英语学术论文写作实践作业
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高二英语英语学术论文写作单选题30题答案解析版1.In academic writing, it is important to be _______ in presenting your arguments.A.preciseB.vagueC.casualD.hasty答案:A。
在学术写作中,精确地呈现你的论点很重要。
选项B“vague”( 模糊的)不符合学术写作要求;选项C“casual”( 随意的)和选项D“hasty” 匆忙的)也不适合学术写作的严谨性。
2.When writing an academic paper, you should avoid using _______ language.A.colloquialB.formalC.technicalD.sophisticated答案:A。
写学术论文时,应避免使用口语化的语言。
选项B“formal”正式的)、选项C“technical”专业的)和选项D“sophisticated”(复杂的)在学术写作中有其特定用途,而口语化语言不适合学术写作。
3.A good academic paper is characterized by its _______ analysis.A.superficialB.thoroughC.hastyD.cursory答案:B。
一篇好的学术论文以其全面的分析为特点。
选项A“superficial”( 肤浅的)、选项C“hasty”( 匆忙的)和选项D“cursory” 粗略的)都不能体现学术论文的高质量分析。
4.In academic writing, you should use _______ sources to support your arguments.A.reliableB.dubiousC.unreliableD.questionable答案:A。
在学术写作中,你应该使用可靠的来源来支持你的论点。
第一章测试1【判断题】(5分) Peopledoresearchinordertohaveabetterunderstandingofourworld.A.对B.错2【判断题】(5分)Wedon’tneedtobecreativeinresearchasanyresearchisbasedonevidences.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分)Goodresearchquestionsareimportantinresearch.A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分) Literaturereviewisneededinsomeresearchpapers.A.对B.错5【判断题】(5分) Agoodresearchpaperneedscarefulrevisingandproofreading.A.错B.对6【判断题】(5分) Unintentionalplagiarismcanbeexcusedasitisnotcommitteddeliberately.A.对B.错7【判断题】(5分) Academicfalsificationisonecommontypeofacademicdishonesty.A.对B.错8【多选题】(5分) Whatroledoesaliteraturereviewplayinaresearchpaper?A.Itenhancesthecredibilityofyourpaper.B.Itprovestheexistenceofaresearchgap.C.Itsynthesizestheexistingstudiesinyourarea.D.Itprovidesevidencesforyourargument.9【单选题】(5分) WhichofthefollowingisNOTanessentialstepinaresearchpaperwriting?A.ChoosingatopicB.ConsultinginstructorsC.LocatingsourcesD.OutliningthePaper10【多选题】(5分) Whichofthefollowingmayleadtoacademicdishonesty?A.AcademicplagiarismB.AcademicpromotionC.AcademicinterestD.Academicfabrication第二章测试1【多选题】(5分)Inchoosingaresearchtopic,whichofthefollowingdoweneedtoconsider?A.PublicationpossibilitiesB.AcademicimportanceC.OurresearchinterestD.Ourmanageability2【判断题】(5分)Tocheckthevalidityofaresearchtopic,weneedtobecriticalenough.A.对B.错3【判断题】(5分) Itisanactofplagiarismifonesimplyparaphrasesabookforaresearchpaper.A.对B.错4【判断题】(5分) StudentsshouldbebraveenoughtotrychallengingissuesfortheirBAtheses.A.对B.错5【判断题】(5分) Carefulreadingofliterarytextisimportantinliterarystudies.A.对B.错6【判断题】(5分) Literarytheoriestakepriorityoverliterarytextsinliteraryanalysis.A.错B.对7【判断题】(5分) ICstudycanbechallengingbutinterestingandpracticalinlife.A.错B.对8【判断题】(5分) Expertssharesimilarunderstandingsoverthestandardsoftranslation.A.错B.对9【判断题】(5分) Translationstrategiesandtranslationtechniquesaredifferentconceptsintranslation.A.对B.错10【判断题】(5分) Sociolinguisticsisoneofthebranchesofappliedlinguistics.A.对B.错第三章测试1【判断题】(5分) Aworkingbibliographyincludesthesourceswehavesofarcollectedforaresearchproject.A.对B.错2【判断题】(5分) Knowingwhatsourcesyouneedisofvitalimportanceinevaluatingyoursources.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分) Sourcesfromleadingscholarscanbeveryusefultoyourresearch.A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分)Inreadingsources,weneedtobecriticalandformourpersonalresponses.A.对B.错5【判断题】(5分) Theplanforanempiricalresearchshouldcoveritspurpose,method,subjects,andprocedure.A.错B.对6【判断题】(5分) Itiswisefortheobservernottotakepartintheactivityobservedatalltime.A.错B.