员工的满意度和生产力【外文翻译】

外文翻译原文Employee satisfaction and job climate: an empirical study of japanese mankufacturingemployeesMaterial Source：journal of business and psychology Volume 3,No 3,Spring 1989Author：Furukawa KoichiAbstract:This study identified supportive supervision, co-worker social support, and job awareness as three factors that affect job satisfaction of employees from two mid- sized Japanese manufacturing companies. In addition to the significant main effects of supportive supervision and co-worker social support, a significant interaction effect between supportive supervision and job awareness was obtained. This interaction suggests that supportive supervision is very important in increasing job satisfaction when workers have low levels of job awareness.Introduction：Many studies related to human behavior at work in the industrial environment can be seen in the history of organizational psychology. Keeping employees satisfied in order to retain their services for a longer time has become a major topic of interest among the researchers of thefield. While satisfaction itself is defined according to various facets, its determinants also have varied correspondingly.Stogdill (1972a) suggested that a highly cohesive work group was associated with acceptance of task-related roles and the orientation and direction of group members toward task accomplishment. His results indicated the possibility of achieving a higher organizational performance with the existence of a cohesive work group. A high social support between and among the members of the group would significantly contribute to make such a cohesive work group. Stogditt (1974b) suggested that the person-oriented pattern of leadership which results from the social support of supervisors tends to enhance employee satisfactionwith supervision. In another study, satisfaction with supervision had been analyzed in the terms of leadership style, subordinate personalityand task type (Moffitt, W. et al., 1976). However, no attemptwas done in the study to associate social support with employee satisfaction.Rocco and Jones (1978) suggested that leader and co-worker support would result in greater job satisfaction, higher self esteem, and a greater tendency to remain in the organization. His conclusions were made on the basis of a correlation analysis which provides a way to extend his research in a different way as suggested in this study.Although many studies have tried to associate supervisor and coworker social support with negative outcomes, there are fewer studies attempting to incorporate satisfaction. In the present study, the authors have identified the employee's job awareness, which represents its pleasantness and acceptance, as a variable moderating the influence pattern of social support of supervisor (in the form of supportive supervision) and co-worker social support on employee satisfaction with the "job climate."Another purpose of carrying out this study is to understand the actual behavioral pattern of manufacturing employees in Japan, due to the lack of such studies available to English speaking scholars.Research problem：The mid-sized manufacturing workshops of Japan are focused in the present study. Work procedures, methods, and time required to completejobs etc., are ordinarily specified in advance to the workers of a production line. Hence, whenthey are assigned to perform certain mass production jobs, they become mechanized under the repetition of the same job. A successful continuation of such jobs may not be possible unless these workers are stimulated and kept satisfied by some means. Three major elements which are directly related to job climate can be seen here. When a worker is involved with some predetermined activities for accomplishing a given target or a goal in such a workshop, the worker has to interact with the surrounding people. People in such a surrounding can be categorized into two groups, co-workers and supervisors, who compose the primary group from the view point of a workshop employee.The "valence (job satisfaction) model" of the Expectancy Theory (Vroom, 1964; Galbraith and Cummings, 1967) suggests an individual's perference, neutral attitude, or dislike for particular outcomes can be described as a function of the instrumentality of these outcomes in achieving other outcomes, and the valence of these other outcomes. Accordingly, this model proposes that the valence of a fair performance to an individual is decided by the instrumentality of such a performance, e.g., to earn money, to gain status, and to enhance possibilities of promotion, supportive sup-ervision supervision and an accepting work-group witha high social support as well as by the valences in his eyes of money。

文献信息：文献标题：Employee Satisfaction: Communication Competence and Leadership Oriented Approach（员工满意度：沟通能力与领导导向）国外作者：IK Suher，CS Bir，E Engin，BE Akgoz文献出处：《International Journal of Innovative Research and Development》,2016,5(5):194-202字数统计：英文 3265 单词，19231 字符；中文 5450 汉字外文文献：Employee Satisfaction: Communication Competence andLeadership Oriented ApproachAbstract This research explores whether or not relationships between supervisor communicator competences, leadership style (Task- oriented vs. Relation- oriented) and employee job and communication satisfaction exist. Participants are 126 graduate students who works for (52 males and 74 female) a variety of organizations in Turkey. The findings signify that there is incontrovertibly positive and strong relationship between supervisor communication competence and employee communication satisfaction. In a similar way, relational leadership style has strong effect on employee communication satisfaction. On the other hand, the results indicate that weak relationship between task-oriented leadership style and job and communication satisfaction. According the results communicator competence is the strongest significant standardized regression coefficient with the job and communication satisfaction.Keywords: Employee communication, communication competence, leadership style1.IntroductionEmployee satisfaction influence an individual's commitment to the company and also it has effect on employee performance and business success. Employee behavior and satisfaction are highly correlated to the organization success and because of this reason the researches on employee satisfaction is quite rich. Pincus (1986) investigated the effect of communication satisfaction on job performance, Helm (2011) studied about employees’ impact on corporate reputation, Cravens and Oliver (2006) mentioned employees as key factor of reputation, Antoncic and Antoncic (2011) and Duboff and Heaton (1999) specified how employee satisfaction is important on business growth, Bulgarella (2005), Hanna at all. (2004) remarked that employee satisfaction is a vital aspect for customer satisfaction, Brown et al. (1996) found out that positive employee behavior has strong and positive effect on customer satisfaction. Kattara et al. (2014) published a study about impact of employee behavior on customers' overall satisfaction.Employee satisfaction contains both communication and job satisfaction and it is influenced by many different factors like leadership style and the quality of communication with leaders. Increasing the effectiveness of leader-employee communication can help to strengthen levels of employee satisfaction.2.Literature Reviewmunication CompetenceCommunication competence is about the knowledge and wisdom of using applicable communication skills. Communication competence is not justunderstanding proper communication skills but also the ability to apply and adapt that knowledge when certain situations may emerge unexpected (Cooley and Roacch, 1984:25). Communication competence is considered to contain both cognitive and behavioral aspects (Rubin, 1985). Understanding that communication competence contains these two aspects, then being socially informed and perceptive is a key factor in being a competent communicator. Light (1989) considered fundamental constructs of communication competence as functionality of communication; sufficiency of communication, knowledge, judgment and skill. Spitzberg (1983) believed that communication competence involved knowledge, motivation and skill as a system that relates and connects to one another. In order to be mutually beneficent to one another in a relationship, communication competence is a necessary tool which consists of cognitive, attitudinal, emotional and behavioral knowledge (B-Ikeguchi, 2014). In order to reach personal, educational, vocational and social goals, communication competence is a key quality that an individual need in order to attain success in life (Light and Mcnughton, 2014:1).2.2.LeadershipYukl defined leadership as “the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives” (2016:8). Leadership is not just a trait, it is recognized as a process which individuals influence people in order to reach certain goals and objectives as a unit (Sharmai, Jain, 2013). Bryman (1992) considered leadership as the ability to direct people towards certain goals for an organization.In literature, leadership is considered to be divided into two separate functions; Task- oriented leadership and relation-oriented leadership (Taberner, Chambel, Arana, 2009). Task-oriented leadership focuses on organizing, planning and coordinating the necessary jobs needed of the team or individual employees whereas relation-oriented leadership focuses on the motivation and behaviors of the people themselves. Inrelation-oriented leadership, the leader works to inspire those around him in order to achieve the organization’s success. The effectiveness of leader-subordinate relationship affects many organization outcomes due to group satisfaction (Anderson, Madlock& Hoffman, 2006). Leadership plays a great roll in effecting employee satisfaction (Castaneda &Nahavand, 1991).munication SatisfactionCommunication satisfaction is an important topic in our day which is being researched and investigated for business and communication industries. “Communication satisfaction is a n employee's satisfaction with various communication practices of the organization” (Clampitt and Girard, 1993:84). Pincus described communication satisfaction as the accumulation of an individual’s satisfaction which is saturated from information flow and relationship variables (Pincus, 1986). Different researches has studied on communication satisfaction measurement. For instance, Downs and Hazen (1977) created Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire, Organizational Communication Scale was conducted by R oberts and O’Reilly (1979), and to analyze communication practices in organizations. Crino and White (1981) were the researchers who offered a conceptualization of communication satisfaction.A conceptualization of communication satisfaction was offered by Crino and White (1981), who argued that organizational communication satisfaction involves an individual’s satisfaction with various aspects of the communication occurring in the organization, whereas Putti, Aryee, and Phua (1990) demonstrated that organizational members’ communication satisfaction is associated with the amount of information available to them. Although communication provides employees with information that clarifies work tasks and may contribute to communication satisfaction, Anderson and Martin (1995) found that employees engage in communication interactions with coworkers and superiors to satisfy interpersonal needs of pleasure and inclusion. Thus, employee communication satisfaction appears to involve a task and relationaldimension.2.4.Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction has been an area which examined by researchers for a long time. According to Locke (1976) definition job satisfaction is a pleasant or positive emotional expression which causes by worker’s job or job expe rience.Many different researches have shown that dissatisfied employees are more likely to quit their jobs or be absent than satisfied employees so job satisfaction is one of the vital necessaries for business success (Saari and Judge, 2004). According to Schneider and Snyder’s definition (1975) job satisfaction is personal evaluation of conditions related to job, or outcomes that arise as a result of having a job. The perception of employees about their job is influenced by many different factors such as employee’s personal circumstances like needs, values and expectations (Sempane at al. 2002). Moreover, quality of communication in the organization, communication between employees and supervisors and supervisor leadership style have an influence on the em ployees’ job satisfaction.3.MethodThis research explores if relationships exist between supervisor communicator competence, leadership style (task or relationship oriented) an employee job and communication satisfaction in Turkey.The current researc h conducted based on the Mudlock’s article (2008) that titled “The Link Between Leadershıp Style, Communicator Competence and Employee Satısfaction” The research process which used by Mudlock (2008) contained four different scales to investigate relationship between components. Authors reached the original publications which contain the scale items and these scales translated to Turkish by authors and the pilot questionnaire was send 10 participants. The results of this pilot were used to refine the questionnaire for distribution to research participants.The data used in this study were collected from graduate students of Bahcesehir University in Turkey. Respondents were chosen by using the convenience sampling method.These participants are not only graduate students of Marketing Communication and Public Relations program but also they work for different organizations. The survey was pre-tested on 10 students and then a total of 200 questionnaire forms send them via e-mail. At the end of the given period 126 usable questionnaire forms returned.Communicator competence scaled was developed by Monge et al. (1982.9) which is 12-item Communicator Competence Questionnaire. Job satisfaction was measured by the 8-item Abridged Job in General (AJIG) scale (Russell et al., 2004). Communication satisfaction was measured by the 19-item Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction Inventory (ICSI) developed by Hecht (1978). Leadership style was measured by the 20-item Leadership Style Questionnaire developed by Northouse (2001). The instrument measures the task and relational leadership s tyles.Mudlock (2008) used Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses to show relationship between predictor and criterion variables. In the current research we followed his way to test hypotheses and to answer two different research questions.The current research has the same hypotheses and research question in Mudlock’s (2008) article. These are:H 1: There is a significant and positive relationship between supervisor communication competence and employee job and communication satisfaction.H 2: There is a significant and positive relationship between supervisor relational leadership style and employee job and communication satisfaction.H 3: There is a significant and positive relationship between a supervisor’s task leadership style and employee job and communication satisfaction.H 4: There is a significant and positive relationship between a supervisor’s task and relational leadership style and communication competence.RQ1: Which behavior displayed by a supervisor—task leadership, relational leadership, or communicator competence—will serve as a greater predictor of employee communication satisfaction?RQ2: Which behavior displayed by a supervisor—task leadership, relational leadership, or communicator competence—will serve as a greater predictor of employee job satisfaction?4.FindingsParticipants were 126 working adults and more than half were female (see table 1). Table 3 shows organizations which they work for. 43 participants were working for a female supervisor and 79 were working for a male supervisor. (see table 2) Participants ranged in age from <= 25 to 41+ (M = 30.44, SD = 16), whereas supervisors’ ages ranged from 30 to 71 (M = 48,70 SD = 12.7). Table 3 contains information about participant’s organizations types.Table 1: Sex of ParticipantsTable 2: The Sex of SupervisorTable 3: Organizations of ParticipantsTable 4 shows questionnaire items and the mean scores of communicator competence. Cronbach’s alpha for the current study is 0.809 and the dimension mean is 3.13.Table 4: Communication SatisfactionTable 5 contains items and mean score related to job satisfaction. Cronbach’s alpha for the current study was 0.787 (see table 5).Table 5: Job SatisfactionCommunication satisfaction scale items and the mean scores may be seen in the table 6. Cronbach’s alpha for the current study is 0.800 and the dimension mean is 3.53.Table 6: Communicator CompetenceLeadership style was measured by the 20-item Leadership Style Questionnaire. Originally this scale has 20 different items to evaluate leadership style. 10 of 20 items are related to task-oriented style while the others are related to relationship-oriented style. In this research we used one scale to measure leadership style but below we used two different tables to show task-oriented and relationship- oriented items’ mean scores and Cronbach’s alpha results.Table 7: Leadership Style (Task)Table 8: Leadership Style (relationship)The first hypothesis was there would be significant and positive relationships between supervisor communication competence and employee job and communication satisfaction. Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis by indicating statistically significant positive relationships between the predictor and criterion variables. The relationship between communication competence and communication satisfaction was stronger than the relationship between communication competence and job satisfaction.The second hypothesis predicted significant and positive relationships between supervisor relational leadership style and employee job and communication satisfaction Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis. The relationship between supervisor relational leadership style and employee communication satisfaction was strong while the relationship between supervisor relational leadership style and employee job satisfaction weak.The third hypothesis suggested significant and positive relationships between supervisor task leadership style and employee job and communication satisfaction. Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis. However, both relationships were weak.The fourth hypothesis was there would be significant and positive relationshipsbetween supervisors’ task and relational leadership style and their communicator competence. Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis. For both components the relationships were strong.5.DiscussionNowadays, the most important attribute that corporations may possess is regarded as their employees. Establishing effective communication with the employees considered as an integral part of the entire in-house process and operation depends on the communication competence of the leader. When the leader establishes efficient communication between the employees, it will be deemed as having taken an important step for determining and eliminating the problematic areas and problems encountered by the corporation.The satisfaction of the employees about their job and communication is significant for fulfilling corporate objectives. Two of these basic aspects which affect this satisfaction level are the leadership style demonstrated by the executives and communication component.The communication established with the employees has numerous significant functions. These may be listed as acquiring information, persuasion and influence, providing instructions and combination with education-training. Communication component possessed by the leader has a key role in fulfilling these functions in a healthy manner because this competence constitutes one of the milestones for the formation of mutually satisfactory relationships with the employee. Apart from the communication competence of the executive, it is also indicated that his leadership approach affects the employee's communication and job satisfaction.Mudlock (2008) previously examined the relationship between communication competence, leadership style and employee communication and job satisfaction in a research that he had conducted and determined that there is a strong and positivecorrelation between these. This current research is also derived from Mudlock’s study and tests the same hypotheses in Turkey obtaining similar results in the end.According to these results, the relationship between communication competence and communication satisfaction is strong. This statistically significant and positive relationship demonstrates that it is of vital importance for supervisors to develop their communication competences and transform these competences into an integral part of their leadership styles.It has been concluded that the supervisor communication component has a positive impact on the job satisfaction of the employees even though it is not as strong as communication satisfaction. Employee communication and job satisfaction both have a key significance in the performance of both in-house and outside targets of the corporation, ensuring market growth, increasing customer satisfaction levels, increasing sales figures and creating a strong and positive corporate reputation. For this reasons, executives are required to show the necessary efforts to develop their communication competences. It is obvious that the communication competence is one of the determinant factors on task and relational oriented leadership styles.In this study, it has been concluded that the relationship between supervisor relational leadership style and employee communication satisfaction was strong. Relational leadership style refers to placing the relationship established with other people to the core while acting as a leader and the right management of relationships. In this regard, executives concentrating on their relational leadership skills while developing their communication components would bear positive results.Task-oriented leadership style places emphases on obtaining suitable business methods and careful inspection of group members for the success of the business. The communication channels used by the corporation between the leader and group members is only related to the activation of the structure and obtaining results (Bloisit et al., 2003:574). Therefore, as a task-oriented leader only evaluates the task performance of its employees, it does not have a directly statistically significantimpact on the job and communication satisfaction of the employee. As the supervisor cannot establish effective communication to develop any kind of relationship, it is natural for the relationship with the communication satisfaction of the employees to yield weak results.In conclusion, this research demonstrates that the leader's communication competences and at the same time, relational leadership style have a positive impact to ensure employee satisfaction and in this regard, it provides a guidance to the corporations which would like to concentrate on satisfaction that they have to develop the quality of communication and support relational leadership approach.中文译文：员工满意度：沟通能力与领导导向摘要本研究探讨了主管沟通能力、领导风格(任务型与关系型)与员工工作及沟通满意度之间是否存在关系。

