美国大平原工厂介绍:GPSP---The Hidden Value of Lignite Coal
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5.2 氧气厂/空气分离单元5.2a 计划GPSP工厂的空气分离单元(ASU)采用的是分子筛形式的低温分离制取氧气的技术,总共有两套ASU单元,每套能力为每天生产氧气3100吨(49000Nm3/h)。
采用的是卧式浅床分子筛床,由于ASU单元的运行的不正常,会导致气化炉运行的混乱,所以这个单元的可靠性是非常重要的。
通常在这个系统中设有一个储存液氧的临时氧气后备系统。
图7是氧气厂的流程图。
图7:氧气厂流程图5.2b 经验总的来说,在经过原始开车时的困难期后,氧气厂基本达到了它的设计性能。
在这个系统的早期运行中发生过废氮气/蒸汽换热器材质问题和一些仪表问题,这些问题已被解决。
DGC 人员指出,如果将来要建设同样的设施是,采用分子筛式的ASU 单元不是最好的设计。
分子筛床易于流化和CO2 的击穿设计流量,都会产生放大效应。
作为一个许可工艺,它没有证明在这个规模上是成熟的。
这个设计值是和许可商在交流上产生的一个问题。
在氧气厂的两套ASU 单元的 4 台压缩机是蒸汽驱动的,其他的是电驱动的。
如果在工厂的布置中采用的是镜像布置的话,那么就是一条线是蒸汽驱动另一条就是电驱动。
在采访中DGC人员指出由于高压蒸汽的不足和低压蒸汽的过剩的问题,氧气厂采用电驱动应当是更有效的。
但是,要面对透平的效率下降的问题。
5.2.c 与未来项目相关的建议●氧气是气化中的主要成分;因此氧气供应的可靠性将影响整个工厂的可靠性。
一个可以提供几个小时的氧气的液氧储存的后备系统,可以在氧气系统发生问题是保证气化炉可以平稳的过渡。
●在选择ASU 压缩机时要详细的进行工厂的正气平衡,如果工厂的高压蒸汽的供给不可靠的话,那么要优先选择电驱动。
●在有足够的投资的条件下,是否上一套并联的备用分子筛单元,来改善操作弹性和可靠性。
在工厂的操作者和管理者之间的意见是不同,同样的,也发生在是否增设一套备用的水激冷系统来提高可靠性。
●工厂的工程师建议在根据环境条件确定ASU 单元的负荷时要保守一些,因为高的环境温度是这个单元产能的一个主要限制因素。
测绘商务-测绘仪器器材商务平台金币充值 加入收藏 用户中心 英语词典测绘书籍 测绘黄页 测绘人才 VIP 注册首页 测绘新闻 测绘论文 测绘软件 仪器商务 供应信息 产品中心 公司信息 测绘报价 供求招聘 测绘博客 测绘论坛 您现在位于: 首页 → 论文 → GPS 定位天下美国国防部耗资120亿美元建成的全球定位系统 (GPS)其应用已经不仅局限于军事或商业领域,科学家 开始运用这一技术去探索更广泛的宇宙的真相。
在古代,太阳和星星的位置 是人们判断方位和时间的基本标 识。
1957年10月4日,前苏联成 功发射了“旅行者”号人造地球卫 星,随后科学家们很快意识到人 造卫星对人类的意义要远远超过 这一事件本身,因为这些卫星可 以用于全球通讯或者定位导航。
从1978开始,美国洛克威尔公司 制造的24颗“Navstar'’卫星陆续升空,构成了GPS 系统的最重要 的组成部分。
每一颗卫星大约有 一辆卡车的大小,每12小时环绕 地球一周,它们在天空中的分布 能够确保地球上任意地点的人在 任意时刻都可以与至少4颗卫星 保持无线电联络。
GPS 系统起初 应用于军事领域,但是后来在各 个参与公司的共同要求下,开始 逐渐向商业和民用领域发展。
时 下人们即便是身处异地他乡也可 以知道自己所处的位置,对于 GPS 的好处体会越来越深。
现在 GPS 接收器就和手机一样大,而 且价格也不高。
迷失方向的人如 果手里有GPS 接收器,就可以随 时与环绕地球的24颗全球定位 系统卫星进行联系, 找出自己的确切位置 和准确的时间。
除此之外,一些 GPS 的使用者还意外 地发现了它的一些其 他用途。
感觉敏锐的 科学家们发现,GPS 可以作为探测运动和 观测变化世界的绝佳 工具。
如果研究人员用 GPS 接收器对某一固 定点连续读取数据的 话,就可以追踪这一 点的运动情况,例如 火山在内部岩浆作用 下的不断膨胀,或是 从南极大陆架上断裂 下来的冰山的移动情况。
美国导航星全球定位系统(GPS)(一)研制背景与计划至70年代,可供舰船导航使用的全球导航定位系统只有两种,即奥米加导航系统和子午仪卫星导航系统。
奥米加导航系统是一种分时、连续波型的无线电导航系统,能在全球范围内为用户连续提供位置信息,但其定位精度较差,只能达到1~2nmile,不能满足需要高精度定位信息的现代舰艇使用要求。
子午仪卫星导航系统曾是因军用目的(校正"北极星"核潜艇装的惯性导航系统)而发展起来的,1958年12月为研制卫星导航系统筹积资金,1963年进行舰上试验,1964年开始为军事用户服务,1967年解密为民用服务。
卫星导航系统的优点是能够在全球范围内全天候的提供精确的位置信息,其缺点是不能够提供连续的定位信息。
在子午仪卫星正常运转期间,其用户大约以30~120min的时间间隔(取决于舰艇所在位置的纬度)获得一次定位。
这大大地制约了现代舰艇及武备系统的使用需求。
为了解决军事上对高精度位置信息和速度信息的连续使用需求,美国国防部花费30多亿美元的巨资用于研制导航星全球定位系统,简称为GPS系统。
GPS系统研制计划的初期,计划在绕地球的6个平面轨道中布放24颗卫星,每颗卫星的设计寿命为7.5年,按1980年美元价格计算每颗卫星的费用大约3800万美元,估计更换为全球定位系统卫星的每颗费用需5000万美元。
在1981~1985财政年度,因为研制经费削减掉5亿美元,所以,决定将卫星网中的卫星数目由原来的24颗减少到18颗,将其平均分布在6个圆形轨道上。
经过详细论证表明,由18颗卫星组网也能保证地球上任一地方的用户至少能随时连续观测到4颗以上卫星,但定位精度比24颗卫星构成的星网低,从10m降至15m,有的地方还可能稍低于15m。
全球卫星定位系统名词简介全球卫星定位系统(Globle Positioning System) 是一种结合卫星及通讯发展的技术,利用导航卫星进行测时和测距。
全球卫星定位系统(简称GPS) 是美国从本世纪70 年代开始研制,历时20 余年,耗资200 亿美元,于1994 年全面建成。
具有海陆空全方位实时三维导航与定位能力的新一代卫星导航与定位系统。
经过近十年我国测绘等部门的使用表明,全球卫星定位系统以全天候、高精度、自动化、高效益等特点,成功地应用于大地测量、工程测量、航空摄影、运载工具导航和管制、地壳运动测量、工程变形测量、资源勘察、地球动力学等多种学科,取得了好的经济效益和社会效益。
发展历程自1978年以来已经有超过50颗GPS和NAVSTAR卫星进入轨道.前身GPS系统的前身为美军研制的一种子午仪卫星定位系统(Transit),1958年研制,64年正式投入使用。
该系统用5到6颗卫星组成的星网工作,每天最多绕过地球13次,并且无法给出高度-{A|zh-cn:信息;zh-tw:资讯}-,在定位精度方面也不尽如人意。
然而,子午仪系统使得研发部门对卫星定位取得了初步的经验,并验证了由卫星系统进行定位的可行性,为GPS系统的研制埋下了铺垫。
由于卫星定位显示出在导航方面的巨大优越性及子午仪系统存在对潜艇和舰船导航方面的巨大缺陷。
美国海陆空三军及民用部门都感到迫切需要一种新的卫星导航系统。
为此,美国海军研究实验室(NR L)提出了名为Tinmation的用12到18颗卫星组成10000km高度的全球定位网计划,并于67年、69年和74年各发射了一颗试验卫星,在这些卫星上初步试验了原子钟计时系统,这是GPS系统精确定位的基础。
而美国空军则提出了621-B的以每星群4到5颗卫星组成3至4个星群的计划,这些卫星中除1颗采用同步轨道外其余的都使用周期为24h的倾斜轨道该计划以伪随机码(PRN)为基础传播卫星测距信号,其强大的功能,当信号密度低于环境噪声的1%时也能将其检测出来。
全球卫星定位系统简介作者:于吉海来源:《地理教育》2009年第06期一、卫星定位系统如何导航全球定位系统(GPS)由三部分构成:地面控制部分(由主控站、地面天线、监测站和通讯辅助系统组成)、空间部分(由24颗卫星组成,分布在6个道平面上)、用户装置部分(主要由GPS 接收机和卫星天线组成)。
24颗GPS卫星在离地面1.2万千米的高空上,以12小时为周期环绕地球运行,使得在任意时刻,地面上任意一点都可以同时观测到4颗以上的卫星。
整个系统昼夜不停地向地面发送导航定位信息,提供精确、连续的三维位置和速度、时间信息。
通过GPS终端,用户在地球表面的任何地方,仅需几秒钟到十几秒钟就能够确定自己的位置和精确时间,获得相关的导航信息。
二、世界各国的卫星定位系统1,美国GPS系统GPS全球卫星导航定位系统,是由美国国防部研制部署和控制的军民两用卫星导航定位系统。
美国国防部从1973年开始研制,1978年首次发射,在1978--1985年问共发射了第一代试验型全球导航定位系统卫星11颗。
到1994年3月,完成了由24颗第三代全球导航定位系统卫星组成的导航定位星座系统。
现在运行的GPS全球卫星导航定位系统由24颗工作卫星和4颗备用卫星组成。
它们分布在6个等间距的轨道平面上,轨道高度为2,01836万千米,周期约12小时,用户在任何时间都至少能看到4~6颗卫星,定位一次仅需几秒钟,可实现全球范围连续、近实时的定位、测速与授时。
GPS全球卫星导航定位系统所发射的信号编码有精码与粗码之分。
精码保密,主要提供给本国和盟国的军事用户使用,粗码提供给本国众和全世界使用。
1991年海湾战争期间,美军将GPS全球卫星导航定位系统首次应用于实战,并获得了巨大成功。
10多年来,GPS全球卫星导航定位系统一直在运转,从美国本土到世界各地,从军用到民用,从南极的科考队员到伊拉克的美军士兵身上,处处可以发现它的身影。
当然,GPS虽有“一统江山”的本领,但它存在自己的“死穴”、“盲点”,其中最突出的就是抗干扰能力比较差。
GPS全球卫星定位导航系统GPS全球卫星定位导航系统(Global Positioning System-GPS)是美国从本世纪70年代开始研制,历时20年,耗资200亿美元,于1994年全面建成,具有在海、陆、空进行全方位实时三维导航与定位能力的新一代卫星导航与定位系统。
经近10年我国测绘等部门的使用表明,GPS以全天候、高精度、自动化、高效益等显著特点,赢得广大测绘工作者的信赖,并成功地应用于大地测量、工程测量、航空摄影测量、运载工具导航和管制、地壳运动监测、工程变形监测、资源勘察、地球动力学等多种学科,从而给测绘领域带来一场深刻的技术革命。
随着全球定位系统的不断改进,硬、软件的不断完善,应用领域正在不断地开拓,目前已遍及国民经济各种部门,并开始逐步深入人们的日常生活。
GPS系统的特点:1、全球,全天候工作:能为用户提供连续,实时的三维位置,三维速度和精密时间。
不受天气的影响。
2、定位精度高:单机定位精度优于10米,采用差分定位,精度可达厘米级和毫米级。
3、功能多,应用广:随着人们对GPS认识的加深,GPS不仅在测量,导航,测速,测时等方面得到更广泛的应用,而且其应用领域不断扩大。
GPS发展在卫星定位系统出现之前,远程导航与定位主要用无线导航系统。
1、无线电导航系统●罗兰--C:工作在100KHZ,由三个地面导航台组成,导航工作区域2000KM,一般精度200-300M。
● Omega(奥米茄):工作在十几千赫。
由八个地面导航台组成,可覆盖全球。
精度几英里。
●多卜勒系统:利用多卜勒频移原理,通过测量其频移得到运动物参数(地速和偏流角),推算出飞行器位置,属自备式航位推算系统。
误差随航程增加而累加。
缺点:覆盖的工作区域小;电波传播受大气影响;定位精度不高。
2、卫星定位系统最早的卫星定位系统是美国的子午仪系统(Transit),1958年研制,64年正式投入使用。
由于该系统卫星数目较小(5-6颗),运行高度较低(平均1000KM),从地面站观测到卫星的时间隔较长(平均1.5h),因而它无法提供连续的实时三维导航,而且精度较低。
据美国防务新闻网的报道,今年5月美国将发射新的GPS IIF卫星,将有效缓解GPS 卫星不足的问题。
与此同时新一代GPS III卫星研制也获得巨大进展,该卫星彻底实现了军码和民码的分离,为屏蔽民码大开方便之门,这意味着那些利用GPS民码制导的武器将可直接被掐断定位信号。
美国早期的卫星定位耗时太长,只能是给核潜艇定位用用。
长期以来,判别敌我位置就是各国军队迫切渴求的能力。
在古代即使是绘制粗糙的地图也是将领们的无价之宝,到了近代出现了绘制等高线经纬度的高精度地图,随着1957年苏联Sputnik-1人造卫星发射成功,人类的眼光又投向了天际。
1958年,美国海军开始研制子午仪卫星定位系统,1960年开始发射卫星并于1964年正式投入使用。
尽管这个为核潜艇开发的定位系统具有诸多弊端,如无法确定高度信息,定位时间长,无法连续导航,无法提供高度信息,难于修正电离层延迟误差等,但对比传统定位方式已经是一场革命了。
美国海军对此不足提出了Timation计划,试验了星载原子钟,Timation计划为海军舰艇尤其是核潜艇提供低动态的2维定位服务;同期美国空军提出了621B计划,使用伪随机码为基础的测距原理,621B计划为空军提供高动态3维服务。
1973年美国国防部将海空军的方案合二为一,建立国防导航卫星系统(DNSS),这是现有GPS正式的源头。
此后不久,DNSS改名为Navstar,即授时和测距导航卫星或者说是全球定位系统(Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging/Global Positioning System),后来简称GPS。
但是授时功能始终是GPS的核心功能之一,这也是从CDMA通信到电力系统都大量采用GPS的重要原因。
由中国生产的民用GPS接收机,这些都受到SA技术的限制。
GPS的测试阶段最初的GPS计划将24颗卫星分置于夹角120°的三个轨道面上,每个轨道面上8颗卫星,这样的轨道设置保证地球上任一点能观测到6~9颗卫星,从而实现足够的定位精度。
美国大平原煤制天然气厂(建厂背景).txt一个人一盒烟一台电脑过一天一个人一瓶酒一盘蚕豆过一宿。
永远扛不住女人的小脾气,女人永远抵不住男人的花言巧语。
美国大平原煤制天然气厂(建厂背景)第一章能源需求的增长20世纪30年代,美国乡村电力联合会为其接通电线,美国中西部及其他广大乡村地区的农民及农场主们才结束了他们没有电力的生活。
很多年来,位于密苏里河边上的水电厂的发电量就能满足广大乡村地区的用电需求。
但是,到了20世纪50年代后期,这些水电厂的发电能力已经明显不能满足这一地区的用电需求。
1958年在中西部地区举行的一次会议上,联邦内政部的一位官员告诉自有电力公用事业者,下一年的联邦水力发电量可能不能满足该地区的电力需求。
这些话促使这些人及他们的乡村资助者采取行动,组成了中西部电力消费者联合会。
20世纪60年代中期,该组织的一些建议促使联邦垦务局在规划中增加了对该地区的电力供应量。
最后解决这一电力供应问题的是一位自有电力的支持者。