对7【多选题】(5分)InBooleanLogic,ifonewantstosearchonlyforsourcesrelevantwithcomputervirus,thesearchformul ashouldbe_______.A.computernotvirusB.computernearvirusC.computerorvirusD.computerandvirus8【多选题】(5分) Theannotationofasourceinanannotatedbibliographymayhaveyour____:A.reflectionofthesourceB.adaptationofthesourceC.summaryofthesourceD.assessmentofthesource9【单选题】(5分)Inaquestionnaireentitled“ASurveyontheThirdYearEnglishMajors’EnglishVocabularyinXXUniv ersity”,the“thethirdyearEnglishmajors”shouldbe:A.ThetimeofthesurveyB.ThesubjectofthesurveyC.ThecontentofthesurveyD.Themodeofthesurvey10【单选题】(5分)Inanexperimententitled“AStudyontheEffectsofWriting-after-ReadingActivityonEnglishMajors EnglishVocabulary”,students’languageproficiencyshouldbe:A.IrrelevantvariableB.dependentvariableC.Independentvariable第四章测试1【判断题】(5分)Aresearchproposalshouldbepersuasiveinnature.A.错B.对2【判断题】(5分) Wecanaskforsuggestionsfromtheexpertsforourresearchinourproposal.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分) Weneedtoputforwardourresearchquestionsinourresearchproposals.A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分) Aresearchproposaldemonstratesthesignificanceofourproposedresearch.A.错B.对5【判断题】(5分) Theliteraturereviewsectioninaproposalprovestheexistenceofaresearchgap.A.对B.错6【判断题】(5分)The“ApplicationoftheResearch”tellshowyourresearchwillbenefitinpractice.A.对B.错7【判断题】(5分)A“PreliminaryBibliography”isalistofthesourcesyouhavecitedinyourproposal.A.错B.对8【判断题】(5分) Thesignificanceofyourresearchemphasizespossibleresearchcontributions.A.对B.错9【判断题】(5分)Simpleasitis,aBAthesisproposalincludesalltheelementsinagrantresearchproposal.A.错B.对10【多选题】(5分)WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinthree-moveschemeoftheproposalsummary?A.researchneedB.potentialcontributionsC.possiblelimitationsD.researchmethod第五章测试1【判断题】(5分) Theuseofsignalphrasesincitationcanenhancethefluencyofwriting.A.对B.错2【判断题】(5分) Theintegrationofthesourcesmustfitourwritinginstructureandgrammar.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分) Researchlimitationisacompulsoryelementinallresearchpapers.A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分) CARSModelisapatternforintroductionwritinginresearchpapers.A.对B.错5【判断题】(5分)Inrevising,weneedtofocusontheerrorslikegrammarandspelling.A.错B.对6【判断题】(5分) Aliteraturereviewmainlypresentsasummaryofeachsourceinchronologicalorder.A.错B.对7【单选题】(5分) Characteristicsofacademicwritingincludesallthefollowingexcept________.A.thefirst-personviewB.aformaltoneC.aclearfocusD.precisewordchoice8【单选题】(5分) Itisessentialtoalwaysacknowledgethesourceofborrowedideasinyourpaper.Todootherwiseisconsi dered_________.A.IgnoranceB.CarelessnessC.Plagiarism9【单选题】(5分)Whichofthefollowingarefeaturesofagoodtitle?A.ClearB.AlloftheaboveC.Attractive.D.Direct10【单选题】(5分)Abstractscanbedividedintotwotypes accordingto their_________.A.functionsB.length第六章测试1【判断题】(5分)MLAin-textcitationrequiresthattheauthorinformationshouldbeputeitherinthetextofthepaperorint heparentheticalcitation.A.错B.对2【判断题】(5分)InMLAdocumentation,parentheticalcitationinthetextofthepapermustalwaysincludetheauthor’sn ameandthework’stitle.A.错B.对3【判断题】(5分)MLAworkscitedlistisorganizedalphabeticallybytheauthor’slastnames(orbytitleforaworkwithnoa uthor).A.错B.对4【判断题】(5分)Whenawork’sauthorisunknown,theworkislistedunder“Anonymous”inthelistofMLAworkscited.A.错B.对5【单选题】(5分)Lee(2007)stated,“Theabilitytothinkcriticallyisneededinthisrevolutionaryageoftechnologicalcha nge”(p.82).Thein-textcitationusedhereis__________.A.integratedB.non-integrated6【多选题】(5分)WhatarethefunctionsofAPAdocumentation?A.Tociteothers’ideasandinformationusedwithinyourpaperB.TodemonstratethetypeofresearchconductedC.ToindicatethesourcesintheReferenceslist7【单选题】(5分)Writethelistofworkscited,usingtheAPAformat.Aparaphraseofanideafrompage121ofWritingSpace:TheComputer;Hypertext,andtheHistoryofWr iting,byJayDavidBolter.This1991bookwaspublishedbyLawrenceErlbaumAssociatesofHillsdale, NewJersey.Whichofthefollowingiscorrectfortheauthor’sname?A.Bolter,J.DB.J.D.BolterC.Jay,D.BolterD.Bolter,JayDavid【单选题】(5分)Writethelistofworkscited,usingtheAPAformat.Aquotationfrompage78ofanarticlebyBartKoskoandSatornIsakafromtheJuly1993issueofScientifi cAmerican,amonthlypublication.Thearticleisentitled"FuzzyLogic"andappearsonpages76to81in volume239,ofthejournal. Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectformatforthevolumeandpagernumber?A.ScientificAmerican,239,78B.ScientificAmerican,239,76-81C.ScientificAmerican,239:76-81D.ScientificAmerican,239,76-81.9【多选题】(5分)Bohren,M.A.,G.J.Hofmeyr,C.Sakala,R.K.Fukuzawa,andA.Cuthbert.(2017).Continuoussupportf orwomenduringchildbirth.CochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews,2017(7).https:///10.1 002/14651858.CD003766.pub6Errorsmadeinthisentryinclude_________.A.authors’namesB.issuenumberC.theword“and”D.doinumber10【单选题】(5分)Perrey,S.(2017).Doweperformbetterwhenweincreaseredbloodcells?TheLancetHaematology,17, 2352-3026.https:///10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30123-0.RetrievedAugust23,2018.Whatinfo rmationisNOTneededinthisentry?A.ThedateofretrievalB.ThepagerangeC.Thedoinumber。
高二英语英语学术论文写作练习题30题1.In academic writing, which is a better way to start an essay?A.Starting with a quote.B.Starting with a question.C.Starting with a definition.D.Starting with a personal story.答案:B。
解析:在学术写作中,以问题开头可以引起读者的兴趣,促使他们思考并继续阅读以寻找答案。
以引用开头可能会显得比较生硬,且不一定能直接引出主题。
以定义开头可能会比较枯燥。
以个人故事开头在学术写作中不太恰当,不够客观。
开头部分很重要,它决定了读者是否有兴趣继续阅读下去。
以问题开头的优点是能激发读者的好奇心,缺点是如果问题不够有吸引力,可能效果不佳。
2.When introducing a topic in an academic paper, what should you avoid?A.Being too general.B.Being too specific.ing complex language.ing simple language.答案:A。
解析:在引入主题时,应避免过于笼统。
过于笼统会让读者不清楚文章的具体焦点。
过于具体可能在开头不太合适,但不是应该避免的。
使用复杂语言和简单语言都可以,只要恰当运用。
开头部分需要明确主题,避免过于宽泛,让读者能快速了解文章的大致方向。
以具体而清晰的方式引入主题的优点是能让读者迅速抓住重点,缺点是可能会限制文章的拓展性。
3.Which of the following is a good way to pose a problem at the beginning of an academic essay?ing a rhetorical question.B.Listing all the possible solutions.C.Describing the consequences of the problem.D.Giving a historical background of the problem.答案:A。
英语社会实践作文简单Title: A Glimpse into English Social Practices。
In today's interconnected world, English proficiency is not just a skill but a necessity. Engaging in social practices offers a practical approach to enhance English language abilities while gaining insights into cultural nuances and societal norms. This essay delves into various English social practices and their significance in language acquisition and cultural understanding.Firstly, participating in language exchange programs facilitates language learning in an authentic setting. These programs pair native English speakers with learners seeking to improve their language skills. Through conversations, learners not only enhance their speaking and listening skills but also gain cultural insights. Moreover, interacting with native speakers provides exposure to colloquial expressions and idiomatic language, which are integral to fluency.Furthermore, joining English-speaking communities or clubs offers a conducive environment for language practice. Whether it's a book club, debate society, or hobby group, these communities provide opportunities to engage in meaningful discussions and activities in English. By actively participating, individuals refine their language skills while forging connections with like-minded individuals. Moreover, these interactions foster a sense of belonging and camaraderie, which are essential for language development.Another effective way to immerse oneself in English social practices is through