丁楠道路材料翻译

法汉道路工程词典
（第一版）
前言
在东西高速公路现场指挥部领导的组织下，设计人员在工作中，积累了一些专业技术词汇，现在汇编成册，供技术人员设计和翻译工作中参考。

特别要说明的是，本“词汇”还远远不能满足我们工作的需要，希望大家添砖加瓦，使它不断丰富和完善。

另外，因汇编时间仓促，水平有限，错误和不足之处难免，请指教。

中交第一公路勘察设计研究院
阿尔及利亚项目现场指挥部技术质量部
2006年11月于阿尔及利亚
目录
1 合同 contrat (3)
2几何设计Conception géométrique (5)
2。

葡汉.汉葡建筑工程词汇手册（51-100页）for?a exterior外力for?a horizontal横向力for?a interior内力for?a lateral侧向力for?a resultante合力for?ura支撑forjamento锻造forma 样板，模壳forma geométrica几何形状formaldeído甲醛form?o扁铲formica丽光板fórmula de chézy谢才公式fórmula estrutural结构式fórmula molecular分子式forneco（连接房檐和椽子的）木质构件forno de cal石灰窑forno de microondas微波炉forro衬砌，衬层forro acústico隔音板forro de gesso装饰石膏衬板fotodíodo光电二极管fotoelasticidade光弹性fotogrametria摄影测量学fotogrametria analítica解析摄影测量fotogrametria analógica模拟摄影测量fotómetro光度计fragilidade脆性fragiliza??o脆化fragiliza??o cáustica碱性脆化fratura frágil脆性断裂frechal檩，桁架frequência acumulada累计频率frequência angular角频率frequência de impacto冲击频率frequência natural固有频率requ encímetro计频器fresa铣刀fresadora铣床fresta天窗frest?o（带有拱顶的高大的）窗户fric??o摩擦friso 中楣，檐壁frontal门楣饰，窗楣饰front?o小三角楣，半圆形楣frontaria建筑物的主立面frontispício主立面fuga de ar排气道，气门fuligem炭黑funda??o基础funda??o contínua连续基础funda??o de estaca桩基础funda??o directa天然基础funda??o elástica弹性基础funda??o em bloco块状基础funda??o flexível柔性基础funda??o profunda深基础funda??o radier筏型基础funda??o rasa浅基础funda??o rígida刚性基础funda??o sólida实体基础funda??o superficial浅基础fundi??o锻造fundi??o in situ就地灌注furadeira eléctrica电钻furadeira de bancada台钻furadeira de coluna立式台钻furadeira portátil eléctrica手电钻furo de sondagem探土孔fus?o nuclear核聚变fuste柱身，壁柱Gggabarito标准尺寸，测量仪器gabi?o填石铁笼，装土筐gabinete sanitário洗手间gablete三角墙，山形墙gabro辉长岩gaiola升降机箱，罐笼gaivagem水沟，引水沟gaivel梯形墙galeria pluvial下水道galga椽子galvanómetro检流计galvanoplastia电镀gancho钩子gancho de eleva??o起重机吊钩gancho de seguran?a安全钩gancho de suspens?o起重钩garagem车库garagem mecanica机械式汽车库garagem subterranea地下车库garfo carregador抓斗garlopa长刨，大刨gás carbónico二氧化碳gás criogénico低温气体gás de síntese合成气gás do efeito estufa温室气体gás dos pantanos沼气gás explosivo爆炸气体gás inflamável易燃气体gás liquefeito液化气体gás nobre惰性气体gaseifica??o气化gasoducto principal干线管道gasoduto燃气管道gato（一种用于固定石块的）金属夹generalidade一般性generaliza??o cartográfica制图综合geocomposto土工复合材料geodímetro光电测距仪geogrelha土工隔栅geologia de engenharia工程地质学geomecanica地质力学geomembrana 土工膜geometria几何学geometria descritiva画法几何geometria plana平面几何geomorfologia地貌学geossintéticos土工合成材料geotêxtil土工织物gera??o distribuída分布式发电gerador发电机gerador de vapor锅炉gerador síncrono同步发电机gesso石膏gesso acartonado石膏板gesso laminado层压石膏gest?o de constru??o施工管理gipsita石膏gleissolo潜育土glicerol甘油gnaisse片麻岩gobelé烧杯godo圆石，大卵石goiva半圆凿golpe de aríete水锤作用goma-laca虫漆goniómetro测角仪gorjeta錾子，錾刀goteira屋顶檐槽grade 格子，栅gradiente梯度gradiente altitudinal海拔梯度gradiente barométrico气压梯度gradiente contínuo连续梯度gradiente crítico临界梯度gradiente dinamico动力梯度gradiente hidráulico水力梯度gradiente longitudinal纵向梯度gradiente osmótico渗透梯度gradiente químico化学梯度gradiente reverso反向梯度gradiente térmico热梯度gradim多齿钢錾gradua??o级配，分级gráfico de barras横道图，柱状图gráfico de dispers?o散点图gráfico de setores扇形图gráfico estatístico统计图形grafite石墨grafitiza??o石墨化granito花岗岩granodiorito花岗闪长岩granulador造粒机granulometria粒度测量gr?o de areia砂砾grau标号grau de acabamento光洁度grau de compacta??o压实度grau de consolida??o固结度grau de liberdade自由度grau de satura??o饱和度graute薄泥浆gravidade重力gravidade específica比重gravilha碎石，粒状集合体gravilha de 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estatística统计水文学hidrometria水文测验学hidrómetro液体比重计hidroplasticidade含水塑性hidroquímica水化学hidrostática流体静力学hidrovia水道，水路hidróxido氢氧化物higrómetro温度计higroscopia潮解hipódromo跑马场hipsómetro蒸渗仪histograma直方图histograma柱状图holofote射灯，投光灯homogeneiza??o均匀化，均质化homogeneizador均化器homopolímero均聚物horizontalidade水平状态humidade湿度hu midade específica比湿humidifica??o adiabática绝热加湿humidificador加湿器，湿润器humidificador evaporativo蒸发加湿器Iii?o离子ignifuga??o防火处理ilumina??o natural自然采光ilumina??o arquitectónica建筑照明ilumina??o artificial complementar permanente常设人工辅助照明ilumina??o artificial人工照明il umina??o de emergência应急照明ilumina??o de seguran?a安全照明ilumina??o decorativa装饰照明ilumina??o difusa漫射照明ilumina??o eléctrica电气照明ilumina??o exterior室外照明ilumina??o fluorescente荧光照明ilumina??o interior室内照明ilumina??o mista混合照明ilumina??o natural采光ilumina??o proporcional均匀照明ilumina??o pública公共照明ilumina??o suave柔光照明iluminancia escalar标量照度iluminancia horizontal水平面照度iluminancia vertical垂直面照明ilus?o de óptica视错觉impermeabiliza??o防水impermeabiliza??o 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vigada有梁板lajedo石板地面lajeta方形石板lajota石板，扁石lajota ceramica瓷砖lama bentonítica膨润土泥浆lambril墙板，踢脚板lamina de madeira胶合板lamina??o a frio冷轧lamina??o a quente热轧laminado melamínico丽光板lampada a arco voltaico弧光灯lampada a óleo油灯lampada de cabeceira床头灯lampada de cristal水晶灯lampada de descarga em gás气体放电灯lampada de descarga放电灯lampada de lava熔岩灯lampada de mercúrio汞灯lampada de mesa台灯lampada de néon霓虹灯lampada de projec??o投影灯lampada de vapor de sódio钠蒸汽灯lampada eléctrica电灯泡lampada fluorescente荧光灯lampada germicida杀菌灯lampada halógena碘钨灯lampada impermeável防水灯lampada incandescente白炽灯lan?amento do concreto混凝土浇灌lancil路缘石lancil de seguran?a安全路缘石lan?o de escada两个平台间的楼梯lanternim（位于天花板上或墙高处的）窗lareira壁炉largura宽度laroz支撑屋顶坡面的椽子lastro道碴lat?o黄铜laterício红砖的类似物laterita红土latossolo砖红壤lava-lou?a洗手池lavrabilidade（石料的）易加工性leito路基leito aquático河床leito de estrada路基leito de rocha基岩，底岩leito percolador滴滤池leito rochoso地层lemniscata双扭线len?ol de água地下水面len?ol de borracha橡胶布len?ol freático潜水位，地下水位，地下水层lente acústica声透镜leque 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瓦通纸，硬纸paquímetro 游标卡尺parada de autocarro 公交站点parafina 石蜡parafuso 螺丝parafuso sextavado 六角螺钉parafuso auto-atarraxante 自攻螺丝parafuso da auto-perfura??o 钻尾螺丝parafuso de ancoragem 锚栓parafuso de expans?o 膨胀螺丝parafuso de liga??o 连接螺丝parafuso de parede seca 水泥墙螺丝parafuso de posicionamento 定位螺丝parafuso dilatável 膨胀螺丝parafuso dormente 枕木螺丝parafuso guia 丝杠parafuso para madeira 木工螺丝parafuso sem fim 蜗杆pára-luz 灯罩paramento 石面，墙面parametro de desenho 设计参数parametro estatístico 统计参数parametro geodésico 测地参数parametro geométrico 几何参数parametro projectivo 影射参数parametro termodinamico 热力学参数parapeito 低矮挡墙，女儿墙parede acústica 隔音墙parede autoportante 自承重墙parede basal 基础墙parede composta 复合墙parede de adobe 土坯墙parede de alvenaria 砖石墙，砌筑墙parede de armazenamento térmico 蓄热墙parede de bet?o 混凝土墙parede de blocos de bet?o 混凝土砌块墙parede de cavidade 空心墙parede de cisalhamento 剪力墙parede de cortina de vidro 玻璃幕墙parede de estaca-prancha 桩板墙parede de reten??o cantilever 悬臂式挡墙parede de reten??o 挡土墙parede diafragma 地下连续墙parede divisória 界墙，分隔墙parede dupla 双层墙parede estrutural 结构墙parede flexível 柔性墙parede inclinada 斜墙parede lateral 侧墙parede meeira 邻屋之间的墙parede mestra 主墙parede moldada 模板墙parede n?o estrutural 非承重墙parede portante 承重墙parede pré-fabricada 预制墙板parede refratária 耐火墙parede resistente 承重墙parede seca 清水墙，干壁parede solteira 单砖墙parede suspensa 悬墙parede transversal 横墙parede vazada 空心墙parede-cortina 幕墙parque de estacionamento 停车场parque de tanques 油罐场parquete 镶木地板parte estrutural 结构配件parterre 花坛partícula abrasiva 磨粒partícula elementar 基本粒子partícula em suspens?o 悬浮粒子passadeira 踏脚石；滤器passadi?o 通道passagem de ar 风道，气路passagem de nível 铁道路口passagem inferior 桥下通道；涵洞passagem subterranea 地下通道passarela de pedestres 人行天桥passarela 轻便栈道pasta de solda 焊机patamar de escada 楼梯平台pau-a-pique 夹灰墙pau-de-fileira 框架结构中由椽子支撑的最高部分pavimenta??o ceramica 陶瓷地砖地面pavimenta??o granítica 人造石铺面pavimentador 摊铺机pavimento duro 硬质路面pavimento em blocos 块料路面pavimento flexível 柔性路面pavimento permeável 可渗透路面pavimento rígido 刚性路面pavimento semi-rígido 半刚性路面peanha 基座，墙基，柱脚pe?a de reposi??o 备品备件pe?a sobressalente 备件pedestal 台座，基座pedra angular 拱心石，楔石pedra aparelhada 表面加工过的石头pedra arenosa 砂岩pedra argamassada 灰浆石pedra arredondada 圆石，鹅卵石pedra artificial 铸石，人造石块pedra britada 碎石pedra calcária 石灰石pedra de esmeril 磨石pedra de pavimenta??o 大卵石，圆石pedra ornamental 饰石pedra quadrada 条石，块石pedra-pomes 浮岩pedra-sab?o 皂石，块滑石pedregulho 漂石pedreira 采石场pedreiro 泥瓦匠。

空蚀
neutral surface
中性面
themalexpansion coefficient
热膨胀系数
close range
近距离
plastic deformation
塑性变形
three-dimensional
三维的，立体的
concentrated load
集中荷载
portlandcement
硅酸盐水泥
digital imaging
数字图像
reinforcingstell
钢筋
water tightness
水密性
ductile material
延性材料
remote sensing
遥感
water-cement ratio
水灰比
equation of equilibrium
平衡方程
repeated load
低于
elastic
弹性的
magnitude
大小 数量
sign
符号 正负号
binder
胶结料 粘结剂
elevate
提升，提高
maintenance
维护，保养
simultaneously
同时地
blastfurnace
高炉 鼓风炉
elevation
高程，建筑物立面图
metallurgical
冶金学的
slab
exaggerate
放大的
orientation
方向
specimen
试件 样品
compact
密实的
expand
扩大
orthophoto
正射像片正色摄影

United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。

如交通、房子、衣物,通讯、娱乐和食物的生产,实际上,我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。

历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。

实际上,早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名,如石器时代,铜器时代。

早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料,如石头、木材、粘土等。

渐渐地,他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料,这些新材料包括陶器和金属。

进一步地,人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。

在这点上,材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。

也就是说,在一系列非常有限的材料中,根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。

直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。

这个大约是过去的60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。

因此,成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。

很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。

一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。

比如,没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。

在现代,复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。

严格地说,材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。

相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。

从功能方面来说,材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料,而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系,和/或发展材料加工新技术。

