大学英语(二)02-lead-in activity

牛津大学牛津大学是英国最古老的大学，也是世界最著名的高等学府。

牛津大学始建于12世纪。

它位于英格兰的牛津，在伦敦西北约80公里处。

牛津大学有16,300多名学生（1999－2000），其中留学生占将近四分之一。

他们来自130多个国家。

牛津大学有35个学院，还有5个由不同宗教团体建立的私人学院。

5个私人学院中，有3个只招男生。

学院中，圣希尔达和萨默维尔学院只收女生，其他均为男女兼收。

牛津的每个学院都是独立于大学的实体，由该学院的院长和管委会成员负责管理。

部分管委会成员都称为导师的学院教师，其余的是大学教授和讲师。

每个学院管理自己的房产和资产，遴选自己的管委会，选择和招收自己的本科生。

大学提供某些图书馆、实验室和其他设施，但教学和学生生活主要由各学院负责。

牛津大学给每个学生指定一个导师，他主要通过辅导课监督学生的学习。

导师每周和1到2名学生见面一次，学生如需专业指导，还可以去约见其他的导师，也可选听大学老师讲授的课程。

学生选听什么课程是根据自己的兴趣和导师的建议而定的。

学位由大学授予，而不是各个学院。

最低文科或理科学位是优等文学学士。

牛津还在其他众多学科领域授予最高的学位，颁发文凭和证书。

罗兹德奖学金面向美国、加拿大和很多其他国家的学生，为他们提供至少两年的牛津学习费用。

英国政府为在牛津和其他英国境内的大学里求学的美国公民提供"马歇尔奖学金"。

然而，奖学金和助学金的竞争极其激烈，而且通常要求很严。

学生们在申请某一项奖学金之前应仔细核查是否有资格，因为多数奖学金对学生国籍和（或）课程都有限制。

牛津师生员工积极参与主动招生的活动，2001年这种活动有55项以上，包括走访3,700所中学，以鼓励优秀学生报考牛津大学，而不管其背景如何。

在2001年度的"创新"竞赛中，牛津大学被授予英国最具创新精神的大学称号。

该竞赛旨在发现哪一所英国大学在最广的领域内取得了创新和进取的最大成就。

新标准⼤学英语4B4U3教案Unit 3 Fashion StatementsSection 1 Lead-inActivity 1 Comments on Fashion1. Brainstorming: what is fashion in your understanding? (definition, features, fashion-leaders?)2. Read the quotations about fashion on P34 and comment on them.1) An interesting comment. Fashion usually involves fabric and material, patterns, color, price andmarket, quite similar to designing a building. Proportion in clothing fashions means the relationship between length, width, top and bottom – clearly a question of balance and suitability.So I agree with this idea.2) What’s the difference between fashion and style? Fashion comes and goes, but style would meansomething particular – a characteristic – a kind of art, which may be part of fashion or not. So style stays longer than fashion. But I really doubt whether style is eternal. I have reservations about this.Styles change, but maybe more slowly than fashion.3) It’s not surprising that a famous designer would say that fashion is not frivolous (可笑的，⽆聊的);she m eans it lasts longer or is important and not superficial. But what’s the point of saying it’s part of being alive? Are you dead without fashion? I don’t agree on this point because I think she overestimates the importance of fashion –it’s just fashion.4) Yes, I agree with this. Clothes should be useful and easy to wear! I always wonder how real peoplecould ever wear some garments displayed on fashion shows. Most designers must design practical clothes, otherwise they would be out of business.5) Actually make-up can look nice but even when it’s put on by professionals, say in films, you canstill see that it is not natural. This is just commercial talk, an advertising statement to sell his make-up. So I don’t agree with it.6) This is probably a marketin g statement. He’s trying to promote an idea of a lifestyle or dream sothat his company can sell lots of products that represent that lifestyle. However, I don’t agree that clothes represent dreams or that they should do so. Only very special clothes represent dreams;normal clothes don’t.7) He obviously thinks red is a color for most occasions or that it represents something. But I don’tagree with it. You wear red for special occasions and you choose it deliberately, not because you can’t think of anythi ng of other colors.Activity 2 A TestDirections: Take a test and check whether you are a fashion victim.Q1: This summer, pink is up-to-date, and:(A) You hate this color. Besides your clothes bought last year are still great.(B) You prefer light green, but … why not wear some pink bracelets?(C) You renew your entire wardrobe to follow the fashion trends.(B) with shoelace, so that you can change them whenever you want to.(C) they must be from a well-known brand or you won’t buy them.Q3: You hope to get ____ as your birthday present.(A) a sewing machine.(B) a sweater knitted by your grandmother.(C) the same coat your favorite top model wears.Q4: You pass by a shoe shop and you see some black All Star sneakers with skulls, your reaction will be:(A) All Star? Black? With skulls? Such a bad taste(B) You just stare. You can go there another day and buy them.(C) All Star! Black! With skulls! You definitely want those sneakers.Q5: You’re at home doing nothing. Your mobile rings and it’s your boyfriend, you’ll:(A) dress up! You put on a mini-skirt, a V-necked blouse, some pink lipstick … And you take yourtime, of course. You like making boys wait!(B) get dressed as you usually do, a T-shirt and some jeans.