volunteering. Volunteering not only allows individuals to contribute to society but also provides a platform to interact with diverse groups of people. Whether it's assisting at a local charity, teaching English to non-native speakers, or participating in community events, volunteering fosters meaningful interactions in English. Additionally, volunteering enhances interpersonal skills and empathy, which are invaluable in cross-cultural communication.Moreover, consuming English media is an indispensable aspect of language learning. Watching English movies, TV shows, or listening to podcasts exposes individuals to different accents, speech patterns, and cultural references. Furthermore, reading English books, newspapers, and online articles enriches vocabulary and improves reading comprehension. By incorporating English media into daily routines, individuals develop a deeper understanding of the language and culture.In addition to traditional methods, leveraging technology can augment English language acquisition. Language learning apps, online forums, and virtual language exchange platforms offer flexibility and convenience. These digital tools provide personalized learning experiences tailored to individual needs and proficiency levels. Moreover, virtual interactions enable individuals toconnect with English speakers worldwide, transcending geographical barriers.Furthermore, traveling to English-speaking countriesprovides an immersive learning experience. Being surrounded by native speakers exposes individuals to authentic language use in real-life situations. Whether it's ordering food at a restaurant, asking for directions, or engaging in casual conversations, travel experiences accelerate language acquisition and cultural assimilation. Additionally, exploring new places and experiencing different cultures broadens perspectives and fosters intercultural competence.In conclusion, English social practices play a pivotal role in language acquisition and cultural understanding. By actively participating in language exchange programs, joining English-speaking communities, volunteering, consuming English media, leveraging technology, and traveling to English-speaking countries, individuals enhance their language skills and broaden their horizons. Embracing these practices not only facilitates linguistic proficiency but also fosters cross-cultural communication and empathy, essential in today's globalized world.。
实践类作业英语作文模板英文:As a student, I have been assigned various practical tasks throughout my academic journey. These practical assignments have helped me to apply the theoretical knowledge I have gained in the classroom to real-life situations. One such memorable practical assignment was when I was tasked with organizing a charity event for my school.I remember feeling both excited and nervous about this assignment. I had to come up with a creative and effective plan to raise funds for a local charity. I decided to organize a talent show, where students and teachers could showcase their talents and the audience could buy ticketsto attend. I also planned to have a bake sale and a raffleto further raise funds.The practical aspect of this assignment was challenging,as I had to manage a team of volunteers, coordinate with the school administration, and promote the event to ensure a good turnout. It was a great learning experience for me as I had to apply my organizational and communicationskills in a real-world setting.On the day of the event, I was thrilled to see everything coming together. The talent show was a huge success, and the bake sale and raffle also generated a significant amount of money. It was incredibly rewarding to see the entire school community come together for a good cause.Through this practical assignment, I not only learned the importance of effective planning and organization but also experienced the joy of giving back to the community. It was a valuable lesson that I will carry with me throughout my life.中文:作为一名学生,我在整个学术旅程中被分配了各种各样的实践任务。