联邦电力委员会(联邦能源规划委员会的前身)的前主席Leland,Olds,提出了一个构想,即在这一地区建立一个大型的自有气化电厂并使之与现有的联邦水电厂联姻—“水热”结合。
作为罗斯福总统政府的一员,Olds曾经是田纳西山谷委员会的委员。
他看出了密苏里山谷地区与田纳西山谷地区在发展过程中的相似性。
1959年在南达科他州举行的一次会议上,Olds对公共电力的代表们说,大负荷供电能力的秘密在于建立一个地区性电力供应系统,作为一个能满足该地区所有系统需求的能提供大量电力的供应源,该系统能建立并能与这些电厂联合在一起。
他的主要想法是在北达科他州中部建立一个以褐煤为燃料的电厂。
并不是所有的人都认同Olds观点。
但是,1961年,来自8个州乡村电力委员会的67个代表们认可了这一想法并组成了基础电力联合会。
通过集中在一个地区性的发电及输送联合会,这些农民及农场主就能建立一个大规模的以褐煤为燃料的发电厂,以补充联邦水电系统给他们供应的电量。
全球卫星导航系统介绍之二美国的全球卫星定位系统GPS全球卫星定位系统GPS(Global Positioning System)是美国国防部历经20年开发的星基全球无线电导航系统,耗资超过300亿美元,是继阿波罗登月计划和航天飞机计划之后的第三项庞大的空间计划。
其目标为实时地提供三维位臵、三维速度和高精度的时间信息,从根本上解决人类在地球上的导航和定位问题,以满足各种不同用户的需要。
该系统为军民两用系统,可为全球范围内的飞机、舰船、地面部队、车辆、低轨道航天器,提供全天候、连续、实时、高精度的三维位臵、三维速度以及时间数据。
GPS是世界上第一个成熟、可供民用的全球卫星导航定位系统,在全球范围内得到了广泛应用。
GPS系统由28颗地球同步卫星组成(4颗为备用星),均匀地分布在距离地球20000公里高空的6个轨道面上(见图1)。
这些卫星与地面支撑系统组成网络,每隔1-3秒向全球用户播报一次其位臵(经纬度)、速度、高度和时间信息,能使地球上任何地方的用户在任何时候都能利用GPS接收机同时收到至少4颗卫星的位臵信息,应用差分定位原理计算确定自己的位臵。
因此,这是一个全天候、实时性的导航定位系统。
GPS系统是自“子午仪”系统之后,美国国防部从20世纪70年代初开始研制的采用时间测距卫星导航方式的第二代导航卫星系统。
初始作用是为美国军方在全球的舰船、飞机导航并指挥陆军作战。
第1颗GPS卫星于1978年10月6日发射,1993年12月完成24颗卫星组网,1995年4月27日达到完全运行水平。
GPS卫星现发展了两代3种型号,现在轨道运行的为第2代的两种型号:GPS-2A和2R,卫星寿命约7.5年。
GPS系统提供了两种定位信号,其一是C/A编码,由标准定位信号经干扰而成,定位精度在100米左右,以供民间用户使用;另一种即所谓的P码,经加密后播放,以供军用,定位精度在3米以内。
GPS 接收机与手机电话大小相当,体积很小,可方便地装载在汽车等航行器上。
goaf,old waste 老塘(采空区) gob water,waste water 老塘水Continuous Miner 连续采煤机coking coal 炼焦煤outcrop 露头Roof collaspe 冒顶mining concession 煤矿开采(特许)权mine field 煤田mudstone 泥岩gob bleeder 排气孔(采空区)spalling rib 片帮side falling accident 片帮事故easy grade, gentle slope 平缓坡度paralell operation 平行作业proctor method 葡式压实法protodyakonov scale of hardness 普氏硬度指数front canopy 前探梁inclined angle 倾斜的角度slope pillar 倾斜矿柱Global Positioning System(GPS)全球卫星定位系统heat sensor 热传感器sandstone 砂岩overlying strata 上覆地层rise heading drivage, rise driving 上山开采法equipment amortization 设备折旧level workings 水平巷道hydrologic observation 水文观测room crosscut 通风联络小巷legend 图例erodibility 土壤流失性fltting speed 推进速度mandate 托管methane discharge volume 瓦斯排放(涌出)量gas outburst potential 瓦斯突出heading stope 巷道回采工作面roadway head 巷道掘进工作面heading chain pillar 巷道矿柱excavated section of road 巷道毛断面small-sized lumps 小块煤oblique fault 斜断层slope collar/mouth 斜井井口slope invert 斜井仰拱inclined hole 斜孔slope 斜坡,斜面,斜井leave allowances 休假期lithological characters 岩性hydrolic shield 液压掩护式支架possible ore 远景储量haulage track 运输路线full face mining 整个工作面采煤normal fault 正常断层duty room 值班室medium-sized lumps 中块front entry 主平巷mainline conveyor 主线输送机main inclined shaft 主斜井main slope, main slant 主斜井host rock 主岩leading coal producing province 主要产煤省fitting allowance 装配余量preparatory workings 准备巷道Dump Truck 自动倾卸卡车respirator 自救器spontaneous combustion 自燃profile 纵切面line brattice 纵向隔风墙drill rig 钻机,凿岩机hole month 钻孔口部drill bit 钻头pin timberingscoop & blast crew 炮采队Continuous Miner crew 连采队crew leader 带班长expanding rib 扩帮cut bottom 割底feeder 破碎机auger bit 螺旋钻头auger drilling 螺旋钻空dump valve 倾泄阀(安全阀)electrical system 电气系统exhaust/emission control 排风/散热控制water supply & sprays 用水供给/喷淋cable reeler 电缆摆动架feeder breaker cable 破碎机断路器电缆enlarged entry width 扩帮巷道宽度gathering system 煤炭收集系统load out conveyor 卸载传输装置dust extraction 吸尘装置distribution control box 控制配电箱trapped equipment 塌陷设备coal preparation plant 选煤厂service car, SMV car 服务车hand drill 煤电钻roof bolt 顶锚roof bolter 锚杆机speedy drivage 快速掘进methane electrical generation 瓦斯发电electromagnetic valve 电磁阀roadheader 综掘机(巷道掘进机)dacite 英安岩dacker 静气dahllite 碳磷灰石daily advance 日掘进进度daily output 日产量dam 隔墙;堤damage 损坏damp 爆炸性气体damped wave 阻尼波damping 衰减damping coefficient 减衰系数damping spring 缓冲弹簧dampness 湿气damposcope 爆炸瓦斯指示器danburite 赛黄晶danger 危险danger zone 危险地带dangerous 危险的dark ruby ore 深红银矿data 数据data processing 数据处理data transmission 资料传送datum level 基准面datum point 基准点dautriche method 杜托里叔爆炸速度试验法davy man 矿灯工day arrangement 地面设备day drift 平硐day eye 倾斜探井day level 平硐day output 日产量day work 地面工作daylight 日光daylight lamp 日光灯dc 直流dc generator 直立电机dc motor 直羚动机dead air 停滞的空气dead coal 非炼焦煤dead end 独头巷道dead face 独头巷道dead load 静重dead pressure 死压dead rock 废石dead time 停工时间dead weight brake 重锤制动器deading 岩巷掘进deads 废石deadwork 岩巷掘进deaeration 去气deairing 去气debris 废石debris kibble 岩石吊桶decantation 滗析decanter 滗析器decarbonization 脱碳decarburizer 脱碳剂decay product 分解产物decayed rock 风化岩石deceleration 减速dechenite 红矾铅矿deck 层deck charge 分段装药deck head building 井口建筑物deck loading 分段装药decked charge 分段装药deckhead 出车台deckhead building 井口建筑物declination 偏角declivity 下斜decolorization 脱色decolour 脱色decompose 分解decomposed outcrop 分解露头decomposition 分解decompression 减压decompressor 减压器decrease 减少decrement 减量deduster 除尘器dedusting 除尘deep 深的deep adit 低层平硐deep drilling 深孔钻眼deep drilling equipment 深孔钻进设备deep freezing 低温冻结deep hole blasting 深眼爆破deep hole infusion 深孔注水deep hole method 深眼爆破法deep level 深水平deep mine 深矿deep mining 深井开采deep shaft 深井deep trough 槽形运输机deep well pump 深井泵deep working 深井开采deepening 延深defect 缺陷defectoscope 探伤器deflagrate 暴燃deflagration 暴爆deflection 挠曲deflection angle 偏角deflection curve 变曲曲线deflection test 挠曲试验deflector 偏转板deflector brattice 转向风障deflexion 挠曲deflocculation 反凝絮deformation 变形deformation of timbering 支架变形defrosting 解冻degasification 脱气degassing hole 排放瓦斯钻孔degaussing effect 去磁效应degradation 降低;退化degree celsius 摄氏度数degree centigrade 摄氏度数degree fahrenheit 华氏度数degree kelvin 开耳芬度数degree of acccuracy 精密度degree of coalification 煤化程度degree of crushing 破碎程度degree of dip 倾斜度degree of dispersion 弥散度degree of elevation 仰角degree of exactitude 准确度degree of extraction 回采率degree of fineness 细度degree of freedom 自由度degree of grinding 粉碎程度degree of hardness 硬度degree of inclination 倾斜度degree of oxidation 氧化程度degree of packing 装药密度degree of pitch 倾斜度degree of safety 安全程度degree of separation 分离程度degree of size breakage 破碎度dehumidifying 减湿dehydrating agent 脱水剂dehydration 脱水dehydrator 脱水器deister table 垂特摇床delamination 剥离delay 迟滞delay action blasting 迟发爆破delay action detonator 迟发雷管delay blast 迟发爆破delay cap 迟发雷管delay element 延时元件delay igniter 延发点火器delay interval 迟发时间delay number 延时段delay primer 迟发起爆药包delay relay 延时继电器delay time 延迟时间delayed blast 迟误爆破delayed blasting 迟误爆破delayed detonation 迟发起爆delayed electric detonator 迟发电雷管delayed igniter 廷发点火器delessite 铁叶绿泥石deleterious dust 有害尘末delimitation 定界delivery 供应delivery lift 扬程delivery pipe 输出管delivery valve 输送阀demagnetization 退磁demangnetization force 去磁力demarcation 定界demidovite 天青硅孔雀石dendrite 师石dense 密的dense liquid 重液dense media preparation 重介选矿dense media process 重介选法dense media separation 重介选dense media separator 重介分选机dense medium 重悬浮液dense medium method 重介选法dense medium separator 重介质分选机denseness 稠密densification 浓缩densifier 浓缩机densimeter 密度计densitometer 密度计density 