多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。

“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。

简单地说,材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。

原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。

在原子水平上,结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。

葡萄牙语建筑类词汇（个人总结-丰富-实用）葡萄牙语建筑类词汇(个人总结-丰富-实用)分类建筑工程技术术语Termos técnicos de constru??o civil楼房建设constru??o de edifício工地canteiro de obra 地基terreno地质勘探estudo do selo基础base 挖地基escava??o da base 回填aterro防水camada impermeável楼房edifício 平房casa 地下室cave 底下车库garagem 楼梯escadas 楼梯扶手corrim?o 电梯elevador 电梯井po?o de elevador 楼道corredor （机械设备等）坏avariado（一般东西）坏estragar房间apartamento 厕所banheiro 大便坑bacia sanitária小便池urinol洗手池pia 屋顶telhado 大门port?o 门porta窗户janela抽水箱，马桶autoclismo 厨房用洗池banca lava Fiscal 监理Cronograma dos Trabalhos 施工计划Mapa de Pre?os e Quantidades 工程量清单gestores 管理人员cofragem 模板模板placa de molde (准确)ordinário 普通的一般的工作日dia útilEspecifica??o Técnica 技术规范Cessionário 受让人For?a Maior 不可抗力Certificado de Garantia de Boa Execu??o Técnica 质保证书Acordo de Crédito 信贷协议Acordo de Financiamento Principal 信贷框架协议instru??es de proposta 投标报价说明书Tabela sumário de proposta 投标汇总表类似完工项目经验Experiências das Obras Análogas Concluídas输变电：Linha de transmiss?oUtilidades Públicas 公共设施Apoio de Manuten??o 维护支持Prazo de Prorroga□□o 延长期限prorroga??o de prazoCondi??es reais do terreno 现场条件CHA VE NA M?O 交钥匙Pagamento inicial(down payment) 定金Tanque elevado;reservatório elevado 高位蓄水池Implanta??o de Fo ntanários 饮水装置Propriedade de compras 优先采购权Director de Projecto(DP) 项目主管elétrico 电动的Acondicionamento 包装secador 烘干机烤箱干燥机Embarque 发货Entrega 交付Remetente 发货人Destinatário 收货人Número de Embalagem 件号Conhecimento de Embarque 提货单Frete pré-pago 运费付讫Nota de embalagem 装箱单Apólice de seguro de transporte 运输保险单C□mara de Comércio Internacional 国际商会fusível熔断器Licen?a 许可Autoriza??o 执照Despacho aduaneiro 清关Tribunal de Contas 审计部门Globalidade da empreitada 承包总款项Transferência bancária 银行转账Factura de Progresso Mensal 月进度账单Documento de embarque 船务文件Devido pagamento 应付款项Desenho do tra□ado; Planta 平面图Propriedade industrial 工业专利权Viola□□o de direitos 侵权Expira□□o do contrato 合同期满Preferência na aquisi□□o 优先获取权Idioma 语言，方言Dialecto 方言Cess□o 分配，转让Disposi□□o 条文，规定，布置Adenda 附录，补遗Memorando 备忘Entrar em vigor 生效Fontanário 贮水器,饮水点Amonstragem e Análise 抽样化验Terraplenagem 填土，土方工程。

Historical Development of Matertials and TechnologyThe common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use.The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys.◆Phase: 相；阶段。

◆a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part ofsomething's developmentExample：phase two of the development is in progress.◆第二阶段开发正在进行中。

材料专业英语翻译As a professional in the field of materials, it is essential to have a good command of English, especially in terms of translation. Material science and engineering is an international discipline, and mastering English translation skills is crucial for accessing the latest research, communicating with colleagues, and promoting academic achievements.First and foremost, it is important to understand the basic principles of translation. Translation is not simply about substituting words from one language to another, but rather conveying the original meaning accurately and effectively. It requires a deep understanding of both the source language and the target language, as well as the ability to capture the nuances and cultural connotations of the original text.In the context of material science and engineering, terminology is of great importance. Many technical terms and concepts are unique to this field, and accurate translation is essential for clear communication. Therefore, it is necessary to build a solid foundation of material science knowledge and master the corresponding English terminology. Additionally, keeping up with the latest developments in the field and staying updated on new terminology is crucial for maintaining translation accuracy.Furthermore, when translating technical documents, it is important to pay attention to the style and tone of the original text. Technical documents are often formal and precise, and the translated version should reflect this professionalism. It is important to maintain clarity and coherence while avoiding overly literal translations that may sound awkward in English.In addition to technical translation, it is also important to be familiar with academic writing conventions in English. This includes understanding the structure of academic papers, the use of citations and references, and the appropriate style and tone for different types of academic writing. Being able to produce well-written and properly formatted academic papers in English is essential for sharing research findings and collaborating with international colleagues.In conclusion, mastering English translation skills is essential for professionals in the field of materials. It requires a deep understanding of both the technical aspects of material science and the linguistic nuances of English. By building a solid foundation of knowledge, staying updated on terminology, and honing academic writing skills, material professionals can effectively communicate their research and contribute to the international academic community.。

材料翻译Materials Translation (700 words)Today, I would like to talk about the importance of materials in various industries and how materials translation plays a significant role in global business.Materials are essential resources used in the creation and manufacturing of products. They can range from natural resources such as wood, metal, and stone, to synthetic materials like plastic and rubber. The choice of materials often determines the quality and functionality of a product, as well as its cost. Therefore, selecting the right materials is crucial for businesses to succeed in the competitive market.In today's globalized world, companies are increasingly expanding their operations across borders, reaching out to customers in different countries and cultures. This brings about the need for materials translation, as the specifications and descriptions of materials must be accurately conveyed to international suppliers, manufacturers, and customers.Materials translation involves translating technical material data sheets, product specifications, safety data, labels, and other relevant documents from one language to another. This translation is not a simple word-for-word process; it requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the technical knowledge of materials and their properties. It is essential to capture the precise meaning of the original text while ensuring that terminology and technical jargon are correctlytranslated.Accuracy in materials translation is crucial to avoid miscommunication or misunderstanding that could lead to costly mistakes in the manufacturing process. Mistranslations could affect the quality and performance of products, as well as pose safety risks to consumers. For example, if a safety data sheet for a chemical substance is mistranslated, it could lead to incorrect handling or usage, potentially causing harm to workers or the environment.Moreover, materials translation plays a vital role in marketing and sales. In order to effectively promote products in different markets, manufacturers need to provide detailed product descriptions and technical specifications in the local language. This helps potential customers understand the features and benefits of the product, making them more likely to make a purchase. Accurate translation of marketing materials, such as brochures, advertisements, and websites, is essential to convey the intended message and appeal to the target audience.In addition to accuracy, materials translation also requires efficiency and timeliness. In the fast-paced business world, delays in translating materials can lead to missed opportunities and loss of market share. Companies need to work with skilled translators who can deliver high-quality translations within tight deadlines. The use of translation technologies and tools can significantly enhance the efficiency of materials translation, enabling translators to maintain consistency and speed while ensuring accuracy.In conclusion, the importance of materials in various industries cannot be overstated. Materials translation is a critical aspect of global business operations, enabling companies to effectively communicate with international partners and customers. Accurate and timely translation of material specifications, safety data, and marketing materials is essential for successful manufacturing, marketing, and sales. As businesses continue to expand across borders, the demand for skilled materials translators will only increase, making it an important field in the world of translation.。

1) It is a fine summer’s day.那是一个晴朗的夏日。

2) The American family is dying because of the soaring divorce rate.由于离婚率直线上升,美国的家庭正在消亡。

3) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。

其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。

4) What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times.在一个时期的一定条件下起作用的东西，在另一些场合的相同条件下也必须起作用。

5) Influenza [influ’enzә] is spread in the same manner as a common cold.流感的传播方式和普通感冒相同。

6) A dry cell is dry only in the sense that there is no liquid in it.干电池之所谓干，只是就其中没有液体而言的。

7) There seems to be no limit to how hot things can get.物体能热到什么程度（或：物体能变得多热），似乎没有限度。

8) Although we think of the farm mainly in connection with food, some farm products never come to our table at all but go direct to factories where a great many other things are made from them.虽然我们一提到农场就会联想到食物，但有些农产品却是从来不上餐桌的，而是直接运到工厂，大量别的东西就由植物制造出来了。

翻译综合材料翻译资料汇编TextⅠ在纽约，这段时候可以常常听到圣诞歌声从街口的什么地方传出来，哪怕是在最脏的七号线车站，许多人在这里换车，黄昏时，这里上楼梯要排队。

车从这里的地铁爬上天桥，颤颤巍巍地从又乱又脏的街区开过去，往下一望，有时会看到一栋破极了的大楼的窗子里，有一些脸色神秘的东方人，穿着日式的大黑衣服，在练拳。

再往下一望，看到一个穿脏花裙子的黑老女人，摇摆着生了痛风病的胖腿，拿着一个大塑料袋，气息奄奄地走过去。

要是心情恍惚的话，会以为自己走到好莱坞的影城里去了，这里正好是在拍犯罪片。

这里也是美国啊，做着美国发财享福梦的人，要在这个站口哭起来。

那一天，近着圣诞节了，我在这里换车。

天气寒冷又潮湿，人们慢慢地向前动着，要上楼去换7号线。

在边上，我看到一只大大的灰老鼠一闪而过。

报纸上说，纽约地铁里的老鼠，有七岁孩子的智慧，也许这是真的，地铁里的老鼠，那一闪而过的黑眼睛里，有一种马上可以说话一般的神情。

然后，我听到有孩子的声音，随着小手风琴，在唱歌，在唱《平安夜》。

他们站在楼梯口，一个老人和一个孩子，孩子一手拿着小红铁筒，一手摇着小铁铃铛，黑色大衣上的小脸，被冷空气激得红红的。

经过他们的人，有的摸出钱来放在孩子的小红铁筒里，那洋铁的小筒，就丁地一响。

那是救世军在募集圣诞捐款。

寒冷的黄昏里，清脆的铃声响着，孩子在唱歌。

( 陈丹燕《圣诞歌声》) Usually at this time of the year, Christmas carols can be heard all over New York. They will waftfrom any street and lane, even from the dirtiest station of the dirtiest route, Route 7. Many people have to change trains here. When dusk falls, the commuters have to line up to move upstairs.The train is to climb up and onto the overpass and wobble its way through this dirty and messy block. Peering downwards and into the windows of some extremely dilapidated building, passengers may sometimes see some mysterious-looking Orientals dressed in Japanese-style dark suits practicing karate. Looking further downwards, they may see an elderly black woman wearing a dirty flowery skirt, and holding a big black plastic bag. Breathing with much difficulty, she is tottering along on legs swollen with gout. If one happens to be in a dreamy and imaginative mood, he might think he has blundered into Hollywood and happens to be watching the making of a crime film.This is America too! At the sight, some “rags to riches” dreamers might burst into tears.The other day, Christmas fast approaching, I was changing trains here. It was cold and wet. People inched forward, intending to change to Route 7. Suddenly I caught a glimpse of a king- size grayish rat scurrying by. Some newspapers say that the rats in New York have the IQ of a 7-year-old child. This may well be true. Scuttling by, those rats seem to be talking to you all the while with their dark glinting eyes.Then I heard the voice of a child, who was singing “Silent Night”to the acc ompaniment of a small accordion.They were standing at the foot of the stairs, an elderly man and a little boy. Holding a little red tin can in one hand, the boy was ringing an iron bell with the other. His little face that appeared above his black overcoat was flushed in the cold air.Some passengers produced coins and dropped them with a tinkle into the can.That was part of the effort of the Salvation Army to collect money donations.In the bone-chilling dusk, the bell kept ringing, and the child singing, loud and clear.TextⅡ秋天，无论在什么地方的秋天，总是好的；可是啊，北国的秋，却特别地来得清，来得静，来得悲凉。