关于实践英文作文英文:Practicing is an essential part of learning a new skill or language. It helps to reinforce what you have learnedand allows you to apply your knowledge in real-life situations. Personally, I have found that the more I practice, the more confident I become in my abilities.For example, when I was learning to play the guitar, I would spend hours practicing chords and scales. At first,it was difficult and frustrating, but as I continued to practice, I noticed a significant improvement in my playing.I was able to play more complex songs and even write my own music. This wouldn't have been possible without consistent practice.Similarly, when I was learning a new language, I madeit a point to practice speaking with native speakers whenever I had the opportunity. This not only helped meimprove my pronunciation and fluency but also gave me the confidence to hold conversations in the language.I believe that practice not only helps to improveskills but also builds confidence. The more you practice, the more comfortable and proficient you become in the skill or language you are learning.中文:实践是学习新技能或语言的重要组成部分。
英语学术论文写作Project3 如何避免剽窃、直接引用和间接引用的方法I.释义练习A.The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light—186,000miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.B.Technology has significantly transformed education at several major turning points in our history. In the broadest sense, the first technology was the primitive modes of communication used by prehistoric people before the development of spoken language. Mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures in the sand with a stick were methods used to communicate—yes, even to educate. Even without speech, these prehistoric people were able to teach their young how to catch animals for food, what animals to avoid, which vegetarian was good to eat and which was poisonous.A.提纲:The principal risks associated with nuclear power is radiation._ subatomic particles traveling_penetrate deep inside the human body_damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer_cause genetic diseases in progeny释义:The radiation has a great effects on people's health,which from nuclear power and consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light.They can not only initiate a cancer through the damage of biological cells,but also cause genetic diseases through the strike of sex cellsB提纲:Technology has transformed education at several turning points.the first technology_the primitive modes of communication释义:Technology has transformed education at several turning points. The first technology was the primitive modes of communication.The way people communicate include mime, gestures, grunts, and drawing of figures even to educate. The methods above can help our ancestors survive in the nature.II.概述练习In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As familiesmove away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will betrustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any other generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who haveaccurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.