定语从句省略
1. 关系词充当从句的宾语的时候，可以直接省略，而从句不发生任何形式的改变。
This is the right book that you are looking for. = This is the right book you are looking for.
2. 关系词充当从句的主语时，如果谓语结构为实词，将关系代词进行省略，而从
句中的实词要发生形式的改变。如果原本从句是一个主动语态，可以将动词直接变成ing形式。如果原本谓语动词是一个被动语态，可以直接保留过去分词。
如Fruit that contains VC can relieve a cold.=Fruit containing VC can relieve a cold.
3.如果谓语结构为be+名词，这时，可以将be动词同时省略，将后面的名词和
前面从句所修饰的名词构成同位语结构。如I know Lucy who is the leader of the team.= I know Lucy, the leader of the team.
4. 3.先行词为the way, 后面的关系代词可以是that, in which或者是不加任何关
系代词。如：I like the way you talk.
5. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾
语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who
6.（1）which用于下列情况：( I )如果引导的是非限定性定语从句; （II）关系代词充当介词的
宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前;（III）先行词本身是that等。（2）that用于下列情况：( I ) 先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词；（II）先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等词修饰；（III）先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；（IV）先行词被the only, the very(正是、恰是),the last修饰；（V）先行词中既有人也有物；（VI）在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句等。另外需要注意：先行词是the way，并在定语从句充当状语时，关系代词用that或省略，若用which,其前加介词in。
疑问：This was the house in which they lived last year.
是否存在这种方式并正确——
This was the house that they lived in last year. 7.当关系词在从句中充当主语时，可以省略，后面的动词发生形式变化——
主动语态时，动词变成-ING形式
被动语态时，动词保留过去分词形式
I know the girl who comes from BJ.
I often like reading short novels which were written by Hemingway.
I often like reading short novels written by Hemingway.
I raise a dog which is named KING.
* I raise a dog named KING.
I believe the candidate who made the speech in the assembly yesterday is sure to win the support.
*I believe the candidate making the speech in the assembly yesterday is sure to win the support.
I know the boy who was praised by the teacher.
The book which is related to the development has been published recently.
They lived in a house facing the south.
= They lived in a house which faced the south.
The workers working in the factory are well-paid.
= The workers who work in the factory are well-paid.
= The workers who are working in the factory are well-paid.
The tie worn by our head was made in Shanghai.
= The tie which is worn by our head was made in Shanghai.
The book written by Wang sells well.
= The book which was written by Wang sells well.
状语从句省略
1. 主句和从句的主语保持一致，称为分词作状语；省略从句的主语，将后面的
动词发生形式变化，主动语态变成ing形式，若是被动语态，则变为ed形式
2. 如前后主语不一致，则称为独立主格结构。
省略方式：关系词（可保留）+动词形式变化（ing\-ed）。
Because mum was ill,I didn't go to school.
----Mum being ill,I didn't go to school.
When he finished his homework,we went out to play.
—-He finishing his homework,we went out to play.
一、时间状语从句中的省略
When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano. 她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。
While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。
When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.) 到达之后，来个电报。
Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.) 走之前，请关闭所有的灯。
Don’t come in until (you are) asked to.不叫你请你不要进来。
Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help. 不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。
You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible. 你应尽快让我们知道结果。
注：as在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.
二、地点状语从句中的省略
地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构：where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary,
Lay these books where possible you can find them easily. 把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。
Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages. 在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。
三、条件状语从句中的省略
常用的句型是：if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone等。如：
Send the goods now if (they are) ready. 货物如果准备好了，请送过来。
He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他来，他就来。
If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有可能，朝我家里打电话。
Come along with me if (it is) possible. 如果有可能和我一起去吧.。
If (it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的，这会给我们带来很多麻烦。
There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 很少有人能记起他。
黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。4. 名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。
6. 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．
每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。
三、with，without 引导的独立主格结构
with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式） Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）
在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
四、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。
1. 作时间状语
My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。
The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．
总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。
2. 作条件状语
Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。
Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．
如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
3. 作原因状语
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
4. 作伴随状语或补充说明
I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．
我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。
5. 作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。
五、独立主格结构注意事项
1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing
形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried，many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.