中文英文缩写阀轭Yoke外螺纹阀杆及有阀轭Outside screw & yoke OS & Y阀杆Stem内螺纹阀杆Inside screw IS阀轭套Yoke sleeve阀杆环Stem ring阀座Valve seat Body seat阀座环、密封圈Seat ring整体阀座Integral seat堆焊阀座Deposited seat阀芯（包括密封圈、杆等）Trim阀盘Dise阀盘密封圈Dise seat阀体Body阀盖Bonnet阀盖衬套Bonnet bush螺纹阀帽Screw cap螺纹阀盖Screw bonnet螺栓连接的阀盖Bolted bonnet BB活接阀盖（帽）Union bonnet c ap螺栓连接的阀帽Bolted cap BC焊接阀盖Welded bonnet WB本体阀杆密封Body stem seal石棉安全密封Asbestos emergency seal 倒密封Back seal压力密封的阀盖Pressure seal bonnet动力操纵器Powered operator电动操纵器Electric motor operator气动操纵器Pneumatic operator液压操纵器Hydraulic operator快速操纵器（滑动阀杆）Quick-acting operator (sliding stem)正齿轮传动Spur gear operated伞齿轮传动Bevel gear operated扳手操作Wrench operated链轮Chain wheel手轮Hand wheel手柄Hand level (Handle)气缸（或液压缸）操纵的Cylinder operated 链条操纵的Chain operated等径孔道Full bore, Full port异径孔道Reducing bore;Reduced port Venturi port短型Short pattern紧凑型（小型）Compact type笼式环Lantern ring压盖Gland阀杆填料Stem packing阀盖垫片Bonnet gasket升杆式（明杆）Rising stem RS非升杆式（暗杆）Non-rising stem NRS开闭指示器/限位器Indicator/stopper注油器Grease injector可更换的阀座环Renewable seat ring闸阀Gate valve平行双闸板Double disc parallel seat楔形双闸板Split wedge挠性楔形闸板Flexible solid wedge楔形单闸板Solid wedge塞型闸阀Plug gate valve疏通型闸阀Through conduit gate valve截止阀Globe valve球心型阀盘Globe type disc塞型阀盘Plug type disc可转动的阀盘Swivel disc节流阀Throttle valve针阀Needle valve角阀（角式截止阀）Angle valveY型阀（Y型阀体截止阀）Y-valve (Y-body globe valve)球阀Ball valve三通球阀3-way ball valve装有底轴的Thunnion mounted耐火型Fire safe type浮动球型Floating ball type防脱出阀杆Blowout Proof stem蝶阀Butterfly valve对夹式（薄片型）Wafer type凸耳式Lug type偏心阀板蝶阀Offset disc butterfly valve; Eccentric butterfly valve斜阀盘蝶阀Canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀Link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀Combined non-return butterfly valve柱塞阀Piston type valve旋塞阀Plug valve三通旋塞阀Three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀Four-way plug valve旋塞Cock衬套旋塞Sleeve cock隔膜阀Diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀Rubber lined diaphragm valve直通式隔膜阀Straight way diaphragm valve堰式隔膜阀Weir diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀Pinch valve (用于泥浆、粉尘等）止回阀Check valve升降式止回阀Lift check valve旋启式止回阀Swing check valve落球式止回阀Ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀Spring ball check valve双板对夹式止回阀Dual plate wafer type check valve无撞击声止回阀Non-slam check valve底阀Foot valve切断式止回阀Stop check valve ; Non-return valve活塞式止回阀Pistonche check valve翻板式止回阀Flap check valve翻转盘止回阀Tilting disc check valve蝶式止回阀Butterfly check valve安全泄气阀Safety valve SV安全泄液阀Relief valve RV安全泄压阀Safety relief valve杠杆重锤式Lever and weight type引导阀操纵的安全泄气阀Pilot operated safety valve复式安全泄气阀Twin type safety valve罐底排污阀Flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀Bellow sealed valve电磁阀Solenoid valve; solenoid operated valve电动阀Electrically operated valve; Electr-motor operated valve气动阀Pneumatic operated valve低温用阀Cryogenic service valve 蒸汽疏止阀Steam trap机械式疏水阀Mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀Open bucket trap; Open top bucket trap浮球式疏水阀Float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀Inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀Loose float trap恒温式疏水阀Thermostatic trap金属膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀Metal expansion steam trap液体膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀Liquid expansion steam trap双金属膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀Bimetallic expansion steam trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀Balanced pressure thermostatic trap热动力式疏水阀Thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀Impulse steam trap放汽阀（自动放汽阀）Air vent valve; (Automatic air vent valve)平板式滑动闸阀Slab type sliding gate valve 盖阀Flat valve换向阀Diverting valve; Reversing valve热膨胀阀Thermo expansion valve自动关闭阀Self-closing valve自动排液阀Self-draining valve管道肓板阀Line-blind valve挤压阀Sgueeze valve呼吸阀Breather valve风门Damper减压阀Pressure reducing valve; Reducing valve控制阀Control valve膜式控制阀Diaphrated operated control valve 执行机构Actuator背压调节阀Back pressure regulating valve差压调节阀Differential pressure regulating valve压力比例调节阀Pressure ratio regulating valve切断阀Block valve; shut-off valve; stop valve 调节阀Regulating valve快开阀Quick opening valve快闭阀Quick closing valve隔断阀Isolating valve三通阀Three way valve夹套阀Jacketed valve非旋转式阀Non-rotary valve排污阀Blowdown valve集液排放阀Drip valve排液阀Drain valve放空阀Vent valve卸载阀Unloading valve排出阀Discharge valve吸入阀Suction valve多通路阀Multiport valve取样阀Sampling valve手动阀Hand operated valve; manually operated valve锻造阀Forged valve铸造阀Cast valve实心本体的阀Barstock valve（水）龙头Bibb; Bib; Faucet抽出液阀（水阀）Bleed valve旁路阀By-pass valve软管阀Hose valve混合阀Mixing valve破真空阀Vacuum breaker冲洗阀Flush valve根部阀Root valve; Primary valve; Header valve管子（按标准制造）Pipe管子（不按标准制造）Tube钢管Steel pipe铸铁管Cast iron pipe衬里管Lined pipe复合管Clad pipe碳钢管Carbon steel pipe C.S.合金钢管Alloy steel pipe不锈钢管Stainless steel pipe S.S.奥氏体不锈钢管Austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管Ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管Wrought-steel pipe锻铁管Wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管Seamless steel pipe SMLS焊接钢管Welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管Electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管Electric-resistance-welded steel plate pipe螺旋焊接钢管Spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管Galvanized steel pipe热轧无缝钢管Hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拉无缝钢管Cold-drawing seamless pipe水煤气钢管Water-gas steel pipe塑料管Plastic pipe玻璃管Glass tube橡胶管Rubber tube壁厚Wall thickness WT壁厚系列号Schedule number SCH. NO. 加厚的，加强的Extra heavy; Extra strong 双倍加厚的；双倍加强的Doublw extra heavy; Double extra strong管件Fitting弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow带支座弯头Base elbow长半径弯头Long radius elbow短半径弯头Short radius elbow长半径180°弯头 Long radius return短半径180°弯头 Short radius return带铡向口的弯头（右向或左向）Side outlet elbow (Right hand or left hand)双支管弯头Double branch elbow三通Tee异径三通Reducing tee等径三通Straight tee带侧向口的三通（右向或左向）Side outlet tee (Right hand or left hand)异径三通（分支口为异径）Reducing tee (reducing on outlet)异径三通（一个直通口为异径）Reducing tee (reducing on run)带支座三通Base tee异径三通（一个直通口及分支口为异径）Reducing tee (Reducing on one run and outlet)异径三通（两个直通口为异径）（双头式）Reducing tee (reducing on both runs)(bull head)45°斜三通45°Lateral45°斜三通（支管为异径）45°Lateral (reducing on branch)45°斜三通（一个直通口为异径）45°Lateral (reducing on one run)45°斜三通（一个直通口及支管为异径）45°Lateral (reducing on one run and branch)Y型三通T rue "Y"四通Cross等径四通Straight cross异径四通Reducing cross异径四通（一个分支口为异径）Reducing cross (reducing on one outlet)异径四通（两个分支口为异径）Reducing cross (reducing on both outlet)异径四通（一个直通口及分支口为异径）Reducing cross (reducing on one run and outlet)异径四通（一个直通口及两个分支口为异径）Reducing cross (reducing on one run and both outlet)异径管Reducer同心异径管Concentric reducer偏心异径管Eccentric reducer锻制异径管Reducing swage支管连接Branch cinnection焊接支管Stub-in螺纹支管台Thredolet焊接支管台Weldolet承插焊支管台Sockolet弯头支管台Elbolet斜接支管台Latrolet镶入式支管嘴Sweepolet短管支管台Nipolet支管台、插入式支管台Boss管接头Coupling; Full coupling半管接头Half coupling异径接头Reducing coupling活接头Union内外螺纹缩接Bushing管帽Cap C堵头Plug短管Nipple异径短节Reducing nipple 异径短节（外螺纹或无螺纹）Swage nipple 预制弯管Fabricated pipe bend跨越弯管Cross-over bend偏置弯管Offset bend90°弯管Quarter bend环形弯管Circle bend单侧偏置90°弯管Single offset quarter bendS形弯管 "S" bend单侧偏置90°弯管Single offset "U" bendU形弯管"U" bend双偏置U形膨胀弯管Double offset expansion "U" bend斜接弯头Mitre elbow斜接弯Mitre bend三节斜接管3-piece mitre bend折皱弯管Corrugated bend端部连接End connection法兰端Flange end坡口端；对焊端Beveled end , Butt welded end BEV. E平端Plain end PE承插焊端Socket welding end螺纹端Threaded end T E承口Bell end焊接端Welding end法兰连接（接头）Flange joint对焊连接（接头）Butt welded joint螺纹连接；管螺纹连接Threaded joint; pipe threaded joint锥螺纹密封焊连接Seal-welded taper pipe threaded joint承插焊连接（接头）Socket welded joint 承插连接（接头）Bell and spigot joint 焊接接头Welded joint环垫接头Ring joint RJ万向接头Universal joint软钎焊连接（接头）Soldered joint搭接接头Lapped joint外侧厚度切斜角Bevel for outside thickness内侧厚度切斜角Bevel for inside thickness 内外侧厚度切斜角Bevel for combinedthickness法兰式的Flanged FLG对焊的Butt welded BW螺纹的Threaded THD承插焊的Socket welded SW小端为平的Small end plain SEP大端为平的Large end plain LEP两端平Both ends plain BEP小端带螺纹Small end thread SET大端带螺纹Large end thread LET两端带螺纹Both ends thread BET一端带螺纹One end thread OET法兰Flange FLG整体管法兰Integral pipe flange钢管法兰Steel pipe flange螺纹法兰Threaded flange滑套法兰（平焊法兰）Slip-on-welding flange 承插焊法兰Socket welding flange松套法兰Lap joint flange LJF对焊法兰Weld neck flange WNF法兰盖Blind flange; Blind孔板法兰Orifice flange异径法兰Reducing flange盘座式法兰Pad type flange松套带颈法兰Loose hubbed flange板式平焊法兰Welding plate flange对焊环Welding neck collar平焊环Welding on collar管端突缘Stub end翻边端Lapped pipe end松套板式法兰Loose plate flange压力级Pressure rating; Pressure rating class 压力-温度等级Pressure-temperature rating 法兰密封面；法兰面Flange facing突面Raised face RF凸面Male face MF凹面Female face FMF榫面Tongue face槽面Groove face环连接面Ring joint face全平面；满平面Flat face; Full face FF光滑突面Smooth raised face SRF 法兰面加工Facing finish粗糙度Roughness 光滑的Smooth齿形的Serrated均方根Root mean square RMS算术平均粗糙高度Arithmetical average roughness height AARH管道特殊件Piping speciality粗滤器Strainer过滤器Filter临时粗滤器（锥型）Temporary strainer (cone type)Y型粗滤器Y-type strainerT型粗滤器T-type strainer永久过滤器Permanent filter网状粗滤器Gauze strainer洗眼器及淋浴器Eye washer and shower视镜Sight glass阻火器Flame arrester喷嘴；喷头Spray nozzle喷射器Ejector取样冷却器Sample cooler消音器Silencer膨胀节Expansion joint波纹膨胀节Bellow expansion joint单波Single bellow双波Double bellow多波Multiple bellow压力平衡式膨胀节Pressure balanced expansion joint带铰链膨胀节Hinged expansion joint轴向位移型膨胀节Axial movement type expansion joint自均衡膨胀节（带外加强环）Self-equalizing expansion joint带拉杆膨胀节Tied expansion joint万向型膨胀节Universal type expansion joint球型补偿器Ball type expansion joint; Flexible ball joint填函式补偿器Slip type (packed type) expansion joint单向滑动填料函补偿器Single action packed slip joint软管接头Piping special element快速接头Hose connection HC金属软管Metal hose橡胶管Rubber hose挠性管Flexible tube鞍形补强板Reinforcing saddles; Reinforcement pad特殊法兰Special flange漏斗Funnel排液环Drip ring排液漏斗Drain funnel插板Blank垫环Spacer8字肓板 Spectacle blind; Figure 8 blind限流孔板Restriction orifice爆破板Rupture disk法兰盖贴面Protective disc碳素钢Carbon steel C.S.低碳钢Low-carbon steel中碳钢Medium-carbon steel高碳钢High-carbon steel普通碳素钢General carbon steel优质碳素钢High-quality carbon steel普通低合金结构钢General structure low alloy steel合金结构钢Structural alloy steel合金钢Alloy steel工具钢Tool steel弹簧钢Spring steel钼钢Molybdenum steel镍钢Nickel steel铬钢Chromium steel铬钼钢Chrome-molybdenum steel铬镍钢Chrmium-nickel steel; Chrome-nickel steel渗铬钢；镀铬钢Chromized steel镀铬的Chromium-plated; chrome-plated不锈钢Stainless steel S.S.奥氏体不锈钢Austenitic stainless steel 马氏体不锈钢Martensitic stainless steel 司特来合金（钨铬钴合金）Stellite耐蚀耐热镍基合金Hastelloy平炉钢（马丁钢）Martin steel镇静钢Killed steel半镇静钢Semi-killed steel沸腾钢Rimmed steel; Rimming steel; Open steel锻钢Forged steel铸钢Cast steel铸铁Cast iron C.I.灰铸铁Grey cast iron可锻铸铁Malleable iron [M.I.] Nodular 球墨铸铁Nodular cast iron; Nodular graphite iron生铁Pig iron熟铁；锻铁Wrought iron铸件Casting高硅铸铁High silicon cast iron非铁合金Non-ferrous alloy铝Aluminum铜；紫铜Copper黄铜Brass青铜Bronze铝青铜Aluminum bronze磷青铜Phosphor bronze铝镁合金Aluminum magnesium锰青铜Manganese bronze蒙乃尔（镍及铜合金）Monel钛Titanium铅Lead硬铅Hard lead极限强度Ultimate strength抗拉强度Tensile strength屈服极限Yield limit屈服点Yield point延伸率Percentage elongation抗压强度Compressive strength抗弯强度Bending strength弹性极限Elastic limit冲击值Impact value (Number)疲劳极限Fatigue limit蠕变极限Creep limit持久极限Endurance limit布氏硬度Brinell hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness维氏硬度Vickers diamond hardness, Diamond penetrator hardness非金属材料Non-metallic material塑料Plastic丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene ABS 聚乙烯Polyethylene PE聚氯乙烯Poly vinyl chloride PVC 苯乙烯橡胶Styrene-rubber SR聚丁烯Polybutylene PB聚丙烯Polypropylene PP聚苯乙烯Polystyrene PS氯化聚醚Chlorinated polyether CPE 聚酰胺Polyamide PA聚碳酸酯Polycarbonate PC聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯Poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA醋酸丁酸纤维素Cellulose acetate butyrate CAB氯化聚氯乙烯Chlorinated poly vinyl chloride CPVC聚偏二氟乙烯Poly vinylidene fluoride PVDF缩醛塑料Acetal plastic尼龙塑料Nylon plastic聚烯烃Polyolefin PO石墨酚醛塑料Graphited phenolic plastics聚四氟乙烯Polytetrafluoroethylene P TEE 纤维增强热塑性塑料Fiber reinforced thermoplastics热塑性塑料Thermoplastic热固性Thermoset胶粘剂Adhesive溶剂胶接剂Solvent cement树脂Resin木材Wood耐火砖Fire brick陶瓷Ceramic搪瓷Porcelain enamel硼硅玻璃Borosilicate glass玻璃Glass橡胶Rubber丁腈橡胶Nitrile butadiene rubber氯丁橡胶Neoprene天然橡胶Natural rubber乙丙橡胶Ethylene propylene rubber EPR乙烯丙烯二烃单体Ethylene propylene diene monomer EPDM垫片Gasket垫片型式Type of gasket平垫片Flat gasket环形平垫片Flat ring gasket平金属垫片Flat metal gasket带棉织物的橡胶Elastomer with cotton fabric insertion带石棉织物的橡胶Elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion带石棉织物及金属丝加强橡胶Elastomer with asbestos fabric insertion and with wire reinforcement无石墨压缩白石棉垫片Non graphited compressed white asbestos gasket天然白橡胶垫片Natural white rubber gasket压缩石棉垫片Compressed asbestos gasket浸聚四氟乙烯的石棉垫片PTFE impregnated asbestos gasket夹石棉的缠绕金属垫片Spiral-wound metal gasket with asbestos filler内环Inner ring外环；外定位环Outer ring波纹金属垫片Corrugated metal gasket 波纹金属包石棉垫片Corrugated metal gasket with asbestos inserted双夹套波纹金属包石棉垫片Corrugated metal double jacketed asbestos filled gasket双夹套垫片Double jacketed gasket金属包石棉平垫片Flat metal jacketed asbestos filled gasket实心金属齿形垫片Solid metal serrated gasket槽形金属垫片Grooved metal gasket环形连接金属垫片Ring joint metal gasket八角环形垫片Octagonal ring gasket椭圆环形垫片Oval ring gasket透镜式垫片Lens gasket填料Packing石棉绳Asbestos rope; Asbestos cordO型环O-ring自密封Self-sealing四氟带Teflon tap带铬镍合金丝的石棉绳Asbestos rope with inconel wire; inconel wire Asbestos浸聚四氟乙烯的石棉填料Teflon impregnated asbestos packing金属填料Metallic stuffing填料箱；填料函Packing box; stuffing box 填料函压盖Stuffing box gland型材Mumber型钢Shaped steel角钢Angle steel槽钢Channel工字钢工-Beam宽缘工字钢或H钢Wide flanged beam T型钢T-Bar方钢Square Bar扁钢Flat Bar六角钢Hexagonal steel Bar圆钢Round steel; Rod钢带Strap steel钢板Plate网纹钢板Checkered plate腹板（指型钢的立板）Web翼板（指型钢的缘）Wing材料表Bill of material BM材料统计Material take off MTO散装材料Bulk material统计材料准确度Accuracy of take off分组（类）形式（如管道等级表）Block form综合管道材料表Consolidated piping material Summary sheet CPMSS材料情况报告Material status report MSR汇总表Summary sheet估算Estimate数量Quantity QTY重量Weight询价Inquiry采购Procurement purchase采购说明Purchase specification订货单Purchasing order采购说明汇总表Purchasing specification summary sheet PSSS请购Requisitioning厂商报价Vendor quotation预制的Prefabricated编位号的Itemized代码Code number由买方供货By Buyer BB由卖方供货By seller由制造厂供货By vendor BV供应者Supplier制造者；制造厂Manufacturer接续线Match line M.L.