PCT专家共识
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降钙素原(PCT)急诊临床应用的专家共识(下)3 PCT水平监测在脓毒症中的应用3.1 用于脓毒症的诊断和鉴别诊断脓毒症患者的PCT水平明显高于非脓毒症患者,细菌性脓毒症患者的PCT水平显著高于非细菌性脓毒症。
且PCT升高对细菌感染导致的脓毒症特异性很高,因此可作为诊断脓毒症和鉴别严重细菌感染的生物标记物。
如果怀疑脓毒症,建议立刻检查PCT。
目前PCT诊断脓毒症的界值水平为>0.5 rig/ml。
PCT<0.05 ng/ml的患者患高风险细菌性感染的可能性非常小,也几乎不会发生血流感染。
极少数病例因脓毒症起病太快而未达到可检测PCT的时间窗(一般为起病3~6 h),因此对于有急性症状而PCT水平不高的患者,建议6~12 h后复查PCT。
3.2 PCT与血培养阳性率的关系血培养阳性患者的PCT水平较阴性患者高。
PCT>0.1 nml对于人院第1天血培养阳性的预测敏感度100%,特异性80%。
PCT在0.1~0.5rig/ml时排除血流感染的阴性预测值在87%~99%。
PCT水平高的患者血培养更易获得病原学结果。
有研究证实,社区获得性肺炎的(CAP)患者中,当PCT>0.25 ng//ml,血培养阳性的可能性更大。
3.3评估脓毒症严重程度和病情进展情况PCT在SIRS、脓毒症、严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者的质量浓度依次增高,并且具有统计学差异,与病情的严重程度呈正相关。
PCT 质量浓度从0.5 ng/ml上升超过2 ng/ml时,严重细菌感染或脓毒症的发生率增高。
但是存在严重肝。
肾功能障碍或手术/外伤后的最初几天,PCT在0.5~2 ng/ml可视为正常范围。
PCT水平超过2 rig/ml甚至大于10 rig/ml时,脓毒症、严重脓毒症或脓毒性休克的可能性非常大(超过90%)。
高水平的PCT表明全身炎症反应非常严重,死亡风险很高,应.萨即开始抗生素及其他针对性治疗。
因为PCT与脓毒症的病情严重程度相关,所以动态监测PCT水平的变化趋势可以判断病情进展情况。
2020年降钙素原指导抗菌药物临床合理应用专家共识中国医药教育协会感染疾病专业委员会抗菌药物合理应用是细菌感染性疾病治疗的核心,近年来,我国临床分离菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药率呈持续增长的趋势,多重耐药菌越来越常见[1],治疗难度增加,医疗负担加重。
抗菌药物疗程过长是导致耐药的主要原因之一,合理的停药时机仍是临床面临巨大难题。
实验诊断技术的快速发展,为抗菌药物合理应用提供了更多的参考依据。
降钙素原(PCT)已被广泛应用于细菌感染性疾病诊断和治疗的重要参考指标,PCT 在下呼吸道感染和重症监护病房(ICU)重症感染患者抗菌药物治疗疗程中的指导价值逐渐被认可。
为充分发挥该炎症标志物的作用,进一步促进我国抗菌药物的合理应用,共识小组广泛征求国内多学科专家意见,并经过多次会议讨论,共同制定了本共识。
本共识的适用范围为怀疑或诊断为成人下呼吸道感染和ICU 重症感染患者。
一、证据等级与推荐等级证据质量等级和推荐强度等级依据推荐分级的评估、制定与评价(GRADE)系统进行分级,证据等级分高、中、低、极低四级,推荐等级分为强、弱两级。
二、PCT 在辅助细菌感染性疾病诊断中的应用推荐意见1:临床怀疑不明原因感染及脓毒症时,建议及时行PCT 检测,以帮助进一步明确细菌感染性疾病的诊断。
(高证据等级,强推荐)生理情况下,PCT 由116 个氨基酸组成,在甲状腺C 细胞中由前体物质(141‑氨基酸)脱去25 个氨基酸序列而产生,随后在转化酶的作用下分解生成降钙素(32‑氨基酸)。
因而健康成人血清PCT 水平很低,通常不超过0.05 μg/L。
细菌感染时,宿主炎症应答产生的促炎因子诱导甲状腺以外的组织(如肝脏、肺、肠道等)合成PCT,由于这些组织细胞中缺乏分泌颗粒和转化酶,PCT 未经处理即以原形释放入血,从而导致血清浓度显著升高。
病毒感染时,机体释放的γ干扰素可抑制PCT 的产生,因此,PCT 是细菌感染较为特异的炎症标志物。
万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据降钙素原(PCT)急诊临床应用的专家共识作者:降钙素原急诊临床应用专家共识组作者单位:刊名:中华急诊医学杂志英文刊名:Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine年,卷(期):2012,21(9)被引用次数:14次1.Whang KT;Vath SD;Becker KL Procalcitonin and proinflammatory cytokine interactions in sepsis 2000(01)2.Nijsten MW;Olinga P;The TH Procalcitonin behaves as a fast responding acute phase protein in vivo and in vitro [外文期刊] 2000(02)3.Wiedermann FJ;Kaneider N;Egger P Migration of human monocytes in response to procalcitonin[外文期刊] 2002(05)4.Hoffmann G;Totzke G;Seibel M In vitro modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and nitric oxide synthesis by procalcitonin 2001(01)5.Morgenthaler NG;Struck J;Chancerelle Y Production of procalcitonin (PCT) in non-thyroidal tissue after LPS injection[外文期刊] 2003(05)6.Meisner M;Tschaikowsky K;Schnabel S Procalcitonininfluence of temperature,storage,anticoagulation and arterial or venous asservation of blood samples on procalcitonin concentrations 1997(08)7.Huang DT;Weissfeld LA;Kellum JA Risk prediction with procalcitonin and clinical rules in community-acquired pneumonia[外文期刊] 2008(01)8.Krüger S;Ewig S;Marre R Procalcitonin predicts patients at low risk of death from community-acquired pneumonia across all CRB65 classes 2008(02)9.Hirakata Y;Yanagihara K;Kurihara S Comparison of usefulness of plasma procalcitonin and C-reactive protein measurements for estimation of severity in adults with community-acquired pneumonia[外文期刊] 2008(02)10.Chan YL;Tseng CP;Tsay PK Procalcitonin as a marker of bacterial infection in the emergency department:an observational study 2004(01)11.Christ-Crain M;Jaccard-Stolz D;Bingisser R Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial[外文期刊] 2004(9409)12.Stolz D;Christ-Crain M;Bingisser R Antibiotic treatment of exacerbations of COPD:a randomized,controlledtrial comparing procalcitonin-guidance with standard therapy[外文期刊] 2007(01)13.Schuetz P;Christ-Crain M;Thomann R Effect of procalcitoninbased guidelines vs standard guidelines onantibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections:the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial 2009(10)14.Bouadma L;Luyt CE;Tubach F Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients'exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial):a multicentre randomised controlled trial 2010(9713)15.Menéndez R;Cavalcanti M;Reyes S Markers of treatment failure in hospitalised community acquired pneumonia[外文期刊] 2008(05)16.Schuetz P;Christ-Crain M;Wolbers M Procalcitonin guided antibiotic therapy and hospitalization in patients with lower respiratory tract infections:a