. Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to __________ .d.see more patients at the expense of quality19. Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career?d.They think working in emergency rooms tedious.20. What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?a.Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians. Obama's success isn't all good news for black AmericansAs Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls.1. How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obama's victory in the election?b.Victorious.2. Before the election, Erin White has been haunted by the question of whether ______.b.she could go as far as she wanted in life3. What is the focus of Ashby Plant's study?d.The dual character of African Americans.4. In their experiments, Ray Friedman and his colleagues found that ______.a.blacks and whites behaved differently during the election5. What do Brian Nosek's preliminary results suggest?c.Website visitor's opinions are far from being reliable.6. A negative side of the Obama effect is that ______.c.people are now less ready to support policies addressing racial inequality7. Cheryl Kaiser holds that people should be constantly reminded that ______.c.racial inequality still persists in American society8. According to Effron, if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, there would also have been a negative effect on __our views of women____.9. It is possible that the Obama effect will be short-lived if there is a change in people's __political sentiment____.10. The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial __stereotypes____.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States-we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.11. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?a.America is now the only developed country without the policy.12. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?d.The opposition from business circles.13. What is Professor Anne Alstott's argument for parental support?d.Children need continuous care.14. What does the author think of America's large body of family laws governing children's welfare?b.The fail to provide enough support for parents15. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?d.It is basically a social undertaking.A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts University shows that today's youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations, and a 2008 study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activistssupport traditionally liberal causes.16. What is the finding of a new study by CIRCLE?a.More young voters are going to the polls than before.17. What is a main concern of the writers of Generation O?c.Whether young people will continue to support Obama's policy.18. What will the Generation O bloggers write about in their posts?d.Their lives in relation to Obama's presidency.19. What accounts for the younger generation's political strength according to Professor Henry Flores?c.Their utilization of the Internet.20. What can we infer from the passage about Generation X?d.They are indifferent to politics.Supersize surpriseAsk anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that it’s al down to eating too much and burning too few calories. That explanation appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it yet obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with it.1. What is the passage mainly about?c.New explanations for the obesity epidemic2. In the US Nurse’ Health Study, women who slept an average of 7 hours a night_______.a.gained the least weight3. The popular belief about obesity is that___________.b.it causes sleep loss4. How does indoor heating affect our life?d.it contributes to our weight gain5. What does the author say about the effect of nicotine on smokers?c.it suppresses their appetite6. Who are most likely to be overweight according to Katherine Fergal’s study?d.those who quit smoking7. According to the US National Center for Health Statistics, the increased obesity in the US is a result of_______.b.the rising proportion of minorities in its population8. According to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers’ children tend to be obese remains _not entirely clear_________.9. According to Michael Symonds, one factor contributing to the obesity epidemic is decrease of ___family size________.10. When two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because obesity is ____partly genetic_________.Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult toquestion either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.11. How do people often measure progress in agriculture?b.By its sustainability12. Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in________.d.the decrease of biodiversity13.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?c.They are not necessarily sustainable14.What will agriculture be like in the 21st centurya.It will go through radical changes15. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?d.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture isThe percentage of immigrants(including those unlawfully present) in the United states has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid1920s16.How were immigrants viewed by U.S. Congress in early days?a.They were of inferior races.17.What does the author think of the new immigrants?b.They can do just as well as their predecessors.18.What does Edward Tellers’ research say about Mexican-Americans?d.They may forever remain poor and underachieving.19.What should be done to help the new immigrants?c.prevent them from being marginalized.20.According to the author, the burning issue concerning immigrating is_______.b.how to help immigrants to better fit into American societyMinority ReportAmerican universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is another matter.1.What is the author's main concern about American higher education?b.The low graduation rates of minority students.2. What was the pride of President Barry Mills of Bowdoin College?d.Its increased enrollment of minority students.3. What is the risk facing America?b.The rising generation will be less well educated than the previous one.4. How many African-American students earned their degrees in California community colleges according to a recent review?c.Fifteen percent.5. Harvard, Yale, and Princeton show almost no gap between black and white graduation rates mainly because _____.b.they recruit the best students6. How does Amy Wilkins of the Education Trust view minority students' failure to get a degree?a.Universities are to blame.7. Why do some students drop out after a year or two according to the author?b.They cannot afford the high tuition.8. To tackle the problem of graduation gap, the University of Wisconsin-Madison helps minority students get over the stereotype that ___that they are less qualified__.9. For years, private colleges such as Princeton and MIT have provided minority students with_some preparatory cources____ during the summer before freshman year.10. Washington and Lee University is cited as an example to show that the gap of graduation rates between whites and minorities ca n __be closed___.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy.11.What can we learn from the first paragraph?d.The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration.12. In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?b.They can get consumer goods at lower prices.13. Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?c.They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.14. What is the chief concern of native high-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?d.It may place a great strain on the state budget.15. What is the irony about the debate over immigration?c.People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact. opinions.Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you'll geta completely different impression.16. What characterises the business school student population of today?a.Greater diversity.17. What is the author's concern about current business school education?b.It will produce business leaders of a uniform style.18. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?c.Attitude and approach to business.19. What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?c.Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.20. What does Mannaz say about the current management style?d.It is shifting towards more collaborative models.Google's Plan for World's Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy Or Act of Piracy?In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books.1.Google claims its plan for the world's biggest online library is _____.b.to encourage reading around the world2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google's book-scanning project will _____.b.help the broad masses of readers3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world's books should be controlled by _____.C) multinational companies4. Google has involved itself in a legal battle as it ignored _____.d.the differences of in-print and out-of-print books5. Google defends its scanning in-copyright books by saying that _____.b.it is willing to compensate the copyright holders6. What do we learn about the class action suit against Google?b.It was settled after more than two years of negotiation.7. What remained controversial after the class action suit ended?d.The commercial provisions of the settlement.8. While __Providing information for free___, Google makes money by selling advertising.9. Books whose copyright holders are not known are called _orphan works____.10. Google's entrance into digital bookselling will tremendously _change the world’s book market____ in the future.What's the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China! India! Brazil! How about trade!When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.11. How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?d.It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.12. What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?a.It indicates that economic activities in the U.S. have increased.13. Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?c.Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.14. What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?C) Slack trade activities.15. What is the author's advice to U.S. companies and individuals?b.To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.16. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialisation?a.They fail to convert knowledge into money.17. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities' performance in commercialisation?b.It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.18. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that "policy interventions" (Line 1, Para.4) refers to _____.ernment aid to non-research-oriented universities19. What does the author suggest research-led universities do?a.Publicise their research to win international recognition.20. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK's economic growth?c.By promoting technology transfer and graduate school education.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity anda warning for the best higher-education system in the world.1. Why did Hartwick College start three-year degree programs?a.To create chances for the poor.2. By quoting Stephen Trachtenberg the author wants to say that .b.the summer vacation contributes to student growth3. The author thinks the tenure system in American universities .c.guarantees academic freedom4. What is said about the new three-year degree program at Hartwick?a.Its students have to earn more credits each year.5. What do we learn about Judson College’s three-year degree program?b.It is open to the brightest students only.6. What changes in high schools help students earn undergraduate degrees in three years?b.More students have Advanced Placement credits.7. What is said to be a drawback of the three-year college program? Students have to cope with too heavy a workload.8. College faculty members are afraid that the pretext of moving students into the workforce might pose a threat to __the core curriculum____.9. Universities are increasingly aware that they must adapt to a rapidly changing world in order to __stay competitive and relevant____.10. Convenient academic schedules with more-focused, less-expensive degrees will be more attractive to _bright, motivated students_____.As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That's partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.11. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?d.The goals most people set are unrealistic.12. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?a.Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.13. How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?b.They competed with one another to attract more customers.14. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research?b.It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.15. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?16. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?d.Free market plus government intervention.17. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem” (line4, Para. 3)?b.Many social problems arise from government’s inefficiency.18. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?b.Cooperation between the government and businesses.19. What is the author’s suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit?d.They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.20. What’s the problem with the European Un ion?d.Excessive borrowing.Welcome,Freshmen. Have an iPod.Taking a step that many professors may view as a bit counterproductive, some colleges and universities are doling out Apple iPhones and Internet-capable iPods to their students.1. Many professors think that giving out Apple iPhones or Internet-capable iPods to students a.updates teaching facilities in universitiesd.may not benefit education as intended2. In the author’s view, being equipped with IT products may help colleges and universitiesa.build an innovative image3. The distribution of iPhones among students has raised concerns that they will_________ .c.further distract students from class participation4. Naomi Pugh at Freed-Hardeman University speculated that professors would_________ .b.have to work harder to enliven their classes5. Experts like Dr. Kyle Dickson at Abilene Christian University think that________ .a.mobile technology will be more widely used in education6. What do we learn about the University of Maryland at College Park concerning the use of iPhones and iPods?d.It