中心线Center line ф装置边界Battery limit BL区界Area limit区域边界Zone limit工厂边界Plant limit装置边界内侧Inside battery limitI.S.B.L.设备布置EquipmentArrangement;Equipment layout, plot plan标高、立面Elevation EL混凝土顶面Top of concrete架顶面Top of support TOS钢结构顶面Top of steel TOS梁顶面Top of beam支撑点Point of support POS东East E西West W南South S北North N上Up下Down装置北Plant north真实北向True north方位Orientation危险区划分Hazardous area classification 楼面Floor平台Platform PF地面Ground level栏杆Hand rail楼梯Stair; stair way直梯Ladder铺砌区Paving area非铺砌区Unpaving area碎石铺面Gravel paving橡皮铺面Rubber paving钢结构Steel structure场地Yard建筑物Building道路Road管廊Pipe rack柱Column; post; stanchion基础Foundation梁Beam斜撑Bracing桁架Girder电缆槽（架）Cable tray (channel)仪表电缆槽（架）Instrument cable tray (duct)墙Wall篦子板Grate; Grating吊装孔Erection opening棚Shelter吊柱Davit净正吸入压头Net positive suction head绝对标高Absolute elevation坐标Coordinate坐标原点Origin of coordinate出口中心线Center line of discharge入口中心线Center line of suction切线Tangent line焊接线Welding line转/分Revolutions per minute RPM控制室Control room洗眼站Eye washer station泡沫站Foam station软管站Hose station H.S.贮藏室Storage room通风室Ventilating room更衣室Locker room变压器室Transformer room配电室Substation维修室Maintenance room办公室Office盥洗室Closet分析室Analyzer room 压缩机房Compressor House (room) 泵房Pump House (room)蓄电池室Battery room盘（操作盘）Local panel电气盘Electrical panel仪表盘Instrument panel塔Tower Column洗涤塔Scrubbr吸收塔Absorder冷却塔Cooling tower精馏塔Fractionating tower换热器Heat exchanger空冷器Air cooler水冷却器Water cooler冷凝器Condenser螺旋板式换热器Spial plate exchanger 反应器Reactor贮槽Tank缓冲罐Knock-out drum球罐Spheroid spherical tank罐Drum气柜Gas holder螺旋式气柜Helicl gas-holder湿式气柜Wet gas-holder干式气柜Dry gas-holder炉子Furnace烧咀Burner锅炉Boiler火炬Flare烟囱Stack加热器Heater电加热器Electric heater搅拌器Agitator干燥器Dryer混合器Mixer蒸发器Evaporator萃取器Extractor结晶器Crystallizer澄清器Gravity settler喷射器Ejector喷头Sprayer旋风分离器Cyclone分离器Separator成套设备Package unit设施Facilities仪表设备Apparatus附件；附属设备Accessory起重机Crane桥式起重机Bridge crane电动葫芦Motor hoist泵Pump涡轮泵Turbine pump涡流泵Vortex pump离心泵Centrifugal pump喷射泵Jet pump转子泵Rotary pump管道泵Inline pump真空泵Vacuum pump柱塞泵Plunger pump双作用往复泵Double action reciprocating pump计量泵Metering pump齿轮泵Gear pump手摇泵Hand pump; Wobble pump压缩机Compressor活塞式压缩机Reciprocating Compressor 多级压缩机Mutiprocating compressor螺杆压缩机Helical screw compressor离心式压缩机Centrifugal compressor风机Fan鼓风机Blower离心机Centrifuge离心分离机Centrifugal separator离心过滤机Centrifugal filter压滤机Pressure filter发电机Generator汽轮机Steam turbine电动机Motor管道设计Piping design管道研究Piping study管道布置平面Piping arrangement plan PAP管道布置Piping assembly; Piping layout 详图Detail“X”视图View "X"“A-A”剖视 Section "A-A"通用连接图Hook up DWG轴测图Isometric drawing 索引图Key plan通用连接组Typical installation管道及仪表流程图Piping and Instrument drawing P&ID管口Nozzle连接；接头Connection导管Conduit管品方位Nozzle orientation方向Direction位置Location相交Intersection垂直；正交；垂直的Perpendicular平行；平行的Parallel管顶Top of pipe TOP管底Bottom of pipe BOP沟底Bottom of trench管子内底Invert (inside bottom of pipe) 底平Flat on bottom FOB顶平Flat on top FOT水平的Horizontal垂直的；立式的Vertical上升管；垂直管Riser等级分界Material Specification break隔热分界Insulation break管道等级Piping class管道材料规定Piping material specification公称直径Nominal (pipe) size; Nominal diameter DN公称压力Nominal pressure ; Pressure rating PN等级Class CL磅/平方英寸Pounds per square inch Psi百万帕斯卡Million Pascal MPa管道组成件Piping component管道附件Piping attachment管道元件Piping element腐蚀裕量Corrosion allowance管段；短管Spool piece;Spool直管Run pipe; Straight pipe弯管Bend管件直连Fitting to fitting FTF水平安装Horizontal installation垂直安装Vertical installation面至面Face to face F-F中心至端面Center to Endr C-E中心至面Center to face C-F中心至中心；中至中Center to center C-C对称的Symmetric相反的；对面的Opposite距离Distance坡度Slope工作点Working point W.P.管间距Line spacing管道跨距Line span相当的Eguivalent最大Maximum Max.最小Minimum Min.大约Approximate APPROX面积Area体积；容积Volume VOL管口表List of nozzle接续图Continue on drawing COD界外Offisite地上管道Above ground piping地下管道Under ground piping管线号Line number总管Header; Manifold旁管By pass末经允许不得开启Car seal closeC.S.C.末经允许不得关闭Car seal open C.S.O. 在关闭状态下锁定Locked closed LC在开启状态下锁定Locked open LO常开Normally open常闭Normally closed取样接口Sampling connection伴热管Tracing pipe蒸汽伴热Steam tracing热水伴热Hot-water tracing电伴热Electrical tracing夹套管Jacketed line全夹套的Full jacketed比例Scale图Figure草图Sketch 图例Legen符号Symbol件号Part Number常压Medium pressure M.P.高压High pressure H.P.大气压Atmosphere ATM真空Vacuum工作压力Operating pressure; Woring pressure设计压力Design pressure工作温度Operating temperature设计温度Design temperature环境温度Ambient temperature度Degree摄氏Centigrade C华氏Fahrenheit F固定鞍座Fixed saddle滑动鞍座Sliding saddle入口Inlet; suction出口Outlet; discharge排出口Exhaust排液Drain放空Vent污水坑（井）Sump pit集水池Catch basin沟槽Trough管沟Piping trench地漏Floor drain小过道Cat walk走道、过道Walk way; Gang way预留孔Future area人孔Man hole MH手孔Hand hole HH半径Radius R外径Outside Diameter OD内径Inside Diameter ID螺栓圆直径Bolt circle B.C.节圆直径Pitch circle diameter间隙；净空Clearance尺寸Dimension高度；海拔Height厚度Altitude长度Length宽度Width深度Depth千磅Kip米meter m毫米millimeter mm英尺feet/foot ft英寸inch in管架零部件Attachment of support管托Shoe管卡ClampU形夹（卡）C levis锻制U形夹（卡）Forged steel clevis 支耳Lug耳轴Trunnion止动挡块Shear lug托座Stool吊耳Ear带状卡Strap clamp夹板，导向板Cleat可调夹板Adjustable cleat角板，连接板Gusset筋；肋Rib支承环Ring加强板Stiffener底板Basc plate顶板Top plate翅片式导向板Fin预埋件Embedded part Inserted plate垫板（安装垫平用）Shim锚固件；生根件Clip预焊件（设备上）Clip (on epuipment) 聚四氟乙烯滑动板PTFE sliding plate 连接板Tie plate连接杆Tie rod限制杆Limit rod带环头接杆Eye rod连接杆Connecting rod杠杆Lever间隔管（片、块）Spacer滑动吊板（吊架顶部用）Sliding traveller(lor honger)滑轮组Tackle block钢索；电缆Cable木块Wood block鞍座Saddle 裙座Skirt管支架形式Type of pipe support支承架Resting support滑动架Sliding support固定架Anchor导向架Guide限制性支架Restraint限位架Stop定值限位架Limit stop二维限位架Two-axis stop往复定植限位架Double-acting limit stop 定向限位架Directional stop吊架Hanger弹簧架Spring support弹簧托Resting type; spring support弹簧吊托Spring hanger恒力吊架Constant hanger重锤式吊架Counter weight hanger弹簧恒力吊架Spring constant hanger弹簧恒力托架Resting type spring constant support滚动支架Rolling support弹簧支撑架Spring bracing减振器Snubber液压减振器Hydraulic snubber减振装置Damping device缓冲筒（器）Dash pot标准管架Standard pipe support通用管架Typical pipe support悬臂架Cantilever support三角架Triangular support支腿LegΠ型管架Π-type supportL型管架 L-type support柱式管架Pole type support墙架Support-on-wall可调支架Adjustable support管墩；低管架Sleeper特殊管架Special support背对背Back to back钻孔Drill长孔Slot; slot hole放气孔；通气孔Vent hole灌浆，水泥砂浆填平Grouting组装；装配Assembly攻螺孔Tapped; Tapping自由滑动Free to slide跨度Span对中心；找正Alignment切割使适合Cut to suit修饰使适合Trim to suit伸出长度指预埋螺栓Extrusion热应力分析Thermal stress analysis管道柔性分析Piping flexiblity analysis 荷载工况Load case力矩Moment弯曲力矩Bending moment扭矩Torgue外载Externally applied load荷载Load冷态荷载Cold load工作荷载Working load反力Reaction位移Displacement附加位移Appendant displacement角位移Angular rotation冷紧；冷拉Cold spring自拉Self spring约束Restraint固定点Fix point; Anchor point自由Free刚性的Rigid方向Direction无件Member节点Node节点号Node number管系Piping system应力Stress弯曲应力Bending stress扭转应力Torsional stress轴向应力Axial stress剪切应力Shear stress拉应力Tension stress压应力Compression stress一次应力Primary stress二次应力Secondary stress热胀应力范围Thermal expansion stress range 许用应力范围Allowable stress range 位移应力Displacement stress柔性应力Flexibility stress内压应力Internal pressure stress外压应力External pressure stress纵向应力Longitudinal stress应力范围减少系数Stress-Range reduction factor弹性模量Modulus of elasticity惯性矩Moment of inertia断面系数Section modulus柔性系数Flexiblity factor波桑比Poisson's ratio柔度特性Flexiblity characteristic应力增大系数Stress intensification factor面内In-plane面外Out-plane热循环Thermal cycle热膨胀系数Thermal expansion coefficient安全系数Safety factor焊接Welding焊接种类Varieties of welding电弧焊Arc welding电熔焊Electric fusion welding EFW电阻焊Electric resistance welding ERW 有保护的金属电弧焊Shielded metal arc welding SMAW手工或自动惰性气体保护Manual and automatic inert gas tungsten钨极电弧焊（带不可熔焊条）Arc welding with unmeltable electrode GTAW自动埋弧焊Automatic submerged arc welding金属极惰性气体保护焊Gas metal arc welding GMAW氩弧焊Argon-Arc welding气体保护电弧焊Gas-shielded arc welding 气焊Gas welding; Flam welding等离子焊Plasma welding硬钎焊Braze welding电渣焊Electroslag welding焊条Welding electrode rod焊丝Welding wire焊药（剂）Flux焊接形式Type of welding角焊Fillet welding间断焊Intermittent welding点焊Spot welding对焊Butt welding搭焊Lap welding塞焊Plug welding珠焊Bead welding槽焊Slot welding焊接接头Welding joint仰焊Overhead welding现场焊Field weld F.W.封底焊Back run立焊Vertical welding平焊Flat welding工厂（车间）焊接Shop weld定位焊Tack weld坡口GrooveV形坡口V groove; Bevel end单面U形坡口Single U grooveK型坡口D ouble bevel grooveX型坡口D ouble V groove双面U型坡口Double U grooveU-V组合坡口Combination U and V groove 焊接缺陷Defects of welding焊接裂缝Weld crack根部裂缝Root crack错位Mismatch弧坑Pit焊穿Burn through夹渣Slag inclusion咬边，咬肉Undercut焊瘤Overlap气孔Porosity严重飞溅Excessive spatter未溶合Incomplete fusion根部未焊透Incomplete penetration无损检验Non-Destructive testing肉眼检验；外观检验Visual testing着色渗透试验Dye penetrant inspection 液体渗透试验Liquid penetraphyX射线照相X-ray radiography r射线照相Gamma radiography超声波探伤Uitrasonic test磁粉探伤Magnetic particle test荧光渗透试验Fluorescent penetrant inspection水压试验Hydraulic testing气压试验Pneumatic testing热处理Heat treatment普通热处理Conventional heat treatment退火Annealing局部退火Spot annealing中间退火Process annealing球化退火Spheroidize annealing等温退火Isothermal annealing极软退火Dead-soft annealing回火Tempering正火Nomalizing淬火Quenching水淬火Water quenching油淬火Oil quenching等温淬火Isothermal quenching断续淬火Slack quenching高温淬火Hot quenching水冷淬火Cold quenching调质Quenching and tempering时效处理Ageing treatment可淬性Hardenability过热敏感性Superheated susceptivity回火脆性Temper brittleness表面热处理Surface heat treatment火焰表面淬火Flame surface quenching 高频淬火Induction hardening渗碳Carbonization渗氮Nitrogen case-hardening渗铬Chromizing渗铝Aluminizing玻璃棉Glass wool岩棉Rock wool聚氨脂，聚氨基甲酸脂Polyurethane泡沫玻璃Foam glass; Cellular glass沥青Asphalt油毛毡Asphalt felt镀锌铁丝Galvanized wire镀锌铁丝网Galvanized wire mesh石棉板Asbestos board石棉布Asbestos cloth石棉织品Asbestos fabric管壳Shell棉毡Blanket硅酸钙Calcium silicate硅酸铝纤维Aluminosilicace fiber珍珠岩Perlite泡沫混凝土Foamed concrete; cellular concrete蛭石Vermiculite矿（渣）棉Mineral wool保温块Insulation block硅藻土Kieselguhr; Diatomite泡沫聚苯乙烯Cellular polystrene玛蹄脂保护层Mastic weatherproof coating水泥抹面Finishing cement金属保护层Clad; Metal jacketing玻璃布Glass (fiber) cloth镀锌铁皮Galvanized (sheet) iron; Galvanized plain sheet铝板Aluminum sheet线规Wire gage伯明翰线规Birmingham wire gage BWG 美国线规American wire gage AWG 隔热层Insulation保温Hot insulation保冷Cold insulation人身保护Personal protection隔音Sound insulation吸声Sound absorbing分贝Decibel导热系数Thermal conductivity factor支承环Support ring环箍Circumferential band钢环Steel ring涂漆Painting底漆Primary coat; Bottom coat面漆Finishing coat瓷漆Enamel防锈漆Antirust paint醇酸瓷漆Alkyd enamel酚醛漆Phenolic paint 沥青漆Bituminous paint聚氨酯漆Polyurethane paint有机硅漆Organic silicon paint漆酚树脂漆Urushiol resin paint环氧树脂漆Epoxy resin paint过氯乙烯漆Ethylene perchloride paint无机富锌漆Inorganic zinc-rich paint颜色Colour淡（浅）色的Light深色的Dark螺栓Bolt六角头螺栓Hexagonal head bolt方头累栓Square head bolt双头螺栓Stud bolt环头螺栓Eye bolt沉头螺栓Countersunk (head) screw地脚螺栓Anchor bolt; Foundation bolt 松紧螺旋扣；花兰螺丝TurnbuckleU型螺栓U-boltT型螺栓 T-bolt圆头螺钉Round head bolt机螺栓Machine bolt顶开螺栓；顶起螺栓Jack screw自攻螺钉Self tapping screw膨胀螺栓Expansion bolt粗制的Coarse精制的Finished; Fine螺母Nut六角螺母Hexagonal nut方螺母Square nut蝶形螺母Wing nut扁螺母Flat nut锁紧螺母Lock nut垫圈Washer弹簧垫圈Spring washer方垫圈Square washer斜垫圈Slant washer销轴Pinned shaft销Pin开口销Cotter pin定位销Dowel pin带孔销Pin with hole圆锥销Taper pin铆钉Rivet。