工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译外文翻译Job Satisfaction Indicators and Their CorrelatesMaterial Source:American Behavioral scientistAuthor: Stanley E. SeashoreConceptions of job satisfaction until very recently have been largely psychological and individualistic in orientation. Empirical studies have been confined to local situations or special populations with interpretive purposes reflecting the values of employed individuals or of their managers. However, if job satisfaction measures are to be useful in monitoring the quality of employment on a societal scale, it will be necessary to enlarge the perspective, to invoke some societal and political values, and to begin to treat job satisfaction in the context of a larger array of associated variablesThe measurement of job satisfaction as a social indicator may have three roles: 1 to represent a valued product of society-a component of the psychological GNP; 2 to provide a monitoring and diagnostic aid for’ early warning of societal dislocations, policy or program failure, and slowly developing societal changes; and 3 to provide a significant component in the theories and models to be used in the formulation of social policy and programs.Opinions differ on how prominent and how effective job satisfaction measures will be in these three roles.The utility of job satisfaction measures rests on the development of multiple measurement methods that are standardized, suitable for wide use, and capable of detecting population differences and population changes. In addition, the utility rests upon these measures having an agreed conceptual and “real world” reference as well as a known matrix of causal and consequential relationships to other significant variables. Both requirements must be met before convincing proof can be advanced as to the practical utility of job satisfaction measures for anticipating, understanding, and influencing future outcomes of present societal conditionsThese themes provide the structure for this paper. In the next section, we give an overview of the state of the art in the measurement of job satisfaction. The section following that provides an approach to organizing, or modeling, the correlates of job satisfaction. The final section suggests some priorities for further research and development.JOB SATISFACTION INDICATORSThis section summarizes considerations that bear upon the choice of approaches and operational methods for measuring job satisfaction. We shall limit the discussion to approaches that rest upon direct inquiry through interview or questionnaire methods to produce data that can be aggregated to provide job satisfaction indicators for variously definedpopulations. We exclude from discussion: 1 indirect approaches that draw inferences about job satisfaction from presumed causal or consequential phenomena; 2 approaches that are primarily individualistic and diagnostic and, therefore, not usually applicable for generating population indicators; and 3 approaches that have utility primarily for empirical and theoretical discovery rather than for population description purposes.We first review the commonly used forms of primary data, then some commonly used derivative job satisfaction indicators. A scheme is presented to guide the evaluation of these several indicators. These are applied to draw implications for preferred future methods.Throughout the paper, except where noted, we will use the term “job satisfaction” inclusively to refer also to dissatisfaction without intended prejudice whether satisfaction and dissatisfaction are best treated as polar opposites or as two conceptually different variables.PRIMARYDATABy primary data we mean the “raw” responses given by individual respondents to verbal questions or comparable stimuli. There appears to be a fixed roster of basic forms of primary data, even though innumerable variations on these are known. Two kinds of primary data are distinguished: facet-free and facet-specific.Facet-free primary data are obtained when the respondent is askedto indicate his global satisfaction with his job and job environment without specifying in advance the facets to be considered or how they are to be combined. In effect, each respondent provides a net response derived from his own set of facets, weighted or otherwise combined in his own unique fashion, with unstated and unique assumptions not only about the context for evaluation, but also about his own “fit” to the job and its environment, and with the environmental “reality” defined by his own perceptions and cognitions. Normative, cognitive, and unconscious elements in the evaluation are invited. The stimulus questions are usually phrased or nonverbally displayed with an intent to impose the fewest possible constraints upon his perceptual, cognitive, and evaluative processes. Several complementary stimuli may be used to diversify the unavoidable constraints.Facet-specific primary data are obtained when the respondent is asked to represent his satisfaction with respect to some specified facet of his job or job environment. Since the facet specification is never exhaustive or definitive, the difference between a facet-free and a facet-specific inquiry is only one of degree. For example, the query “How satisfied are you with your pay?” elicits a net response that includes consideration of unspecified subfacets amount of pay, certainty of pay, rate of increase, adequacy to need, and so forth, unspecified “reality” last week’s pay, pay after deductions, pay confidently expected next year,and the like, and unknown perceptual, cognitive, and evaluative processes. Nevertheless, facet-specific methods allow the inquirer some control over the range of facets to be included in his data, an added degree of comparability among different respondents, and closer and more confident linkage between the response obtained and the “reality” of the job environment or of the person under investigation. Facet-specific queries, thus, vary in their specificity. In addition, they take the following forms:a direct report of degree of satisfaction with facet satisfaction;b amount or degree of facet provided by job is now;c amount or degree of facet respondent would like to have would like;d amount or degree of facet respondent should be provided should be;e importance of facet to respondent importance.The forms of response exist in great variety, including simple check-list or “yes-no” responses, rank ordering, scalar responses e.g., Likert scales, “faces,” and the like, and the more complex forms such as “self-anchor ing” scales. While these alternatives invite useful discussion about their relative reliability, efficiency, simplicity, item utility, and conceptual assumptions, such issues will not be raised here. Each alternative provides primary data permitting aggregation forpopulation comparison or social indicator purposes.DERIVED DATAIn the case of primary data that represent the direct or implied expression of job satisfaction, social indicators may be derived by a simple aggregation of primary data for individuals and then an aggregation of individual data for the population. This is often done, for example, with respect to multi-item, facet-free primary data, and with primary data of types a and b above. However, more complex forms of derivative indexes are commonly preferred for various reasons. Procedures for deriving indexes from primary data include: 1 differential weighting of items; 2 clustering of items into factors or dimensions on conceptual or empirical grounds; 3 converting primary data to derived discrepancy scores on theoretical, conceptual, or empirical grounds before aggregation; 4 retaining individual facet item data for differential uses in interpretation or analysis; 5 removing some uncontrolled response variance before aggregation ; and 6 adjusting primary data for known or presumed bias before aggregation. Any of these procedures may be employed singly or in combination with others. The last three procedures are relatively trivial or at least noncontroversial at the present time; the first three are topics of current inquiry and dispute.CORRELATES OF JOB SATISFACTIONThis section reviews what is known and what should become knownwith respect to the correlates of job satisfaction. The range of known correlatives is displayed in a way that will aid the assessment of the potential role of job satisfaction as one indicator, among others, of the quality of employment. Some examples of reported empirical correlations will be given for illustrative purposes, but we do not attempt to review and catalog all published reports bearing on the matter, nor to provide evaluation of the various empirical generalizations that have been advanced. We shall ignore for the present the diversity of concept and measurement of job satisfaction treated in the preceding section.SOCIAL INDICATORS AND INTERPRETATIVE MODELSThe meaning of any social indicator is found in its assigned role in some conception of how the society “works.” Thus, a measured change in some indicator-infant mortality rate, for example-is uninterpretable apart from some known or assumed dynamic structure of sequential changes that relates the observed change to causes, consequences, and moderating conceptual factors. Ideally, one should have an empirically validated theory, broad in scope, embracing multiple causes and consequences, capable of accommodating additional variables i.e., an open system, and one that treats changes over time i.e., a dynamic theory. Such an interpretive model would permit the evaluation of a change in some social indicator in several useful ways, most importantly in estimating future implications of the observed change and in identifying possible societalactions to forestall or counteract undesirable consequences.With respect to job satisfaction, there does not exist any such comprehensive theoretical model. However, there are micromodels treating limited segments of such a more comprehensive model, and there are known empirical correlations that help to identify classes of variables that must be taken into account and which can guide future work into profitable directions.One example of such a micro-model specifies that more challenging jobs i.e., those with more autonomy, allowing greater use of valued skills, and so on are associated with higher job satisfaction. In a dynamic form with causal specification, it is asserted that “enrichment” with respect to the degree of challenge leads to an increase in job satisfaction. There is ample correlational and experimental evidence that such an association can exist and can be quite strong Lawler, 1969; W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1973: 188-201; but rather little is known about the contextual conditions within which the association holds Hulin and Blood, 1968 and about variables that moderate the strength of the association. The generalization stands as a valid and useful one even though parts of the relevant correlational matrix remain unexplored.Other available micro-models treat job satisfaction in a causal rather than a consequential role. An example is the formulation that occupations that are relatively high in extrinsic job satisfaction willinduce relatively high rates of premature death from chronic heart diseases, while occupations relatively high in intrinsic job satisfaction will induce lower death rates. This proposition has been supported in only two correlational tests but with impressively large correlation coefficients House,1972. Two points are illustrated by this example: 1 job satisfaction cannot in all circumstances be treated as a unidimensional construct; and 2 relationships that are trivial and unreliable at the individual level may be highly significant and interpretable when aggregated in this case, aggregated to the occupational level.MACRO-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSAlthough relatively little programmatic inquiry has been made into the role of economic, political, cultural, and similar broad factors as they affect job satisfaction, evidence suggests that this class of variables is indeed relevant to job satisfaction. For example,Hulin and Blood 1968 and also Kendall 1963 found that characteristics of the communities in which workers reside need to be taken into account to understand job satisfaction. Form 1973, comparing auto assembly plant workers in four countries, shows that there are differences in work-related values, motives, and satisfactions associated with degree of industrialization, while other relational regularities appear to be impervious to culture and context. There are speculations, but no adequateevidence, that fluctuations in unemployment rate and general public optimism about future economic conditions impact on job satisfaction.OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICSThat job satisfaction is related to general characteristics of occupations not to be confused with properties of jobs and the occupational structure has been consistently demonstrated from the earliest comparative study of Hoppock 1935 to the more recent studies such as those of Quinn et al. 1973. Numerous studies show significant relationships between job satisfaction and such properties of occupations as status, prestige, power, and control, among others. However, because of defects in study design, not much is known about the degree to which the various occupational characteristics contribute independently to job satisfaction.ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTThis domain of causal variables is extensively represented in the theoretical and empirical literature. Variables which have shown evidence as significant organizational antecedents to job satisfaction include structural variables such as size and “shape” e.g., Carzo and Yanouzas, 1969, complexity, centralization, and formalization e.g., George and Bishop, 1971; process variables such as prevailing decision-making and conflict management styles, team collaboration and role conflict; and such encompassing variables as “organizational climate”Litwin andStringer, 1968.THE JOB AND JOB ENVIRONMENTBy far the major part of the job satisfaction research has been concerned with the proposition th at an individual’s job satisfaction is in substantial part a direct product of the objective characteristics of his job and its immediately relevant environment. Many hundreds of reports assert or imply such a proposition and present empirical data bearing upon it. These data are diverse in quality and scope and offer a somewhat bewildering array of correlations and choice of job characteristics for treatment, but they without doubt confirm the general proposition. Smith et al. 1969 report that in a number of replications in different settings, the amount of pay associated with a job correlates positively with degree of job satisfaction. No one is surprised at this, although some are surprised at the rather low magnitude of the correlations-perhaps about .20 for the employed population as a whole.译文工作满意度指标及其相关因素资料来源: 美国行为科学家作者:斯坦利?西肖尔,托马斯?D?泰伯工作满意度概念直到最近一直在方向主要是心理上和个人主义。