is proceeding with caution.7. University officials claim that they dole out iPhones and iPods so as to_________ .c.facilitate students’ learning outside of class8. Ellen Millender at Reed College in Portland is concerned that technology will take the place of___teaching or analysis______9.Professor Robert Summers at Cornell Law School banned laptop computers from his class because he thinks qualified lawyers need to possess a broad array of__complex reasoning abilities required of good lawyers___.The experience at Duke University may ease some concerns because the students have used iPods for active__interaction___.'Depression'' is more than a serious economic downturn. What distinguishes a depression from a harsh recession is paralyzing fear--fear of the unknown so great that it causes consumers, businesses, and investors to retreat and panic. They save up cash and desperately cut spending.11. Why do consumers, businesses and investors retreat and panic in times of depression?d.They don't know what is going to happen in the future.12. What does Christina Romer say about the current economic recession?b.Its initial blow to confidence far exceeded that of 1929.13. Why didn’t the current recessi on turn into a depression according toChristina Romer?a.The government intervened effectively.14. What is the chief purpose of all the countermeasures taken?b.To curb the fear of a lasting free fall.15. What does the author think of today’s economic sit uation?c.It has not gone from bad to worse.Usually when we walk through the rain forest we hear a soft sound from all the moist leaves and organic debris on the forest floor,” says ecologist Daniel Nepstad. “Now we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That’s the sound of a dying forest.”16. We learn from the first paragraph that _______.d.the sound of a forest signifies its health condition17. In the second paragraph, the author challenges the view that _______.a.the collapse of rain forests is caused by direct human interference18. The author argues that the rising carbon levels in rain forests may _______.a.turn them into a major source of greenhouse gases19. What has made it easier to turn some rain forests into farmland?ck of rainfall resulting from global warming.20. What makes Brazil one of the world’s top five contributors to greenhouse gases?b.Its practice of burning forests for settlement and development,。

Hillary Clinton Enters Race for a Prize as-YetUnclaimed by Women in American Politics (MUSIC)STEVE EMBER: Welcome to THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English. I'm Steve Ember.FAITH LAPIDUS: And I'm Faith Lapidus. Women in American politics is our report this week.(MUSIC)STEVE EMBER: Nancy Pelosi won her first election to Congress twenty years ago this June.She led the California State Democratic Party in the early eighties. After that she served at the national level as finance chair of the campaign committee for Democrats in the Senate. She also kept busy with her five children.Nancy Pelosi came from a political family. She was good at raising money but had never been a candidate for public office herself.FAITH LAPIDUS: Then in nineteen eighty-seven, the death of a Democratic representative in San Francisco led to a special election. Nancy Pelosi narrowly won her party's nomination to enter the race.Since then, voters in the heavily Democratic district have re-elected her to Congress ten times.Now she holds the powerful job of speaker of the House of Representatives. Under the Constitution, the speaker becomes president of the United States if ever the president and vice president are unable to serve.STEVE EMBER: Displeasure with the Iraq war was a driving force in the victory for the Democrats in the elections last November. The Republican Party lost control of both houses of Congress for the first time in twelve years. Nancy Pelosi was the minority leader in the House. As expected, she became the new speaker when the One Hundred Tenth Congress opened on January fourth.NANCY PELOSI: "By electing me speaker, you have brought us closer to the ideal of equality that is America's heritage and America's hope."Nancy Pelosi is the first woman ever elected to lead the House. At her swearing-in, she thanked the new minority leader, Republican John Boehner, for pointing that out.NANCY PELOSI: "This is an historic moment and I thank the leader for acknowledging it. Thank you, Mister Boehner. It's an historic moment for the Congress. It's an historic moment for the women of America."FAITH LAPIDUS: The new Congress has a record number of women, including ten newly elected to the House.Twenty years ago, when Nancy Pelosi was first elected, men filled all but twenty-two seats in the House. Now seventy-one of the four hundred thirty-five members, or sixteen percent, are women. Most are Democrats.STEVE EMBER: Historically many of the women who have served in the Senate were never elected. They were appointed to complete the term of a husband or other male relative who resigned or died.Fifteen years ago, only two of the one hundred senators were women. Now the number is a record sixteen.One of the five Republicans, Olympia Snowe of Maine, has served in both houses of Congress and both houses of her state legislature.FAITH LAPIDUS: Two women are new to the Senate this year. Both are Democrats. Amy Klobuchar enforced the law as chief prosecutor in the largest county in Minnesota. Claire McCaskill served as state auditor before she became the first woman ever elected a senator from Missouri.At the state level, women are governors of nine of the fifty states.STEVE EMBER: Across the country, the victory for Democratic candidates in November brought back memories. It was similar to the elections of nineteen ninety-four -- only then, it was the other way around. That was the year of what became known as the Republican revolution.In Congress, all of the representatives and a third of the senators are elected every two years. Now all the attention is on two thousand eight, when Americans will also elect a new president.(MUSIC)FAITH LAPIDUS: America won its independence in seventeen seventy-six. But it was not until nineteen twenty that American women won a constitutional right to vote.Women have made gains in society, but people talk about a "glass ceiling." This is the idea that women may face unwritten limits on their rise to power in jobs or other areas.Nancy Pelosi says her election as speaker of the House means that women have finally broken, in her words, the "marble ceiling."STEVE EMBER: The sixty-six-year-old speaker quickly set to work on the legislative goals of House Democrats for the first one hundred hours of the new Congress. The issues were as different as increasing the federal minimum wage and reducing interest rates on student loans.But there were disputes among Democrats over some of her early decisions. For example, some members of her party disagreed with her choice for chairman of the House Intelligence Committee. She chose Silvestre Reyes of Texas over Jane Harman of California -- the longest-serving Democrat on the committee.FAITH LAPIDUS: Nancy Pelosi was born Nancy D'Alesandro. She was one of five children in the family in the Little Italy area of Baltimore, Maryland. Her father, Thomas D'Alesandro Junior, was the mayor of Baltimore. Before that he represented the city for five