密度density control 浓度第density of surface charge 面电荷密度denudation 剥蚀deoxidation 脱氧dependency 依赖性dephlegmation 分凝depletion 消耗depletion drive 溶解气驱deposit 沉积物deposit discovery 矿床开拓deposit type 矿床类型depositing tank 矿泥沉淀箱deposition 沉淀deposition rate 沉淀速度depositional gradient 自然坡depot 仓库depressant 抑制剂depression 抑制;沉降depressor 抑制剂depth 层厚depth indicator 深度指示器depth of stratum 层厚depthfinder 测深仪depthometer 测深仪derived unit 导出单位derrick 钻塔derrick crane 动臂起重机descent 下井descentional ventilation 下行通风descloizite 钒铅锌矿desiccating agent 干燥剂desiccation 干燥desiccator 干燥器design data 设计数据design of experiments 实验规划法desiltor 脱泥机deslimer 脱泥机desliming 脱泥desliming cone 脱泥圆锥分级机desliming screen 脱泥筛desorption 脱除despersing agent 分散剂desquamation 剥落destress blasting 去应力爆破destruction 破环desulphurization 脱硫detach 分离detachable 可分离的detachable bit 活钻头detaching hook 过卷脱绳钩detachment 分离detection 发现;检查detector 检波器determination 决定detonability limit 爆轰界限detonate 起爆detonating cap 雷管detonating charge 起爆装药detonating composition 起爆粉detonating cord 导爆线detonating explosive 起爆炸药detonating fuse blasting 导爆线爆破detonating gas 爆炸瓦斯detonating mixture 爆炸混合物detonating relay 迟发导爆线装置detonation 爆轰detonation pressure 爆轰波压detonation product 爆炸产物detonation property 起爆性detonation rate 爆轰速度detonation reaction 爆炸反应detonation velocity 起爆速度detonation velocity test 爆速试验detonator 雷管detonator lead 雷管导线detour 迂回巷道detrition 磨损detritus 岩屑developed field 开拓了的矿床developement drift 开拓平巷developement openings 开拓巷道developement workings 开拓巷道developing 开发developing butt 开拓巷道developing entry 准备平巷development 发展development end 采准工祖development face 采准工祖development heading 准备平巷development machine 掘进机development opening 准备巷道development plan 开拓计划development road 开拓巷道development section 开拓区development workings 准备平巷deviation 偏差device 装置dewaterer 脱水机dewatering 排水dewatering box 脱水箱dewatering bucket elevator 脱水斗式提升机dewatering cone 脱水圆锥分级机dewatering conveyor 脱水输送机dewatering elevator 脱水提升机dewatering pump 排水泵dewatering screen 脱水筛dewatering tower 脱水塔dewatering trough 脱水槽diabase 辉绿岩diagenesis 成岩酌diagonal 对角线;对角线的diagonal deck table 菱形盘面摇床diagonal entry 伪倾斜巷道diagonal face 对角工祖diagonal rise 伪倾斜上山diagonal slicing 倾斜分层开采法diagonal ventilation 对角式通风diagram 曲线图diallogite 菱锰矿dialogite 菱锰矿dialysis 透析diamagnetic 抗磁性的diamagnetism 抗磁性diameter 直径diameter of bore 钻孔直径diamon bit 金刚石钻头diamond 金刚石diamond drill 金刚石钎杆diamond field 金刚石产地diamond powder 金刚石粉diamond tool 金刚石钻具diaphragm 隔膜diaphragm jig 隔膜跳汰机diaphragm pump 隔膜泵diaspore 水铝石diatomite 硅藻土dibhole 水仓didymolite 钙蓝石die 冲模dielectric 电介质的dielectric constant 电介常数dielectric separation 电介分选diesel electric locomotive 柴油电机车diesel fuel 柴油diesel locomotive 柴油机车diesel mine locomotive 矿用柴油机车diesel oil 柴油difference 差differential 微分;差动的differential flotation 优先浮选differential grinding 选择磨矿differential piston 差动活塞differential pressure 压差differential thermometer 差示温度计differential thread 差动螺纹diffuser 扩散器diffusibility 扩散性diffusion 扩散diffusivity 扩散性dig 挖掘digger 挖掘机digging 挖掘digging bucket 挖掘机铲斗digging depth 挖掘深度digging efficiency 挖掘效率digging height 铲挖高度;阶段高度digging reach 控掘半径digging rope 拉绳dike 岩脉dilatation 膨胀dilation 膨胀dilatometer 膨胀计diluant 冲淡剂diluent 稀释剂dilution 稀释dimension 大小dimension stone 块石dimensional analysis 因次分析dinitritoluene 二砂基甲苯dinting 卧底diopside 透辉石dioptase 透视石diopter 观板diorite 闪长岩dioxide 二氧化物dip 倾斜dip angle 倾角dip compass 矿山罗盘dip entry 下山dipper 铲斗dipper capacity 铲斗容量dipper door 勺斗门dipper dredge 铲斗挖掘船dipper type dredger 铲斗挖掘船dipping compass 矿山罗盘dipping working 沿倾斜下向开采direct 导向direct acting drive 直接传动direct acting hoist 直接传动提升机direct current 直流direct current generator 直立电机direct current motor 直羚动机direct drive 直接传动direct initiation 直接起爆direct priming 孔口起爆direct reading 直接读数direct rope haulage 头绳运输directed driling 定向钻进direction 方向direction finding and ranging 定向和测距direction of dip 倾斜方向direction of extraction 开采方向direction of rotation 转向directional drilling 定向钻进dirt bailer 泥浆泵dirt band 夹石层dirt extraction 拣矸dirt haul 废石运输dirt loader 废石装载机dirt pack 废石充填dirt pile 废石堆dirtied rock 炸落岩石disaster 灾难disc 圆盘disc valve 圆盘阀discharge 排出;放电discharge air shaft 上风竖井discharge chute 排泄槽discharge height 卸载高度discharge hopper 卸载漏斗discharge launder 排泄槽discharge opening 卸料口discharge outlet 卸料口discharge pipe 排出管discharge point 卸载站discharge time 卸载时间discharge trough 排矿槽discharger 卸载机discharging platform 卸料平台discontinuity 不连续性discontinuous 不连续的discovery 发现disintegration 粉碎disintegrator 粉碎机disk 圆盘disk bit 盘状冲魂头disk brake 盘式制动器disk conveyor 盘式运输机disk crusher 盘式破碎机disk cutter 圆盘式截煤机disk feeder 转盘给矿机disk filter 圆盘过滤机disk grizzly 圆盘滚轴筛disk pulverizer 盘式粉磨机disk valve 圆盘阀dislocation 转位dismantling 分解dispatcher 等员dispersant 分散剂disperse 分散dispersing agent 分散剂dispersion 分散dispersion medium 分散介体dispersity 分散度displacement 位移display 显示装置disposition 配置disruption 破裂disruptive explosive 爆裂性炸药dissemination 矿染dissociate 离解dissociation 离解dissolubility 溶解性dissoluble 可溶的dissolution 溶解dissoluvability 溶解性dissoluvable 可溶的dissolvant 溶剂dissolve 溶解dissolved gas drive 溶解气驱dissolvent 溶剂distance control 远距控制disthene 蓝晶石distillation 蒸馏distillator 蒸馏器distilled water 蒸馏水distiller 蒸馏器distortion 变形distribute 分配distributing conveyor 分配输送机distributing trough 布料槽distributing valve 分配阀distribution 分配distributor 分配器district 地区disulfide 二硫化物disulphide 二硫化物ditch 沟道ditch and trench excavator 挖沟机ditch blasting 开沟爆破ditch excavator 挖沟机ditcher 挖沟机divergence 发散divergency 发散divide 分水岭divider 罐粱;罐梁;分隔器division 分割;区域division surface 分界面divisional plane 节理do jiargillaceous rock 泥质岩do jiarsenolite 砷华do jiblastproof 防爆的do jibolter 筛do jibrittle 脆的dobie blasting 糊炮dock 栈桥dog 把手dolerite 粗玄岩dolly way 栈桥dolomite 白云石dolomitization 白云石化dolomization 白云石化dome 穹domeykite 砷铜矿donarite 道纳瑞特炸药door 门door regulator 第风门door stoop 井筒安全柱door tender 看门工door trapper 看门工dope 吸收剂dopplerite 灰色沥青dormant fire 潜伏火灾dorr classifier 道尔型分级机dorr thickener 道尔型浓缩机dosimeter 剂量计dosing 配量dosing tank 计量箱double 二重的double bank cage 双层式罐笼double barrel 复式岩心管double chain conveyor 双链刮板输送机double deck cage 双层式罐笼double deck screen 双层筛double drum air driven hoist 风动双滚筒绞车double drum hoist 双滚筒绞车double drum scraper hoist 双滚筒扒矿绞车double drum separator 双浓筒磁选机double drum winch 双滚筒绞车double entry 双平巷double intakes 双进风道double parting 错车道double reduction gearbox 两级减速装置double roll crusher 双辊破碎机double stage compressor 双级压气机double track haulage roadway 双轨运输巷道double track heading 双线平巷double tracked incline 双轨斜井double tracked plane 双轨上山double tube core barrel 复式岩心管double union 双键double unit 双工炸区double up post 补充柱dovetail joint 鸠尾接合dowel 合缝销down grade 下坡down to earth salt production 地下岩盐开采downcast