(C) put on a black blouse, black jeans, a pair of gloves with no fingers and some All Star sneakers! Check your score:A = 1 point;B = 2 points;C = 3 points12 or more points: Your look is very important to you. Be careful! It’s important to be well-dressed,but it isn’t essential! The value of a person can’t be measu red by the clothes he/she wears.8 to 11 points: You like fashion when it pleases you, otherwise you simply don’t care. You follow yourpersonal tastes and you prefer making up your own style to imitating others. You prize originality!7 points or less: Comfortable comes first for you. Fashion! What a waste! Come on, make an effort!Dressing well is also taking care of yourself and your image and this is the first thing others see in you.Activity 3 Listening-inDirections: Listen to fill in the blanks and learn some fashion tips.1. …it is not enough to simply wear rings in your ears. You will see many teenagers with rings in theirnavel, or belly button, nose, lip, or even their eyebrow.2. Five fashionable looks are listed: the “glam” look, the “rocker” look, the “sporty” look, the “girly”look, the “Tom Boy” look.3. Follow the fashion tips above, and you shouldn't feel out of place. However, it's important toremember to wear clothes and choose a look that you feel comfortable with. Don't just be one of the crowd – be yourself! Script:One of the biggest shocks when you arrive in a new country can be the clothes people are wearing. You may lookOne of the things that may shock an outsider most is piercings. These days it is not enough to simply wear rings in your ears. You will see many teenagers with rings in their navel, or belly button, nose, lip, or even their eyebrow. Ouch!Some girls go for a “glam” look. They wear T-shirts from India with sequins and beads. Trousers are usually preferred, blue or black, and the look is finished off with metallic bags and shoes and arms full of bracelets.Another alternative is the “rocker” look. You start with a T-shirt of your favorite band and tight jeans or a long skirt. On top of this you can wear a denim jacket. Jewellery tends to be large and metallic, and to add color wear a scarf.I f neither of these is for you, why not go “sporty”. T-shirts are usually tie-dyed in hot colors. Wear this with long shorts, short jeans or a denim skirt. And on your feet? Beach sandals, of course!If you prefer something more feminine, there's the “girly” look. Skirts are long, to the floor. Wear a top with butterflies or flowers printed on it. In addition, wear ballet shoes and lots of beads!Finally, how about the “Tom Boy” look? Wear flared jeans and a T-shirt with a logo. Don't forget your waistcoat, of course! Use lots of different fabrics if possible, like denim, cord and leather, and high-heel boots to finish off!Follow the fashion tips above, and you shouldn't feel out of place. However, it's important to remember to wear clothes and choose a look that you feel comfortable with. Don't just be one of the crowd – be yourself!Activity 4 Culture InformationDirections: Get to know the following culture points based on the information provided.The hippie movement (嬉⽪⼠运动)1. It began in the early 1960s in California and then spread internationally.2. It had great influence on popular music, TV and film, literature and the arts.3. Young people were opposed to war and the traditional attitude of society. They take alternativelifestyles (e.g. in communes) which valued peace, individuality, religious and cultural diversity, and social rebellion (e.g. with drugs and sexual behavior).4. The fashions include:1) long hair with headscarves, headbands;2) bracelets and long beaded necklaces;3) Very informal clothes like long full skirts, bell-bottomed jeans, home-made and tie-dyedgarments, the use of flower designs (which represented peace and love).The punk period (朋克时期)1. It started in Britain in early 1970s. Teenagers produced strong dissatisfaction and even desperatemood because of the economic crisis and social unemployment.2. It features fashions that expressed anger against society and included brightly colored hair, rippedclothes and studded belts.The Californian gold rush (加州淘⾦热)1. It is a period from 1948 to 1955.2. It involves rapid migration of miners and other workers from all over the world.3. It started with the dramatic discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada (内华达⼭脉).4. It led to the settlement