新西兰的职业教育（中英）
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Over 100 years ago recognition was given to the fact that New Zealanders needed more than the theory of academia, asprovided by the University of New Zealand, they also needed the practicality of technical training and education. From thisera came the revised Manual and Technical Institution Act of 1900, providing the opportunity to plant the roots of polytechnicand institute of technology vocational training in New Zealand.
100多年以前新西兰⼈就已经意识到与诸多⼤学所提供的学术理论教育相⽐，技术培训和职业教育更为重要。
Technical and Vocational Education is mainly offered at institutes of technology, polytechnics, private trainingestablishments and in the workplace. However, some programmes are also available in secondary schools, wanangagovernment establishments, one college of education and several universities.
新西兰的理⼯学院，技术学院，私⽴的培训机构以及实习基地是技术和职业教育的主要提供者。此外有些课程也在中学，⽑利学校，⼀所教育学院及⼏所⼤学内教授。
Vocational Education can be delivered through a variety of ‘delivery practices’.
职业教育可以通过实践将知识和技能传授给学⽣
ITP’s may develop their own Certificates or Diplomas and deliver these either purely “off job” through theory “classroom”delivery and “workshop” learning. Or a mixture of cadetship placement whereby an industry group agree to provide “on-job”learning and experiential activities in line with the curriculum document for specific periods of time, eg 6 month placements.These apprentices are paid which reduces the financial impact of apprenticeship training on the student.
⾏业技术学院通常采⽤全脱产和学习实践相结合的⽅式把理论知识和⾏业技能传授给学⽣，并在毕业后获得相应的技术学历证书和专科⽂凭。或者根据具体⾏业的要求可以进⾏在职的培训或⼀定时期的在职学习或实验性活动⽐如6个⽉的培训课程。这样的学徒培训
The other main option, encouraged by Government and by legislative decree is through the Industry TrainingOrganisations of which there are over 46. Agricultural ITO, Plumbing & Gas ITO, Electrical Supply ITO, Building ConstructionITO and Motor Industry ITO.
除了上述的学校和培训机构之外，政府和各项法规还⿎励学⽣选择到各⾏业培训组织去接受职业教育培训。⽐如，农业培训组织，管道⼯和煤⽓⼯培训组织，电⼯培训组织，建筑⾏业培训组织和汽摩维修⾏业组织等。
These ITO’s are bodies that represent particular industry sectors. ITO’s develop and maintain national unit (skill)standards and qualifications for their sector. They also facilitate “on-job” training and courses. Workplace assessors areemployed to confirm competence in the apprentices “on-job” work skills and under-pinning knowledge. The employer alsohas obligations to be the workplace assessor as well.
这些⾏业培训组织是各个⾏业的关键组成，他们发展和维持着技术标准和资格，其本⾝也提供⼀系列的在职培训课程。培训中实习车间主管有资格评定学徒的在职培训技能和业务知识是否合格。雇主同样也有资格对这些培训作出评判。
How Qualifications are Maintained in New Zealand
Within New Zealand education formal qualifications are offered from Year 11 (age 15) in the school system and fromcertificate to doctorate level in the tertiary system.
新西兰教育体系中正式的学历⽂凭是从11年级（15岁的学⽣）开始算起，⾼等教育提供从学历证书到博⼠学位不同级别的学历。
Vocational Education is mainly represented in the Certificate level i.e. National Certificate in Electrical Supply, althoughthere is now a growing trend to offer Diploma level qualifications in recognition of the increasingly complex nature of industrytrade workers. Technical competence rather than purely hand-skills is becoming an increasing part of the ‘job’ and henceindustry is requesting a greater depth of technical competence in its employees. Diplomas in Engineering – Mechanical andCivil are leading the way.
由于对⾏业技术⼯⼈综合素质的要求逐渐提⾼，越来越多的学校在技术教育和培训领域也提供的专科⽂凭，但是⽬前还是以证书课程为主，⽐如电⼒供应证书。 现代技术⼯作中要求的技术已经不再是单纯的⼿⼯技能，⽽是更加趋向于各项能⼒的完备性和科学性。⼯程学专科⽂凭 – 机械与⼟⽊⼯程就是由此应运⽽⽣的课程。
The Built Environment – architectural draughting, and quantity surveying are also demanding of this higher level ofunderstanding and learning.
建筑环境学中的建筑通风，质量监理等学科就需要很⾼的学习和理解能⼒。
New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) maintains an overview of qualifications in school and tertiary educationand training. NZQA has developed the New Zealand Register of Quality Assured Qualifications (the ‘Register’) establishedto provide a means to clearly identify all quality assured qualifications in New Zealand. The Register has ten levels and iscomposed of qualifications that are registered in accordance with an agreed set of title definitions. It provides acomprehensive list of all quality assured qualifications and benchmarking of New Zealand qualifications by describing whatLevel they are at on the Register. The Register is available on the internet at www.NZQA.govt.nz.
新西兰学历评审委员会（简称NZQA）负责评估管理各级学校和⾼等教育及培训机构所颁发的各种学历证书。NZQA设⽴了学历质量认可的注册机制，为全新西兰各种院校所提供的学历提供了⼀个明确的质量评审标准。⼀共设有10个的学历质量认可等级，并对每个等级的认证给予了明确的定义和解释。NZQA还为所有有质量保证的学历⽂凭和教育质量标准建⽴了⼀个完整的档案表，详情请见：www.NZQA.govt.nz 。
Quality Assurance of Tertiary Education
保证质量的⾼等教育
Quality Assurance of tertiary education in New Zealand focuses on the quality of teaching outcomes recognised throughqualifications as a whole, and also on the systems and processes that support quality deliveries by providers.