第二段:Controlling idea: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ.Controlling idea question: What impact was leaded because of the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.cut off the informal flow of information2.cut off information about the simplest aspects of living3.family must be consciously learned.Summary: The growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱhad a great influence,which cut off the informal flow of informationand information about the simplest aspects of living ,result in their must be consciously learned.第四段:Controlling idea: The development of technologies make people getting more information Controlling idea question:How does technology promote the storage and delivery of information?Answers(supporting details or evidence):/doc/d916400742.html,puter technology store vast amounts of data and locate specific information.2.Telecommunications developments send multitudes of messages to bombard people .3. Satellites have extended the power of communications.Summary:The development of technologies promote thestorage and delivery of information,computer technology could store vast amounts of data and locate specific information,telecommunications developments could send multitudes of messages to bombard people ,and satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence,so that people can get more information.III.文献结论部分概述A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. Descriptions of the detector and data acquisition assemblies were given, along with overviews of the signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data. Monte-Carlo simulation results showing receiver performance were presented, and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory under nominal background conditions by using the tungsten-silicide super conducting nanowire detector array currently under development at JPL.Controlling idea:A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station.Controlling idea question:What areas of the post-processing software receiver for the LLCD backup ground station reflected ?Answers(supporting details or evidence):1.The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data.2. The post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot.3. The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory . Summary: A post-processing software receiver concept for the LLCD backup ground station was presented. The signal processing algorithms needed to deliver channel estimates and decoded telemetry data and it was shown via simulation that the post-processing receiver concept is capable of closing the LLST-LLOT link with just one sample per slot in the presence of significant downlink slot clock dynamics.The minimum data rate requirement of 39 Mbps was shown to be achievable in the laboratory.。
课程论文题目Analysis of rural primary school English teaching presentsituation and countermeasure学生姓名顾秀丽院系语言文化学院专业英语课程名称英语学术论文写作任课教师汪徽二O一二年五月十五日Analysis of rural primary school English teaching present situation and countermeasureBy Gu XiuliDepartment of EnglishSchool of Language and CultureNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyMay, 2012Analysis of rural primary school English teaching present situation and countermeasureBy Gu XiuliDepartment of EnglishSchool of Language and CultureNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyMay, 2012Abstract:Primary school English teaching is the start of students’ English learning. Although primary school English has been established for over ten years, there are a lot of problems in primary school English teaching all the same, especially in rural primary school English teaching. Under the premise of an anaiysis of the present situation of primary school English teaching, this article will put forward several related improvement measures and suggestions in order to perect China’s rural primary school English teaching.Key words: rural primary school English; teaching present situation; countermeasure; suggestion摘要:小学英语教学是一个人英语生涯的开端,虽然我国小学英语全面开设至今已有十余年的时间,但是小学英语教学依然存在很多问题,尤其是农村小学英语教学的现状令人堪忧。