of California.2. Men dressed in extravagant clothes: luscious fabrics, loose shirts with frills and short shirt collars,unfolded, with top buttons unfastened and using monotone colors.Swinging London (摇摆伦敦/时髦放纵的伦敦)1. It is a is a catch-all term applied to the fashion and cultural scene that flourished in London in the1960s2. The icons of the time include: the miniskirt, the mini car, the first supermodels like Twiggy (whowas famous for being very thin) and fashionable shopping streets for clothes (like Carnaby Street & King’s Road in London) Homework:1. Learn all the new words and expressions in Active Reading 1 “Fifty Years of Fashion”.2. Preview the passage in Active reading 1:1) Work out the organization of the passage.2) Finish Ex. 2-3 on P36-373) Underline the difficult sentences and phrases.3. Answer the following questions:1) What reasons can you think of to explain the correlation between hemlines and the stock market?2) Is fashion a form of art or an excuse for making money?3) Is it moral to spend money on fashion items which you will replace the next season?Section 2 Passage Learning— Fifty Years of Fashion1. Text organizationPart 1 (Para. 1-3) Brief introduction to the two constant factors.Part 2 (Para. 4-13) Detailed illustrations of the two constant factors in recent fifty years of fashion.Part 3 (Para. 14) Conclusion2. Text Information AnalysisPart 1 (Para. 1-3) Brief introduction to the two constant factors.Para. 1: Double negation is used to emphasize the dominant position of the two factors.Para. 2: The origin and expansion of jeans before 1960Para. 3: The peculiar significance of hemlines:There is a precise correlation betw een the length of women’s skirts and the economy.Part 2 (Para. 4-13) Detailed illustrations of the two constant factors in recent fifty years of fashion.In what order does the writer illustrate the two factors?Chronological order.Jeans: There are variations due to different ideas and movements in different times.Hemlines: The lengths rise and fall in response to the boom and bust of economy, and even predict the economic trends.The author reemphasizes the two constant factors and the two great designers.3. Theme DiscussionDirections: Discuss the following theme-related questions.1. What reasons can you think of to explain the correlation between hemlines and the stock market?2. Is fashion a form of art or an excuse for making money?3. Is it moral to spend money on fashion items which you will replace the next season?Sample answers:1. Well, it is possible that as the stock market rises, women have more money to spend on clothes andso they choose fashionable clothes, which happen to have higher hemlines. As the stock market falls, they have less money, so they wear more conservative clothes with lower hemlines. Another possibility is that the correlation could just be chance or coincidence for a few years, and if you look over a much longer period the correlation doesn’t exist.2. For the designers and manufacturers, fashion can make a lot of money, but as a market device theycan call it art; for customers wearing fashionable clothes, it is much nicer to think of the expensive fashion as art, rather than simply as expensive clothes. Of course, fashion could be both art and a money-making machine.3. On the one hand, people should be free to spend money on clothes as they wish, and people oftenreplace some, at least, of their clothes each year, so buying new fashion items hardly seems to be a moral question. On the other hand, buying unnecessary clothes for frivolous purposes (just because the fashion has changed) does have moral implications of wasting money and resources because the clothes are only being worn for a season and perhaps could last for many years. Still, rather than simply throwing the unfashionable clothes away, the fashion-conscious person might send them for recycling or give them to a charity for poor people. Maybe that would diminish the bad moral implications of fashion buying.4. Language Points1. Exactly why women should want to expose more or less of their legs during periods of economicboom and bust remains a mystery. (Para. 3)Economic boom and bust describes cycles in which a boom period of growth, high production and rising prices is followed by an economic decline, contraction and unemployment before a new cycle begins.在经济繁荣和萧条时期⼥性到底为什么要多暴露或少暴露双腿⾄今仍然是个谜。