air 进风downcast shaft 进风井downcut 下部掏槽downdraft 下向通风downhole 向下炮眼downpour 注下downward 下向的downward current 下降流下向流downward mining 下行开采downward ventilation 下向通风downward working 下行开采dozer 推土机draft 通风draft tube 吸入管drag bar conveyor 刮板运输机drag classifier 刮板分级机drag conveyor 刮板运输机dragline 朔挖掘机dragline excavator 朔挖掘机dragline tower excavator 塔式朔挖掘机dragscraper 刮土铲运机dragshovel 刮土铲运机drain 排水管drain adit 排水平峒drain cock 放水旋塞drain line 排水管道drain opening 排水囗drain outlet 排水囗drain pipe 排水管drain pump 排水泵drain sump 集水仓drain tap 放水旋塞drain tube 排水管drain valve 放泄阀drainage 排水drainage adit 排水平峒drainage area 排水面积drainage channel 排水沟drainage conveyor 脱水输送机drainage elevator 脱水提升机drainage facilities 排水设备drainage gallery 排水平硐drainage hole 放泄孔drainage level 排水平巷drainage network 排水网drainage property 透水性drainage pump 排水泵drainage screen 脱水筛drainage shaft 排水井drainage sieve 脱水筛drainage works 排水工作draining 排水draught 通风draught tube 吸管drawbar 牵引杆drawing 回收drawing back of pillars 后退式回采矿柱drawing height 提升高度drawing hoist 回柱绞车drawing machine 提升绞车drawing program 放矿计划drawing rate 放矿速度drawing shaft 提升井drawpoint brow 放矿点口dredge 挖掘船dredge pump 吸泥泵dredger 挖掘船dredging 挖出dredging engine 挖泥机dresser 选矿工dressing 刃磨dressing expenses 选矿费dressing machine 锻钎机dressing method 连矿法dressing plant 选矿厂dressing works 选矿厂drier 干燥机drift 平硐drift angle 偏差角drift bed 冲积层drift conveyer 水平坑道运输机drift drill 架式凿岩机drift miner 巷道掘进工drift mining 平硐开采drift pillar 平巷矿柱drift way 水平巷道driftage 巷道掘进drifter 架式凿岩机drifting 巷道掘进drifting machine 架式凿岩机drifting method 掘进法drill 钎杆drill adapter 钻杆卡头drill autofeeder 自动推进装置drill bar 钻杆drill bit 钎头drill bit gage loss 钻头直径磨损量drill blower 钻机吹粉器drill bortz 钻用金刚石drill carriage 凿岩机drill chuck 钻头夹盘drill column 钻杆柱drill core 钻机岩心drill cuttings 钻粉drill hammer 凿岩机drill hole 排放钻孔drill hole depth 钻孔深度drill hole wall 钻孔壁drill jumbo 凿岩机drill maker 锻钎机drill man 凿岩工drill mounting 钻机架drill pipe 钻杆drill pipe cutter 套管内切刀drill piston 风钻活塞drill point angle 钻尖角drill pump 钻机泵drill rig 钻车drill rod 钻杆drill rope 钻井钢丝绳drill round 炮眼组drill steel 钻钢drill stem 钻杆drill team 钻探队drill tower 钻塔drill truck 钻车drill unit 钻孔设备drill water hose 凿岩机供水软管drill water pipe 钻机冲洗水管drillability 可钻性drillability index 可钻性指数driller 凿岩工drillhole burden 炮眼的负裁drilling 穿孔drilling and blasting operation 打眼放炮工作drilling cable 钻井钢丝绳drilling cost 打钻费drilling device 钻眼装置drilling dust 钻粉drilling equipment 钻孔设备drilling exploration 钻孔勘探drilling fluid 钻孔液体drilling head 钻头drilling hole 钻孔drilling jumbo 钻车drilling line 钻井钢丝绳drilling machine 钻孔机drilling meal 钻粉drilling method 钻进方法drilling mud 钻泥drilling outfit 钻孔设备drilling pattern 炮孔排列法drilling pipe 钻杆drilling platform 钻井平台drilling rate 钻孔速度drilling rope 钻井钢丝绳drilling shift 钻眼班drilling speed 钻孔速度drilling staging 凿岩台drilling steel 钻钢drilling time 钻孔时间drilling tool 钻具drillings 钻粉drillmobile 钻车drip 滴drip proof protection 防滴保护drivage 巷道掘进drivage efficiency 掘进效率drivage method 掘进法drive chain 传动链drive head 传动机头drive rod 传动钻杆drive shaft 传动轴drive sprocket 传动链轮drive sprocket wheel 传动链轮driven pulley 从动driven shaft 从动轴driver 掘进工driving 冲击driving belt 传动带driving chain 传动链driving force 传动力driving mechanism 传动机构driving openings 巷道掘进driving place 掘进现场driving pulley 织皮带轮driving shaft 传动轴driving speed 掘进速度driving terminal 传动站driving up the pitch 倾斜掘进drop 滴drop bottom cage 落底式罐笼drop bottom car 底卸式车drop cage 翻转罐笼drop crusher 冲唤破碎机drop crushing 落锤破碎drop end car 端卸车drop hammar 打桩落锤drop hammer test 落锤试验drop pit 溜道drop shaft 沉井drop side car 侧卸车drop test 落锤试验dropper 支脉drossy coal 劣质煤drowned mine 淹没的矿drowned pump 浸没泵drum 筒drum feeder 转筒给料机drum filter 鼓式过滤器drum screen 滚筒筛drum separator 圆筒式分选机drum switch 鼓形开关drum to rope ratio 筒径绳径比drum type feeder 转筒给料机drum winder 滚筒式提升机drumlin 鼓丘druse 晶洞drusy 晶洞dry 干燥dry assay 干法试金dry cleaning 干选dry coal preparation 干法选煤dry cobbing 干法磁选dry compressor 气冷压气机dry concentration 干选dry concentrator 干式选矿机dry digging 干料挖掘dry drilling 干式钻眼dry feeder 干给矿机dry grinding 干磨dry magnetic dressing 干法磁选dry magnetic separation 干法磁选dry method 干式法dry mill 干磨机dry milling 干磨dry packing 干式充填dry separation 干选dry sieving 干法筛分dry stowing 干式充填dry treatment 干处理dryer 干燥机dryer drum 干燥机滚筒drying 干燥drying chamber 干燥室drying cylinder 干燥筒drying room 干燥室ds blasting 秒延迟爆破duct 导管ductility 延性ductwork 通风管道duff dust 末煤dufrenite 绿磷铁矿dull coal 暗煤dumm drift 盲道dummy drift 独头巷道dummy roadway 石垛平巷dummy shaft 暗井dumortierite 蓝线石dump 堆dump body truck 自卸式载重汽车dump car 翻斗车dump house 翻车房dump leaching 堆积沥滤dump pocket 倾卸仓dump skip 倾卸箕斗dump truck 自卸式载重汽车dumper 翻车机dumping 翻卸dumping place 倾卸场dumping station 倾卸站dumping track 倾卸线dumping wagon 翻斗车dunite 纯橄榄岩dunn bass 泥质页岩duplex 二倍的duplex compressor 双动压气机duplex jig 双室跳汰机duplex table 双摇床durability 耐久性durable 耐久的durain 暗煤型duration 经久duration of cycle 循环时间durite 暗煤型durometer 硬度计dust allayer 集尘器dust barrier 岩粉棚dust catcher 集尘器dust catching efficiency 集尘效率dust catching plant 集尘装置dust chamber 集尘室dust coal 粉煤dust collection 集尘dust concentration 尘末浓度dust consolidation 尘末结合dust content 含尘率dust control 防尘dust counter 尘度计dust distributor 撒岩粉器dust explosion 尘末爆炸dust extraction 除尘dust extractor 吸尘器dust filter 滤尘器dust flotation 矿尘浮选dust laden air 含尘空气dust lung 尘肺病dust mask 防尘面具dust monitor 吸尘器dust ore 粉状矿石dust phthisis 尘肺病dust precipitation 煤尘沉降dust prevention 防尘dust proof 防尘的dust protective mask 防尘面具dust recovery 收尘dust removal 除尘dust separator 离尘器dust settling 尘末沉淀dust tight 防尘的dust yield 生尘量dustfree drilling 无尘钻眼dustiness 含尘量dustiness index 含尘指数dusting 生尘dustless drilling 无尘钻眼dusty air 含尘空气dusty mine 多尘矿井duty 能率dyke 岩脉dynamic 动力的dynamic balance 动态平衡dynamic characteristic 动态特性dynamic effect 动态效应dynamic equillibrium 动态平衡dynamic load 动负载dynamic pressure 动压dynamic stress 动力应力dynamics 动力学dynamite 疵麦特dynamite magazine 炸药房dynamometamorphism 动力变质dynamometer 测力计dynamometry 测力法dynamon 辞蒙炸药dyscrasite 锑银矿early strength cement 速凝水泥earth 土地earth borer 钻土机earth current 接地电流earth drill 钻土机earth magnetic field 地磁场earth movement 地层移动earth moving 土方工作earth pressure 地压earth wave 地震波earth work 土方工作earth's crust 地壳earth's surface 地面earthenware 陶器earthmoving equipment 土方工程设备earthquake proof construction 抗震建筑earthy cobalt 钴土矿easer 辅助炮眼easer hole 辅助炮眼easy grade 缓坡easy gradient 缓坡ebonite 硬橡胶eboulement 岩石崩塌eccentric 偏心轮;偏心的eccentric drive screen 偏心筛eccentric screen 偏心筛eccentricity 偏心率eclogite 榴辉岩economic stripping ratio 经济合理采剥比eddy 涡旋edge 边edge mill 轮碾机edge runner 辊碾机edge seam 急倾斜层eduction 排出eduction pipe 排气管effect 影响effective load 有效负载effective pull 有效拉力effective section 有效截面effective value 有效值effective working time 有效工妆间effectiveness 有效efficiency 效率efficiency curve 