小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）
3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)
劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从……判断），Supposing （假设），等等。
Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5．独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。
一、时间状语从句中的省略 When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano. 她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。 While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。 When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.) 到达之后，来个电报。 Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.) 走之前，请关闭所有的灯。 Don’t come in until (you are) asked to. 不叫你请你不要进来。 Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help. 不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。 You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible. 你应尽快让我们知道结果。 注：as在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground. 二、地点状语从句中的省略 地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构：where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary, Lay these books where possible you can find them easily. 把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。 Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages. 在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。 三、条件状语从句中的省略 常用的句型是：if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone等。如： Send the goods now if (they are) ready. 货物如果准备好了，请送过来。 He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他来，他就来。 If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有必要，朝我家里打电话。 Come along with me if (it is) possible. 如果有可能和我一起去吧。 If (it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的，这会给我们带来很多麻烦。 There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 很少有人能记起他。 You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave. 你应呆在你现在的地方不动，除非叫你动。 四、让步状语从句中的省略 He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他真是个好人，尽管有时有点无聊。 Even if (I am ) invited to, I won’t go to such a bad lecture. 即使邀我去，我都不想听如此坏的报告。 五、比较状语从句中的省略 She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do). 她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。 She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected.她完成得比预期要早。
where引导的定语从句修饰抽象名词。 一、where定语从句修饰抽象名词point You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。 The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in. 危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。 We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 注：有时point也可以是具体的地点： Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。 The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。 二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词case There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。 三、where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. 那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。 四、where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。 五、where定语从句修饰抽象名词position It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。 六、where定语从句修饰抽象名词job
状语从句的省略 状语从句的省略有以下几种情况： （1）在状语从句中如果主语与主句的主语一致，同时从句中又含有动词be则通常可省去从句中的主语和动词be，留下其余部分。 1.She stood at the gate as if （she was ）waiting for someone. 她站在门口好像在等人。 2．The woman teacher hurriedly left the classroom as though（she was ）angry. 这位女教师匆匆忙忙离开教室，好像生气了。 3. The man , while （he is ）over eighty, can walk faster than I .这人虽年过八十，却比我走得快。 4. Don’t speak until （you are ）spoken to. 有人对你说话时你才说。 5 .Be careful while （you are）crossing the road. 过马路时要当心。 6 .When (it is) heated, ice can turn into water. 冰经过加热能变成水。 （2）若状语从句中主语是it，动词是系动词be，则通常可省去主语it及系动词be，留下其余部分。 1. Though (it was) cold，he still wore a shirt．天气虽然冷，他还穿一件衬衫。 2. Come tomorrow if (it is) possible．可能的话就明天来吧。 3. If (it is) so，you must get back and get it．如果这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。 4.I’11 buy a TV set if (it is) necessary．如有必要，我就买一台电视机。 5. Everything went on better than (it had been) expected．一切进展得比预料的顺利。 