员工满意度与员工流动模式外文文献翻译
概述
这篇外文文献讨论了员工满意度与员工流动模式之间的关系及
影响因素。

研究发现，员工的满意度会对其流动模式产生影响，并
进一步影响组织的运作和绩效。

员工满意度对员工流动模式的影响
研究表明，员工对工作的满意度与其流动模式有密切的关联。

高度满意的员工更有可能选择留在当前组织，而不满意的员工更倾
向于离职。

满意度的因素包括工资待遇、工作环境、职业发展机会等。

员工流动模式影响因素
员工流动模式的影响因素多种多样，包括个人因素和组织因素。

个人因素如个人价值观、个人发展需求等会影响员工的流动模式选择。

而组织因素如领导风格、组织文化等也会对员工的流动模式产
生影响。

员工满意度与组织绩效的关系
员工满意度与组织绩效之间存在密切的关联。

研究表明，员工满意度高的组织通常表现出更高的绩效。

这是因为满意度高的员工更有积极性和创造力，能更好地为组织做出贡献。

结论
员工满意度对员工流动模式和组织绩效具有重要影响。

组织应注重提高员工满意度，并通过营造积极的工作环境和提供发展机会等方式来吸引和留住优秀员工，从而提升组织绩效和竞争力。

参考文献：
- Reference 1
- Reference 2
- Reference 3
- Reference 4。

工作满意度指标及其相关因素外文翻译外文翻译Job Satisfaction Indicators and Their CorrelatesMaterial Source:American Behavioral scientistAuthor: Stanley E. SeashoreConceptions of job satisfaction until very recently have been largely psychological and individualistic in orientation. Empirical studies have been confined to local situations or special populations with interpretive purposes reflecting the values of employed individuals or of their managers. However, if job satisfaction measures are to be useful in monitoring the quality of employment on a societal scale, it will be necessary to enlarge the perspective, to invoke some societal and political values, and to begin to treat job satisfaction in the context of a larger array of associated variablesThe measurement of job satisfaction as a social indicator may have three roles: 1 to represent a valued product of society-a component of the psychological GNP; 2 to provide a monitoring and diagnostic aid for’ early warning of societal dislocations, policy or program failure, and slowly developing societal changes; and 3 to provide a significant component in the theories and models to be used in the formulation of social policy and programs.Opinions differ on how prominent and how effective job satisfaction measures will be in these three roles.The utility of job satisfaction measures rests on the development of multiple measurement methods that are standardized, suitable for wide use, and capable of detecting population differences and population changes. In addition, the utility rests upon these measures having an agreed conceptual and “real world” reference as well as a known matrix of causal and consequential relationships to other significant variables. Both requirements must be met before convincing proof can be advanced as to the practical utility of job satisfaction measures for anticipating, understanding, and influencing future outcomes of present societal conditionsThese themes provide the structure for this paper. In the next section, we give an overview of the state of the art in the measurement of job satisfaction. The section following that provides an approach to organizing, or modeling, the correlates of job satisfaction. The final section suggests some priorities for further research and development.JOB SATISFACTION INDICATORSThis section summarizes considerations that bear upon the choice of approaches and operational methods for measuring job satisfaction. We shall limit the discussion to approaches that rest upon direct inquiry through interview or questionnaire methods to produce data that can be aggregated to provide job satisfaction indicators for variously definedpopulations. We exclude from discussion: 1 indirect approaches that draw inferences about job satisfaction from presumed causal or consequential phenomena; 2 approaches that are primarily individualistic and diagnostic and, therefore, not usually applicable for generating population indicators; and 3 approaches that have utility primarily for empirical and theoretical discovery rather than for population description purposes.We first review the commonly used forms of primary data, then some commonly used derivative job satisfaction indicators. A scheme is presented to guide the evaluation of these several indicators. These are applied to draw implications for preferred future methods.Throughout the paper, except where noted, we will use the term “job satisfaction” inclusively to refer also to dissatisfaction without intended prejudice whether satisfaction and dissatisfaction are best treated as polar opposites or as two conceptually different variables.PRIMARYDATABy primary data we mean the “raw” responses given by individual respondents to verbal questions or comparable stimuli. There appears to be a fixed roster of basic forms of primary data, even though innumerable variations on these are known. Two kinds of primary data are distinguished: facet-free and facet-specific.Facet-free primary data are obtained when the respondent is askedto indicate his global satisfaction with his job and job environment without specifying in advance the facets to be considered or how they are to be combined. In effect, each respondent provides a net response derived from his own set of facets, weighted or otherwise combined in his own unique fashion, with unstated and unique assumptions not only about the context for evaluation, but also about his own “fit” to the job and its environment, and with the environmental “reality” defined by his own perceptions and cognitions. Normative, cognitive, and unconscious elements in the evaluation are invited. The stimulus questions are usually phrased or nonverbally displayed with an intent to impose the fewest possible constraints upon his perceptual, cognitive, and evaluative processes. Several complementary stimuli may be used to diversify the unavoidable constraints.Facet-specific primary data are obtained when the respondent is asked to represent his satisfaction with respect to some specified facet of his job or job environment. Since the facet specification is never exhaustive or definitive, the difference between a facet-free and a facet-specific inquiry is only one of degree. For example, the query “How satisfied are you with your pay?” elicits a net response that includes consideration of unspecified subfacets amount of pay, certainty of pay, rate of increase, adequacy to need, and so forth, unspecified “reality” last week’s pay, pay after deductions, pay confidently expected next year,and the like, and unknown perceptual, cognitive, and evaluative processes. Nevertheless, facet-specific methods allow the inquirer some control over the range of facets to be included in his data, an added degree of comparability among different respondents, and closer and more confident linkage between the response obtained and the “reality” of the job environment or of the person under investigation. Facet-specific queries, thus, vary in their specificity. In addition, they take the following forms:a direct report of degree of satisfaction with facet satisfaction;b amount or degree of facet provided by job is now;c amount or degree of facet respondent would like to have would like;d amount or degree of facet respondent should be provided should be;e importance of facet to respondent importance.The forms of response exist in great variety, including simple check-list or “yes-no” responses, rank ordering, scalar responses e.g., Likert scales, “faces,” and the like, and the more complex forms such as “self-anchor ing” scales. While these alternatives invite useful discussion about their relative reliability, efficiency, simplicity, item utility, and conceptual assumptions, such issues will not be raised here. Each alternative provides primary data permitting aggregation forpopulation comparison or social indicator purposes.DERIVED DATAIn the case of primary data that represent the direct or implied expression of job satisfaction, social indicators may be derived by a simple aggregation of primary data for individuals and then an aggregation of individual data for the population. This is often done, for example, with respect to multi-item, facet-free primary data, and with primary data of types a and b above. However, more complex forms of derivative indexes are commonly preferred for various reasons. Procedures for deriving indexes from primary data include: 1 differential weighting of items; 2 clustering of items into factors or dimensions on conceptual or empirical grounds; 3 converting primary data to derived discrepancy scores on theoretical, conceptual, or empirical grounds before aggregation; 4 retaining individual facet item data for differential uses in interpretation or analysis; 5 removing some uncontrolled response variance before aggregation ; and 6 adjusting primary data for known or presumed bias before aggregation. Any of these procedures may be employed singly or in combination with others. The last three procedures are relatively trivial or at least noncontroversial at the present time; the first three are topics of current inquiry and dispute.CORRELATES OF JOB SATISFACTIONThis section reviews what is known and what should become knownwith respect to the correlates of job satisfaction. The range of known correlatives is displayed in a way that will aid the assessment of the potential role of job satisfaction as one indicator, among others, of the quality of employment. Some examples of reported empirical correlations will be given for illustrative purposes, but we do not attempt to review and catalog all published reports bearing on the matter, nor to provide evaluation of the various empirical generalizations that have been advanced. We shall ignore for the present the diversity of concept and measurement of job satisfaction treated in the preceding section.SOCIAL INDICATORS AND INTERPRETATIVE MODELSThe meaning of any social indicator is found in its assigned role in some conception of how the society “works.” Thus, a measured change in some indicator-infant mortality rate, for example-is uninterpretable apart from some known or assumed dynamic structure of sequential changes that relates the observed change to causes, consequences, and moderating conceptual factors. Ideally, one should have an empirically validated theory, broad in scope, embracing multiple causes and consequences, capable of accommodating additional variables i.e., an open system, and one that treats changes over time i.e., a dynamic theory. Such an interpretive model would permit the evaluation of a change in some social indicator in several useful ways, most importantly in estimating future implications of the observed change and in identifying possible societalactions to forestall or counteract undesirable consequences.With respect to job satisfaction, there does not exist any such comprehensive theoretical model. However, there are micromodels treating limited segments of such a more comprehensive model, and there are known empirical correlations that help to identify classes of variables that must be taken into account and which can guide future work into profitable directions.One example of such a micro-model specifies that more challenging jobs i.e., those with more autonomy, allowing greater use of valued skills, and so on are associated with higher job satisfaction. In a dynamic form with causal specification, it is asserted that “enrichment” with respect to the degree of challenge leads to an increase in job satisfaction. There is ample correlational and experimental evidence that such an association can exist and can be quite strong Lawler, 1969; W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1973: 188-201; but rather little is known about the contextual conditions within which the association holds Hulin and Blood, 1968 and about variables that moderate the strength of the association. The generalization stands as a valid and useful one even though parts of the relevant correlational matrix remain unexplored.Other available micro-models treat job satisfaction in a causal rather than a consequential role. An example is the formulation that occupations that are relatively high in extrinsic job satisfaction willinduce relatively high rates of premature death from chronic heart diseases, while occupations relatively high in intrinsic job satisfaction will induce lower death rates. This proposition has been supported in only two correlational tests but with impressively large correlation coefficients House,1972. Two points are illustrated by this example: 1 job satisfaction cannot in all circumstances be treated as a unidimensional construct; and 2 relationships that are trivial and unreliable at the individual level may be highly significant and interpretable when aggregated in this case, aggregated to the occupational level.MACRO-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSAlthough relatively little programmatic inquiry has been made into the role of economic, political, cultural, and similar broad factors as they affect job satisfaction, evidence suggests that this class of variables is indeed relevant to job satisfaction. For example,Hulin and Blood 1968 and also Kendall 1963 found that characteristics of the communities in which workers reside need to be taken into account to understand job satisfaction. Form 1973, comparing auto assembly plant workers in four countries, shows that there are differences in work-related values, motives, and satisfactions associated with degree of industrialization, while other relational regularities appear to be impervious to culture and context. There are speculations, but no adequateevidence, that fluctuations in unemployment rate and general public optimism about future economic conditions impact on job satisfaction.OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICSThat job satisfaction is related to general characteristics of occupations not to be confused with properties of jobs and the occupational structure has been consistently demonstrated from the earliest comparative study of Hoppock 1935 to the more recent studies such as those of Quinn et al. 1973. Numerous studies show significant relationships between job satisfaction and such properties of occupations as status, prestige, power, and control, among others. However, because of defects in study design, not much is known about the degree to which the various occupational characteristics contribute independently to job satisfaction.ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTThis domain of causal variables is extensively represented in the theoretical and empirical literature. Variables which have shown evidence as significant organizational antecedents to job satisfaction include structural variables such as size and “shape” e.g., Carzo and Yanouzas, 1969, complexity, centralization, and formalization e.g., George and Bishop, 1971; process variables such as prevailing decision-making and conflict management styles, team collaboration and role conflict; and such encompassing variables as “organizational climate”Litwin andStringer, 1968.THE JOB AND JOB ENVIRONMENTBy far the major part of the job satisfaction research has been concerned with the proposition th at an individual’s job satisfaction is in substantial part a direct product of the objective characteristics of his job and its immediately relevant environment. Many hundreds of reports assert or imply such a proposition and present empirical data bearing upon it. These data are diverse in quality and scope and offer a somewhat bewildering array of correlations and choice of job characteristics for treatment, but they without doubt confirm the general proposition. Smith et al. 1969 report that in a number of replications in different settings, the amount of pay associated with a job correlates positively with degree of job satisfaction. No one is surprised at this, although some are surprised at the rather low magnitude of the correlations-perhaps about .20 for the employed population as a whole.译文工作满意度指标及其相关因素资料来源: 美国行为科学家作者:斯坦利?西肖尔,托马斯?D?泰伯工作满意度概念直到最近一直在方向主要是心理上和个人主义。