prospective,multicenter,randomized controlled trial 200717.Boussekey N;Leroy O;Alfandari S Procalcitonin kinetics in the prognosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia[外文期刊] 2006(03)18.Christ-Crain M;Opal SM Clinical review:the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia 2010(01)19.Mueller C;Christ-Crain M;Müller B What cardiologists do need to know about procalcitonin[外文期刊] 2005(1/2)20.Gendrel D;Raymond J;Assicot M Measurement of procalcitonin levels in children with bacterial or viral meningitis 1997(06)21.Balcl C;Sungurtekin H;Gürses E Usefulness of procalcitonin for diagnosis of sepsis in the intensive care unit 2003(01)22.Reith HB;Mittelk(o)tter U;Wagner R Procalcitonin (PCT) in patients with abdominal sepsis 2000(Suppl 2)23.Marc E;Ménager C;Moulin F Procalcitonin and viral meningitis:reduction of unnecessary antibiotics by measurement during an outbreak 2002(04)24.Moulin F;Raymond J;Lorrot M Procalcitonin in children admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia [外文期刊] 2001(04)25.Boutoille D;Struillou L;El Kouri D Meningitis with direct negative bacteriological examination. 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procalcitonin in the prediction of infected necrosis in acnte pancreatitis 2000(Suppl 2)1.洪俊轩.苏锦松术前降钙素原的检测对胆囊炎严重程度的预测价值[期刊论文]-医学信息 2014(27)2.肖小琳降钙素原在细菌感染患儿中的临床价值[期刊论文]-中国当代医药 2013(27)3.李硕.郑亚安慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者急性加重期降钙素原与APACHEⅡ评分的相关性分析[期刊论文]-中华急诊医学杂志2013(3)4.柳建茹.单志刚.李胜朝.王玉朋.孟国良血清降钙素原在早期腹腔感染中的应用价值探讨[期刊论文]-内蒙古中医药 2014(10)5.董素娥在脓毒症患儿早期诊断中检测降钙素原的临床意义[期刊论文]-医学信息 2013(29)6.陆一鸣降钙素原PCT感染诊治新技术[期刊论文]-国际检验医学杂志 2013(20)7.魏捷.孙胜男.吕菁君降钙素原对免疫功能异常的脓毒症患者病情评估和预后判断[期刊论文]-中华急诊医学杂志 2013(8)8.陆一鸣降钙素原PCT感染诊治新技术--早期诊断、快速鉴别、及时评估感染程度、指导抗生素使用[期刊论文]-中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版) 2013(3)9.孙胜男.吕菁君.魏捷脓毒症患者降钙素原浓度与病原学感染证据之间的相关性研究[期刊论文]-中华急诊医学杂志 2013(10)10.茹晃耀.劳志刚.戴良成.王素宁.吴昊.宋斐动态监测ICU老年重症肺炎患者血清降钙素原水平的临床意义[期刊论文]-中国当代医药 2013(21)11.贺彬.祝益民.卢秀兰.黄娇甜血清降钙素原对重症儿童病情的预测[期刊论文]-中华急诊医学杂志 2013(7)12.谢江霞.霍开秀.阳书坤.刘雪燕.余坤城早期乳酸清除率和PCT在急诊脓毒性休克患者预后中的评估价值[期刊论文]-热带医学杂志 2013(7)13.陈炜.赵磊.王锁柱.盛博.甄洁.古旭云炎性生物标记物在革兰氏阴性菌血流感染患者早期诊断的价值[期刊论文]-中华急诊医学杂志 2014(3)14.陈昊.乔丽旻.张丽葳.张莉芬.李俊.王毅.奚希相.周超金属基质蛋白酶9与脓毒症性肺损伤关系的研究[期刊论文]-医学研究杂志 2013(10)15.梅春霞.刘娟.徐智.戢福云.吴国明APACHEⅡ评分和降钙素原对肺部感染预后的预测作用[期刊论文]-第三军医大学学报2014(8)引用本文格式:降钙素原急诊临床应用专家共识组降钙素原(PCT)急诊临床应用的专家共识[期刊论文]-中华急诊医学杂志2012(9)。