6. No matter how difficult(it may be)，we are determined to carry the research to the end． 不管有多困难，我们决心把研究进行到底。 （3）状语从句中的部分内容若与主句的部分内容相同，可将从句中的此部分内容省去。 1. He has no money．If (he has) any，he will give us．他没有钱，如果有，他会给我们的。 2. Some flowers shut up at night as if (they did this in order) to sleep．有些花夜间收拢，好像为了睡眠一样。 1. Your teachers will take your recent illness into consideration when they mark your exams. 你的几位老师评定你的考试成绩时，会考虑到你最近生病的情况。 2. Taking everything into consideration ,the result was better than I expected. 从各方面考虑，结果比我预料的好。 状语从句省略具体分析。 一．时间状语从句的省略。这类从句主要由when，while，as soon as，once，until等引导。 例如： When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano. 她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。 When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.) 到达之后，来个电报。 While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。 Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.) 走之前，请关闭所有的灯。 Whenever (it is ) possible, you should come and help. 不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。 Don’t come in until (you are) asked to. 不叫你请你不要进来。 You should let us know the result as soon as (it is) possible. 你应尽快让我们知道结果。
Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表 示地点 1、We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly、A、which B、as C、why D、where 2、He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car、 A、which B、as C、why D、where 两道题都选where ,但就是case, situation都不就是地点,如何理解？ 在“先行词不就是表示地点的名词”的前提下,如何判断就是否使用关系副词where来引导定语从句的问题就是一个高频考点。就就是说,关系副词where 所指代的先行词不只就是表示地点的名词。
用Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解,当where 引导定语从句时,它的先行词就就是表示地点的名词,但事实并不就是我们想象的那么简单。很多情况下,where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请瞧以下几个例句: Other research, where siblings have been asked to say who their mother and father favor, suggests that mothers do tend to show a preference for their first-born son, but fathers often show great affection for their youngest daughters、 1、Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other、请记住,最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。
、先行词指人,在句中作主语who: John,who is only five,has an inborn talent for music. (约翰是一外5岁大的孩子,有着天生的音乐才能。) 2、先行词指人,在句中作宾语whom: His wife,whom you met at my home,was a teacher. (他的妻子，就是你在我家遇见的那个，是一位老师。) 3、先行词指物,在句中作主语或宾语which: Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.(那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。) 注意：无论先行词指人或者指物,在句中作主语或者作宾语，非限制性定语从句的引导词都不能用that。 4、先行词在句中作定语，无论指人或者指物,引导词都用whose: The girl,whose name is Kate,is the top of the students in our school.(那个女孩是我们学校最优秀的学生，她的名字叫Kate。) The book,whose cover is red,is mine.(封面是红色的那本书是我的。) 5、先行词指物，在句中作时间状语用when： The sports meeting will be put off till next month,when we will have made all the preparations.(运动会将被推迟到下个月，那时我们做好一切准备。) 6、The next day we arrived in New York,where we were inerviewed on the radio.（第二天我们到达纽约，在那里我们接受了电台的采访。） 7、如果先行词作介词的宾语，先行词指人，介词提前的结构是：介词＋whom；先行词指物，介词提前的结构是：介词＋which: President Wilson,with whom he had not the same intimate relations,is treated much less sympathetically.(威尔逊总统与他没有同样的亲密关系，所以就没有被很同情地对待。) The Second World War,in which millions of people were killed,ended in 1945.(第二次世界大战造成数百万人的死亡，于1945年结束。) 8、as也可以引导定语从句，常与such连用： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.(象你所描绘的那种人现在已经很少见了。) Let's disscuss only such questions as concern us.(让我们只讨论那些和我们有关的问题吧。) 注意：the same that+从句，意思是：正是那一个人或物；the same as+从句，意思是：就像某个人或物： He is the same man that you are looking for.(他就是你要找的那个人。) He is the same man as you met in the street.(他很象你昨天在街上遇见的那个人。实际上并不是那个人。) This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.(这就是我昨天丢失的那支笔。) This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.(这很像昨天我丢失的那支笔。)