文献信息文献标题：Factors Influencing Employee Job Satisfaction: A Conceptual Analysis（员工工作满意度影响因素的概念分析）文献作者及出处：Hee O C, Yan L H, Rizal A M, et al. Factors Influencing Employee Job Satisfaction: A Conceptual Analysis[J]. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018,8(6),331-340.字数统计：英文3575单词，20442字符；中文6162汉字外文文献Factors Influencing Employee Job Satisfaction: AConceptual AnalysisAbstract As environment become increasingly dynamic, innovation is getting more and more important. The most effective sources of innovation are often ideas emerged from within an organization, usually from employees. High turnover and low productivity which badly affect an organization can be the result job dissatisfaction. Understanding the factors that contribute to job satisfaction is essential because it helps to identify the reasons and areas which employees are not satisfied with. Through this understanding, changes and adjustments of organizational policies, organization structure and job design can be altered to enhance the level of employee job satisfaction. This study only focused on three most common prevailing factors which are job stress, lack of communication, and pay that influence job satisfaction at workplace. Job stress has been generally defined as a factor which has negative impact on job satisfaction. The higher the stress level is, the more likely that an employee is not happy and not satisfied with his job. Lack of communication or bad communication dampens employees’ job satisfaction because employees tend to perform at a lower level when they feel neglected. Besides, lack of communicationcan also lead to confusion between management and other employees throughout the organization which might incur frustration and resentment. Employees need to feel appreciated, as employees and as human. Employee’s job satisfaction and organizational retention rate can be boosted through a healthy compensation plan with room for bonuses and pay rises. Through the understanding of the factors, organizations can be aware of the symptoms beforehand and take precaution to support and increase the job satisfaction level of employees. In order for an organization to sustain and grow its business, job satisfaction is the long term solution for talent retention and increased performance and productivity.Keywords:Employee Job Satisfaction, Perceived Stress, Lack Of Communication, Pay.IntroductionThe requirements of individuals have been changed due to the increase in quality of life and economic growth in the societies (Tutuncu & Kozak, 2007). Most individuals spend a large part of their lives at work; the change of requirements towards life has also changed their expectations, emotions and feelings towards their jobs (An, Cha, Moon, Ruggiero, & Jang, 2014). There is growing interest towards job satisfaction in organizations as employee job satisfaction is crucial to the success of any business. Improvements of job satisfaction have positive effect on employees’ motivation, performance, and productivity. These are important elements that an organization needs to maintain a competitive workforce in order to deal with challenges arise from the competitive business environment (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). Job satisfaction is also directly related to a lower employee turnover rate, lower absenteeism rate, higher productivity, and better performances which are closely associated to the organization’s cost efficiency for business (Gazioglu & Tansel, 2006). The relationship between job satisfaction and performance was a relatively recent study which indicated that the degree of job satisfaction felt by employees determines their work performance. The study of the relationship between job satisfaction and performance validated the common belief that “a happy worker isa productive worker” (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). In this case, increasing and maintaining the degree of employee job satisfaction should be a priority for every employer (Gregory, 2011). Understanding the factors that contribute to job satisfaction is essential because it helps to identify the reasons and areas which employees are not satisfied with. Through this understanding, changes and adjustments of organizational policies, organization structure and job design can be altered to enhance the level of employee job satisfaction. There are numerous factors that might discourage the employees and lead to job dissatisfaction such as high stress, lack of organizational communication, lack of recognition, limited opportunity for personal and career growth, job characteristics, job security, pay, social relationship within an organization and many more. However, this study only focused on three most common prevailing factors which influence job satisfaction at workplace. The three factors discussed in this study were job stress, lack of communication, and pay. This study intends to establish a conceptual framework which contributes towards talent retention, increased performance and productivity in the dynamic business environment.Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction refers to an employee’s emotional state which covers the complete range of emotions from positive to negative (Zhang, Yao, & Cheong, 2011). Thus, job satisfaction can also be defined as pleasantness or unpleasantness of employees during their work. Besides, job satisfaction can also be described as a positive feeling about a job or job experience (Tutuncu & Kozak, 2007). On the other hand, Fisher (2000) claimed that job satisfaction is a kind of attitude and attitudes generally contain two components which are affective component (feeling and emotional) and cognitive component (comparison, judgment and belief). Job satisfaction can be seen as the result of a chain reaction involving the motivation to satisfy a need. This chain combines several factors or motivators which will influence or induce an individual to perform (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). Early theory of motivation developed by Maslow which is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needhad provided ground for further studies on the factors that motivate human. The theory proposed that human motives are based on needs that start in an ascending order from the lowest level to the highest level. The hierarchy moves from lower level needs such as physiological needs, safety and security, social needs to higher level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Individuals cannot move to the next higher level until all needs at the lower level are satisfied. When one set of needs is satisfied, it no longer served as a motivator (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). Another theory which contributed to the related literature is the Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. This theory developed by Herzberg is also known as two-factor theory. Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory emphasized that satisfaction and dissatisfaction were two distinct variables which were not part of a single continuum. The opposite of job satisfaction is no job satisfaction; similarly the opposite of job dissatisfaction is no job dissatisfaction. Herzberg identified two groups of needs; motivators refer to human needs to achieve and experience psychological growth which are related to job such as recognition for achievement, promotion and etc. Another group which is called hygiene factor is referred to the basic human biological needs such as salary, security, working conditions and etc (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). Hygiene factors determine the extent to which an employee can avoid job dissatisfaction (Zhang, Yao, & Cheong, 2011). In the literature, the importance of job satisfaction is often linked to work performance and organizational productivity or to other important work-related attitudes and behaviors—such as absenteeism, turnover, and reduction of litigation (Zhang, Yao, & Cheong, 2011). Refer to Branham (2005), Gallup studies reported that organizations with higher employee satisfaction achieved 86 percent customer ratings, 76 percent more success in lowering turnover, 44 percent higher profitability and 78 percent safety records. Thus employee happiness at work should be paid attention by the employers. Employee job dissatisfaction can bring disasters to an organization which badly affects the daily operation, such as lack of interest for their responsibilities, tardiness in showing up for work, mild to severe withdrawal from their jobs and diminishing job performance. All these may end up with employees leaving theorganization which cause high employee turnover in the organization (Gregory, 2011). Put in another way, employees who perceive their jobs as satisfactory are more likely to work and stay in the current jobs and in the current organization in the future. Otherwise, employees are more likely to leave and which in turn will influence the performance of the organization and its costs (Tutuncu & Kozak, 2007). Employers are faced with the task to motivate employees and create high job satisfaction among their employees. Thus, understanding of the factors which influence job satisfaction is essential for employers. Through the understanding of the factors, organizations will be able to make relevant changes to prevent employee frustration and low employee job satisfaction (Dawal & Taha, 2006). In this study, job satisfaction has been proposed as the dependent variable in the theoretical framework (Refer to Figure 1). The influence of the three factors (job stress, lack of communication, and pay) to job satisfaction would be discussed in the following sections.Job StressJob stress is generally defined as “an employee’s feelings of job-related hardness, tension, anxiety, frustration, worry, emotional exhaustion, and distress” (Mahfood, Pollock, & Longmire, 2013). Refer to empirical studies (Lambert & Pauline, 2008; Mahfood, Pollock & Longmire, 2013), stress had been identified as one of the major factors that inversely related to job satisfaction. It was stated by Branham (2005) that at least 25 to 50 percent of employees are unable to work at their best due to stress, and this undeniably negatively influence their job satisfaction which subsequently leads to low productivity and high employee turnover. There are many causes which lead to job stress. For instance, insufficient organizational support in supplying tools necessary to perform a job efficiently would generate higher stress level especially when the employees are expected to perform at a required level. Besides, cost cutting practices through eliminating positions and disbursing the workload to other employees also contribute to increased job stress level. Employees would have to take on overbearing workload which erodes their personal time and the unreasonable amount of work would increase employees’ anxiety level tremendously. At the sametime, retrenchment can trigger panic and anxiety among the remaining employees which increase their stress level during work. Untrustworthy employers can be another source of stress. Distrust can be raised from various different situations such as harassment. It becomes difficult to work in an uncomfortable working environment consistently, stress and anxiety increased by trying to avoid troublesome confrontations and situations (Gregory, 2011). It had also been discussed that promotion and career advancement can be one of the leading factors to job stress. The increased stress may come from heavier workloads, extra responsibility and reduced leisure time (Mahfood, Pollock, & Longmire, 2013). Job stress has been generally defined as a factor which has negative impact on job satisfaction in previous literature. The higher the stress level is, the more likely that an employee is not happy and not satisfied with his job. Thus, the following proposition is formulated for this study which job stress has been viewed as an antecedent of job satisfaction:Proposition 1: Job stress will be negatively related to job satisfaction.Lack of CommunicationCommunication can be interpreted as the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. Communication is a fundamental management activity in every organization because it is crucial for employees to receive correct information regarding to their jobs. Communication has been widely valued in organization today; it has been seen more multidimensional than just message exchange or provide information about people’s work. Communication is about relationships which it acts as the social glue that ties employees within the organization together (Steingrímsdóttir, 2011). Communication channels can be divided into two categories which are formal communication and informal communication. The most popular formal communication ways are face-to-face communication and technical communication. Informal communication is communication stemmed naturally from people’s interactions. People can talk about their feelings, create relationships and discuss any issue that matter to them each time. It is believed that informal communication is the communication which established the actual relationshipsamong people in an organization. However, informal communication tends to increase rumours or carry wrong information within the organization (Steingrímsdóttir, 2011). Right communication channel is vital for an organization. By choosing channels can make a real difference in how the message is received. Different communication channels are suitable and fit for different kinds of information and achieve different objectives (Steingrímsdóttir, 2011). Lack of communication in organization leaves employees feeling disconnected from the organization. Generally this is the result of management personnel who do not know how to relate their employees on a personal or professional level. Lack of communication or bad communication dampens employees’ job satisfaction because employees tend to perform at a lower level when they feel neglected (Gregory, 2011). Besides, lack of communication can also leads to confusion between management and other employees throughout the organization which might incur frustration and resentment. The organizational morale can be negatively affected by gossips and rumours due to lack of communication too. The deteriorating working environment can cause job dissatisfaction and high employee turnover (Ashe-Edmunds, 2014). In an organization, managers should communicate with lower level employees. Managers act as the connection of the organization which will give employees a sense of belongings and worth in the organization. Supervisors should also become the role model to promote friendly relationships with employees in order to achieve a healthier working environment. It is imperative that managers and supervisors respect all the employees, their opinions and their work. Understanding of the organization’s direction and goals and clarification of expectations associated with different positions should be communicated and conveyed to the employees to assist employees in understanding their direct relationships with the organization and how their work affects others’ work (Gregory, 2011). In addition, performance reviews can be utilized as a managerial communication tool because they give administrators an idea of those employees that are contributing to the organization’s success and those who need to work harder. In general, employees may be unaware of their performance measures and have no sense of how they can improve. Without communication through performance reviews, itwould be tough for employees to make any progress in their efficiency which also negatively impact their personal or professional development, and in turn, incur job dissatisfaction (Gregory, 2011). Therefore, in light of the above discussion, it is proposed that:Proposition 2: Lack of communication will be negatively related to job satisfaction.PayCompensation is the total amount of the monetary and non-monetary pay provided to an employee by an employer in return for work performed as required. The monetary pay includes fixed pay which the amount and payment are guaranteed and flexible pay which contains variable pay such as goal-base pay, overtime and etc. Non-monetary pay includes all kinds of employee benefits such as family assistance, recreational opportunities, complementary pension plans, health insurance and etc (Igalens & Roussel, 1999). It was suggested in previous literature (Money & Graham, 1999; Green & Heywood, 2008) that monetary pay is the primary motivator for employee performance and a determinant of job satisfaction. Employees generally prefer their work efforts to be recognized and rewarded thus recognition of an employee’s hard work is essential to his or her job satisfaction. However, too often organizations are more focused on production and revenues, rather than their own employees (Gregory, 2011). By rewarding employees monetarily or non-monetarily as incentive, employees would feel that their hard work and achievements have not gone unnoticed. Employees need to feel appreciated, as employees and as human (Branham, 2005). By linking the money and performance tends to motivate employees to be more productive and hence they would be more willing to work harder towards success (The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2012). Through rewarding, employees are more optimistic about future employment in the organization too (Gregory, 2011). It is believed that employee’s job satisfaction and organizational retention rate can be boosted through a healthy compensation plan with room for bonuses and pay rises (The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2012).However, organizations should be very prudent in planning of pay structure and should set confidentiality policy for individual employee’s pay amount. Normally organizations choose to underpay those employees who are willing to work hard for minimal pay while to pay more to those who are not willing to work for minimal pay. The pay disparity will eventually lead to great degree of job dissatisfaction when the hard workers realized they are not being paid fairly (Branham, 2005). Refer to the Society of Human Resource Management research report conducted in May 2014; pay has been identified as the most important drivers for job satisfaction by which 60 percent of employees rated compensation/pay as very important and 36 percent rated it as important. Compensation/pay was also claimed as the leading factor of job satisfaction across four generations of employees which are millennial, Generation X, Baby Boomers and Veterans (Miller, 2014). It is noteworthy that there was previous studies indicated that the pay amount or salary amount is not the main determinant for job satisfaction. The comparison of income which employees set up as referential point is more significant in influencing employee job satisfaction. Given the similar qualifications and specifications, if an employee believes that the salary offered in other organization is higher, he or she will be dissatisfied even his or her salary is considered high as compared with the salaries in the organization he or she works in (Al-Zoubi, 2012). According to Miller (2014), more than half of employees feel satisfied if they are paid competitively with the local market. As a result of the empirical studies, it is believed that pay is able to influence the job satisfaction level of employees. Therefore, the following statement is proposed:Proposition 3: Pay will be positively related to job satisfaction.Theoretical FrameworkThere are many empirical studies and literature focused on the topic of job satisfaction. Numerous factors which will influence job satisfaction have been discussed individually. The factors include limited personal and career growth, job characteristics, job security, organizational support, social relationship within organization, relationship with immediate superior and etc. Different factors areassociated with the job satisfaction either positively or negatively. Three most popular factors have been the focus of this study, which are job stress, lack of communication and pay. Job stress, which inversely affects the emotions and feelings of employees at work, is likely to induce job dissatisfaction. Low morale, misunderstanding and reduced job satisfaction can happen if there is lack of communication. On the other hand, the perception of employees that their pay or salary is comparatively or relatively low will instigate employees’ dissatisfaction at work too. By looking at the selected factors, a theoretical framework has been generated to indicate the influence of job stress, lack of communication and pay on job satisfaction. The theoretical framework is depicted in Figure 1.Figure 1: Proposed Theoretical FrameworkResearch ImplicationsWith the changes of the external environment, organization competitiveness is no longer solely relied on the tangible assets, but also numerous intangible assets. As environment become increasingly dynamic, innovation is getting more and more important. The most effective sources of innovation are often ideas emerged from within an organization, usually from employees. Hence an organization’s competitive advantage can be generated through human resources. Job satisfaction was studied in this paper as it is one of the key factors which directly related to employee motivation, employee commitment and productivity and employee turnover rate. An organization can focus on productivity and increased sales if its employees are happy and satisfied with their jobs while its competitors are still struggling to maintain experienced and motivated employees. In reality, organizations are facing the issue of creating high jobsatisfaction among their employees. This study intends to show a better understanding of the factors which emphasizes on job stress, lack of communication and pay, which influence job satisfaction. In terms of practical implications, management and managers are advised to concern about the employee job satisfaction within their organizations. They are encouraged to fully support and commit to policies and activities which can be identified and designed through factors influence job satisfaction in order to stimulate employees’ satisfaction at work such as improvements of working conditions, job training, leadership development and etc. By not overloading the employees, while maintaining a good communication with employees and compensating employees with a reasonable pay according to the jobs and market rate will enhance their job satisfaction. When employees are satisfied with the work they are doing, their jobs are more likely to be an enjoyable and happy experience. With higher job satisfaction, there tends to be higher degree of employee commitment which significantly reduce absenteeism and employee turnover rate which leads to decrease in employee-related costs, meantime increase job performance level which employees are more willing to participate in problem-solving activities and perform activities outside their job scope. In order to sustain the organizational competitiveness, the understanding and changes of policies based on the three most popular factors which contribute to job satisfaction namely job stress, lack of communication and pay are essential.ConclusionThe employment market is heating up and organizations start to worry about losing good talents and struggling to retain them since human resources is one of the vital competitive advantages. Some of the organizations are facing constant high employee turnover which accompanied with unsatisfactory performance and low productivity. High turnover and low productivity are the most obvious indicators of job dissatisfaction. Thus better understanding on the factors which influence job satisfaction is very crucial for all organizations. Through the understanding of the factors, organizations can be aware of the symptoms beforehand and take precautionto support and increase the job satisfaction level of employees. In order for an organization to sustain and grow its business, job satisfaction is the long term solution for talent retention and increased performance and productivity.中文译文员工工作满意度影响因素的概念分析摘要随着环境的不断变化，创新变得越来越重要。