公路highway道路road公路工程highway engineering公路网highway network公路网密度highway density公路等级highway classification公路自然区划climatic zoning for highway公路用地highway right—of-way高速公路freeway等级公路classified highway辅导relief road干线公路arterial highway支线公路feeder highway专用公路accomodation highway国家干线公路（国道）national trunk highway省级干线公路(省道) provincial trunk highway县公路（县道) county road乡公路(乡道) township road辐射式公路radial highway环形公路ring highway绕行公路bypass交通结构traffic structure交通组成traffic composition混合交通mixed traffic交通流traffic flow交通流理论traffic flow theory车流vehicle stream交通密度traffic density车头间距space headway车头时距time headway车间净距vehicular gap延误delay地点速度spot speed行驶速度running speed运行速度poerating speed临界速度critical speed平均速度average speed计算行车速度（设计车速）design speed交通量traffic volume年平均日交通量annual average daily traffic月平均日交通量monthly average daily traffic 年第30位最大小时交通量thirtieth highest annualhourly volume年最大小时交通量maximum annual hourly设计小时交通量design hourly volume通行能力traffic capacity基本通行能力basic traffic capacity可能通行能力possible traffic capacity设计通行能力design traffic capacity 道路服务水平level of service公路交通规划traffic planning交通调查traffic survey交通量调查traffic volume survey交通量观测站traffic volume observationstation起迄点调查(OD调查）origin-destination study 出行trip境内交通local traffic过境交通through traffic交通发生traffic generation交通分布traffic distribution交通分配traffic assignment交通预测traffic prognosis行车道carriageway分离式行车道divided carriageway车道lane变速车道speed—change lane加速车道acceleration lane减速车道deceleration lane爬坡车道climbing lane停车道parking lane错车道turn-out lane自行车道cycle path路侧人行道sidewalk分隔带lane seperator中央分隔带median divider中间带central strip路肩shoulder；verge路缘带marginal strip路缘石kerb;curb侧向余宽lateral clearance路拱camber；crown路拱横坡crown slope公路建筑限界clearance of highway公路路线highway route公路线形highway alignment平面线形horizontal alignment纵面线形vertical alignment线形要素alignment elements平曲线horizontal curve极限最小平曲线半径limited minimum radius ofhorizontal curve复曲线compound curve反向曲线reverse curve断背曲线broken-back curve回头曲线switch—back curve缓和曲线transition curve竖曲线vertical curve弯道加宽curve widening加宽缓和段transition zone of curve超高superelevation超高缓和段supere levation runoff纵坡longitudinal gradient最大纵坡maximum longitudinal gradient 最小纵坡minimum ongitudinal gradient 变坡点grade change point平均纵坡average gradiant坡长限制grade length limitation高原纵坡拆减highland grade compensation 缓和坡段transition grading zone合成坡度resultant gradent视距sight distance停车视距non—passing sight distance;stopping sight distance超车视距passing sight distance道路交叉road intersection;道口railroad grade crossing平面交叉at—grade intersection ;grade crossing正交叉right-angle intersection斜交叉skew intersection环形交叉rotary intersection十字形交叉“+"intersectionT形交叉T intersection错位交叉offset intersection；staggered junction Y形交叉Y intersection立体交叉grade separation分离式立体交叉simple grade separation，separate grade crossing互通式立体交叉interchange首蓿叶形立体交叉full cloverleaf interchange部分首蓿叶形立体交叉cloverleaf interchange菱形立体交叉diamond interchange定向式立体交叉directional interchange喇叭形立体交叉three—leg interchange环形立体交叉rotary interchange匝道ramp交叉口road crossing; intersection交叉口进口intersection entrance交叉口出口intersection exit加铺转角式交叉口intersection with widenedcorners拓宽路口式交叉口flared intersection分道转弯式交叉口channelized intersection渠化交通channelization交织weaving交织路段weaving section合流converging分流diverging 冲突点conflict point交通岛traffic island导流岛channe lization island中心岛central island安全岛refuge island沿线设施roadside facilities交通安全设施traffic safety device人行横道crosswalk人形地道pedestrian underpass人形天桥pedestrian overcrossing护栏guard fence防护栅guard fence，safety barrier 遮光栅anti-dizzling screen应急电话emergency telephone反光标志reflective sign反光路钮reflective button弯道反光镜traffic mirror道路交通标志road traffic sign警告标志warning sign禁令标志regulatory sign指示标志guide sign指路标志information sign辅助标志auxiliary sign可变信息标志changeable message sign路面标线pavement marking防雪设施snow protection facilities 防沙设施sands protection facilities 隔音墙acoustic barrier停车场parking area踏勘reconnaissance可行性研究feasibility study线形设计highway alignment design 公路景观设计highway landscape design 选线route selection路线控制点control point定线location比较线alternative line展线line development初测preliminary survey定测location survey地貌topographie fcature地物culture地形topography台地terrace垭口pass；saddle back平原区plain terrain微丘区rolling terrain重丘区hilly terrain山岭区mountainous terrain沿溪线valley line山脊线ridge line山坡线hill-side line越岭线ridge crossing line土方调配cut-fill transition土方调配图cut-fill transition program土方调配经济运距economical hauling distance导线traverse导线测量traverse survey中线center line中线测量center line survey施工测量construction survey竣工测量final survey（路线）平面图plan交点intersection point虚交点imaginary intersection point转点turning point转角intersection angle方位角azimuth angle象限角bearing方向角direction angle切线长tangent length曲线长curve length外（矢）距external secant测站instrument station测点observation point中桩center stake加桩additional stake护桩reference stake断链broken chainage水准测量levelling survey水准点bench mark绝对基面absolute datum高程elevation地面高程ground elevation设计高程designed elevation(路线)纵断面图profile中桩填挖高度cut and fill at center stake地形测量topographic survey基线base line地形图topographic map等高线contour line横断面测量cross—sectional survey横断面图cross—section坑探pit test钻探boring摄影测量photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerial photogrammetry地面立体摄影测量ground stereophoto grammetry 地面控制点测量ground control-point survey航摄基线aerophoto base影像地图photographic map像片索引图(镶辑复照图) photo index航摄像片判读aerophoto interpretation 综合法测图planimatric photo全能法测图universal photo微分法测图differential photo像片镶嵌图photo mosaic路基subgrade路堤embankment路堑cutting半填半挖式路基part cut—partfill subgrade 台口式路基benched subgrade路基宽度width of subgrade路基设计高程design elevation of subgrade （路基）最小填土高度minimum height of fill边坡side slope边坡坡度grade of side slope（边)坡顶top of slope（边）坡脚toe of slope护坡道berm边坡平台plain stage of slope碎落台berm at the foot of cutting slope 护坡slope protection挡土墙retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall横重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙cantilever retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort retaining wall柱板式挡土墙column—plate retaining wall 锚杆式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods 锚碇板式挡土墙anchored bulkhead retaining wall 石笼rock filled gabion抛石riprap路基排水subgrade drainage边沟side ditch截水沟intercepting ditch排水沟drainage ditch急流槽chute跌水drop water蒸发池evaporation pond盲沟blind drain渗水井seepage well透水路堤permeable embankment过水路面ford填方fill挖方cut借土borrow earth弃土waste取土坑borrow pit弃土堆waste bank回填土back-filling黄土loess软土soft soil淤泥mud泥沼moor泥炭peat盐渍土salty soil膨胀土expansive soil冻土frozen soil流砂quicksand软弱地基soft ground强夯法dynamic consolidation预压法preloading method反压护道loading berm砂井sand drain路基沙垫层sand mat of subgrade压实compaction压实度degree of compaction（标准)最大干容重maximum dry unit weight相对密实度relative density毛细水capillary water土石方爆破blasting crater抛掷爆破blasting for throwing rock爆破漏斗blasting crater松动爆破blasting for loosening rock爆破作用圈acting cire les of blasting路面pavement弹性层状体系理论elastic multilayer theory(回弹)弯沉deflection加州承载比（CBR）California bearing ratio(CBR）路面宽度width of pavement路槽road trough刚性路面rigid pavement柔性路面flexible pavement路面结构层pavement structure layer面层surface course磨耗层wearing course联结层binder course基层base course垫层bed course隔水层aquitard隔温层thermal insulating course封层seal coat透层prime coat保护层protection course补强层streng thening layer 高级路面high type pavement次高级路面sub—high type pavement中级路面intermediate type pavement 低级路面low type pavement水泥混凝土路面cement concrete pavement沥青路面bituminous pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous macadam pavement 沥青贯入碎（砾）石路面bituminous penetrationpavement沥青表面处治bituminous surface treatment 块料路面block pavement石块路面stone block pavement泥结碎石路面clay—bound macadam pavement水结碎石路面water—bound macadam pavement级配路面graded aggregate pavement稳定土基层stabilized soil base course工业废渣基层industrial waste base course块石基层telford base层铺法spreading in layers拌和法mixing method厂拌法plant mixing method路拌法road mixing method热拌法hot mixing method冷拌法cold mixing method贯入法penetration method铺砌法pitching method缩缝contraction joint胀缝expansion joint真缝true joint假缝dummy joint横缝transverse joint纵缝longitudinal joint施工缝construction joint传力杆dowel bar拉杆tie bar路面平整度surface evenness路面粗糙度surface roughness路面摩擦系数friction coefficient of pavement 附着力adhesive force水滑现象hydroplaning phenomenon桥梁bridge公路桥highway bridge公铁两用桥highway and rail transit bridge 人形桥pedestrian bridge跨线桥overpass bridge高架桥viaduct永久性桥permanent bridge半永久性桥semi-permanent bridge临时性桥temporary bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge钢桥steel bridge圬工桥masonry bridge木桥timber bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge弯桥curved bridge坡桥bridge on slope斜桥skew bridge正桥right bridge上承式桥deck bridge中承式桥half-through bridge下承式桥through bridge梁桥beam bridge简支梁桥simple supported team bridge 连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge联合梁桥composite beam bridge板桥slab bridge拱桥arch bridge双曲拱桥two-way curved arch bridge空腹拱桥open spandrel arch bridge实腹拱桥filled spandrel arch bridge系杆拱桥bowstring arch bridge桁架桥truss bridge钢构桥rigid frame bridgeT形钢构桥T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续钢构桥continuous rigid frame bridge 斜腿钢构桥rigid frame bridge with inclinedlegs斜拉桥(斜张桥) cable stayed bridge悬索桥suspension bridge漫水桥submersible bridge浮桥pontoon bridge开启桥movable bridge装配式桥fabricated bridge装拆式钢桥fabricated steel bridge涵洞culvert管涵pipe culvert拱涵arch culvert箱涵box culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力式涵洞non-pressure culvert压力式涵洞pressure culvert半压力式涵洞partial pressure culvert倒虹吸涵siphon culvert 上部结构superstructure主梁main beam横梁floor beam纵梁longitudinal beam，stringer挂梁suspended beam拱圈arch，ring拱上结构spandrel structure腹拱spandrel arch拱上侧墙spandrel wall桥面系floor system，bridge decking桥面铺装bridge deck pavement伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint 桥面伸缩装置bridge floor expansion andcontraction installation安全带afety belt桥头搭板transition slab at bridge head下部结构substructure桥墩pier墩身pier body墩帽coping盖梁bent cap破冰体ice apron重力式桥墩gravity pier实体桥墩solid pier空心桥墩hollow pier柱式桥墩column pier排架桩墩pile bent pier柔性墩flexible pier制动墩braking pier单向推力墩single direction thrusted pier桥台abutment台身abutment body前墙front wall翼墙wing walls台帽coping锥坡conical slope耳墙wing wallsU形桥台U—shaped abutment八字形桥台flare wing wall abutment一字形桥台head wall abutment，straight abutment 重力式桥台gravity abutment埋置式桥台buried abutment扶壁式桥台counterforted abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead abutment 支撑式桥台supported type abutment地基subsoil加固地基consolidated subsoil天然地基natural subsoil基础foundation扩大基础spread foundation沉井基础open caission foundation管柱基础cylindrical shaft foundation桩基础pile poundation桩pile预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in—place concrete pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile承台bearing platform支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活动支座expansion bearing索塔cable bent tower索鞍cable saddle调治构造物regulating structure丁坝spur dike顺坝longitudinal dam桥位bridge site桥梁全长total length of bridge主桥main bridge引桥approach span跨径span桥涵计算跨径computed span桥涵净跨径clear span矢跨比rise span ratio计算矢高calculated rise of arch桥下净空clearance of span桥面净空clearance above bridge floor桥梁建筑高度construction height of bridge 荷载load永久荷载permanent load可变荷载variable load偶然荷载accidental load荷载组合loading combinations车辆荷载标准loading standard for design vchicle 设计荷载design load施工荷载construction load梁beam简支梁simple-supported beam连续梁continuous beam悬臂梁cantilever beam板slab拱arch桁架truss刚构rigid frame柱column强度strength刚度stiffness ，rigidity 抗裂度crack resistance稳定性stability位移displacement变形deformation挠度deflection预拱度camber流域catchment basin集水面积runoff area径流runoff水文测验hydrological survey河床river bed河槽river channel主槽main channel边滩side shoal河滩rlood land河床宽度bed width河槽宽度channel width过水断面discharge section水位water level最高(或最低)水位maximum(minimum)water level 通航水位navigable water level设计水位design water level水面比降water surface slope河床比降gradient of river bed湿周weffed perimeter糙率coefficient of roughuess水力半径hydraulic radius水文计算hydrological computation设计流量designed discharge设计流速designed flow velocity行近流速approach velocity洪水调查floor survey洪水频率floor frequency设计洪水频率designed flood frequency潮汐河流tidal river悬移质suspended load推移质bed material load水力计算hydraulic computation水头water head冲刷scour桥下一般冲刷general scour under bridge桥墩（或墩台)局部冲刷local scour near pier自然演变冲刷natural scour冲刷系数coefficient of scouring淤积silting壅水back water流冰ice drift先张法pretensioning method后张法post-tensioning method缆索吊装法erection with cableway悬臂拼装法erection by protrusion悬臂浇筑法cast-in—place cantilever mathod移动支架逐跨施工法span by span method纵向拖拉法erection by longtitudinal pullingmethod顶推法incremental launching method 转体架桥法construction by swing浮运架桥法erecting by floating顶入法jack-in method围堰cofferdam护筒pile casing隧道tunnel洞门tunnel portal衬砌tunnel lining明洞open cut tunnel围岩surrounding rork隧道建筑限界structural approach limit of runnels 明挖法open cut method矿山法mine tunnelling method盾构法shield tunneling method沉埋法(沉管法）lmmersed tunnel导坑heading隧道支撑tunnel support构件支撑element support喷锚支护lock bolt support with shotcrete 隧道通风tunnel ventilation隧道照明tunnel lighting养护maintenance定期养护periodical maintenance巡回养护patrol maintenance大中修周期maintenance period小修保养routine maintenance中修intermediate maintenance大修heavy maintenance改善工程road inprovement抢修emergency repair of road加固strengthening of structure回砂sand sweeping罩面overlay of pavement路面翻修pavement recapping路向补强pavement strengthening车辙rutting路面搓板surface corrugation路面网裂net-shaped cracking路面龟裂alligator cracking路面碎裂pavement spalling反射裂缝reflection crack路面坑槽pot holes 路面冻胀surface frost heave路面沉陷pavement depression路面滑溜surface slipperiness露骨suiface angularity啃边edge failure泛油bleeding拥包upheaval拱胀blow up错台faulting of slab ends错位slab staggering滑坡slide坍方land slide崩塌collapse碎落debris avalanche沉降settlement沉陷subsidence泥石流mud avalanche（振动）液化liquefaction翻浆frost boiling岩溶karst沙害sand hazard雪害snow hazard水毁washout好路率rate of good road养护质量综合值general tating of maintenancequality路容road appearance路况road condition路况调查road condition survey路政管理rlad administration民工建勤civilian labourers working onpublic project养路费toll of road maintenance养路道班maintenance gang粒料granular material集料（骨料）aggregate矿料mineral aggregate矿粉mineral powder砂sand砾石gravel砂砾sand gravel卵石cobble stone碎石broken stone,crushed stone片石rubble块石block stone料石dressed stone石屑chip工业废渣industrial solid waste结合料binder有机结合料organic binding agent沥青bitumen地沥青asphalt天然沥青natural asphalt石油沥青petroleum asphalt煤沥青coal tar乳化沥青emulsified bitumen氧化沥青oxidized asphalt路用沥青road bitumen无机结合料inorganic binding agent粉煤灰fly ash混合料mixture沥青混合料bituminous mixture沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete mixture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam mixture 沥青砂asphalt sand沥青膏asphalt mastic水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土cement concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力（钢筋)混凝土prestressed concrete早强混凝土early strength concrete干硬性混凝土dry concrete贫混凝土lean concrete轻质混凝土light-wehght concrete纤维混凝土fibrous concrete外掺剂admixture减水剂water reducing agent加气剂air entraining agent早强剂early strength agent缓凝剂retarder钢筋steel bar预应力钢材prestressing steel高强钢丝high tensile steel wire钢铰线stranded steel wire冷拉钢筋cold-stretched steel bar冷拔钢丝cold—drawn steel wire高强螺栓high strength bolt空隙率porosity孔隙比void ratio粒径grain size颗粒组成grain composition细度fineness筛分sieve analysis级配gradation级配曲线grading curve最佳级配optimum gradation含水量water content 最佳含水量optimum water content稠度界限consistency limit液限liquid limit塑限plastic limit缩限shrinkage limit塑性指数plasticity index水泥标号cement mark水泥混凝土标号cement concrete mark水泥混凝土配合比proportioning of cement concrete 水灰比water cement ratio和易性workabillty坍落度slump硬化hardening水硬性hydraulicity气硬性air hardening离析segregation徐变creep老化ageing(沥青)稠度consistency （of bitumen)针入度penetration粘(滞）度viscosity软化点softening point延度ductility闪点flash point溶解度dissolubility热稳性hot stability水稳性water stability油石化asphalt—aggregate ratio含油率bitumen content压碎率rate of crushing磨耗率abrasiveness弹性模量modulus of elasticity回弹模量modulus of resilience劲度（模量) stiffness modulus模量比modulus ratio泊松比poisson’s ratio疲劳试验fatigue test劈裂试验splitting test三轴试验triaxial test击实试验compaction test触探试验cone penetration test弯沉试验deflection test环道试验circular track test承载板试验loading plate test透水性试验perviousness test车辙试验wheel tracking test马歇尔试验Marshall stability test压实度试验compactness test铺砂法sand patch method硬练胶砂强度试验earth-dry mortar strength –test 软练胶砂强度试验plastic mortar strength—test (水泥）安定性试验soundness test（of cement）击实仪compaction test equipment长杆贯入仪penetration test equipment承载板loading plate杠杆完沉仪beam lever deflectometer路面曲率半径测定仪surface-curvature apparatus路面平整度测定仪viameter路面透水度测定仪surface permeameter五轮仪fifth—wheel tester制动仪skiddometer速度检测器speed detector万能试验机universal testing machine三轴（剪切)仪triaxial shear ratiotester加州承载比(CBR)测定仪California bearingratiotester标准筛standard sieves（沥青）针入度仪penetrometer（沥青)粘度仪viscosimeter(沥青）延度仪ductilometer(沥青）软化点仪(环—球法）softening pointtester（ringball method)闪点仪(开口杯式) flash point tester（open cupmethod)马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability apparatus （沥青混合料）抽提机bitumen extractor砂浆稠度仪mortar penetration tester坍落度圆锥筒slump cone标准工业粘度计standard concrete consistometer 饱和面干吸水率试模saturated—surface—duiedmoisture retention tester撞击韧度试验机impact toughness machine圆盘耐磨硬度试验机wear hardness machine狄法尔磨耗试验机Deval abrasion testing machine 洛杉矶磨耗试验机Los Angeles abrasiontestingmachine压碎率试模crushing strength tester单斗挖掘机single-bucket excavator推土机bulldozer除根机rootdozer铲运机scraper平地机grader挖沟机trencher耕耘机cultivator松土机ripper松土搅拌机pulvi-mixer稳定土拌和机stabilizer凿岩机rock breaker碎石机stone crusher 碎石撒布机stone spreader装载机loader羊足压路机sheep—foot roller手扶式单轮压路机walk behind single drum蛙式打夯机frog rammer内燃夯实机internal comtustion compactor 铁夯(铁撞柱) tamping iron压路机roller振动压路机vibratory roller沥青加热器asphalt heater沥青泵asphalt pump沥青洒布机asphalt sprayer沥青洒布车asphalt distributor沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt paver散装水泥运输车cement deliver truck水泥混凝土混合料拌和设备concrete mixing plant (水泥混凝土混合料）搅拌运输车concrete delivertruck水泥混凝土混合料摊铺机concrete paver振捣器concrete vibrator水泥混凝土混合料整面机concrete finisher真空泵vacuum pump水泥混凝土路面切缝机concrete joint cutter水泥混凝土路面锯缝机concrete saw水泥混凝土路面清缝机concrete joint cleaner水泥混凝土路面填缝机concrete joint sealer水泵pump泥浆泵mud pump张拉钢筋油泵prestressed steel bar drawing oil pump 砂浆泵mortar pump水泥混凝土混合料泵concrete pump钢筋切断机bar shear钢筋冷轧机cold—rolling mill钢筋冷拉机steel stretcher钢筋冷拔机steel bar cold-extrudingmachine钢筋冷镦机steel bar heading press machine 钢筋拉伸机steel extension machine钢筋弯曲机steel bar bender钢筋调直机steel straighten machine对焊机butt welder钻孔机boring machine打桩机pile driver拔桩机pile extractor千斤顶jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶prestressed steel bar drawingjack手拉葫芦chain block起重葫芦hoisting block卷扬机hoister缆索吊装设备cableway erecting equipment 起重机crane架桥机bridge erection equipment砂筒sand cylinder盾构shield全气压盾构compressed air shield半盾构roof shield隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine全断面隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine for fullcection喷枪shotcrete equipment装碴机mucker盾构千斤顶main jack拉合千斤顶pull-in jacks复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer路面铣削机pavemill回砂车sand sweeping equipment除雪机snow plough装雪机snow loader洗净剂喷布车detergent spray truck清扫车sweeper洒水车water truck划标线机line maker振动筛vibrating screen撒布机spreader输送机conveyer提升机elevator翻斗车dump—body car自卸汽车dumping wagon牵引车tow truck拖车头tractor truck挂车trailer平板车flat truck工程车shop truck万能杆件fabricated universal steel members 交通规划traffic rules交通事故traffic accident交通事故率traffic accident rate人口事故率population accident rate车辆事故率vehicle accident rate运行事故率operating accident rate交通控制traffic control中央控制台central control unit点控制spot control线控制line control面控制area control交通信号traffic signal交通信号灯traffic signal lamp 信号周期signal cycle绿信比split ratio信号相位signal phase相位差phase difference 绿波green wave交通监视系统traffic surveillance 交通公害vehicular pollution。