状语从句 用一个句子（从句）来作另一个句子（主句）的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句。例如：条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。 状语从句的分类： （1）时间状语从句 凡是从句都必须有引导词，引导时间状语从句的词有when，before，after，until，as soon as，while 等。 （2）条件状语从句 主要看一下由if引导的条件状语从句。if 意为“如果”，引导条件状语从句时，表示假如有从句的动作发生就（不）会有主句的动作发生。例如： If it doesn't rain tomorrow，we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。 If I get there early，I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。 3）地点状语从句用法要点 常用where（哪里）和wherever（无论哪里）eg. Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 We will go wherever the motherland need us most. 我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。（4）原因状语从句用法要点 常用的引导连词有because，as和since，三者的区别是：在回答问题的时候，使用because；对于显而易见的原因，常用as或since；as和since的从句常放在主句之前，而because的从句常放在主句之后。eg. Why did you go？I went because Tom told me to go. 你为何去？那是因为汤姆叫我去。 He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise. 他很生气不是因为我们来迟了，而是因为我们弄出了声音。 As it was raining hard，we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。Since you feel ill，you'd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。 （5）目的状语从句用法要点 常用的引导连词有so that，that和in order that译为：以便，为了，目的是。eg. Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes. 请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。 I shall write down your address that I may not forget. 我要把你的地址记下来，以免忘记。 I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。 注：目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。eg. We work harder than usual finish it in a week. 我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周
状语从句 在复合句中作状语的从句叫状语从句。状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等种类。 一、时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连接词有: when, as, while, after, before, since, ever since, as soon as, once, till, until, whenever, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely...when, the moment/minute/instant/second, every time, each time, any time, the first time, next time, last time, all the time, by the time, directly, immediately, instantly等。 1.表示“一···就···”的句型 1) as soon as/once As soon as he arrives, I'll call you.他一到，我就给你打电话。（as soon as 侧重时间或动作先后衔接紧，而once侧重条件，表示“一旦...”） 2) on doing sth/on one's + n.作时间状语 On arriving at the station, the thief was arrested. 一到达车站，这个小偷就被逮捕了。 On his arrival in Paris, he was recognized as a noble and thrown into prison. 他一到达巴黎，就被认出是一个贵族，并被投入监狱。 3) no sooner ...than , hardly/scarcely...when 它们表“一…就”。结构中的否定词放在句首时，主句要倒装。（主句都用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。） No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain. 他刚到家，天就开始下雨了。 Hardly/Scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang. 我一进屋，电话就响了。 当no sooner, hardly, scarcely不放在句首时，主句不倒装，如： I had no sooner reached the bus stop than the bus started. 我刚到车站，车就开走了。 I had scarcely（hardly）entered the room when the phone rang. 4）the moment, the instant, the minute, the second The moment I saw him, I recognized him. 我一看见他，就认出了他。 We'll leave the minute you are ready. 你一准备好，我们就出发。 5)有些副词如：instantly, immediately, directly可用作连词，后接从句。 I left immediately the clock struck 5. 我刚走，钟就敲了五点。 2. when, while, as引导时间状语从句 1) when的用法 ①when既可指时间点，也可指时间段（即：从句动词可以是短暂的也可是延续的）；主从句动作可同时也可先后发生。
which引导的定语从句的用法 WHICH可以引导定语从句，修饰表示事物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语。例如：HEWASREADINGABOOK， WHICHWASABOUTWAR.他正在读一本关于战争的书。（关系代词WHICH在修饰BOOK的定语从句中充当主语。） HEWASREADINGABOOK，WHICHHEHADBOUGHTFROMLONDON.他正在读一本书，这本书是从伦敦买回来的。（关系代词WHICH在修饰BOOK的定语从句中充当宾语。） WHICH引导非限定性定语从句时有一个特殊用法，即它所引导的非限定性定语从句修饰主句中更多的部分甚至整个主句（这时被定语从句所修饰的“先行词”要作广义理解），WHICH仍在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如：HESETFREETHEBIRDSHAPPILY， WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS.他开心地把鸟放了，这是对他成功的一种庆祝。 把非限定性定语从句“WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS”的先行词视为主句中的“THEBIRDS”显然不符合整句的语境，被 “WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS”所修饰的是整个主句，WHICH所引导的这类特殊的非限定性定语从句对主句所叙述的情况进行某种意义的补充说明，WHICH常可译为“这一点，这件事”。 ［考题1］ YOUCANFINDWHATEVERYOUNEEDATTHESHOPPINGCENTRE， ____ISALWAYSBUSYATTHEWEEKEND.（2006上海春） A.THAT B.WHERE C.WHAT D.WHICH ［答案］D