terms in the House of Representatives. Later, his son Thomas the Third also became mayor of Baltimore.Daughter Nancy graduated in nineteen sixty-two from Trinity College -- now Trinity Washington University -- in the nation's capital. The following year she married Paul Pelosi, a wealthy businessman from San Francisco.STEVE EMBER: In Congress, Nancy Pelosi served on the House Appropriations Committee, which deals with federal spending. In two thousand two she was elected minority leader.Many women are proud of her success. But women are fifty-one percent of the population and their numbers in Congress fall far short of that.FAITH LAPIDUS: Last year, even extra money from the Democratic Party failed to help many female candidates win seats in Congress.One woman who appeared likely to win a seat in the House was Tammy Duckworth of Illinois. She was a helicopter pilot in the Iraq war. She lost both legs when her helicopter was shot down. Before the election, Tammy Duckworth was ahead in public opinion. But when the ballots were counted, Republican Peter Roskam had narrowly defeated her.FAITH LAPIDUS: Some people say it is harder for women than men to win elections. They say voters may worry that women will be soft on issues like illegal immigration. Or voters, male as well as female, are suspicious of women in power.Others argue that while some voters might discriminate against women, most base their choices on a candidate's positions.Political observers can argue all day about why Congress does not have more women.STEVE EMBER: And the fact is, they can all be right. America is a big country. What influences voters in one area may have no effect in another? In some cases, what might count most is the ability of a candidate to raise enough money for an effective media campaign.Even a candidate for local office may have to raise money for a campaign. FAITH LAPIDUS: Some groups make special efforts to help female candidates. But in political fund-raising there are no guarantees.For example, Elizabeth Dole sought the Republican nomination for president in two thousand. She dropped out, saying she could not raise enough money for a campaign. She is now a senator from North Carolina.(MUSIC)STEVE EMBER: Raising money might not be such a problem for Hillary Rodham Clinton. Senator Clinton has long been considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination next year. Finally, on Saturday, she announced that she is forming a presidential exploratory committee, the first step toward becoming a candidate.(SOUND)"You know, after six years of George Bush, it is time to renew the promise of America. Our basic bargain...that no matter whom you are or where you live, ifyou work hard and play by the rules you can build a good life for yourself and your family."The wife of former president Bill Clinton was elected a senator from New York in two thousand, and re-elected last November.No major American party has ever nominated a woman for president. And only one woman, Democrat Geraldine Ferraro, was a candidate for vice president. That was in nineteen eighty-four.Most Americans say they would vote for a female president. But lately there has been a lot of excitement about another Democrat. Illinois Senator Barack Obama announced last Tuesday that he has formed a presidential exploratory committee.A number of other Democrats and Republicans have also announced exploratory committees. Federal election rules permit individuals to "test the waters." They can raise money and see if they have enough public support before officially declaring themselves candidates.FAITH LAPIDUS: Condoleezza Rice has often been spoken of as a possible Republican presidential candidate. But the secretary of state says she does not want to be president.(MUSIC)FAITH LAPIDUS: Our program was written by Jerilyn Watson and produced by Caty Weaver. I'm Faith Lapidus.STEVE EMBER: And I'm Steve Ember. Transcripts and MP3 files of our programs are at . Please join us again next week for THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English.(MUSIC)。

A transcript of former President Bill Clinton's remarks Wednesday night at the Democratic National Convention, as provided by the Democratic Party:We're here to nominate a president, and I've got one in mind.I want to nominate a man whose own life has known its fair share of adversity and uncertainty. A man who ran for president to change the course of an already weak economy and then just six weeks before the election, saw it suffer the biggest collapse since the Great Depression. A man who stopped the slide into depression and put us on the long road to recovery, knowing all the while that no matter how many jobs were created and saved, there were still millions more waiting, trying to feed their children and keep their hopes alive.I want to nominate a man cool on the outside but burning for America on the inside. A man who believes we can build a new American Dream economy driven by innovation and creativity, education and cooperation. A man who had the good sense to marry Michelle Obama.I want Barack Obama to be the next president of the United States and I proudly nominate him as the standard bearer of the Democratic Party.In Tampa, we heard a lot of talk about how the president and the Democrats don't believe in free enterprise and individual initiative, how we want everyone to be dependent on the government, how bad we are for the economy.The Republican narrative is that all of us who amount to anything are completely self-made. One of our greatest Democratic chairmen, Bob Strauss, used to say that every politician wants you to believe he was born in a log cabin he built himself, but it ain't so.We Democrats think the country works better with a strong middle class, real opportunities for poor people to work their way into it and a relentless focus on the future, with business and government working together to promote growth and broadly shared prosperity. We think "we're all in this together" is a better philosophy than "you're on your own."Who's right? Well, since 1961, the Republicans have held the White House 28 years, the Democrats 24. In those 52 years, our economy produced 66 million private sector jobs. What's the jobs score? Republicans 24 million, Democrats 42 million.It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both morally right and good economics, because discrimination, poverty and ignorance restrict growth, while investments in education, infrastructure and scientific and technological research increase it, creating more good jobs and new wealth for all of us.Though I often disagree with Republicans, I never learned to hate them the way the far right that now controls their party seems to hate President Obama and the Democrats. After all, PresidentEisenhower sent federal troops to my home state to integrate Little Rock Central High and built the interstate highway system. And as governor, I worked with President Reagan on welfare reform and with President George H.W. Bush on national education goals. I am grateful to President George W. Bush for PEPFAR, which is saving the lives of millions of people in poor countries and to both Presidents Bush for the work we've done together after the South Asia tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and the Haitian earthquake.Through my foundation, in America and around