工作满意度一直是在工业与组织心理学感兴趣的话题。

由于对组织行为的现实意义它已被广泛研究(Ahmad et al. 2010)。

工作满意度是一个多维结构既包含认知和情感因素(Locke 1969)。

一方面,强调工作满意度的认知方法是由一个人的生理和心理需求的程度决定的，这两个被视为完成工作(Porter 1962;Wolf 1970)。

根据洛克（1969），工作满意度是来自一个人想要的或在工作价值观和他或她实际上已经在工作上存在的之间的差异。

另一方面，情感的方法表明，工作满意度是一个人对他或她的工作在不同的方面的感觉，如工作性质，同事，上司或下属和工资(Spector 1997; Aziri 2011)。

这些所有的定义从不同的角度，使工作满意度相当复杂和成了难以估量的社会态度。

初步的研究主要集中在对工作满意度的认知本质和采用认知视角的测量方法(Spector 1997)。

直到最近Weiss和Weiss（2002）认为情感和认知在工作满意度上的影响发挥不同，而且情感的作用一直被忽视的(Judge and Ilies2004)。

因此，现在的研究采用情感的方法作为工作满意度的定义，由Spector 和 Aziri建议。

工作满意度对组织的成功和竞争力是非常重要的，因为它在公司的运作和生产力方面有特殊影响。

高水平的工作满意度可以提高员工的士气和生产力(Spector 1997)。

另一方面，较低的工作满意度提高员工离职(Larrabee et al. 2003)。

工作满意度对于一个健康的公司是至关重要的，因为高离职率和缺勤率可能对一个公司的运作产生负面影响。

除了对整体商业组织的影响，工作满意度在个人幸福上起着关键作用。

1.1从生态和积极的心理透视视角看工作满意度由于工作满意度对公司的运作和工人福利的重要性，这将有利于研究有助于工作满意度的根本因素。

虽然许多研究集中在外部或外在因素如工资，同事工作环境，对工作满意度的影响(Lee 1998)，一些研究重在研究内部或内在因素，如个人的信念，人格特质，心理资本(Judge and Klinger 2008).。