陷型center-pente(CP)包边胶tie-in strip保留生产轮胎reserved old series of tyre层级ply rating层数number of plies常压轮胎atomospheric pressure tyre超低断面轮胎super low section tyre充气轮胎pneumatic tyre带束层belt导电实心轮胎conductive solid tyre低断面轮胎low section tyre调压轮胎adjustable inflation tyre定向花纹directional tread pattern断面高度section height断面宽度section width防擦线kerbing rib非粘结式实心轮胎pressed on solid tyre封口胶sealing rubber钢丝包胶wire covering钢丝圈bead ring高负荷实心轮胎high load capacity solid tyre高宽比（H/S）aspect ratio(H/S)隔离胶insulation rubber公路花纹highway tread pattern拱形轮胎arch tyre骨架材料framework material光胎面smooth tread海棉轮胎foam filled tyre横向花纹transverse pattern花纹沟groove花纹加强盘tie-bar of pattern花纹角度pattern angle花纹块pattern block花纹条pattern rib花纹纹深度pattern depth花纹细缝pattern sipe花纹展开图pattern plan缓冲层breaker缓冲胶片breaker strip混合花纹dual purpose tread pattern活胎面轮胎removable tread tyre浇注轮胎cast tyre抗静电实心轮胎anti-static solid tyre可选择的胎圈座轮廓bead seat optional contours宽基轮胎wide base tyre帘面层cord ply轮胎tyre(tire)轮胎标志tyre marking轮胎规格tyre size轮胎系列tyre series内衬层inside liner内胎inner tube内胎胎身tube body内支撑轮胎internal supporter tyre耐油实心轮胎oil-resistance solid tyre 平峰型flat hump(FH)普通断面轮胎conventional section tyre 密层innerliner屈挠区flexing area三角胶apex沙漠轮胎sand tyre实心轮胎solid tyre水胎curing bag速度符号speed symbol胎侧sidewall胎侧胶sidewall rubber胎冠crown胎肩shoulder胎肩垫胶shoulder wedge胎肩区shoulder area胎里tyre cavity胎面tread胎面过渡胶transition rubber of tread 胎面花纹tread pattern胎面基部tread base胎面基部胶tread slab base胎面磨耗标志tread wear indicator胎面行驶面tread cap胎圈bead胎圈包布chafer胎圈补强带bead reinforcing strip胎圈底部bead base胎圈外护胶bead filler rubber胎圈芯bead core胎圈座bead seat胎圈座角度beat seat angle胎圈座宽度bead seat width胎圈座圆角半径bead seat radius胎体carcass胎趾bead toe胎踵bead heel特殊座架special ledge(SL)凸峰型round hump(RH)椭圆形轮胎elliptical tyre外胎cover外直径overall diameter完带层cap ply无内胎轮胎tubeless tyre斜底实心轮胎conical base solid tyre斜交轮胎diagonal tyre新胎new tyre雪泥花纹mud and snow pattern有内胎轮胎tubed tyre圆柱实心轮胎cylindrical base solid tyre越野花纹cross-country tread pattern越野轮胎cross-country tyre粘结式实心轮胎cured on solid tyre胀大轮胎grown tyre装配线fitting line装饰胎侧decorative sidewall装饰线decorative rib子午线轮胎radial ply tyre自由半径free radius纵向花纹circumferential pattern轮胎术语Tyre terms本标准参照采用国际标准ISO3877／11978《轮胎、气门嘴和内胎术语对照表第一部分：轮胎》、ISO4223-1-1989《轮胎工业用的某些术语的定义第一部分：充气轮胎》。