the world, I work with Democrats, Republicans and Independents who are focused on solving problems and seizing opportunities, not fighting each other.When times are tough, constant conflict may be good politics but in the real world, cooperation works better. After all, nobody's right all the time, and a broken clock is right twice a day. All of us are destined to live our lives between those two extremes. Unfortunately, the faction that now dominates the Republican Party doesn't see it that way. They think government is the enemy, and compromise is weakness.One of the main reasons America should re-elect President Obama is that he is still committed to cooperation. He appointed Republican secretaries of defense, the army and transportation. He appointed a vice president who ran against him in 2008, and trusted him to oversee the successful end of the war in Iraq and the implementation of the recovery act. And Joe Biden did a great job with both. He appointed Cabinet members who supported Hillary in the primaries. Heck, he even appointed Hillary. I'm so proud of her and grateful to our entire national security team for all they've done to make us safer and stronger and to build a world with more partners and fewer enemies. I'm also grateful to the young men and women who serve our country in the military and to Michelle Obama and Jill Biden for supporting military families when their loved ones are overseas and for helping our veterans, when they come home bearing the wounds of war, or needing help with education, housing, and jobs.President Obama's record on national security is a tribute to his strength, and judgment, and to his preference for inclusion and partnership over partisanship.He also tried to work with congressional Republicans on health care, debt reduction, and jobs, but that didn't work out so well. Probably because, as the Senate Republican leader, in a remarkable moment of candor, said two years before the election, their No. 1 priority was not to put America back to work, but to put President Obama out of work.Senator, I hate to break it to you, but we're going to keep President Obama on the job.In Tampa, the Republican argument against the president's re-election was pretty simple: we left him a total mess, he hasn't cleaned it up fast enough, so fire him and put us back in.In order to look like an acceptable alternative to President Obama, they couldn't say much about the ideas they have offered over the last two years. You see they want to go back to the same oldpolicies that got us into trouble in the first place: to cut taxes for high income Americans even more than President Bush did; to get rid of those pesky financial regulations designed to prevent another crash and prohibit future bailouts; to increase defense spending $2 trillion more than the Pentagon has requested without saying what they'll spend the money on; to make enormous cuts in the rest of the budget, especially programs that help the middle class and poor kids. As another president once said_ there they go again.I like the argument for President Obama's re-election a lot better. He inherited a deeply damaged economy, put a floor under the crash, began the long hard road to recovery, and laid the foundation for a modern, more well-balanced economy that will produce millions of good new jobs, vibrant new businesses, and lots of new wealth for the innovators.Are we where we want to be? No. Is the president satisfied? No. Are we better off than we were when he took office, with an economy in free fall, losing 750,000 jobs a month. The answer is yes.I understand the challenge we face. I know many Americans are still angry and frustrated with the economy. Though employment is growing, banks are beginning to lend and even housing prices are picking up a bit, too many people don't feel it.I experienced the same thing in 1994 and early 1995. Our policies were working and the economy was growing but most people didn't feel it yet. By 1996, the economy was roaring, halfway through the longest peacetime expansion in American history.President Obama started with a much weaker economy than I did. No president_ not me or any of my predecessors could have repaired all the damage in just four years. But conditions are improving and if you'll renew the President's contract you will feel it.I believe that with all my heart.President Obama's approach embodies the values, the ideas, and the direction America must take to build a 21st century version of the American Dream in a nation of shared opportunities, shared prosperity and shared responsibilities.So back to the story. In 2010, as the president's recovery program kicked in, the job losses stopped and things began to turn around.The Recovery Act saved and created millions of jobs and cut taxes for 95 percent of the American people. In the last 29 months the economy has produced about 4.5 million private sector jobs. But last year, the Republicans blocked the president's jobs plan costing the economy more than a million new jobs. So here's another jobs score: President Obama plus 4.5 million, congressional Republicans zero.Over that same period, more than more than 500,000 manufacturing jobs have been created under President Obama_ the first time manufacturing jobs have increased since the 1990s.The auto industry restructuring worked. It saved more than a million jobs, not just at GM, Chrysler and their dealerships, but in auto parts manufacturing all over the country. That's why even auto-makers that weren't part of the deal supported it. They needed to save the suppliers too. Like I said, we're all in this together.Now there are 250,000 more people working in the auto industry than the day the companies were restructured. Gov. Romney opposed the plan to save GM and Chrysler. So here's another jobs score: Obama 250,000, Romney, zero.The agreement the administration made with management, labor and environmental groups to double car mileage over the next few years is another good deal: it will cut your gas bill in half, make us more energy independent, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and add another 500,000 good jobs.President Obama's "all of the above" energy plan is helping too_ the boom in oil and gas production combined with greater energy efficiency has driven oil imports to a near 20 year low and natural gas production to an all-time high. Renewable energy production has also doubled.We do need more new jobs, lots of them, but there are already more than three million jobs open and unfilled in America today, mostly because the applicants don't have the required skills. We have to prepare more Americans for the new jobs that are being created in a world fueled by new technology. That's why investments in our people are more important than ever. The president has supported community colleges and employers in working together to train people for open jobs in their communities. And, after a decade in which exploding college costs have increased the drop-out rate so much that we've fallen to 16th in the world in the percentage of our young adults with college degrees, his student loan reform lowers the cost of federal student loans and even more important, gives students the right to repay the loans as a fixed percentage of their incomes for up to 20 years. That means no one will have to drop-out of college for fear they