文献信息文献标题：Factors Influencing Employee Job Satisfaction: A Conceptual Analysis（员工工作满意度影响因素的概念分析）文献作者及出处：Hee O C, Yan L H, Rizal A M, et al. Factors Influencing Employee Job Satisfaction: A Conceptual Analysis[J]. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018,8(6),331-340.字数统计：英文3575单词，20442字符；中文6162汉字外文文献Factors Influencing Employee Job Satisfaction: AConceptual AnalysisAbstract As environment become increasingly dynamic, innovation is getting more and more important. The most effective sources of innovation are often ideas emerged from within an organization, usually from employees. High turnover and low productivity which badly affect an organization can be the result job dissatisfaction. Understanding the factors that contribute to job satisfaction is essential because it helps to identify the reasons and areas which employees are not satisfied with. Through this understanding, changes and adjustments of organizational policies, organization structure and job design can be altered to enhance the level of employee job satisfaction. This study only focused on three most common prevailing factors which are job stress, lack of communication, and pay that influence job satisfaction at workplace. Job stress has been generally defined as a factor which has negative impact on job satisfaction. The higher the stress level is, the more likely that an employee is not happy and not satisfied with his job. Lack of communication or bad communication dampens employees’ job satisfaction because employees tend to perform at a lower level when they feel neglected. Besides, lack of communicationcan also lead to confusion between management and other employees throughout the organization which might incur frustration and resentment. Employees need to feel appreciated, as employees and as human. Employee’s job satisfaction and organizational retention rate can be boosted through a healthy compensation plan with room for bonuses and pay rises. Through the understanding of the factors, organizations can be aware of the symptoms beforehand and take precaution to support and increase the job satisfaction level of employees. In order for an organization to sustain and grow its business, job satisfaction is the long term solution for talent retention and increased performance and productivity.Keywords:Employee Job Satisfaction, Perceived Stress, Lack Of Communication, Pay.IntroductionThe requirements of individuals have been changed due to the increase in quality of life and economic growth in the societies (Tutuncu & Kozak, 2007). Most individuals spend a large part of their lives at work; the change of requirements towards life has also changed their expectations, emotions and feelings towards their jobs (An, Cha, Moon, Ruggiero, & Jang, 2014). There is growing interest towards job satisfaction in organizations as employee job satisfaction is crucial to the success of any business. Improvements of job satisfaction have positive effect on employees’ motivation, performance, and productivity. These are important elements that an organization needs to maintain a competitive workforce in order to deal with challenges arise from the competitive business environment (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). Job satisfaction is also directly related to a lower employee turnover rate, lower absenteeism rate, higher productivity, and better performances which are closely associated to the organization’s cost efficiency for business (Gazioglu & Tansel, 2006). The relationship between job satisfaction and performance was a relatively recent study which indicated that the degree of job satisfaction felt by employees determines their work performance. The study of the relationship between job satisfaction and performance validated the common belief that “a happy worker isa productive worker” (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). In this case, increasing and maintaining the degree of employee job satisfaction should be a priority for every employer (Gregory, 2011). Understanding the factors that contribute to job satisfaction is essential because it helps to identify the reasons and areas which employees are not satisfied with. Through this understanding, changes and adjustments of organizational policies, organization structure and job design can be altered to enhance the level of employee job satisfaction. There are numerous factors that might discourage the employees and lead to job dissatisfaction such as high stress, lack of organizational communication, lack of recognition, limited opportunity for personal and career growth, job characteristics, job security, pay, social relationship within an organization and many more. However, this study only focused on three most common prevailing factors which influence job satisfaction at workplace. The three factors discussed in this study were job stress, lack of communication, and pay. This study intends to establish a conceptual framework which contributes towards talent retention, increased performance and productivity in the dynamic business environment.Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction refers to an employee’s emotional state which covers the complete range of emotions from positive to negative (Zhang, Yao, & Cheong, 2011). Thus, job satisfaction can also be defined as pleasantness or unpleasantness of employees during their work. Besides, job satisfaction can also be described as a positive feeling about a job or job experience (Tutuncu & Kozak, 2007). On the other hand, Fisher (2000) claimed that job satisfaction is a kind of attitude and attitudes generally contain two components which are affective component (feeling and emotional) and cognitive component (comparison, judgment and belief). Job satisfaction can be seen as the result of a chain reaction involving the motivation to satisfy a need. This chain combines several factors or motivators which will influence or induce an individual to perform (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). Early theory of motivation developed by Maslow which is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needhad provided ground for further studies on the factors that motivate human. The theory proposed that human motives are based on needs that start in an ascending order from the lowest level to the highest level. The hierarchy moves from lower level needs such as physiological needs, safety and security, social needs to higher level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Individuals cannot move to the next higher level until all needs at the lower level are satisfied. When one set of needs is satisfied, it no longer served as a motivator (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). Another theory which contributed to the related literature is the Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. This theory developed by Herzberg is also known as two-factor theory. Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory emphasized that satisfaction and dissatisfaction were two distinct variables which were not part of a single continuum. The opposite of job satisfaction is no job satisfaction; similarly the opposite of job dissatisfaction is no job dissatisfaction. Herzberg identified two groups of needs; motivators refer to human needs to achieve and experience psychological growth which are related to job such as recognition for achievement, promotion and etc. Another group which is called hygiene factor is referred to the basic human biological needs such as salary, security, working conditions and etc (Marzuki, Permadi, & Sunaryo, 2012). Hygiene factors determine the extent to which an employee can avoid job dissatisfaction (Zhang, Yao, & Cheong, 2011). In the literature, the importance of job satisfaction is often linked to work performance and organizational productivity or to other important work-related attitudes and behaviors—such as absenteeism, turnover, and reduction of litigation (Zhang, Yao, & Cheong, 2011). Refer to Branham (2005), Gallup studies reported that organizations with higher employee satisfaction achieved 86 percent customer ratings, 76 percent more success in lowering turnover, 44 percent higher profitability and 78 percent safety records. Thus employee happiness at work should be paid attention by the employers. Employee job dissatisfaction can bring disasters to an organization which badly affects the daily operation, such as lack of interest for their responsibilities, tardiness in showing up for work, mild to severe withdrawal from their jobs and diminishing job performance. All these may end up with employees leaving theorganization which cause high employee turnover in the organization (Gregory, 2011). Put in another way, employees who perceive their jobs as satisfactory are more likely to work and stay in the current jobs and in the current organization in the future. Otherwise, employees are more likely to leave and which in turn will influence the performance of the organization and its costs (Tutuncu & Kozak, 2007). Employers are faced with the task to motivate employees and create high job satisfaction among their employees. Thus, understanding of the factors which influence job satisfaction is essential for employers. Through the understanding of the factors, organizations will be able to make relevant changes to prevent employee frustration and low employee job satisfaction (Dawal & Taha, 2006). In this study, job satisfaction has been proposed as the dependent variable in the theoretical framework (Refer to Figure 1). The influence of the three factors (job stress, lack of communication, and pay) to job satisfaction would be discussed in the following sections.Job StressJob stress is generally defined as “an employee’s feelings of job-related hardness, tension, anxiety, frustration, worry, emotional exhaustion, and distress” (Mahfood, Pollock, & Longmire, 2013). Refer to empirical studies (Lambert & Pauline, 2008; Mahfood, Pollock & Longmire, 2013), stress had been identified as one of the major factors that inversely related to job satisfaction. It was stated by Branham (2005) that at least 25 to 50 percent of employees are unable to work at their best due to stress, and this undeniably negatively influence their job satisfaction which subsequently leads to low productivity and high employee turnover. There are many causes which lead to job stress. For instance, insufficient organizational support in supplying tools necessary to perform a job efficiently would generate higher stress level especially when the employees are expected to perform at a required level. Besides, cost cutting practices through eliminating positions and disbursing the workload to other employees also contribute to increased job stress level. Employees would have to take on overbearing workload which erodes their personal time and the unreasonable amount of work would increase employees’ anxiety level tremendously. At the sametime, retrenchment can trigger panic and anxiety among the remaining employees which increase their stress level during work. Untrustworthy employers can be another source of stress. Distrust can be raised from various different situations such as harassment. It becomes difficult to work in an uncomfortable working environment consistently, stress and anxiety increased by trying to avoid troublesome confrontations and situations (Gregory, 2011). It had also been discussed that promotion and career advancement can be one of the leading factors to job stress. The increased stress may come from heavier workloads, extra responsibility and reduced leisure time (Mahfood, Pollock, & Longmire, 2013). Job stress has been generally defined as a factor which has negative impact on job satisfaction in previous literature. The higher the stress level is, the more likely that an employee is not happy and not satisfied with his job. Thus, the following proposition is formulated for this study which job stress has been viewed as an antecedent of job satisfaction:Proposition 1: Job stress will be negatively related to job satisfaction.Lack of CommunicationCommunication can be interpreted as