效率曲线efficiency of classification 分级效率efficiency of crushing 破碎效率efficiency of separation 分离度efficiency of separator 分选机效率efflorescence 风化effluence 瘤effort 酌力effusion 喷出effusive rock 喷发岩eglestonite 氯汞矿ejection 喷出ejector 喷射器ejector pump 喷射式水泵elastic 弹性的elastic after effect 弹性后效elastic axis 弹性轴elastic constant 弹性常数elastic curve 弹性曲线elastic deformation 弹性形变elastic energy 弹性能elastic extension 弹性伸长elastic force 弹力elastic limit 弹性限度elastic material 弹性材料elastic modulus 弹性模量elastic rock 弹性岩石elastic strain 弹性应变elastic strain energy 弹性能elastic wave 弹性波elasticity 弹性elasticity modulus 弹性模量elastoplastic rock 弹塑性岩石elbaite 锂电气石electric 电的electric air drill 电风钻electric blasting 电力爆破electric coalcutter 电动截煤机electric delay fuse 延发电雷管electric detonator 电雷管electric double layer 双电层electric drill 电钻electric haulage 电机车运输electric hoist 电绞车electric mine locomotive 矿用电气机车electric potential 电位electric precipitator 电气集尘器electric primer 电雷管起爆药包electric prospecting 电法勘探electric separation 电选electric separator 电分离器electric winch 电绞车electrical 电的electrical charge 电荷electrical concentration 电选electrical exploder 电放袍器electrical firing 电力爆破electrical firing connection 电力爆破线路electricfield 电场electroanalysis 电解分析electrochemical 电化学的electrochemistry 电化学electrode 电极electrofilter 电滤器electrofiltration 电滤electrokinetic potential 动电位electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解液electrolytic 电解的electrolytic dissociation 电离electromagnet 电磁铁electromagnetic 电磁的electromagnetic blowout 电磁熄弧electromagnetic brake 电磁制动器electromagnetic contactor 电磁接触器electromagnetic device 电磁装置electromagnetic equipment 电磁设备electromagnetic field 电磁场electromagnetic force 电磁力electromagnetic prospecting 电磁勘探electromagnetic separation 电磁分选electromagnetic separator 电磁分选机electromagnetical 电磁的electrometer 静电计electromotive force 电动势electron 电子electronic air filter 电子空气过滤器electrophoresis 电泳electrostatic 电的electrostatic field 静电场electrostatic force 静电力electrostatic separation 静电选electrostatic separator 静电分选机electrum 银金矿element 元素;要素eleolite 脂光石elevation 标高;立视图elevator 升降机elevator pump 链斗提水机elimination 消去ellipse 椭圆elliptic 椭圆的elliptic arch 椭圆拱elliptic vault 椭圆形拱顶elliptical 椭圆的elongation 伸长elongation percentage 延伸率elongation test 拉伸试验elpidite 钠锆石elutriate 淘洗elutriation 淘洗elutriator 淘析器eluvial 残积的eluvium 残积层emanation 射气embankment 堤embed 成层emergency brake 紧急制动器emergency breathing apparatus 救急呼吸器emergency call 呼救信号emergency door 太平门emergency keps 紧急罐座emery 刚砂emery paper 砂纸emission 泄出emission of firedamp 沼气泄出emission of gas 瓦斯泄出empiric value 经验值empirical 经验的empirical value 经验值emplectite 硫铜铋矿empties 空矿车empties track 空车道empties train 空列车empty 空的;放空empty car 空矿车empty hole 不装药的炮眼empty tub 空矿车emptying 卸空emptying point 卸载点emulsification 乳化emulsifier 乳化器乳化剂emulsify 乳化emulsifying ability 乳化能力emulsifying agent 乳化剂emulsion 乳浊液emulsion explosive 乳化炸药emulsoid 乳胶体enargite 硫砷铜矿enclosing rock 围岩end 工祖end pressure 支承压力end product 最后产品end reaction 支点反力end tipper 端转翻卸机endless 无限的endless belt 环形带endless chain feeder 无端链给料机endless haulage 无端绳运输endless over rope 上拉式无极绳endless rope 无端绳endless rope haulage 无端绳运输endless rope haulage hoist 无端绳运输绞车endless track 履带endomorphism 内变质endothermal 吸热的endothermic 吸热的endothermic reaction 吸热反应endurance 耐久性endurance limit 疲劳极限endurance test 耐久试验energy 能energy loss 能量损失energy resources 能源engine 引擎engine house 矿山提升机房;机车库engine pit 排水专用井engine room 机瓶engineering 工程enlargement 扩大enrichment 富集enstatite 顽辉石entrance 入口entrance track 引入线entry 水平巷道entry advance 平巷推进entry bottom 平巷底entry brushing 巷道挑顶entry driving 平巷掘进entry driving machine 平巷掘进机entry pillar 平巷煤柱environment 环境environment pollution 环境污染environment protection 环境保扩eolation 风蚀eolian placer 风成砂矿epidote 绿帘石epigenesis 后生epistilbite 柱沸石epoxy resin 环氧尸epsomite 泻利盐eq.s explosives 当量包皮安全炸药equal falling 等速下落equal settling 等速下落equal settling factor 等沉比equal settling particle 等沉粒equal settling ratio 等沉比equality 相等equalization 均匀化equalizer 均衡器equation 方程式equilibrium 平衡equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡状态equilibrium value 平衡值equipment 设备equipment cost 设备费equivalence 等价equivalent 等价的equivalent circuit 等效电路equivalent conductance 等积孔equivalent diameter 当量直径equivalent fuel 燃料当量equivalent orifice 等积孔era 代erbium 铒erecting tool 装配工具erection 装配erosion 侵蚀erosive 侵蚀的error 误差erubescite 斑铜矿eruption 喷发eruptive 喷发的eruptive rock 火山岩erythrite 钴毕escape apparatus 救护频escape shaft 太平井escorial 堆渣场ester 酯ether 醚ettle 尾矿eucairite 硒铜银矿euclase 蓝柱石euclasite 蓝柱石eudialite 异性石eudialyte 异性石eudiometer 量气管eulytine 硅铋石eulytite 硅铋石euxenite 黑稀金矿evaluation 评价evaporation 蒸发evaporative cooling 蒸发冷却evaporator 蒸发器evaporites 蒸发岩evase 扩散器exactitude 准确examination 试验excavate 挖掘excavated diameter 挖掘直径excavating 挖取excavating equipment 掘进设备excavating machine 挖掘机excavation 采掘excavation support 巷道支架excavator 挖掘机excavator bucket 挖掘机的挖斗excavator grab 挖掘机的挖斗excess 过剩exchange 交换excitation current 励磁电流excitation time 点火时间excitation voltage 激磁电压。
DAKOTA GASIFICATION COMPANYGREAT PLAINS SYNFUELS PLANT THE HIDDEN VALUE OF LIGNITE COALPresented at the2001 Gasification Technologies Conference By: Myles Dittus, Dale JohnsonDAKOTA GASIFICATION COMPANY BACKGROUNDThe Great Plains Synfuels Plant is the only commercial-scale coal gasification plant in the United States that manufactures natural gas. The synfuels plant is owned and operated by Dakota Gasification Company (DGC), a subsidiary of Basin Electric Power Cooperative(BEPC).The plants genesis lies in the energy crisis of the 1970’s when Americans felt the tightening grip from oil-producing nations of the Middle East. It is the only project operating today that is tied to the Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974, which was enacted to spur developments that could help the United States achieve energy independence.The $2.1 billion plant began operating in 1984. Using the Lurgi gasification process, the synfuels plant gasifies lignite coal to produce valuable gases and liquids. The average daily production is 130 million standard cubic feet of synthetic natural gas(SNG), the majority of which is piped to Ventura, IA, for distribution in the eastern United States. The plant capacity is 170 million standard cubic feet. Many byproducts and alternate products are produced and marketed in the United States and worldwide including up to 1200 tons per day of anhydrous ammonia. A portion of the gas produced is used to make some of the byproducts.The synfuels plant daily consumes about 18,500 tons of lignite supplied by the nearby Freedom Mine. The mine is owned and