can't repay their debt, and no one will have to turn down a job, as a teacher, a police officer or a small town doctor because it doesn't pay enough to make the debt payments. This will change the future for young Americans.I know we're better off because President Obama made these decisions.That brings me to health care.The Republicans call it Obamacare and say it's a government takeover of health care that they'll repeal. Are they right? Let's look at what's happened so far. Individuals and businesses have secured more than a billion dollars in refunds from their insurance premiums because the new law requires 80 percent to 85 pecent of your premiums to be spent on health care, not profits or promotion. Other insurance companies have lowered their rates to meet the requirement. More than 3 million young people between 19 and 25 are insured for the first time because their parents can now carry them on family policies. Millions of seniors are receiving preventive careincluding breast cancer screenings and tests for heart problems. Soon the insurance companies, not the government, will have millions of new customers many of them middle class people with pre-existing conditions. And for the last two years, health care spending has grown under 4 pecent, for the first time in 50 years.So are we all better off because President Obama fought for it and passed it? You bet we are.There were two other attacks on the president in Tampa that deserve an answer. Both Gov. Romney and congressman Ryan attacked the president for allegedly robbing Medicare of $716 billion. Here's what really happened. There were no cuts to benefits. None. What the president did was save money by cutting unwarranted subsidies to providers and insurance companies that weren't making people any healthier. He used the saving to close the donut hole in the Medicare drug program, and to add eight years to the life of the Medicare Trust Fund. It's now solvent until 2024. So President Obama and the Democrats didn't weaken Medicare, they strengthened it.When congressman Ryan looked into the TV camera and attacked President Obama's "biggest coldest power play" in raiding Medicare, I didn't know whether to laugh or cry. You see, that $716 billion is exactly the same amount of Medicare savings congressman Ryan had in his own budget.At least on this one, Gov. Romney's been consistent. He wants to repeal the savings and give the money back to the insurance companies, re-open the donut hole and force seniors to pay more for drugs, and reduce the life of the Medicare Trust Fund by eight years. So now if he's elected and does what he promised Medicare will go broke by 2016. If that happens, you won't have to wait until their voucher program to begins in 2023 to see the end Medicare as we know it.But it gets worse. They also want to block grant Medicaid and cut it by a third over the coming decade. Of course, that will hurt poor kids, but that's not all. Almost two-thirds of Medicaid is spent on nursing home care for seniors and on people with disabilities, including kids from middle class families, with special needs like, Down syndrome or autism. I don't know how those families are going to deal with it. We can't let it happenNow let's look at the Republican charge that President Obama wants to weaken the work requirements in the welfare reform bill I signed that moved millions of people from welfare to work.Here's what happened. When some Republican governors asked to try new ways to put people on welfare back to work, the Obama administration said they would only do it if they had a credible plan to increase employment by 20 percent. You hear that? More work. So the claim that President Obama weakened welfare reform's work requirement is just not true. But they keep running ads on it. As their campaign pollster said "we're not going to let our campaign be dictated by fact checkers." Now that is true. I couldn't have said it better myself_ I just hope you remember that every time you see the ad.Let's talk about the debt. We have to deal with it or it will deal with us. President Obama hasoffered a plan with $4 trillion in debt reduction over a decade, with $2 of spending reductions for every $1 of revenue increases, and tight controls on future spending. It's the kind of balanced approach proposed by the bipartisan Simpson-Bowles commission.I think the president's plan is better than the Romney plan, because the Romney plan fails the first test of fiscal responsibility: The numbers don't add up.It's supposed to be a debt reduction plan but it begins with $5 trillion in tax cuts over a 10-year period. That makes the debt hole bigger before they even start to dig out. They say they'll make it up by eliminating loopholes in the tax code. When you ask "which loopholes and how much?" they say, "See me after the election on that."People ask me all the time how we delivered four surplus budgets. What new ideas did we bring?I always give a one-word answer: arithmetic. If they stay with a $5 trillion tax cut in a debt reduction plan_ the_ arithmetic tells us that one of three things will happen:1) they'll have to eliminate so many deductions like the ones for home mortgages and charitable giving that middle class families will see their tax bill go up $2,000 year while people making over $3 million a year get will still get a 250,000 dollar tax cut; or2) they'll have to cut so much spending that they'll obliterate the budget for our national parks, for ensuring clean air, clean water, safe food, safe air travel; or they'll cut way back on Pell Grants, college loans, early childhood education and other programs that help middle class families and poor children, not to mention cutting investments in roads, bridges, science, technology and medical research; or3) they'll do what they've been doing for thirty plus years now_ cut taxes more than they cut spending, explode the debt, and weaken the economy. Remember, Republican economic policies quadrupled the debt before I took office and doubled it after I left. We simply can't afford to double-down on trickle-down.President Obama's plan cuts the debt, honors our values, and brightens the future for our children, our families and our nation.My fellow Americans, you have to decide what kind of country you want to live in. If you want a you're on your own, winner take all society you should support the Republican ticket. If you want a country of shared opportunities and shared responsibilities_ a "we're all in it together" society, you should vote for Barack Obama and Joe Biden. If you want every American to vote and you think it's wrong to change voting procedures just to reduce the turnout of younger, poorer, minority and disabled voters, you should support Barack Obama. If you think the president was right to open the doors of American opportunity to young immigrants brought here as children who want to go to college or serve in the military, you should vote for Barack Obama. If you want a future of shared prosperity, where the middle class is growing and poverty is declining, where the American Dream is alive and well, and where the United States remains the leading force forpeace and prosperity in a highly competitive world, you should vote for Barack Obama.I love our country_ and I know we're coming back. For more than 200 years, through every crisis, we've always come out stronger than we went in. And we will again as long as we do it together. We champion the cause for which our founders pledged their lives, their fortunes, their sacred honor_ to form a more perfect union.If that's what you believe, if that's what you want, we have to re-elect President Barack Obama.God bless you _ God bless America.。