the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. Communication is a fundamental management activity in every organization because it is crucial for employees to receive correct information regarding to their jobs. Communication has been widely valued in organization today; it has been seen more multidimensional than just message exchange or provide information about people’s work. Communication is about relationships which it acts as the social glue that ties employees within the organization together (Steingrímsdóttir, 2011). Communication channels can be divided into two categories which are formal communication and informal communication. The most popular formal communication ways are face-to-face communication and technical communication. Informal communication is communication stemmed naturally from people’s interactions. People can talk about their feelings, create relationships and discuss any issue that matter to them each time. It is believed that informal communication is the communication which established the actual relationshipsamong people in an organization. However, informal communication tends to increase rumours or carry wrong information within the organization (Steingrímsdóttir, 2011). Right communication channel is vital for an organization. By choosing channels can make a real difference in how the message is received. Different communication channels are suitable and fit for different kinds of information and achieve different objectives (Steingrímsdóttir, 2011). Lack of communication in organization leaves employees feeling disconnected from the organization. Generally this is the result of management personnel who do not know how to relate their employees on a personal or professional level. Lack of communication or bad communication dampens employees’ job satisfaction because employees tend to perform at a lower level when they feel neglected (Gregory, 2011). Besides, lack of communication can also leads to confusion between management and other employees throughout the organization which might incur frustration and resentment. The organizational morale can be negatively affected by gossips and rumours due to lack of communication too. The deteriorating working environment can cause job dissatisfaction and high employee turnover (Ashe-Edmunds, 2014). In an organization, managers should communicate with lower level employees. Managers act as the connection of the organization which will give employees a sense of belongings and worth in the organization. Supervisors should also become the role model to promote friendly relationships with employees in order to achieve a healthier working environment. It is imperative that managers and supervisors respect all the employees, their opinions and their work. Understanding of the organization’s direction and goals and clarification of expectations associated with different positions should be communicated and conveyed to the employees to assist employees in understanding their direct relationships with the organization and how their work affects others’ work (Gregory, 2011). In addition, performance reviews can be utilized as a managerial communication tool because they give administrators an idea of those employees that are contributing to the organization’s success and those who need to work harder. In general, employees may be unaware of their performance measures and have no sense of how they can improve. Without communication through performance reviews, itwould be tough for employees to make any progress in their efficiency which also negatively impact their personal or professional development, and in turn, incur job dissatisfaction (Gregory, 2011). Therefore, in light of the above discussion, it is proposed that:Proposition 2: Lack of communication will be negatively related to job satisfaction.PayCompensation is the total amount of the monetary and non-monetary pay provided to an employee by an employer in return for work performed as required. The monetary pay includes fixed pay which the amount and payment are guaranteed and flexible pay which contains variable pay such as goal-base pay, overtime and etc. Non-monetary pay includes all kinds of employee benefits such as family assistance, recreational opportunities, complementary pension plans, health insurance and etc (Igalens & Roussel, 1999). It was suggested in previous literature (Money & Graham, 1999; Green & Heywood, 2008) that monetary pay is the primary motivator for employee performance and a determinant of job satisfaction. Employees generally prefer their work efforts to be recognized and rewarded thus recognition of an employee’s hard work is essential to his or her job satisfaction. However, too often organizations are more focused on production and revenues, rather than their own employees (Gregory, 2011). By rewarding employees monetarily or non-monetarily as incentive, employees would feel that their hard work and achievements have not gone unnoticed. Employees need to feel appreciated, as employees and as human (Branham, 2005). By linking the money and performance tends to motivate employees to be more productive and hence they would be more willing to work harder towards success (The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2012). Through rewarding, employees are more optimistic about future employment in the organization too (Gregory, 2011). It is believed that employee’s job satisfaction and organizational retention rate can be boosted through a healthy compensation plan with room for bonuses and pay rises (The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2012).However, organizations should be very prudent in planning of pay structure and should set confidentiality policy for individual employee’s pay amount. Normally organizations choose to underpay those employees who are willing to work hard for minimal pay while to pay more to those who are not willing to work for minimal pay. The pay disparity will eventually lead to great degree of job dissatisfaction when the hard workers realized they are not being paid fairly (Branham, 2005). Refer to the Society of Human Resource Management research report conducted in May 2014; pay has been identified as the most important drivers for job satisfaction by which 60 percent of employees rated compensation/pay as very important and 36 percent rated it as important. Compensation/pay was also claimed as the leading factor of job satisfaction across four generations of employees which are millennial, Generation X, Baby Boomers and Veterans (Miller, 2014). It is noteworthy that there was previous studies indicated that the pay amount or salary amount is not the main determinant for job satisfaction. The comparison of income which employees set up as referential point is more significant in influencing employee job satisfaction. Given the similar qualifications and specifications, if an employee believes that the salary offered in other organization is higher, he or she will be dissatisfied even his or her salary is considered high as compared with the salaries in the organization he or she works in (Al-Zoubi, 2012). According to Miller (2014), more than half of employees feel satisfied if they are paid competitively with the local market. As a result of the empirical studies, it is believed that pay is able to influence the job satisfaction level of employees. Therefore, the following statement is proposed:Proposition 3: Pay will be positively related to job satisfaction.Theoretical FrameworkThere are many empirical studies and literature focused on the topic of job satisfaction. Numerous factors which will influence job satisfaction have been discussed individually. The factors include limited personal and career growth, job characteristics, job security, organizational support, social relationship within organization, relationship with immediate superior and etc. Different factors areassociated with the job satisfaction either positively or negatively. Three most popular factors have been the focus of this study, which are job stress, lack of communication and pay. Job stress, which inversely affects the emotions and feelings of employees at work, is likely to induce job dissatisfaction. Low morale, misunderstanding and reduced job satisfaction can happen if there is lack of communication. On the other hand, the perception of employees that their pay or salary is comparatively or relatively low will instigate employees’ dissatisfaction at work too. By looking at the selected factors, a theoretical framework has been generated to indicate the influence of job stress, lack of communication and pay on job satisfaction. The theoretical framework is depicted in Figure 1.Figure 1: Proposed Theoretical FrameworkResearch ImplicationsWith the changes of the external environment, organization competitiveness is no longer solely relied on the tangible assets, but also numerous intangible assets. As environment become increasingly dynamic, innovation is getting more and more important. The most effective sources of innovation are often ideas emerged from within an organization, usually from employees. Hence an organization’s competitive advantage can be generated through human resources. Job satisfaction was studied in this paper as it is one of the key factors which directly related to employee motivation, employee commitment and productivity and employee turnover rate. An organization can focus on productivity and increased sales if its employees are happy and satisfied with their jobs while its competitors are still struggling to maintain experienced and motivated employees. In reality, organizations are facing the issue of creating high jobsatisfaction among their employees. This study intends to show a better understanding of the factors which emphasizes on job stress, lack of communication and pay, which influence job satisfaction. In terms of practical implications, management and managers are advised to concern about the employee job satisfaction within their organizations. They are encouraged to fully support and commit to policies and activities which can be identified and designed through factors influence job satisfaction in order to stimulate employees’ satisfaction at work such as improvements of working conditions, job training, leadership development and etc. By not overloading the employees, while maintaining a good communication with employees and compensating employees with a reasonable pay according to the jobs and market rate will enhance their job satisfaction. When employees are satisfied with the work they are doing, their jobs are more likely to be an enjoyable and happy experience. With higher job satisfaction, there tends to be higher degree of employee commitment which significantly reduce absenteeism and employee turnover rate which leads to decrease in employee-related costs, meantime increase job performance level which employees are more willing to participate in problem-solving activities and perform activities outside their job scope. In order to sustain the organizational competitiveness, the understanding and changes of policies based on the three most popular factors which contribute to job satisfaction namely job stress, lack of communication and pay are essential.ConclusionThe employment market is heating up and organizations start to worry about losing good talents and struggling to retain them since human resources is one of the vital competitive advantages. Some of the organizations are facing constant high employee turnover which accompanied with unsatisfactory performance and low productivity. High turnover and low productivity are the most obvious indicators of job dissatisfaction. Thus better understanding on the factors which influence job satisfaction is very crucial for all organizations. Through the understanding of the factors, organizations can be aware of the symptoms beforehand and take precautionto support and increase the job satisfaction level of employees. In order for an organization to sustain and grow its business, job satisfaction is the long term solution for talent retention and increased performance and productivity.中文译文员工工作满意度影响因素的概念分析摘要随着环境的不断变化，创新变得越来越重要。