operated by the Coteau Properties Company, a subsidiary of the North American Coal Corporation.THE GREAT PLAINS SYNFUELS PLANT PROCESSThe process of turning lignite into SNG begins by feeding 18,500 tons/day of sized coal to 14 Lurgi Mark IV gasifiers. In the Lurgi moving bed gasifiers, steam and oxygen are fed to the bottom of the gasifier and distributed by a revolving grate. The steam and oxygen slowly rise through the coal bed, reacting with the coal to produce a raw gas stream.The raw gas stream that exits each gasifier is first cooled in a waste heat boiler that generates 100 psig saturated steam. After this initial cooling step, two-thirds of the raw gas is sent to additional waste heat recovery and cooling water unit where the gas is cooled to 95 degrees F. The remaining one-third of the raw gas is sent to shift conversion where the composition of the gas is modified by converting some carbon monoxide (CO) and water to carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen. The shifted gas is then cooled to 95 degrees F and combined with the cooled raw gas to make mixed gas.The mixed gas stream is sent to the acid gas unit where CO2 and sulfur compounds are removed by a cold methanol wash. Great Plains Synfuels Plant utilizes the Rectisol Process licensed by Lurgi. A liquid naphtha stream is also removed by the cold methanol wash. The naphtha stream can either be further treated and sold as a by-product or burned in the plant’s main boilers as a liquid fuel. The synthesis gas from the Rectisol unit is then sent to Methanation where SNG is produced. Following Methanation, the SNG is compressed, dried and sent to the pipeline.The Rectisol Unit also produces a waste gas stream. The waste gas stream is comprised primarily of the CO2 and sulfur compounds removed from the mixed gas. The waste gas stream had been used as gaseous fuel in the plant’s three main boilers. More recently this stream hasbeen used as feed to the CO2 compression unit. The waste gas stream only has a heating value of 50 Btu/SCF due to its high CO2 content.Gasification of lignite (which contains an average of 36 wt. % moisture) also produces a water stream called raw gas liquor. Raw gas liquor contains in part tars, oils, phenolic compounds, and ammonia. Raw gas liquor is condensed from raw gas and shifted gas at the various steps where these gases are cooled prior to the Rectisol Unit.Raw gas liquor is first treated in the Gas Liquor Separation Unit where, through gravity separation, any tar, coal fines and tar oil are removed. The tar and coal fines are recycled back to the gasifiers. The tar oil is used as a liquid fuel in the main plant boilers.The treated raw gas liquor from the Gas Liquor Separation Unit is further treated in two process units, Phenosolvan and Phosam, which remove crude phenolic compounds and ammonia. Stripped gas liquor from these two final treatment processes is sent to the plant’s cooling tower as make-up water.The crude phenol stream is further processed in a Phenol Purification Unit where pure phenol and cresylic acid are produced as saleable by-products. At times, depending on sales and purity, the product phenol is sent to the plant’s main boilers and is burned as a liquid fuel.In 1997 a 1000 ton per day CF Braun Ammonia Plant was relocated from Ft. Madison, Iowa and installed at the Great Plains Synfuels Plant. The Ammonia Plant is a conventional unit with the exception that it does not have a primary reformer. Synthesis gas from the Rectisol Unit is fed directly to the secondary reformer. Purge gas from the Ammonia Plant’s synthesis loop is mixed with the fuel gas recovered from the gasification Unit going to the plant’s main boilers. The Great Plains Synfuels Plant has three Riley Stoker boilers and two C-E direct fired superheaters. The Riley boilers generate 1150 PSIG superheated steam. The superheaters take 1250 PSIG saturated steam produced in the Methanation Unit and Ammonia Plant and superheat the steam such that it can be combined with the 1150 PSIG steam.The two superheaters use tar oil liquid fuel to provide the heat input required to superheat the 1250 PSIG steam. Flue gas from these two superheaters is used to reheat the flue gas scrubbed in the Flue Gas Desulfurization Unit.KEY OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTSThe number of improvements over the course of operating the facility for nearly 20 years are many. Following are descriptions of some of the key improvements.Increased ThroughputShortly after start-up, the plant underwent a debottlenecking study to identify and correct rate limiting factors. The plant may now be operated at 127% of the original design capacity. It was determined that the gasifiers were most efficient when operated near design throughput. In order to optimize efficiency while maintaining high plant throughputs, the gasifiers have undergone significant mechanical improvements. Some of the key improvements include:•Optimize water jacket thickness to prevent cracking.•Modify oxygen distribution to minimize heat effects on gasifier jackets.•Utilize hardened materials and weld overlay to improve valve seat life.With these and many other improvements gasifier maintenance turnaround cycles have been extended by 30% to 40%.Coal BlendingGood communication with the coal mine providing lignite provides advanced notification of upsets in coal quality. This allows the gasification operators to respond on a proactive basis. The range of coal quality that can produce good gas rates is wide. However, when the quality changes it takes time to find the optimum rate. The goal for coal blending is to provide constant quality feed.Regulating the quality of coal by blending efforts at the mine reduces plant upsets by providing coal that is consistently suitable for efficient operations. Understanding the effects of different properties of coal on the gasification process has been developed since start-up of the facility. Knowledge has been gained to quantify the effects of these variables. Variables that have the largest effect on gasifier operation are sulfur, sodium and fines. Most often, primary coal blending efforts are to reduce sodium concentration, blending for sulfur is secondary.SodiumThe most important aspect of operating the gasifiers is operating the combustion zone at the ash melting point. The ash fusion temperature fluctuates as the sodium concentration changes, in turn steam rates and/or grate speed have to be adjusted. The coal mine blends coal to provide a constant composition of 6-8% sodium in the coal to the gasifiers. Higher than normal sodium concentration, from 8% to 13%, lowers the ash fusion temperature. Low fusion temperature can result in a large formation of fused ash or clinkers in the ash bed. DGC has experienced formation of clinkers that filled 20% of the gasifier. The gasifier has to be shutdown and jackhammers used to break up the clinker so it can be removed.SulfurHigh sulfur levels cause environmental concerns. With the addition of the Flue Gas Desulfurization unit the environmental impact of high sulfur concentrations has been eliminated. FinesThe gasifiers cannot tolerate coal feed with a high fines concentration. The design limit is for a maximum of 5% coal less than 1/4 inch in size. The cause of high fines concentration is usually a result of one of the following:•Wet coal that does not screen efficiently.