2010年12月大学英语六级考试真题及答案PartⅠWriting (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1.近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象；2.出现这种现象的原因和后果；3.我认为…PartⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Obama's success isn't all good news for black Americans As Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls."I've always been an achiever," says White, who is studying for an MBA at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. "But there had always been these things in the back of my mind questioning whether I really can be who I want. It was like a shadow, following me around saying you can only go so far. Now it's like a barrier has been let down."White's experience is what many psychologists had expected - that Obama would prove to be a powerful role model for African Americans. Some hoped his rise to prominence would have a big impact on white Americans, too, challenging those who still harbour racist sentiments. "The traits that characterise him are very contradictory to the racial stereotypes that black people are aggressive and uneducated," says Ashby Plant of Florida State University. "He's very intelligent and eloquent."Sting in the tailAshby Plant is one of a number of psychologists who seized on Obama's candidacy to test hypotheses about the power of role models. Their work is already starting to reveal how the "Obama effect" is changing people's views and behaviour. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not all good news: there is a sting in the tail of the Obama effect.But first the good news. Barack Obama really is a positive role model for AfricanAmericans, and he was making an impact even before he got to the White House. Indeed, the Obama effect can be surprisingly immediate and powerful, as Ray Friedman of Vanderbilt University and his colleagues discovered.They tested four separate groups at four key stages of Obama's presidential campaign. Each group consisted of around 120 adults of similar age and education, and the test assessed their language skills. At two of these stages, when Obama's success was less than certain, the tests showed a clear difference between the scores of the white and black participants—an average of 12.1 out of 20, compared to 8.8, for example. When the Obama fever was at its height, however, the black participants performed much better. Those who had watched Obama's acceptance speech as the Democrats' presidential candidate performed just as well, on average, as the white subjects.After his election victory, this was true of all the black participants. Dramatic shiftWhat can explain this dramatic shift? At the start of the test, the participants had to declare their race and were told their results would be used to assess their strengths and weaknesses. This should have primed the subjects with "stereotype threat" – an anxiety that their results will confirm negative stereotypes, which has been shown to damage the performance of African Americans.Obama's successes seemed to act as a shield against this. "We suspect they felt inspired and energised by his victory, so the stereotype threat wouldn't prove a distraction," says Friedman.Lingering racismIf the Obama effect is positive for African Americans, how is it affecting their white compatriots (同胞)? Is the experience of having a charismatic (有魅力的) black president modifying lingering racist attitudes? There is no easy way to measure racism directly; instead psychologists assess what is known as "implicit bias", using a computer-based test that measures how quickly people associate positive and negative words—such as "love" or "evil"—with photos of black or white faces. A similar test can also measure how quickly subjects associate stereotypical traits—such as athletic skills or mental ability—with a particular group.In a study that will appear in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Plant's team tested 229 students during the height of the Obama fever. They found that implicit bias has fallen by as much as 90% compared with the level found in a similar study in 2006. "That's an unusually large drop," Plant says.While the team can't be sure their results are due solely to Obama, they also showed that those with the lowest bias were likely to subconsciously associate black skin colour with political words such as "government" or "president". This suggests that Obama was strongly on their mind, says Plant.Drop in biasBrian Nosek of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, who runs a website that measures implicit bias using similar test, has also observed a small drop in bias in the 700,000 visitors to the site since January 2007, which might be explained byObama's rise to popularity. However, his preliminary results suggest that change will be much slower coming than Plant's results suggest.Talking honestly"People now have the opportunity of expressing support for Obama every day," says Daniel Effron at Stanford University in California. "Our research arouses the concern that people may now be more likely to raise negative views of African Americans." On the other hand, he says, it may just encourage people to talk more honestly about their feelings regarding race issues, which may not be such a bad thing.Another part of the study suggests far more is at stake than the mere expression of views. The Obama effect may have a negative side. Just one week after Obama was elected president, participants were less ready to support policies designed to address racial inequality than they had been two weeks before the election.Huge obstaclesIt could, of course, also be that Obama's success helps people to forget that a disproportionate number of black Americans still live in poverty and face huge obstacles when trying to overcome these circumstances. "Barack Obama's family is such a salient (出色的) image, we generalise it and fail to see the larger picture—that there's injustice in every aspect of American life," says Cheryl Kaiser of the University of Washington in Seattle. Those trying to address issues of racial inequality need to constantly remind people of the inequalities that still exist to counteract the Obama's effect, she says.Though Plant's findings were more positive, she too warns against thinking that racism and racial inequalities are no longer a problem. "The last thing I want is for people to think everything's solved."These findings do not only apply to Obama, or even just to race. They should hold for any role model in any country. "There's no reason we wouldn't have seen the same effect on our views of women if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected," says Effron. So the election of a female leader might have a downside for other women.Beyond raceWe also don't yet know how long the Obama effect—both its good side and its bad—will last.Political sentiment is notoriously changeable: What if things begin to go wrong for Obama, and his popularity slumps?And what if Americans become so familiar with having Obama as their president that they