1.Famous universities are located all over the world, and they attract students from all over the world, too. Oxford and Cambridge are the two oldest universities in Britain with a history of Oxford dating back to 1100s. Princeton was established in 1746 and is located in Princeton, New Jersey, a state on the east coast of America. MIT began in 1861 and is located in another eastern state, Massachusetts. Stanford is a famous university in California. In 1891, Mr. and Mrs. Leland Stanford wanted to eatablish a university in the west where young men and young women could earn a degree. They donated many acres of land to the establishment of Stanford. It is one of the largest campuses in America today.Harvard is the oldest university in America surrounded by many historic buildings and an atmosphere of American history. Students attending Harvard have more than 40 areas of undergraduate studies to choose from. There are schools of medicine, business, design, law, public health, public policy, to name a few. First year students, called freshmen, are required to live on campus. Sophomores and upper classmen can choose off campus living in an apartment or a house. There are many activities students can participate in from music to sports to student government.2.What kind of job are you looking for? The classified ads are a good place to begin a search for employment. They are a great resource to learn about what companies look for in employees and offer a little information about the company as well. Applying and interviewing for a job requires skills worth developing. Being able to identify one’s strengths, effectively communicating with confidence , having a desire to learn more about the employer , and displaying enthusiasm can sometimes make up for inexperience. As you look at the pictures, think about the different qualifications each profession or vocation requires. A construction worker, a waiter and a farmer may not need higher education for their pursuits, but it certainly helps. Secretarial work requires less education than being a teacher or a doctor, but each job is important in society.While becoming a teacher requires a minimum of four years study at a university, teaching entails constant learning. Understanding deeply the subject matter being taught and discovering the learning styles of students are just two areas of importance for teachers. Many studies continue to research how to effectively teach and how to teach students to effectively learn. In one way or another, we are all teachers.3.Many products for sale seem to scream at us, "Buy me! Buy me!" Advertising is a big business in our world with many products competing for our attention. Think of the last time you bought clothes. You probably noticed the variety of colors, patterns, fabrics and brands you could choose from. Which kind of soft drink would you like to have today or what kind of computer do you want? Advertisers are skilled in the art of making their products look the best to appeal to our senses. But products aren't always what they seem. Sometimes advertising is deceptive and as consumers, we must be careful about what we choose to buy. It is important to learn to compare products and identify our purpose in purchasing the things we need. But the good thing about aadvertising is that it hepls people to make decisions and refine their choices.In the United States, the Ad Council creates timely public service messages to the nation. Their purpose is to raise awareness of public problems that citizens can respond to. Inspiring ads cause individuals to take action and even save lives. Pollution in America, for example has been reduced over the years because of the creative Public Service advertisements that the council provides "Please, please don't be a litter bug, 'cause every 'litter bit' hurts." Many families have taught their children to place litter in the trash can in response to this catchy phrase, which has affected generations as each succeeding generation has taught their children not to litter.4.Nature imposes difficult conditions upon the earth from time to time . Thetornado and forest fire destroy natural resources ,homes and other structures ,and very often harm or kill people . Technological tragedies happen with little or no warning as we see trains crash and airplanes fall from the sky shortly after take-off. As tragic as calamities are , they seem to bring out the best in human nature . people trained in emergency care arrive at the scene and begin assisting the injured .Others come with equipment to remove debris. Men , women ,and young people willingly come to the scene of an accident , hoping to be of help in some way . These selfless acts of kindness make our world a better place . compassion eases the wounds of calamities.American Airlines flight number 587 crashed less than three minutes after taking off from JFK Airport in New York in November,2001. Witnesses saw an engine fire develop on the plane’s number one engine located under the left wing of the aircraft .seconds later ,the airliner crashed into eight homes ,completely destroying four of them .All 260 people aboard the airplane were killed along with six people at the crash site ,leaving