•Plugged coal screens.• Aged/Brittle Coal.When conditions are right, high fines, damp coal, and high top flange temperatures, the gasifiers tend to flash. Flashing possibly occurs because of the oxygen in air that enters the coal locks along with the coal. Flashing causes carry over of solids along with the raw gas. This can result in plugged downstream equipment and/or a gasifier trip on high top flange temperature. It is also anticipated that higher concentrations of fine coal will cause channeling in the bed and carry over of fines to downstream equipment. If an over concentration of fines is allowed toenter a gasifier in the coal feed, the operator has no recourse but to reduce gas production. Such a condition, if allowed to continue, will require a total gasifier rate reduction with disruption of the entire plant operation.ODOR REDUCTION / ENVIRONMENTAL EMMISSIONS ISSUESFlue Gas DesulfurizationIn the original design of the Great Plains Synfuels plant a Liquid Redox Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) was included to remove hydrogen sulfide from a waste gas stream before this stream was burned in the plants boilers. Following start up and initial operation of the plant, the SRU was found to be unable to remove the required amount of hydrogen sulfide from the waste gas. So the sulfur dioxide content in the plant’s flue gas emitted from the main stack did not meet the permitted levels. Numerous changes in operation of the SRU, changes in design and changes in chemistry, were unsuccessful in improving the hydrogen sulfide removal to the level required to meet the sulfur dioxide permit.In late 1990, DGC commissioned a task force to review all possible options and recommend a solution to meet the environmental permit. Options of treating the waste gas to remove hydrogen sulfide prior to burning the gas in the boilers were investigated along with flue gas desulfurization (FGD). The Task Force found that a wet limestone forced oxidation FGD for the flue gas from the Plant’s three main boilers was the best solution.During the Task Force review process, General Electric Environmental Systems Inc. (GEESI) approached DGC to discuss their ammonia scrubbing technology. This technology was of interest to DGC as it would produce ammonium sulfate. This could then be sold as fertilizer rather than producing gypsum, which would be a waste for disposal in the ash disposal area. This fit into the attempt to enhance by-product production at the Great Plains Synfuels Plant to reduce the reliance on SNG sales.DGC and GEESI entered into a joint venture to build and test a 10,000 ACFM Ammonium Sulfate Forced Oxidation FGD pilot plant using flue gas from one of the main plant boilers. The pilot plant was first operated using limestone as a reagent to gather operating data on the liquid to gas ratio (L/G) and removal rates as well as other data for scale up purposes. The pilot plant was then operated using ammonia as the reagent at various levels of SO2 in the flue gas to simulate concentrations that the commercial scale unit would see.Following successful completion of the ammonia scrubber pilot plant, DGC continued the process of requesting bids for a limestone forced oxidation FGD. An alternate bid from GEESI for an ammonium sulfate forced oxidation FGD was accepted for review. Following review of all bids, DGC and GEESI entered into an agreement to build the first commercial scale Ammonium Sulfate Forced Oxidation FGD.Construction of the Ammonium Sulfate Forced Oxidation FGD was completed in June 1996. Several difficulties had to be overcome during the initial operation of the new FGD. The FGD has shown it can remove sulfur dioxide and produce a saleable grade of ammonium sulfate fertilizer.Wet Electro-Static PrecipitatorWhile the FGD unit succeeded in allowing the plant to meet state required sulfur dioxide regulations, the opacity of the stack emissions was high. The particulate emissions from the FGD system are above permissible levels, making the plume an unattractive environmental feature.To improve the situation, a Wet Electrostatic Precipitator (WESP) is being added to further process the flue gas. The WESP is designed to remove microscopic particulate matter that add to the cloudy appearance of the stack’s plume. The WESP takes flue gas from the FGD and passes it through a series of collecting and discharge electrodes. A high negative DC voltage is applied to the discharge electrodes. The flue gas around the discharge electrodes is ionized, creating both positively and negatively charged ions. The positive ions travel to the negative discharge electrode and are not a contributor to the operation or performance of the precipitator. The negative ions are attracted to the “positive” collecting electrode. The mist and dust particles in the flue gas are charged by the negative ions flowing between the discharge electrodes and the collecting electrodes. The electrostatic field then drives the now negatively charged mist and dust particles to the collecting electrodes. The collected particles are removed from the collecting electrodes by washwater sprays.Plant Odor ControlAn undesirable byproduct of lignite gasification is the formation of odorous organic sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds. DGC has worked diligently to identify and eliminate fugitive emissions and odorous vent streams. However, the plant’s cooling tower, which is fed process water streams, continues to be the most significant odor source.A consultant was