血清降钙素原检测在儿童感染性疾病中的临床应用专家共识摘要降钙素原(PCT)是早期、严重、侵袭性细菌感染的标志物,血清PCT <0.05 μg/L时多不支持细菌感染;血清PCT>2.00 μg/L需考虑脓毒症并提示病情严重;在进行结果判读时需注意结合临床表现,排除局部感染及非感染因素所致血清PCT升高;动态的血清PCT监测对病情的评估与预后判断非常重要,尤其在重症患儿。
动态血清PCT监测可以指导临床抗菌药物使用,当血清PCT<0.25 μg/L排除细菌感染时不使用抗菌药物;治疗后当血清PCT<0.50 μg/L或峰值降低幅度≥80%,结合临床表现,可考虑停用抗菌药物。
对于新生儿期血清PCT的判读需注意排除早期生理性升高及其他因素的影响。
降钙素原(procalcitonin, PCT)是机体在全身炎症反应特别是细菌感染时释放的一种急性可溶性蛋白,是严重细菌感染和脓毒症的早期诊断标志物。
近年来,血清PCT检测和临床应用已获得世界范围认同,广泛应用于感染性疾病的诊断与病情动态监测。
临床实践中,即使是非常有经验的儿科医生,对于区分感染性质及程度仍是一个巨大挑战,尤其在早期诊断和抗菌药物应用上难以选择,甚至导致抗菌药物的滥用。
正确掌握和规范血清PCT检测在儿童感染性疾病中的临床应用具有十分重要的意义,为此,中华医学会儿科学分会医院感染管理与控制专业委员会组织专家在综合大量国内外文献,特别是多中心研究的基础上,通过1年多时间共4轮讨论后制定本共识,目的是使儿科医生科学合理应用血清PCT检测,指导临床诊断和治疗。
一、PCT的生物学特征PCT是降钙素的前体物质,由114~116个氨基酸组成,是一种无激素活性糖蛋白,主要由神经内分泌细胞(包括甲状腺、肺和胰腺组织细胞)表达,经酶切分解为降钙素、羧基端肽和氨基端肽。
PCT是一种免疫活性蛋白,其生物活性包括免疫调节和调节血管收缩等。
PCT在人体内稳定性好,半衰期为20~24 h,血清PCT浓度通常<0.10 μg/L[1]。
《降钙素原指导抗菌药物临床合理应用专家共识》(2020)要点抗菌药物合理应用是细菌感染性疾病治疗的核心,近年来,我国临床分离菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药率呈持续增长的趋势,多重耐药菌越来越常见,治疗难度增加,医疗负担加重。
抗菌药物疗程过长是导致耐药的主要原因之一,合理的停药时机仍是临床面临巨大难题。
实验诊断技术的快速发展,为抗菌药物合理应用提供了更多的参考依据。
降钙素原(PCT)已被广泛应用于细菌感染性疾病诊断和治疗的重要参考指标,PCT在下呼吸道感染和重症监护病房(ICU)重症感染患者抗菌药物治疗疗程中的指导价值逐渐被认可。
一、证据等级与推荐等级二、PCT在辅助细菌感染性疾病诊断中的应用【推荐意见1】:临床怀疑不明原因感染及脓毒症时,建议及时行PCT检测,以帮助进一步明确细菌感染性疾病的诊断。
(高证据等级,强推荐)【推荐意见2】:对于疑似为下呼吸道感染的患者,当PCT≥0.25μg/L,提示细菌感染的可能性高,建议启用经验性抗菌治疗。
(低证据等级,弱推荐)【推荐意见3】:对于怀疑脓毒症的患者,应立即启动经验性抗菌治疗。
PCT ≥0.5μg/L时,有助于脓毒症诊断(高证据等级,强推荐),高水平 PCT(尤其>10 μg/L时)提示革兰阴性菌感染可能性更高。
(低证据等级,弱推荐)【推荐意见4】:存在院内感染风险的患者,如接受长期机械通气、外科手术治疗、留置动脉或静脉导管等,建议动态监测PCT变化。
若出现PCT显著升高提示细菌感染可能,应结合临床,及时予以抗菌药物治疗。
(中证据等级,强推荐)【推荐意见5】: PCT检测不能取代微生物学检查,病原微生物仍是细菌感染诊断的金标准,因此,怀疑细菌感染时应在抗菌药物使用前合理留取标本送检。
(高证据等级,强推荐)三、PCT在指导抗菌药物停药中的应用【推荐意见6】:已启动抗菌治疗的患者,建议合理监测PCT的动态变化,及时评估治疗疗效(高证据等级,强推荐)。
ICU感染患者推荐每24h监测,PCT无明显下降或不降反升,需积极寻找原因,考虑调整治疗方案;非重症下呼吸道感染患者可适当降低监测频率至48~72h。
文献报告一动态血清降钙素原(PCT)监测是细菌感染性疾病的明确与抗菌药物合理应用的重要指标问题:1.血清PCT是如何明确细菌性疾病的感染?2.血清PCT是如何指导抗菌药物的合理应用?文献一:儿童感染性疾病降钙素原应用专家共识文献二:降钙素原(PCT)急诊临床应用的专家共识文献三:降钙素原指导抗菌药物临床合理应用专家共识文献四:降钙素原(PCT)指导下的抗生素管理:国际专家对优化临床使用的共识文献内容分析:文献一主要是介绍了血清PCT用于儿童感染相关疾病的鉴别诊断。
图1血清降钙素原用于感染相关疾病鉴别诊断程序图*在免疫抑制(包括HIV),胰腺炎,创伤,怀孕,大量输血患者中应用时需注意;慢性感染患者(如脓肿,心内膜炎,骨髓炎)患者不应使用PCT指导抗菌药物使用。