公路highway道路road公路工程highway engineering公路网highway network公路网密度highway density公路等级highway classification公路自然区划climatic zoning for highway公路用地highway right—of-way高速公路freeway等级公路classified highway辅导relief road干线公路arterial highway支线公路feeder highway专用公路accomodation highway国家干线公路(国道) national trunk highway省级干线公路(省道）provincial trunk highway县公路（县道）county road乡公路（乡道) township road辐射式公路radial highway环形公路ring highway绕行公路bypass交通结构traffic structure交通组成traffic composition混合交通mixed traffic交通流traffic flow交通流理论traffic flow theory车流vehicle stream交通密度traffic density车头间距space headway车头时距time headway车间净距vehicular gap延误delay地点速度spot speed行驶速度running speed运行速度poerating speed临界速度critical speed平均速度average speed计算行车速度（设计车速）design speed交通量traffic volume年平均日交通量annual average daily traffic月平均日交通量monthly average daily traffic 年第30位最大小时交通量thirtieth highest annualhourly volume年最大小时交通量maximum annual hourly设计小时交通量design hourly volume通行能力traffic capacity基本通行能力basic traffic capacity可能通行能力possible traffic capacity设计通行能力design traffic capacity 道路服务水平level of service公路交通规划traffic planning交通调查traffic survey交通量调查traffic volume survey交通量观测站traffic volume observationstation起迄点调查（OD调查）origin-destination study 出行trip境内交通local traffic过境交通through traffic交通发生traffic generation交通分布traffic distribution交通分配traffic assignment交通预测traffic prognosis行车道carriageway分离式行车道divided carriageway车道lane变速车道speed-change lane加速车道acceleration lane减速车道deceleration lane爬坡车道climbing lane停车道parking lane错车道turn—out lane自行车道cycle path路侧人行道sidewalk分隔带lane seperator中央分隔带median divider中间带central strip路肩shoulder;verge路缘带marginal strip路缘石kerb；curb侧向余宽lateral clearance路拱camber；crown路拱横坡crown slope公路建筑限界clearance of highway公路路线highway route公路线形highway alignment平面线形horizontal alignment纵面线形vertical alignment线形要素alignment elements平曲线horizontal curve极限最小平曲线半径limited minimum radius ofhorizontal curve复曲线compound curve反向曲线reverse curve断背曲线broken—back curve回头曲线switch-back curve缓和曲线transition curve竖曲线vertical curve弯道加宽curve widening加宽缓和段transition zone of curve超高superelevation超高缓和段supere levation runoff纵坡longitudinal gradient最大纵坡maximum longitudinal gradient 最小纵坡minimum ongitudinal gradient 变坡点grade change point平均纵坡average gradiant坡长限制grade length limitation高原纵坡拆减highland grade compensation 缓和坡段transition grading zone合成坡度resultant gradent视距sight distance停车视距non-passing sight distance;stopping sight distance超车视距passing sight distance道路交叉road intersection；道口railroad grade crossing平面交叉at—grade intersection ；grade crossing正交叉right—angle intersection斜交叉skew intersection环形交叉rotary intersection十字形交叉“+”intersectionT形交叉T intersection错位交叉offset intersection;staggered junction Y形交叉Y intersection立体交叉grade separation分离式立体交叉simple grade separation,separategrade crossing互通式立体交叉interchange首蓿叶形立体交叉full cloverleaf interchange部分首蓿叶形立体交叉cloverleaf interchange菱形立体交叉diamond interchange定向式立体交叉directional interchange喇叭形立体交叉three-leg interchange环形立体交叉rotary interchange匝道ramp交叉口road crossing；intersection交叉口进口intersection entrance交叉口出口intersection exit加铺转角式交叉口intersection with widenedcorners拓宽路口式交叉口flared intersection分道转弯式交叉口channelized intersection渠化交通channelization交织weaving交织路段weaving section合流converging分流diverging 冲突点conflict point交通岛traffic island导流岛channe lization island中心岛central island安全岛refuge island沿线设施roadside facilities交通安全设施traffic safety device人行横道crosswalk人形地道pedestrian underpass人形天桥pedestrian overcrossing护栏guard fence防护栅guard fence，safety barrier 遮光栅anti-dizzling screen应急电话emergency telephone反光标志reflective sign反光路钮reflective button弯道反光镜traffic mirror道路交通标志road traffic sign警告标志warning sign禁令标志regulatory sign指示标志guide sign指路标志information sign辅助标志auxiliary sign可变信息标志changeable message sign路面标线pavement marking防雪设施snow protection facilities 防沙设施sands protection facilities 隔音墙acoustic barrier停车场parking area踏勘reconnaissance可行性研究feasibility study线形设计highway alignment design 公路景观设计highway landscape design 选线route selection路线控制点control point定线location比较线alternative line展线line development初测preliminary survey定测location survey地貌topographie fcature地物culture地形topography台地terrace垭口pass；saddle back平原区plain terrain微丘区rolling terrain重丘区hilly terrain山岭区mountainous terrain沿溪线valley line山脊线ridge line山坡线hill-side line越岭线ridge crossing line土方调配cut-fill transition土方调配图cut—fill transition program土方调配经济运距economical hauling distance导线traverse导线测量traverse survey中线center line中线测量center line survey施工测量construction survey竣工测量final survey(路线)平面图plan交点intersection point虚交点imaginary intersection point转点turning point转角intersection angle方位角azimuth angle象限角bearing方向角direction angle切线长tangent length曲线长curve length外（矢）距external secant测站instrument station测点observation point中桩center stake加桩additional stake护桩reference stake断链broken chainage水准测量levelling survey水准点bench mark绝对基面absolute datum高程elevation地面高程ground elevation设计高程designed elevation（路线)纵断面图profile中桩填挖高度cut and fill at center stake地形测量topographic survey基线base line地形图topographic map等高线contour line横断面测量cross—sectional survey横断面图cross-section坑探pit test钻探boring摄影测量photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerial photogrammetry地面立体摄影测量ground stereophoto grammetry 地面控制点测量ground control—point survey 航摄基线aerophoto base影像地图photographic map像片索引图（镶辑复照图）photo index航摄像片判读aerophoto interpretation 综合法测图planimatric photo全能法测图universal photo微分法测图differential photo像片镶嵌图photo mosaic路基subgrade路堤embankment路堑cutting半填半挖式路基part cut-partfill subgrade 台口式路基benched subgrade路基宽度width of subgrade路基设计高程design elevation of subgrade （路基)最小填土高度minimum height of fill边坡side slope边坡坡度grade of side slope（边）坡顶top of slope（边)坡脚toe of slope护坡道berm边坡平台plain stage of slope碎落台berm at the foot of cutting slope 护坡slope protection挡土墙retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall横重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙cantilever retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort retaining wall柱板式挡土墙column—plate retaining wall 锚杆式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods 锚碇板式挡土墙anchored bulkhead retaining wall 石笼rock filled gabion抛石riprap路基排水subgrade drainage边沟side ditch截水沟intercepting ditch排水沟drainage ditch急流槽chute跌水drop water蒸发池evaporation pond盲沟blind drain渗水井seepage well透水路堤permeable embankment过水路面ford填方fill挖方cut借土borrow earth弃土waste取土坑borrow pit弃土堆waste bank回填土back-filling黄土loess软土soft soil淤泥mud泥沼moor泥炭peat盐渍土salty soil膨胀土expansive soil冻土frozen soil流砂quicksand软弱地基soft ground强夯法dynamic consolidation预压法preloading method反压护道loading berm砂井sand drain路基沙垫层sand mat of subgrade压实compaction压实度degree of compaction（标准）最大干容重maximum dry unit weight 相对密实度relative density毛细水capillary water土石方爆破blasting crater抛掷爆破blasting for throwing rock爆破漏斗blasting crater松动爆破blasting for loosening rock爆破作用圈acting cire les of blasting路面pavement弹性层状体系理论elastic multilayer theory（回弹)弯沉deflection加州承载比（CBR）California bearing ratio（CBR) 路面宽度width of pavement路槽road trough刚性路面rigid pavement柔性路面flexible pavement路面结构层pavement structure layer面层surface course磨耗层wearing course联结层binder course基层base course垫层bed course隔水层aquitard隔温层thermal insulating course封层seal coat透层prime coat保护层protection course补强层streng thening layer 高级路面high type pavement次高级路面sub-high type pavement中级路面intermediate type pavement 低级路面low type pavement水泥混凝土路面cement concrete pavement沥青路面bituminous pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous macadam pavement 沥青贯入碎（砾)石路面bituminous penetrationpavement沥青表面处治bituminous surface treatment 块料路面block pavement石块路面stone block pavement泥结碎石路面clay-bound macadam pavement 水结碎石路面water-bound macadam pavement 级配路面graded aggregate pavement稳定土基层stabilized soil base course工业废渣基层industrial waste base course块石基层telford base层铺法spreading in layers拌和法mixing method厂拌法plant mixing method路拌法road mixing method热拌法hot mixing method冷拌法cold mixing method贯入法penetration method铺砌法pitching method缩缝contraction joint胀缝expansion joint真缝true joint假缝dummy joint横缝transverse joint纵缝longitudinal joint施工缝construction joint传力杆dowel bar拉杆tie bar路面平整度surface evenness路面粗糙度surface roughness路面摩擦系数friction coefficient of pavement 附着力adhesive force水滑现象hydroplaning phenomenon桥梁bridge公路桥highway bridge公铁两用桥highway and rail transit bridge 人形桥pedestrian bridge跨线桥overpass bridge高架桥viaduct永久性桥permanent bridge半永久性桥semi-permanent bridge临时性桥temporary bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge钢桥steel bridge圬工桥masonry bridge木桥timber bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge弯桥curved bridge坡桥bridge on slope斜桥skew bridge正桥right bridge上承式桥deck bridge中承式桥half-through bridge下承式桥through bridge梁桥beam bridge简支梁桥simple supported team bridge 连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge联合梁桥composite beam bridge板桥slab bridge拱桥arch bridge双曲拱桥two—way curved arch bridge 空腹拱桥open spandrel arch bridge实腹拱桥filled spandrel arch bridge系杆拱桥bowstring arch bridge桁架桥truss bridge钢构桥rigid frame bridgeT形钢构桥T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续钢构桥continuous rigid frame bridge 斜腿钢构桥rigid frame bridge with inclinedlegs斜拉桥（斜张桥）cable stayed bridge悬索桥suspension bridge漫水桥submersible bridge浮桥pontoon bridge开启桥movable bridge装配式桥fabricated bridge装拆式钢桥fabricated steel bridge涵洞culvert管涵pipe culvert拱涵arch culvert箱涵box culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力式涵洞non-pressure culvert压力式涵洞pressure culvert半压力式涵洞partial pressure culvert倒虹吸涵siphon culvert上部结构superstructure 主梁main beam横梁floor beam纵梁longitudinal beam,stringer挂梁suspended beam拱圈arch，ring拱上结构spandrel structure腹拱spandrel arch拱上侧墙spandrel wall桥面系floor system,bridge decking桥面铺装bridge deck pavement伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint 桥面伸缩装置bridge floor expansion andcontraction installation安全带afety belt桥头搭板transition slab at bridge head下部结构substructure桥墩pier墩身pier body墩帽coping盖梁bent cap破冰体ice apron重力式桥墩gravity pier实体桥墩solid pier空心桥墩hollow pier柱式桥墩column pier排架桩墩pile bent pier柔性墩flexible pier制动墩braking pier单向推力墩single direction thrusted pier桥台abutment台身abutment body前墙front wall翼墙wing walls台帽coping锥坡conical slope耳墙wing wallsU形桥台U-shaped abutment八字形桥台flare wing wall abutment一字形桥台head wall abutment,straight abutment 重力式桥台gravity abutment埋置式桥台buried abutment扶壁式桥台counterforted abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead abutment 支撑式桥台supported type abutment地基subsoil加固地基consolidated subsoil天然地基natural subsoil基础foundation扩大基础spread foundation沉井基础open caission foundation管柱基础cylindrical shaft foundation桩基础pile poundation桩pile预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in—place concrete pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile承台bearing platform支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活动支座expansion bearing索塔cable bent tower索鞍cable saddle调治构造物regulating structure丁坝spur dike顺坝longitudinal dam桥位bridge site桥梁全长total length of bridge主桥main bridge引桥approach span跨径span桥涵计算跨径computed span桥涵净跨径clear span矢跨比rise span ratio计算矢高calculated rise of arch桥下净空clearance of span桥面净空clearance above bridge floor桥梁建筑高度construction height of bridge 荷载load永久荷载permanent load可变荷载variable load偶然荷载accidental load荷载组合loading combinations车辆荷载标准loading standard for design vchicle 设计荷载design load施工荷载construction load梁beam简支梁simple-supported beam连续梁continuous beam悬臂梁cantilever beam板slab拱arch桁架truss刚构rigid frame柱column强度strength刚度stiffness ，rigidity抗裂度crack resistance 稳定性stability位移displacement变形deformation挠度deflection预拱度camber流域catchment basin集水面积runoff area径流runoff水文测验hydrological survey河床river bed河槽river channel主槽main channel边滩side shoal河滩rlood land河床宽度bed width河槽宽度channel width过水断面discharge section水位water level最高（或最低)水位maximum（minimum)water level通航水位navigable water level设计水位design water level水面比降water surface slope河床比降gradient of river bed湿周weffed perimeter糙率coefficient of roughuess水力半径hydraulic radius水文计算hydrological computation设计流量designed discharge设计流速designed flow velocity行近流速approach velocity洪水调查floor survey洪水频率floor frequency设计洪水频率designed flood frequency潮汐河流tidal river悬移质suspended load推移质bed material load水力计算hydraulic computation水头water head冲刷scour桥下一般冲刷general scour under bridge桥墩（或墩台）局部冲刷local scour near pier自然演变冲刷natural scour冲刷系数coefficient of scouring淤积silting壅水back water流冰ice drift先张法pretensioning method后张法post—tensioning method缆索吊装法erection with cableway悬臂拼装法erection by protrusion悬臂浇筑法cast-in-place cantilever mathod 移动支架逐跨施工法span by span method纵向拖拉法erection by longtitudinal pullingmethod顶推法incremental launching method 转体架桥法construction by swing浮运架桥法erecting by floating顶入法jack-in method围堰cofferdam护筒pile casing隧道tunnel洞门tunnel portal衬砌tunnel lining明洞open cut tunnel围岩surrounding rork隧道建筑限界structural approach limit of runnels 明挖法open cut method矿山法mine tunnelling method盾构法shield tunneling method沉埋法(沉管法）lmmersed tunnel导坑heading隧道支撑tunnel support构件支撑element support喷锚支护lock bolt support with shotcrete 隧道通风tunnel ventilation隧道照明tunnel lighting养护maintenance定期养护periodical maintenance巡回养护patrol maintenance大中修周期maintenance period小修保养routine maintenance中修intermediate maintenance大修heavy maintenance改善工程road inprovement抢修emergency repair of road加固strengthening of structure回砂sand sweeping罩面overlay of pavement路面翻修pavement recapping路向补强pavement strengthening车辙rutting路面搓板surface corrugation路面网裂net—shaped cracking路面龟裂alligator cracking路面碎裂pavement spalling反射裂缝reflection crack路面坑槽pot holes 路面冻胀surface frost heave路面沉陷pavement depression路面滑溜surface slipperiness露骨suiface angularity啃边edge failure泛油bleeding拥包upheaval拱胀blow up错台faulting of slab ends错位slab staggering滑坡slide坍方land slide崩塌collapse碎落debris avalanche沉降settlement沉陷subsidence泥石流mud avalanche（振动)液化liquefaction翻浆frost boiling岩溶karst沙害sand hazard雪害snow hazard水毁washout好路率rate of good road养护质量综合值general tating of maintenancequality路容road appearance路况road condition路况调查road condition survey路政管理rlad administration民工建勤civilian labourers working onpublic project养路费toll of road maintenance养路道班maintenance gang粒料granular material集料(骨料）aggregate矿料mineral aggregate矿粉mineral powder砂sand砾石gravel砂砾sand gravel卵石cobble stone碎石broken stone，crushed stone片石rubble块石block stone料石dressed stone石屑chip工业废渣industrial solid waste结合料binder有机结合料organic binding agent沥青bitumen地沥青asphalt天然沥青natural asphalt石油沥青petroleum asphalt煤沥青coal tar乳化沥青emulsified bitumen氧化沥青oxidized asphalt路用沥青road bitumen无机结合料inorganic binding agent粉煤灰fly ash混合料mixture沥青混合料bituminous mixture沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete mixture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam mixture 沥青砂asphalt sand沥青膏asphalt mastic水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime mortar水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土cement concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力（钢筋)混凝土prestressed concrete早强混凝土early strength concrete干硬性混凝土dry concrete贫混凝土lean concrete轻质混凝土light-wehght concrete纤维混凝土fibrous concrete外掺剂admixture减水剂water reducing agent加气剂air entraining agent早强剂early strength agent缓凝剂retarder钢筋steel bar预应力钢材prestressing steel高强钢丝high tensile steel wire钢铰线stranded steel wire冷拉钢筋cold—stretched steel bar冷拔钢丝cold—drawn steel wire高强螺栓high strength bolt空隙率porosity孔隙比void ratio粒径grain size颗粒组成grain composition细度fineness筛分sieve analysis级配gradation级配曲线grading curve最佳级配optimum gradation含水量water content 最佳含水量optimum water content稠度界限consistency limit液限liquid limit塑限plastic limit缩限shrinkage limit塑性指数plasticity index水泥标号cement mark水泥混凝土标号cement concrete mark水泥混凝土配合比proportioning of cement concrete 水灰比water cement ratio和易性workabillty坍落度slump硬化hardening水硬性hydraulicity气硬性air hardening离析segregation徐变creep老化ageing(沥青）稠度consistency （of bitumen）针入度penetration粘(滞)度viscosity软化点softening point延度ductility闪点flash point溶解度dissolubility热稳性hot stability水稳性water stability油石化asphalt-aggregate ratio含油率bitumen content压碎率rate of crushing磨耗率abrasiveness弹性模量modulus of elasticity回弹模量modulus of resilience劲度（模量) stiffness modulus模量比modulus ratio泊松比poisson’s ratio疲劳试验fatigue test劈裂试验splitting test三轴试验triaxial test击实试验compaction test触探试验cone penetration test弯沉试验deflection test环道试验circular track test承载板试验loading plate test透水性试验perviousness test车辙试验wheel tracking test马歇尔试验Marshall stability test压实度试验compactness test铺砂法sand patch method硬练胶砂强度试验earth-dry mortar strength –test 软练胶砂强度试验plastic mortar strength—test (水泥)安定性试验soundness test(of cement）击实仪compaction test equipment长杆贯入仪penetration test equipment承载板loading plate杠杆完沉仪beam lever deflectometer路面曲率半径测定仪surface—curvature apparatus 路面平整度测定仪viameter路面透水度测定仪surface permeameter五轮仪fifth-wheel tester制动仪skiddometer速度检测器speed detector万能试验机universal testing machine三轴(剪切）仪triaxial shear ratiotester加州承载比（CBR)测定仪California bearingratiotester标准筛standard sieves(沥青）针入度仪penetrometer(沥青)粘度仪viscosimeter(沥青）延度仪ductilometer(沥青）软化点仪(环—球法)softening pointtester(ringball method）闪点仪（开口杯式) flash point tester(open cupmethod）马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability apparatus (沥青混合料)抽提机bitumen extractor砂浆稠度仪mortar penetration tester坍落度圆锥筒slump cone标准工业粘度计standard concrete consistometer 饱和面干吸水率试模saturated-surface—duiedmoisture retention tester撞击韧度试验机impact toughness machine圆盘耐磨硬度试验机wear hardness machine狄法尔磨耗试验机Deval abrasion testing machine 洛杉矶磨耗试验机Los Angeles abrasiontestingmachine压碎率试模crushing strength tester单斗挖掘机single—bucket excavator推土机bulldozer除根机rootdozer铲运机scraper平地机grader挖沟机trencher耕耘机cultivator松土机ripper松土搅拌机pulvi-mixer稳定土拌和机stabilizer凿岩机rock breaker碎石机stone crusher 碎石撒布机stone spreader装载机loader羊足压路机sheep-foot roller手扶式单轮压路机walk behind single drum蛙式打夯机frog rammer内燃夯实机internal comtustion compactor 铁夯（铁撞柱）tamping iron压路机roller振动压路机vibratory roller沥青加热器asphalt heater沥青泵asphalt pump沥青洒布机asphalt sprayer沥青洒布车asphalt distributor沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt paver散装水泥运输车cement deliver truck水泥混凝土混合料拌和设备concrete mixing plant （水泥混凝土混合料）搅拌运输车concrete delivertruck水泥混凝土混合料摊铺机concrete paver振捣器concrete vibrator水泥混凝土混合料整面机concrete finisher真空泵vacuum pump水泥混凝土路面切缝机concrete joint cutter水泥混凝土路面锯缝机concrete saw水泥混凝土路面清缝机concrete joint cleaner水泥混凝土路面填缝机concrete joint sealer水泵pump泥浆泵mud pump张拉钢筋油泵prestressed steel bar drawing oil pump 砂浆泵mortar pump水泥混凝土混合料泵concrete pump钢筋切断机bar shear钢筋冷轧机cold—rolling mill钢筋冷拉机steel stretcher钢筋冷拔机steel bar cold-extrudingmachine钢筋冷镦机steel bar heading press machine 钢筋拉伸机steel extension machine钢筋弯曲机steel bar bender钢筋调直机steel straighten machine对焊机butt welder钻孔机boring machine打桩机pile driver拔桩机pile extractor千斤顶jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶prestressed steel bar drawingjack手拉葫芦chain block起重葫芦hoisting block卷扬机hoister缆索吊装设备cableway erecting equipment 起重机crane架桥机bridge erection equipment砂筒sand cylinder盾构shield全气压盾构compressed air shield半盾构roof shield隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine全断面隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine for fullcection喷枪shotcrete equipment装碴机mucker盾构千斤顶main jack拉合千斤顶pull-in jacks复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer路面铣削机pavemill回砂车sand sweeping equipment除雪机snow plough装雪机snow loader洗净剂喷布车detergent spray truck清扫车sweeper洒水车water truck划标线机line maker振动筛vibrating screen撒布机spreader输送机conveyer提升机elevator翻斗车dump—body car自卸汽车dumping wagon牵引车tow truck拖车头tractor truck挂车trailer平板车flat truck工程车shop truck万能杆件fabricated universal steel members 交通规划traffic rules交通事故traffic accident交通事故率traffic accident rate人口事故率population accident rate车辆事故率vehicle accident rate运行事故率operating accident rate交通控制traffic control中央控制台central control unit点控制spot control线控制line control面控制area control交通信号traffic signal交通信号灯traffic signal lamp 信号周期signal cycle绿信比split ratio信号相位signal phase相位差phase difference 绿波green wave交通监视系统traffic surveillance 交通公害vehicular pollution。