文献信息：文献标题：Employee Satisfaction: Communication Competence and Leadership Oriented Approach（员工满意度：沟通能力与领导导向）国外作者：IK Suher，CS Bir，E Engin，BE Akgoz文献出处：《International Journal of Innovative Research and Development》,2016,5(5):194-202字数统计：英文3265单词，19231字符；中文5450汉字外文文献：Employee Satisfaction: Communication Competence andLeadership Oriented ApproachAbstract This research explores whether or not relationships between supervisor communicator competences, leadership style (Task-oriented vs. Relation-oriented) and employee job and communication satisfaction exist. Participants are 126 graduate students who works for (52 males and 74 female) a variety of organizations in Turkey. The findings signify that there is incontrovertibly positive and strong relationship between supervisor communication competence and employee communication satisfaction. In a similar way, relational leadership style has strong effect on employee communication satisfaction. On the other hand, the results indicate that weak relationship between task-oriented leadership style and job and communication satisfaction. According the results communicator competence is the strongest significant standardized regression coefficient with the job and communication satisfaction.Keywords: Employee communication, communication competence, leadership style1.IntroductionEmployee satisfaction influence an individual's commitment to the company and also it has effect on employee performance and business success. Employee behavior and satisfaction are highly correlated to the organization success and because of this reason the researches on employee satisfaction is quite rich. Pincus (1986) investigated the effect of communication satisfaction on job performance, Helm (2011) studied about employees’ impact on corporate reputation, Cravens and Oliver (2006) mentioned employees as key factor of reputation, Antoncic and Antoncic (2011) and Duboff and Heaton (1999) specified how employee satisfaction is important on business growth, Bulgarella (2005), Hanna at all. (2004) remarked that employee satisfaction is a vital aspect for customer satisfaction, Brown et al. (1996) found out that positive employee behavior has strong and positive effect on customer satisfaction. Kattara et al. (2014) published a study about impact of employee behavior on customers' overall satisfaction.Employee satisfaction contains both communication and job satisfaction and it is influenced by many different factors like leadership style and the quality of communication with leaders. Increasing the effectiveness of leader-employee communication can help to strengthen levels of employee satisfaction.2.Literature Reviewmunication CompetenceCommunication competence is about the knowledge and wisdom of using applicable communication skills. Communication competence is not just understanding proper communication skills but also the ability to apply and adapt that knowledge when certain situations may emerge unexpected (Cooley and Roacch, 1984:25). Communication competence is considered to contain both cognitive and behavioral aspects (Rubin, 1985). Understanding that communication competence contains these two aspects, then being socially informed and perceptive is a key factor in being a competent communicator. Light (1989) considered fundamental constructs of communication competence as functionality of communication; sufficiency of communication, knowledge, judgment and skill. Spitzberg (1983) believed thatcommunication competence involved knowledge, motivation and skill as a system that relates and connects to one another. In order to be mutually beneficent to one another in a relationship, communication competence is a necessary tool which consists of cognitive, attitudinal, emotional and behavioral knowledge (B-Ikeguchi, 2014). In order to reach personal, educational, vocational and social goals, communication competence is a key quality that an individual need in order to attain success in life (Light and Mcnughton, 2014:1).2.2.LeadershipYukl defined leadership as “the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives” (2016:8). Leadership is not just a trait, it is recognized as a process which individuals influence people in order to reach certain goals and objectives as a unit (Sharmai, Jain, 2013). Bryman (1992) considered leadership as the ability to direct people towards certain goals for an organization.In literature, leadership is considered to be divided into two separate functions; Task- oriented leadership and relation-oriented leadership (Taberner, Chambel, Arana, 2009). Task-oriented leadership focuses on organizing, planning and coordinating the necessary jobs needed of the team or individual employees whereas relation-oriented leadership focuses on the motivation and behaviors of the people themselves. In relation-oriented leadership, the leader works to inspire those around him in order to achieve the organization’s success. The effectiveness of leader-subordinate relationship affects many organization outcomes due to group satisfaction (Anderson, Madlock& Hoffman, 2006). Leadership plays a great roll in effecting employee satisfaction (Castaneda &Nahavand, 1991).munication SatisfactionCommunication satisfaction is an important topic in our day which is being researched and investigated for business and communication industries. “Communication satisfaction is an employee's satisfaction with various communication practices of the organization” (Clampitt and Girard, 1993:84). Pincusdescribed communication satisfaction as the accumulation of an individual’s satisfaction which is saturated from information flow and relationship variables (Pincus, 1986). Different researches has studied on communication satisfaction measurement. For instance, Downs and Hazen (1977) created Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire, Organizational Communication Scale was conducted by Roberts and O’Reilly (1979), and to analyze communication practices in organizations. Crino and White (1981) were the researchers who offered a conceptualization of communication satisfaction.A conceptualization of communication satisfaction was offered by Crino and White (1981), who argued that organizational communication satisfaction involves an individual’s satisfaction with various aspects of the communication occurring in the organization, whereas Putti, Aryee, and Phua (1990) demonstrated that organizational members’ communication satisfaction is associated with the amount of information available to them. Although communication provides employees with information that clarifies work tasks and may contribute to communication satisfaction, Anderson and Martin (1995) found that employees engage in communication interactions with coworkers and superiors to satisfy interpersonal needs of pleasure and inclusion. Thus, employee communication satisfaction appears to involve a task and relational dimension.2.4.Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction has been an area which examined by researchers for a long time. According to Locke (1976) definition job satisfaction is a pleasant or positive emotional expression which causes by worker’s job or job experience.Many different researches have shown that dissatisfied employees are more likely to quit their jobs or be absent than satisfied employees so job satisfaction is one of the vital necessaries for business success (Saari and Judge, 2004). According to Schneider and Snyder’s definition (1975) job satisfaction is personal evaluation of conditions related to job, or outcomes that arise as a result of having a job. The perception of employees about their job is influenced by many different factors such as employee’s personal circumstances like needs, values and expectations (Sempaneat al. 2002). Moreover, quality of communication in the organization, communication between employees and supervisors and supervisor leadership style have an influence on the employees’ job satisfaction.3.MethodThis research explores if relationships exist between supervisor communicator competence, leadership style (task or relationship oriented) an employee job and communication satisfaction in Turkey.The current research conducted based on the Mudlock’s article (2008) that titled “The Link Between Leadershıp Style, Communicator Competence and Employee Satısfaction” The research process which used by Mudlock (2008) contained four different scales to investigate relationship between components. Authors reached the original publications which contain the scale items and these scales translated to Turkish by authors and the pilot questionnaire was send 10 participants. The results of this pilot were used to refine the questionnaire for distribution to research participants.The data used in this study were collected from graduate students of Bahcesehir University in Turkey. Respondents were chosen by using the convenience sampling method.These participants are not only graduate students of Marketing Communication and Public Relations program but also they work for different organizations. The survey was pre-tested on 10 students and then a total of 200 questionnaire forms send them via e-mail. At the end of the given period 126 usable questionnaire forms returned.Communicator competence scaled was developed by Monge et al. (1982.9) which is 12-item Communicator Competence Questionnaire. Job satisfaction was measured by the 8-item Abridged Job in General (AJIG) scale (Russell et al., 2004). Communication satisfaction was measured by the 19-item Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction Inventory (ICSI) developed by Hecht (1978). Leadership style was measured by the 20-item Leadership Style Questionnaire developed by Northouse (2001). The instrument measures the task and relational leadership styles.Mudlock (2008) used Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses to show relationship between predictor and criterion variables. In the current research we followed his way to test hypotheses and to answer two different research questions.The current research has the same hypotheses and research question in Mudlock’s (2008) article. These are:H 1: There is a significant and positive relationship between supervisor communication competence and employee job and communication satisfaction.H 2: There is a significant and positive relationship between supervisor relational leadership style and employee job and communication satisfaction.H 3: There is a significant and positive relationship between a supervisor’s task leadership style and employee job and communication satisfaction.H 4: There is a significant and positive relationship between a supervisor’s task and relational leadership style and communication competence.RQ1: Which behavior displayed by a supervisor—task leadership, relational leadership, or communicator competence—will serve as a greater predictor of employee communication satisfaction?RQ2: Which behavior displayed by a supervisor—task leadership, relational leadership, or communicator competence—will serve as a greater predictor of employee job satisfaction?4.FindingsParticipants were 126 working adults and more than half were female (see table1). Table 3 shows organizations which they work for. 43 participants were working fora female supervisor and 79 were working for a male supervisor. (see table 2) Participants ranged in age from <= 25 to 41+ (M = 30.44, SD = 16), whereas supervisors’ ages ranged from 30 to 71 (M = 48,70 SD = 12.7). Table 3 contains information about participant’s organizations types.Table 1: Sex of ParticipantsTable 2: The Sex of SupervisorTable 3: Organizations of ParticipantsTable 4 shows questionnaire items and the mean scores of communicator competence. Cronbach’s alpha for the current study is 0.809 and the dimension mean is 3.13.Table 4: Communication SatisfactionTable 5 contains items and mean score related to job satisfaction. Cronbach’s alpha for the current study was 0.787 (see table 5).Table 5: Job SatisfactionCommunication satisfaction scale items and the mean scores may be seen in the table 6. Cronbach’s alpha for the current study is 0.800 and the dimension mean is 3.53.Table 6: Communicator CompetenceLeadership style was measured by the 20-item Leadership Style Questionnaire. Originally this scale has 20 different items to evaluate leadership style. 10 of 20 items are related to task-oriented style while the others are related to relationship-oriented style. In this research we used one scale to measure leadership style but below we used two different tables to show task-oriented and relationship- oriented items’ mean scores and Cronbach’s alpha results.Table 7: Leadership Style (Task)Table 8: Leadership Style (relationship)The first hypothesis was there would be significant and positive relationships between supervisor communication competence and employee job and communication satisfaction. Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis by indicating statistically significant positive relationships between the predictor and criterion variables. The relationship between communication competence and communication satisfaction was stronger than the relationship between communication competence and job satisfaction.The second hypothesis predicted significant and positive relationships between supervisor relational leadership style and employee job and communication satisfaction Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis. The relationship between supervisor relational leadership style and employee communication satisfaction was strong while the relationship between supervisor relational leadership style and employee job satisfaction weak.The third hypothesis suggested significant and positive relationships between supervisor task leadership style and employee job and communication satisfaction. Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis. However, both relationships were weak.The fourth hypothesis was there would be significant and positive relationships between supervisors’ task and relational leadership style and their communicatorcompetence. Pearson correlations supported the hypothesis. For both components the relationships were strong.5.DiscussionNowadays, the most important attribute that corporations may possess is regarded as their employees. Establishing effective communication with the employees considered as an integral part of the entire in-house process and operation depends on the communication competence of the leader. When the leader establishes efficient communication between the employees, it will be deemed as having taken an important step for determining and eliminating the problematic areas and problems encountered by the corporation.The satisfaction of the employees about their job and communication is significant for fulfilling corporate objectives. Two of these basic aspects which affect this satisfaction level are the leadership style demonstrated by the executives and communication component.The communication established with the employees has numerous significant functions. These may be listed as acquiring information, persuasion and influence, providing instructions and combination with education-training. Communication component possessed by the leader has a key role in fulfilling these functions in a healthy manner because this competence constitutes one of the milestones for the formation of mutually satisfactory relationships with the employee. Apart from the communication competence of the executive, it is also indicated that his leadership approach affects the employee's communication and job satisfaction.Mudlock (2008) previously examined the relationship between communication competence, leadership style and employee communication and job satisfaction in a research that he had conducted and determined that there is a strong and positive correlation between these. This current research is also derived from Mudlock’s study and tests the same hypotheses in Turkey obtaining similar results in the end.According to these results, the relationship between communication competence and communication satisfaction is strong. This statistically significant and positiverelationship demonstrates that it is of vital importance for supervisors to develop their communication competences and transform these competences into an integral part of their leadership styles.It has been concluded that the supervisor communication component has a positive impact on the job satisfaction of the employees even though it is not as strong as communication satisfaction. Employee communication and job satisfaction both have a key significance in the performance of both in-house and outside targets of the corporation, ensuring market growth, increasing customer satisfaction levels, increasing sales figures and creating a strong and positive corporate reputation. For this reasons, executives are required to show the necessary efforts to develop their communication competences. It is obvious that the communication competence is one of the determinant factors on task and relational oriented leadership styles.In this study, it has been concluded that the relationship between supervisor relational leadership style and employee communication satisfaction was strong. Relational leadership style refers to placing the relationship established with other people to the core while acting as a leader and the right management of relationships. In this regard, executives concentrating on their relational leadership skills while developing their communication components would bear positive results.Task-oriented leadership style places emphases on obtaining suitable business methods and careful inspection of group members for the success of the business. The communication channels used by the corporation between the leader and group members is only related to the activation of the structure and obtaining results (Bloisit et al., 2003:574). Therefore, as a task-oriented leader only evaluates the task performance of its employees, it does not have a directly statistically significant impact on the job and communication satisfaction of the employee. As the supervisor cannot establish effective communication to develop any kind of relationship, it is natural for the relationship with the communication satisfaction of the employees to yield weak results.In conclusion, this research demonstrates that the leader's communication competences and at the same time, relational leadership style have a positive impactto ensure employee satisfaction and in this regard, it provides a guidance to the corporations which would like to concentrate on satisfaction that they have to develop the quality of communication and support relational leadership approach.中文译文：员工满意度：沟通能力与领导导向摘要本研究探讨了主管沟通能力、领导风格(任务型与关系型)与员工工作及沟通满意度之间是否存在关系。