儿童重症监护病房(PICU)患儿第一天血清PCT>2μg /L,为严重脓毒症或脓毒性休克的风险高,且对G-菌败血症高特异性。
细菌性脑膜炎时,通常血清PCT>0.5μg /L,具有高灵敏度(95%-99%)和特异度(83%-97%),建议早期检测并积极给予抗菌药物治疗。
细菌性心内膜炎时,血清PCT>0.5μg /L,灵敏度为73%,特异度79%。
泌尿系统感染时,伴有肾盂变化或膀胱输尿管反流的尿路感染患儿血清PCT水平比单纯尿路感染高,血清PCT<0.25μg /L的泌尿系感染患儿较少存在严重反流现象。
社区获得性肺炎时,约50%血清PCT <0.5μg /L,低浓度血清PCT常提示低风险,预示较低病死率。
在判断疾病严重程度方面,排除其他可能原因后,血清PCT达到2μg /L,提示达到严重脓毒症,达到10μg /L,患儿常发生脓毒性休克。
2013年一项Meta分析显示,血清PCT对脓毒症的早期识别灵敏度为77%,特异度79%。
应用抗菌药物时,选择在血清PCT<0.5μg /L,峰值减低幅度≥80%时,停药是安全的。
文献二主要介绍了血清PCT用于急诊相关性感染疾病的鉴别诊断。
降钙素原指导抗菌素治疗专家共识背景:降钙素原(PCT)是反应细菌感染的敏感的生物标志物,其用途是减少重症监护室中抗菌素的使用时间。
在各种临床环境中使用PCT都需要专业的指导,所以我们邀请了一组专家参与共识的制定,目的是指导使用PCT并提高脓毒症患者的规范管理。
方法:在综合各类文献综述后,由麻醉学和重症医学,传染病,内科学,呼吸病学,临床微生物学,检验医学,临床药理学和方法学等14位专家组成的专家组通过改良的德尔菲法提供专家意见。
结果:根据急诊、普通病房、外科病房或重症监护病房感染管理的不同情况或环境,评价PCT在诊断、预后和抗菌管理方面的适用性。
同样,对PCT使用的时机进行了评价。
结论:PCT的使用适用于评估抗菌素的降级和停药。
在这种情况下,应使用可重复的,高灵敏度的分析。
然而,在包括急性呼吸道感染在内的特定情况下,抗菌素治疗的启动或升级不应仅依靠PCT的改变。
应结合临床和影像学检查结果,疾病严重程度和患者个体化的评估,正确解释PCT 结果。
介绍抗菌素耐药性的日益普遍是全球化趋势。
据估计,到2050年,由于抗菌素的耐药性,每年将有1000万人死亡。
抗菌素危机主要是由于抗菌素滥用或过度使用。
事实上,据报道,在多达30%-50%的抗菌素处方中,使用的时机、剂量或持续时间是错误的。
抗菌素处方过量,反过来,可能与增加成本,不良事件和延长住院时间有关。
另一方面,脓毒症或脓毒症休克患者可能需要尽早启动抗菌素使用。
在针对危重患者的一些研究中,任何抗菌素治疗时机的延迟都与死亡率的增加有关。
降钙素原(PCT)是一种普遍存在于人体器官和组织中的降钙素前体。
几个特征赋予PCT作为细菌感染生物标志物的关键作用。
首先,在脓毒症的急性期,PCT产生通常上调。
第二,细菌感染后PCT通常迅速达到峰值水平,其峰值与刺激强度相关。
第三,PCT半衰期短,因此在感染控制后通常迅速下降至正常。
根据这些特征,表明PCT作为细菌感染的标志物,具有良好的敏感性和特异性。
降钙素原在儿童下呼吸道感染临床应用专家共识血清降钙素原是反映细菌感染导致全身炎症反应的主要指标。
一直以来,血清PCT 被用作严重细菌感染和脓毒症诊断的生物标志物。
2017年,FDA首次批准勃拉姆斯(B·R·A·H·M·S)血清PCT0.25μg/L阈值应用于下呼吸道感染抗菌药物指导。
推荐意见汇总推荐意见1 :血清PCT 低水平(< 0.25 μg/L)时呼吸道感染常见细菌(肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)引起的LRTI 几率极小,可早期辅助排除,有助于儿童LRTI 细菌性与病毒性病原的鉴别。
(强推荐)推荐意见2 :细菌性LRTI 患儿血清PCT ≥2 μg/L 时,菌血症及脓毒症风险明显增加。
(强推荐)推荐意见 3 :血清PCT 单一指标或联合白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)、血清淀粉样蛋白(serum amyloid A,SAA)及C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP) 等临床常用生物学标志物均可以较好的帮助识别儿童细菌性呼吸道感染;多项指标联合时,诊断效能更高。
(强推荐)推荐意见4:PCT 可用于指导儿童LRTI 抗菌药物启动、调整和停用,有助于减少不必要抗菌药物使用、缩短抗菌药物疗程和减少相关不良事件。
(弱推荐)推荐意见5 :推荐在儿童LRTI 中动态监测血清PCT,有助于及时启动抗菌药物治疗、评价抗菌药物治疗效果、指导及时停药、减少不必要的抗菌药物使用。
(强推荐)推荐意见6:推荐根据儿童LRTI严重程度决定监测血清PCT时机和频率:轻症患者,可入院时检测PCT以指导抗菌药物启用、后动态监测以指导抗菌药物调整或停用; 重症患者入院时和入院后前3 d,可适当增加检测频次,以调整抗菌药物使用。
(强推荐)推荐意见7 :依据临床症状和体征,推荐血清PCT 辅助用于儿童细菌性LRTI 严重程度评估,PCT 值越高提示LRTI 感染越严重。