stop considering his race altogether? "Over time he might become his own entity," says Plant. This might seem like the ultimate defeat for racism, but ignoring the race of certain select individuals—a phenomenon that psychologists call subtyping—also has an insidious (隐伏的) side. "We think it happens to help people preserve their beliefs, so they can still hold on to the previous stereotypes." That could turn out to be the cruellest of all the twists to the Obama effect.1. How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obama's victory in the election?A) Excited.B) Victorious.C) Anxious.D) Relieved.2. Before the election, Erin White has been haunted by the question of whether ______.A) she could obtain her MBA degreeB) she could go as far as she wanted in lifeC) she was overshadowed by her white peersD) she was really an achiever as a student3. What is the focus of Ashby Plant's study?A) Racist sentiments in America.B) The power of role models.C) Personality traits of successful blacks.D) The dual character of African Americans.4. In their experiments, Ray Friedman and his colleagues found that ______.A) blacks and whites behaved differently during the electionB) whites' attitude towards blacks has dramatically changedC) Obama's election has eliminated the prejudice against blacksD) Obama's success impacted blacks' performance in language tests5. What do Brian Nosek's preliminary results suggest?A) The change in bias against blacks is slow in coming.B) Bias against blacks has experienced an unusual drop.C) Website visitor's opinions are far from being reliable.D) Obama's popularity may decline as time passes by.6. A negative side of the Obama effect is that ______.A) more people have started to criticise President Obama's racial policiesB) relations between whites and African Americans may become tense againC) people are now less ready to support policies addressing racial inequalityD) white people are likely to become more critical of African Americans7. Cheryl Kaiser holds that people should be constantly reminded that ______.A) Obama's success is sound proof of black's potentialB) Obama is but a rare example of black's excellenceC) racial inequality still persists in American societyD) blacks still face obstacles in political participation8. According to Effron, if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, there would also have been a negative effect on ______.9. It is possible that the Obama effect will be short-lived if there is a change in people's ______.10. The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial ______.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which the best answer is. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11. A) The man failed to keep his promise.B) The woman has a poor memory.C) The man borrowed the book from the library.D) The woman does not need the book any more.12. A) The woman is making too big a fuss about her condition.B) Fatigue is a typical symptom of lack of exercise.C) The woman should spend more time outdoors.D) People tend to work longer hours with artificial lighting.13. A) The printing on her T-shirt has faded.B) It is not in fashion to have a logo on a T-shirt.C) She regrets having bought one of the T-shirts.D) It is not a good idea to buy the T-shirt.14. A) He regrets having published the article.B) Most readers do not share his viewpoints.C) Not many people have read his article.D) The woman is only trying to console him.15. A) Leave Daisy alone for the time being.B) Go see Daisy immediately.C) Apologize to Daisy again by phone.D) Buy Daisy a new notebook.16. A) Batteries.B) Garden tools.C) Cameras.D) Light bulbs.17. A) The speakers will watch the game together.B) The woman feels lucky to have got a ticket.C) The man plays center on the basketball team.D) The man can get the ticket at its original price.18. A) The speakers will dress formally for the concert.B) The man will return home before going to the concert.C) It is the first time the speakers are attending a concert.D) The woman is going to buy a new dress for the concert. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) He wants to sign a long-term contract.B) He is good at both language and literature.C) He prefers teaching to administrative work.D) He is undecided as to which job to go for.20. A) They hate exams.B) The all plan to study in Cambridge.C) They are all adults.D) They are going to work in companies.21. A) Difficult but rewarding.B) Varied and interesting.C) Time-consuming and tiring.D) Demanding and frustrating.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) Interviewing a moving star.B) Discussing teenage role models.C) Hosting a television show.D) Reviewing a new biography.23. A) He lost his mother.B) He was unhappy in California.C) He missed his aunt.D) He had to attend school there.24. A) He delivered public speeches.B) He got seriously into acting.C) He hosted talk shows on TV.D) He played a role in East of Eden.25. A) He made numerous popular movies.B) He has long been a legendary figure.C) He was best at acting in Hollywood tragedies.D) He was the most successful actor of his time.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the conversation you have just heard.26. A) It carried passengers leaving an island.B) A terrorist forced it to land on Tenerife.C) It crashed when it was circling to land.D) 18 of its passengers survived the crash.27. A) He was kidnapped eight months ago.B) He failed in his negotiations with the Africans.C) He was assassinated in Central Africa.D) He lost lots of money in his African business.28. A) The management and union representatives reached an agreement.B) The workers' pay was raised and their working hours were shortened.C) The trade union gave up its demand.D) The workers on strike were all fired.29. A) Sunny.B) Rainy.C) Windy.D) Cloudy.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30. A) Some of them had once experienced an earthquake.B) Most of them lacked interest in the subject.C) Very few of them knew much about geology.D) A couple of them had listened to a similar speech before.31. A) By reflecting on Americans' previous failures in predicting earthquakes.B) By noting where the most severe earthquake in U. S. history occurred.C) By describing the destructive power of earthquakes.D) By explaining some essential geological principles.32. A) Interrupt him whenever he detected a mistake.B) Focus on the accuracy of the language he used.C) Stop him when he had difficulty understanding.D) Write down any points where he could improve.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. A) It was invented by a group of language experts in the year of 1887.B) It is a language that has its origin in ancient Polish.C) It was created to promote economic globalization.D) It is a tool of communication among speakers of different languages.34. A) It aims to make Esperanto a working language in the U. N.B) It has increased its popularity with the help of the media.C) It has encountered increasingly tougher challenges.D) It has supporters from many countries in the world.35. A) It is used by a number of influential science journals.B) It is widely taught at schools and in universities.C) It has aroused the interest of many young learners.D) It has had a greater impact than in any other country.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。