关于状语从句的省略问题 在英语学习中我们常见到状语从句省略问题,但并不是所有的状语从句都可采取省略式，可采用省略式的有： 1.when ,while, till, until, once 所引导的时间状语从句。 2.if, unless 所引导的条件状语从句。 3.although, though, even if , even though所引导的让步状语从句。 4.as if, as though所引导的方式状语从句。 5.than 所引导的比较状语从句。 状语从句使用省略的四种情况: 一：当从句的主语和主句的主语一致（从句的谓语常含有系动词be）时，常把从句的主语和系动词一起省略，省略后从句呈现出：Conj+doing /done/adj/adv/to do/n/介短 Eg： 1.You must be careful when (you are )crossing the street. 2.When (he was) asked why he was late, he said he had missed the train. 3.When /while (he was ) in Paris, he picked up some French. 4.Once ( it is ) seen, it will never be forgotten. 5.Unless ( I am ) invited, I won’t attend his wedding. 6.Though (he was )young/a boy, Tom knows a lot. 7.Even if/though (he is )invited, he won’t go.
时间状语从句和省略 一、时间状语从句 1. 某些易用错的连词。 (1) 连词immediately / directly / instantly和词组the moment, the minute意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as。如： The thief ran away the moment / directly he saw the policeman. [注意] a. immediately / directly / instantly也是副词，在句中作状语。如： I didn’t immediately realize how serious the situation was. b. 介词on / upon +名词/ V-ing也表示“一……就……”。如： Yao Ming was surrounded by the media on his arrival at the airport. On seeing the painting by Van Gogh, I fell in love with it at once. (2) 词组the first time, the last time, each time, every time以及by the time，都引导时间状语从句。如： The first time I spoke English before foreigners, I was a student of high school. Every time I meet the policeman at that crossroads, he will give me a big smile. [注意] for the first time是介词短语，意为“第一次……”，常用来作状语。 They had a face-to-face talk for the first time. (3) when, while和as引导时间状语从句的区别： when引导时间状语从句时，可与短暂性动词连用，也可与延续性动词连用；而 while只能与延续性动词连用；as表示两个动作的同时性，意为“一边……，一边……”。如： When I entered the classroom, all the students looked up at me curiously. Could you look after Robert while I am preparing the report?
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句的一种复杂形式，这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which ,whom , whose , 它们既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。关系代词前该选用什么样的介词，要根据不同的语境、习语、惯用法等来决定。一．介词选择的主要标准 1.介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配 Human facial expressions differ from those animals in the degree to which they can be controlled on purpose.人类的面部表情和动物的面部表情就可控制的程度来说是不一样的。( to a degree ) The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.那场在新年晚会上我学生参加表演的英语剧很成功。( in the play ) The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs for which they are being trained.学校本身承认，并不是所有的孩子都能在他们所接受的培训的职业成功。( be trained for the job ) 2.介词与定语从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配 Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands? 我们的老师与之握手的那个男士是谁？( shake hands with sb. ) Last month , part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods , from whose effects the people are still suffering. 上个月，东南亚的部分地区发生洪水，人们还在遭受着洪水所带来的影响。(suffer from sth. ) 3.介词与定语从句中的形容词构成一种习惯性的搭配 Ours is a beautiful country , of which we are greatly proud . 我们的国家是一个美丽的国家，我们为之感到很自豪。( be proud of ) The woman to whom Spielberg is married is an actress. 同斯皮尔伯格结婚的女人是一位演员。( be married to ) The woman to whom he was engaged was a doctor. 他与之订婚的那个女士是位医生。(be engaged to ) 4.有时关系代词前用什么介词，要根据句子的意思来决定，此时不但要注意其前的搭配，也要注意其后的搭配 I was a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was , she had ran back in the direction from which she had come.看见一位妇女在黑暗中像我走来，我还没来得及认清她是谁，她已经从她来的方向跑回去了。（如果仅注意先行词，很容易受习惯心里的影响而使用in this direction 的搭配，但考虑到语境后的come ，则应该使用from。） He was educated at the local high school, after which he went on to Beijing University. 他在当地一所高中上学，之后他上了北京大学。（after which 的意思就是“在当地一所高中接受完教育之后”）。 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm. by which time many have got home.在 办公室我好像总是没时间，只有等到下午五点半，而那个时候大家都已经回家了。（此句不能受at 5:30 pm 的通常表达的影响而选用介词at, 而应该依据整个句子的语意来确定介词。）5.表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时，用介词of The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days.这次环球旅行老水手用了9个月，其中航行的时间是226天。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad. 这个工厂每年生产50万双鞋，其中的（指50万双鞋）80%销往海外。 I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom
状语从句xx省略 状语从句得省略原则主要就是：如果从句中得主语与主句中得主语一致，就可以经过一定得变动把状语从句中得主语与谓语得一部分或全部省略，从而使语言更加简洁、明了。现就把各种状语从句得省略现象列举如下： 一、时间状语从句xx省略 When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano、她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。 While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student、我在上大学时就开始认识她，一个奇怪但有能力得学生。 When arriving, send me a telegram、(When you arrive, send me a telegram、)到达之后，来个电报。Before leaving, turn off all the lights、(Before you leave, turn off all the lights、)走之前，请关闭所有得灯。 Don’t come in until (you are) asked to、不叫您请您不要进来。 Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help、不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。 You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible、您应尽快让我们知道结果。 注：as在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground、 二、地点状语从句xx省略 地点状语从句得省略常用下列结构：where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary, Lay these books where possible you can find them easily、把这些书放在您可能容易找到得地方。
动词不定式的时态和语态（曹霞）
10. With a lot of difficult problems ____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(2002年上海春季高考) A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 11. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ___in making the earth a better place to live. (2003上海春季高考) A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing 12. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are trying ___their products more competitive. ( 2002上海春季高考) A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 13. I've heard him ______ about you often. A. speak B. speaks C. spoke D. speaking 14. I went to see him, _______ him out. A. finding B. find C. only to find D. to finding 16. ---Will the Smiths go abroad this summer? ---No, they finally decided _______. A. to B. not going C. not to D. not to be going 17. He pretended _______nothing about it. A. know B. to know C. knowing D. knew 18. They would not allow him _______ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to going C. for risk to go D. risk going 19. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind _______ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 20.Charles Babbage is generally considered _______ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 21.The missing boys were last seen _______ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 21. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 22. I regret _______ you that we are unable to offer you employment. A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to informing
一 先行词指物的特殊情况： 一．必须用that的情况： 1. 先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时， eg. This is the first job that I have taken up. This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read. 2. 先行词是不定代词,something somebody nothing anything 等或是all little much 时， eg. There is something that I want to tell you. 3. 先行词被all/ any/ every/ each/ few /little/ no/ some/ much/ only/ none/ both/ either/ neither 等修饰时， eg. I have read all the books that you lent me. 4. 先行词被the only, the last, the very…修饰时, eg. This is the only method we can use. 5. 先行词又有人又有物时， eg. They talked about things and persons that they know in the school. 6. 主句以who 或which开头时， eg. Who is the old man that speak to you just now ? 二、修饰物时只用which不用that的情况 1，引导非限制性定语从句时。例如： Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。2，当关系词前有介词时。例如： This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。 3，在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。例如： Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小说。 4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。例如： Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。5、先行词为that时。例如： The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。 三、修饰人时只用who不用that的情况 1、先行词为one, ones, anyone, those指代人时。如： The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.我最羡慕的是学习勤奋，工作出色的人。