hired to study the odors in the cooling tower and determine the sources. The superstill overhead condensate stream was determined to be the worst single odorous stream. DGC is proceeding with a multi-million dollar project to design, construct and install two packed towers to air strip volatile and malodorous contaminants from this water stream. This is being done to improve the water quality before it is used as makeup for the cooling tower. The offensive stream is produced as a distillate from the Superstill in the Phosam Ammonia Recovery Unit. It contains part-per-million concentrations of both ammonia and miscellaneous nitrogen-containing organic compounds (“nitriles”). The second column will scrub the sour air leaving the stripper (first column) to preferentially recapture the ammonia. The spent air will then be piped to the three Riley boilers, where the organic vapors will be combusted.During the summer and fall of 1998 a fairly extensive pilot plant investigation was conducted to air-strip the SSOH condensate and test the odor reduction potential of the process. The first column used air, steam and heat to remove the “nitriles” (propylnitrile, acetonitrile, pyridine, and pyrrole, although the latter two aren’t actually nitriles), a portion of the ammonia, and a variety of unidentified compounds from the process water. The second column used an ammonium phosphate solution to selectively and chemically absorb the ammonia from the exhaust air of the first tower. This combination of stripper and absorber was investigated with the commercial goal of reducing the amount of ammonia going to the boilers. This was felt necessary to lessen the probability of raising the boiler nitrogen oxide emissions when the vapors are combusted. Prior to entering the boilers, the spent air will combine with a similar vapor stream and pass through a knockout drum to remove any entrained liquid or condensate.KEY PLANT ADDITIONSAnhydrous AmmoniaThe Great Plains Synfuels plant had been recovering a small amount of anhydrous ammonia from the gasification process and marketing it as an agricultural fertilizer since the plant’s startup. Production was about 25,000 tons per year. Early in 1994 several factors prompted the idea for increasing anhydrous ammonia production:•Good market for anhydrous ammonia in 1994.•Falling natural gas prices.•Need for more anhydrous ammonia to feed the FGD scrubber.•Feed gas was available. Primary reformer not needed.•Plant located in an agricultural region.DGC opted to purchase an existing anhydrous ammonia plant at Fort Madison, Iowa. This was done to get the facility on line quickly and take advantage of the favorable market as well as feed the new scrubber. Compared to a new plant cost, it was projected to be a much lower investment.The plan called for increasing the 1000 ton per day Braun ammonia plant to 1200 tons per day and have it on-line in 3 years. The construction objectives were met. But the start-up and initial operation had many challenges associated with old or poorly refurbished equipment. Currently, the ammonia unit is capable of achieving 1200TPD production rates, and the reliability is improving.Carbon Dioxide For Enhanced Oil RecoveryThe idea for selling carbon dioxide from the Great Plains Synfuels plant arose well before the plant was built in the early 1980’s. The focus was to use carbon dioxide from the plant for injecting into aging oil fields and recovering oil that otherwise would be lost. In particular, enhanced oil recovery using carbon dioxide from Great Plains Synfuels plant would make economic sense for certain reservoirs within the huge Williston Basin field underlying parts of North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana in the United States and Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada.In the process of producing SNG from lignite, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide must be removed from the gas. This is done in the Rectisol unit. Low temperature methanol wash is used to remove the carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the raw gas before it enters the Methanantion Unit for further processing. The methanol is regenerated for reuse by flashing it from 400 psig to sub-atmospheric pressure. As the pressure is reduced carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and a small amount of hydrocarbons are released. This is the feed gas to the carbon dioxide compression unit. There is a total of 240 MMSCFD of carbon dioxide available and current sales are for 95 MMSCFD. Before the carbon dioxide Compression Unit was built, the carbon dioxide was sent to the boilers to recover the small percentage of hydrocarbons and thermally convert hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide. The feed gas to the carbon dioxide unit was a low value fuel, and has now become a source of revenue.The compression unit consists of two 8-stage compressors manufactured by GHH Borsig. Each compressor is driven by a 19,500 Hp fixed speed motor. Between each stage air cooled heatexchangers are used for cooling. These compressors take feed gas at 3 psig and compress it to 2700 psig. 205 miles of 14” and 12” pipe carries the gas from the plant to the Weyburn oil field located in Southern Saskatchewan. The new compressor and pipeline system began operation in the fall of 2000. Since that time DGC has been working with the customer (Pancanadian Resources of Calgary, Alberta) to achieve reliable operation. The compressors have achieved the design throughput, and the customer is beginning to experience the benefits of tertiary recovery of the aging oil field.A sophisticated computer model of the pipeline monitors pipeline pressures, temperatures, and flow rates to identify potential leaks in the pipeline. Pressure and temperature readings are taken at each of 12 valve stations along the pipe and sent via microwave, hard wire, and radio communication to a control room at the Great Plains Synfuels plant. The software uses this information to identify a potential leak. The software can identify a potential leak location to within +/- two miles, estimate the leak rate and report the total volume lost.FUTUREDGC’s bottom line is significantly dependant on a single commodity (methane). Commodities are known to have significant price variability, leading to exposure to varying degrees of financial risk based on the then current price of the single product. DGC will continue to reduce。