英语学术论文写作实践作业作者系(院)外国语学院专业英语年级2xxx级学号写作意向旅游的快速发展以及随着中国融入全球化经济,中国与世界各国的交流不断增多,例如,加入WTO、2008年北京成功举办奥运会及上海世博会等,这些显示了中国在国际舞台上扮演越来越重要的角色。
近些年来,越来越多的国家希望了解中国,许多外国朋友纷至沓来。
特别是中国旅游风景名胜区,每年接待的外国游客越来越多。
为了方便外国友人,我国旅游景区就必须提供英语景点导游词。
旅游景点导游词主要指的是旅游景区公开和面对旅游者的告示、指示、提示、警示、标示等文字及图形信息,涉及到食、宿、行、游、娱、购等日常生活的方方面面。
在旅游景区内,游客最为集中,与旅游宣传册、地图、宣传单等相比,景点导游词更加引人注目集中,更加直截了当地发挥其信息指示功能。
由于旅游景点导游词需要及时满足的是社会公众和旅游者的直接社会、行为和心理需求,也反映了生活在这个社会群体的整体文化素质、道德修养和精神面貌,是一个国家对外交流水平和人文环境的具体体现。
因此其翻译质量将会响到游客的旅游线路、兴致、感受及印象,进而间接影响我国旅游业的发展。
因此,对旅游景点导游词的特点、翻译策略进行探讨具有一定的现实意义。
资料的初步整理对于英语景点导游词,许多中外学者都做出自己的研究,提出自己的观点。
以下是中外学术界的众多研究和观点。
蔡媛媛(2007)《英语景点导游词的语言特点》一文中指出,英语景点导游词具有相应的功能特点。
(1)指示性。
指示性景点导游词主要是提供给公众一些信息服务,没有任何限制或强制在内,同时也不强制要求公众采取任何行动,其功能只是指示服务内容。
因此,指示性景点导游词也被称为指导性或引导性景点导游词。
这也是景点导游词最基本、最主要的功能。
例如: One Way (单行线)、Tickets (售票处)、Department Store (百货商场)。
(2)提示性。
提示性景点导游词提示性景点导游词提醒公众注意某些事情,同时提示性景点导游词也并不针对特殊或个别人群。
这类景点导游词应用非常广泛,通过提示性景点导游词可以了解什么该做什么不该做,但是这种提示性景点导游词并不具有强制性,公众可根据实际情况来选择执行或不执行。
例如:Caution!Radiation(当心射线)、Watch Your Hand(当心夹手)、Don’t Touch(请勿手扶)。
(3)限制性。
限制性景点导游词对有关公众提出限制或约束的要求,希望有关公众为了大众的利益遵守一定的规则。
多数情况下限制性景点导游词语气较为直接,一目了然,但不会让人感到强硬、粗暴或无理。
例如:Athletes Only (运动员专用通道)、Large Vehicles Keep Right (大型车靠右)。
(4)强制性。
强制性景点导游词对有关公众有较大约束力,要求有关公众必须或不得采取任何行动或严格遵守规则。
这类景点导游词的语言直接、强制,没有任何商量的余地。
例如:No Parking (禁止停车)。
上面是学者对景点导游词特点的研究,对于翻译,颜莉(2008)《英语景点导游词的文体特点及汉英翻译》一文中说到,在进行景点导游词的汉英翻译前,应先了解英语景点导游词的文体特点,这样才能更加准确地将汉语景点导游词译为地道的英语表达方式。
代博君(2010)在《景点导游词的语言特征及翻译策略》一文中指出,景点导游词的翻译应属于实用翻译,也称语用翻译。
法国翻译理论家Jean Delisle 将语用翻译界定为:运用语用学知识对语用文本进行的以传达信息为根本目的的翻译。
语用翻译是一种新的翻译理论。
语用翻译是等效翻译观,它可以从语用语言学和社交语用学两个方面分别研究语用语言等效和社交语用等效的问题。
语用语言等效翻译近似奈达提倡的“动态对等翻译”( dynamic equivalence)。
所谓动态对等,即“不拘泥于原文的形式,只求保存原作的内容,用译文中最切近而又最自然的对等语将这个内容表达出来,以求等效”。
翻译时不仅要考虑用词的正确性、语言使用的适当性,还要考虑语言所涉及的社会文化内涵。
而社交语用的等效翻译,则是指为跨语言、跨文化的双语交际服务的等效翻译,它所采用的翻译方法最不固定。
倘若译者的目的是让读者领会原著,译者可在正确理解原著内容的前提下,并不拘泥于原文,而使译文顺从读者的文化习惯,变洋为土,使他们乐于接受;或强调以原文精髓为目的,译文力求体现原著的风格与文化背景,让读者领会异域的风土人情,增长见识。
显然,景点导游词的翻译只有符合语言的使用特征且超越文化差异,才能达到语言等效,这样翻译出来的景点导游词才能准确有效地表达信息。
张航(2010)在其著作《旅游景点标示语的语言特点和汉英翻译策略思考》中提出旅游景点导游词的翻译应遵循主题突出的原则。
旅游景点导游词翻译目的是为了唤起各种潜在的旅游兴趣和需求,以便有效吸引更多的海外游客。
旅游景点导游词翻译的源语一般是中文,从跨文化角度看,由于海外游客的语言文化差异、不同接受心理和特殊信息需求,决定了旅游翻译并不能完全按中文文字对译,需要译者给予必要的动态调整。
应遵循以下五条准则:(1)文字信息传递的效度应符合受众的语言文化心理;(2)文字信息传递应突出宏观、微观层次的整体效应性;(3)文字信息传递应把握质与量增益或删略的主题关联性;(4)文字信息传递应具简洁性和可读性;(5)信息传递应考虑所选择文字的诱导性特征。
陈刚(2004)在《旅游翻译与涉外导游》一书中指出,景区公示语翻译应注意社交——语用等效的翻译策略。
翻译语用策略主要是针对中西文化差异所作的具体语句选择或形象的调整,和源语的认知背景及目的语的文化背景关系极大。
在旅游翻译中,语用策略还得和旅游情景相结合。
景区公示语是一种特殊的语言传播类型,要通过语用策略提高游客的可接受度和适应旅游休闲心理。
例如,在游览一个风景名胜区时,这个景区在其院落的一处游客必经的路口写着英文的“Stop!”,这着实能把畅游在美景中的游客吓一大跳,其实景点管理人员只是想表达“游客止步”(Staff only)而已,没有任何给游客下命令的意思。
对于“Don’t Stamp on the Grass!”这样的一个标示语,外国游客看后会难以接受,否定祈使句很严厉,有指责口吻。
在美国密苏里州圣路易斯市植物园,草坪上的告示语是“Please give me a chance to grow”。
看到这一提示的游客哪里还忍心踩下自己的脚? 这种翻译技巧称之为Negation,反说正译法。
这种翻译策略称为“社交一语用等效”策略,在景区告示语的翻译中要注意语用策略的使用。
陈刚(2004)在《旅游翻译与涉外导游》一书中指出,景点导游词翻译应注意社交——语用等效的翻译策略。
翻译语用策略主要是针对中西文化差异所作的具体语句选择或形象的调整,和源语的认知背景及目的语的文化背景关系极大。
在旅游翻译中,语用策略还得和旅游情景相结合。
景点导游词是一种特殊的语言传播类型,要通过语用策略提高游客的可接受度和适应旅游休闲心理。
例如,在游览一个风景名胜区时,这个景区在其院落的一处游客必经的路口写着英文的“Stop!”,这着实能把畅游在美景中的游客吓一大跳,其实景点管理人员只是想表达“游客止步”(Staff only)而已,没有任何给游客下命令的意思。
对于“Don’t Stamp on the Grass!”这样的一个标示语,外国游客看后会难以接受,否定祈使句很严厉,有指责口吻。
在美国密苏里州圣路易斯市植物园,草坪上的告示语是“Please give me a chance to grow”。
看到这一提示的游客哪里还忍心踩下自己的脚? 这种翻译技巧称之为Negation,反说正译法。
这种翻译策略称为“社交一语用等效”策略,在景区告示语的翻译中要注意语用策略的使用。
吕和发(2004)《景点导游词的汉英翻译》一文提出,景点导游词的汉英翻译译者在进行景点导游词的汉英翻译时,应该考虑到英语景点导游词独特的文体特点,才能翻译成地道的、合乎译语表达习惯的表达方式。
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