All o‎b ject‎s, to‎o ls, ‎c ompo‎n ents‎, and‎engi‎n eeri‎n g sy‎s tem ‎r equi‎r e th‎e use‎of m‎a teri‎a ls t‎o mee‎t the‎i r pu‎r pose‎s.所‎有的物体,‎工具、元件‎、工程系统‎需要使用的‎材料来满足‎他们的目的‎。

Th‎e rol‎e of ‎m ater‎i als ‎h as b‎e en s‎u ffic‎i entl‎y imp‎o rtan‎t in ‎t he p‎r ogre‎s s of‎civi‎l izat‎i on s‎o tha‎t the‎anth‎r opol‎o gist‎s(人类学‎者） an‎d his‎t oria‎n s ha‎v e id‎e ntif‎i ed e‎a rly ‎c ultu‎r es b‎y the‎sign‎i fica‎n t ma‎t eria‎l s.‎材料的作用‎已经足够重‎要的文明的‎进步使人类‎学家(人类‎学者)和历‎史学家已经‎鉴定出早期‎文化的重要‎材料Th‎e se i‎n clud‎e the‎ston‎e, th‎e bro‎n ze, ‎a nd t‎h e ir‎o n ag‎e's o‎f the‎past‎.这些‎包括石、铜‎,铁时代的‎过去。

‎With‎impr‎o veme‎n ts i‎n mat‎e rial‎s by ‎t he a‎r tisa‎n s（工匠‎） and‎tech‎n olog‎i sts ‎a cros‎shis‎t ory,‎it w‎a s po‎s sibl‎e to ‎m ake ‎i mpro‎v ed p‎r oduc‎t s.‎改进材料)‎和技术人员‎(工匠艺人‎跨越历史,‎才能够使改‎进的产品。

‎Too‎l s we‎r e ma‎d e mo‎r e av‎a ilab‎l e to‎reli‎e ve t‎o il; ‎h omes‎were‎desi‎g ned ‎f or m‎o re c‎o mfor‎t; we‎a pons‎beca‎m e mo‎r e de‎s truc‎t ion,‎vehi‎c les ‎a chie‎v ed l‎o nger‎rang‎e s an‎dqui‎c ker ‎t rans‎p ort ‎a nd g‎a ve m‎o re r‎e ady ‎a cces‎s to ‎f ood,‎supp‎l ies,‎and ‎e njoy‎m ent.‎工具是‎更有效地减‎轻辛劳,你‎们的家园被‎设计为更多‎的安慰,变‎得更破坏、‎车辆武器更‎长寿范围和‎更快的运输‎和给更多的‎准备进入食‎物供给和享‎受。

Determination of Model Coefficients模型系数的测定Modified HN Model Coefficients修改HN模型系数Three hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures were used in this study, namely, a stone mastic asphalt (SMA) with a nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) of 12.5 mm and two Superpave mixtures with 19 and 25 mm NMAS, respectively. The three mixtures are referred to as SMA 12.5, Superpave 19, and Superpave 25, respectively. An SBS modified PG 76-22 binder was used for the SMA 12.5 and Superpave 19 mixtures, whereas a neat PG 64-22 binder was used for the Superpave 25 mixture. All specimens were compacted by using a Superpave gyratory compactor and were cored and cut to a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 150 mm for testing. The test was performed in a stress-controlled compressive mode by following the general guidelines specified in AASHTO TP 62-07 (2007). Complex moduli were measured at five temperatures (4, 15, 25, 40, and 55°C) and seven frequencies (25, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.5, and 0.1 Hz). The vertical load was adjusted for each testing condition to produce strain amplitudes of approximately 50–80 and to limit the total accumulated strain within 1,500. Three replicates were tested for each mixture. The dynamic modulus and phase angle were obtained from the tests by using the standard technique given in AASHTO TP 62-07 (2007). Detailed information about the material testing can be found in the study by Zhao and Bai (2007).模型系数的测定修改HN模型系数在这项研究中，使用三个热拌沥青混合料（HMA）的混合物，即一石沥青玛蹄脂（SMA）与标称最大骨料粒径为12.5毫米（NMAS）和两个分别为19和25毫米NMAS，Superpave的混合物。

第一课土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。

此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。

土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。

他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。

此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。

土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。

在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。

自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。

领域。

因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。

不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。

一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。

岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。

环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。

交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。

同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。

从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。

根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。

贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。

计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。