many people to mourn the loss of their loved ones .the residents (people who live in the area of the crash ) rallied together to comfort those grieving, while others removed bodies from the wreckage and did the necessary clean-up.5.Success can be reached in different ways by people in different careers. Bill Gates began at age to program computers,His vision for personal computing has been central to the success of Microsoft Corporation, the company he founded with his childhood friend in 1975 .The former CEO of General Electric, Jack Welch, is a business legend. A famous quote by Mr. Welch is,”Chang before you have to. ”He believes in leading by example and encourages his employees to do their best every day.Michael Jordan said,”I accept failure, but I can’t accept not trying.” He is one of the best athletes to ever play team sports. His great smile, athletic achievements, and pleasant personality have made him one of the most famous athletes in the world. Michael Jordan spent a lot of time playing basketball as a child but in senior middle school he was taken off the team . Instead of giving up , he worked through adversity and became the greatest basketball player yet .Celine Dion came from humble beginnings in a rural French Canadian town in Canada .The youngest of fourteen children ,her voice is internationally known on such soundtracks as Beauty and Beast and Titanic .Ronaldo is Brazil’s greatest talent in soccer since Pele .he began his professional career in the season 90-91, playing for the Social Ramous Club .FIFA ( Federation Internationale de Football Associction ) voted him best player of the year in both 1996 and 1997 .In 2002 , he won theGolden Shoe Award of the FIFA World Cup with 8 goals scored.6.Physical activity improves our bodies’ health . A recent study , published in The New England Journal of Medicine , suggests that maintaining a heaithy level of physical fitness through exercise can help people live longer . The findings also provide updated support to Charles Darwin’s “ survival of the fittest ” theory . But repetitive exercise can become boring , leading to discouragement , frustration , even quitting .Selecting an activity that provides enjoyment as well as physical exercise , however , can be the answer . Many people have turned to sports . Sports can provide a challenge physically as well as mentally —and increa se one’s physical activity while providing social interaction , a sense of accomplishment and enjoyment .First held as part of the 1896 Olympics in Athens , Greece ,and then brought to Boston , Massachusetts in 1897 ,the Marathon is now an important part of culture in many cities across America . Marathon running , usually a 40 km ( 26.2 miles ) race , is becoming increasingly popular with both men and women for its challenge of perseverance , requiring both physical and mental endurance , and its feat of accomplishment . For firsttime runners it is the culmination of a dream —a personal goal obtained after months of physical and psychological preparation and training . For veteran marathoners it’s an opportunity to improve their Personal Best — competing against their own fastest time .7.A family begins with two people. Love deepens and grows between a couple and soon a wedding 1takes place, the beginnings of a family. Children are born, growing and 2maturing with every passing year. When grown up, they, too, fall in love and marry. The 3process of creating a family begins again, adding generations to the family.A day in the life of a family is 4filled with work and school, errands and chores. At the end of a busy day we can find children5 excitedly sharing the events of their day with Mom and Dad. It is a 6time for working together and playing together. Reading to the children,7singing songs, doing homework together, and playing games are some 8activities that take place during family time. A television 9show may be what each family member needs to10relax and enjoy some quiet time together. Strong family relationships are developed by spending quality time together.8.Have you ever listed everything the computer does to enhance life? Form finding the research to doing research, from business use to home use ,from communicating with friends and family to searching for a job, computers simplify our lives and allow us to learn and discover things with the click of a mouse. The Internet is like a highway system, moving bits of information across telephone lines and cables with such speed that when we type in the web address or search for websites, within seconds the information appears on the computer screen. The invention of the computer and the Internet has revolutionized how we live and work. How did we ever get along with computers?There is opposition in all things and the computer is not an exception. While it provides us with many good things at our fingertips, there are those who create programs that infect the computer with “viruses” which destroy its memory and frustrate the computer owner. Anti-virus programs, however, are 10avaliable to combat the problem. Cybercrime also rising as Internet privacy is violated in a variety of ways, creating the need for better Internet security systems to be developed.。