内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语1(unit3)

内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语2（unit4）新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 4Unit 4一、VocabularyPart A1. Our company is one of the leading manufacturers of commercial and institutional kitchen equipment, such as ovens, freezers, refrigerators, blenders, etc.2. An annual increase of 1.3% in food production is necessary at the present time to feed the burgeoning hum an population, assuming present diets remain invariant.3. You can envision the joy of your beloved ones when they receive the DVD shows made by your own hands as a special gift.4. This book depicts the cultural history of race and the complicated relationship between marginal and mainstream culture in early twentieth-century America.5. These sorts of jobs are available between late May and late August and often encompass a wide range of work.6. There is currently a trend for companies to outsource much of their IT to third-parties, in some cases to overseas third-parties.7. In ancient China, women would compete to show off their prowess in needlecraft on Qixi, the most important way of celebrating the festival.8. Morgan shunned publicity of any kind, and never permitted signs bearing her name at construction sites.9. Immigrants need time to overcome difficulties when they are assimilating into new cultures.10. Electronics chain stores are sometimes willing to forgo profits for a period of time in order to gain market share.Part B1. leaders are those courageous individuals who throughout history have refused to accept the status quo.A. ScornfulB. VisionaryC. ImpersonalD. Respectful2. The thick soap won’t foam properly, so it is necessary and economical to ____ it with water.A. pierceB. dipC. diluteD. balance3. I’ve been on suspension for over 2 weeks because I stood up to a rude, ____ boss.A. arrogantB. disloyalC. corporateD. uncommitted4. The successful candidates are all creative in solving problems and ______ at learning new technologies and skills.A. capableB. marginalC. adequateD. adept5. She ________ as she talked about the messy young boys who had drunk up all her milk and eaten up all her chocolates.A. bristledB. disdainedC. downsizedD. shunned6. Not only does he have one of those distinctive radio voices that sets him apart, he also brings a fun and a slightly ________ attitude to his show.A. irrelevantB. irreverentC. burgeoningD. mentoring7. ________ assets comprise items such as land, buildings, plants, machinery, fixtures and fittings, IT equipment and vehicles.A. DiverseB. MassiveC. ClassicalD. Tangible8. These few old-style wooden shops are soon to be demolished. With them will go the last ________ of the town’s original look.A. prowessB. monikerC. vestigeD. portfolio9. Our way to stay ahead of the competition is by continually creating ________ products and services while building new value in existing product lines.A. unmanageableB. deliverableC. innovativeD. institutional10. He always smiled and never had a negative comment about anyone or a _________ remark about any situation.A. cynicalB. skepticalC. hierarchicalD. prototypical二、CloseThe 51 million members of Generation X, born between 1965 and 1976, grew up in a very different world than 1) previous g enerations. Divorce and working moms 2) created“latchkey” kids out of many in this generation. This led to 3) traits of independence, resilience (弹性) and adaptability.At the same time, this generation expects immediate and ongoing feedback, and is equally comfortable 4) giving feedback to others. Other traits 5) include working well in multicultural settings, desire for some fun in the workplace and a pragmatic (重实效的) approach 6) to getting things done.Generation X saw their parents get laid off or 7) fase job insecurity. Many of them also entered the workplace in the early ’80s, 8) when the economy was in a downturn. Because of thes e factors, a Gen Xer doesn’t 9) waste time complaining if he is dissatisfied 10) with the company — he sends his resume out and accepts thebest 11) offer he can find at another organization.At the same time, Generation X takes employability 12) seriously . But for this generation there isn’t a career ladder. There’s a career lattice (格子). They can move laterally (横向的), stop and start, their career is more 13) fluid.Members of Generation X dislike authority and 14) rigid work requirements. Therefore, providing feedback on theirperformance should 15) play a big part, as should encouraging their creativity and 16) initiative to find new ways to get tasks done. As a mentor, you’ll want Gen Xers to work with you, not 17) for you. Start by informing them of your expectations and how you’ll measure their progress and 18) assure them that you’re committed to helping them learn new s kills. (Members of Generation X are eager to learn new skills because they want to 19) stay employable.) Gen Xers work best when they’re given the desired outcome and then left 20) along to figure out how to achieve it themselves. This means a mentor should guide them with feedback and suggestions, not step-by-step instructions.三、Translation1. 经过五年的实践, 他现在对同国际投资和贸易相关的法律事务已很在行了。

新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 1一、VocabularyPart A1. His heart attack was triggered by the physical and emotional pressures suffered under interrogation.2. We are all under the illusion that the country is doing well economically , but in fact it is in serious difficulty.3.He couldn’t join the police because he was below the minimum height allowed by the rule.4. We hope to see stronger commitment from the world community for international working together in the fight to protect our common natural surroundings.5. The professor felt grateful and relieved that the debate hadn’t degenerated into something absurd and degrading.6. Tiger populations have stopped shrinking ,and working to protect them is now a way of life in nations where they roam.7. Our efforts result in a great rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift in higher education from the private to the public sector.8.It was such a funny and wonderful show; I could scarcely keep from laughing with delight.9. Details are often organized according to time sequence or from one place to another. These are two very important means of descriptive writing.10.Many how-to books advise you to stride into a room and impress others with your qualities.Part B1. Even without knowing all the details, the reader can often be able to predict the general direction the author is going to.A. anticipateB. expectC. captureD. nurture2. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play vital roles in raising children.A. intolerableB. impassionedC. intellectualD. indispensable3. Eat these foods with plentiful Vitamin C, for example, drink orange juice with cereal (谷类食品) or put a tomato on a sandwich, to increase the amount of iron absorbed.A. intensifyB. enhanceC. strengthenD. reinforce4. Believing that he was fully qualified, he submitted his application instantly, but a week later he was crushed to learn that it had been turned down.A. ultimatelyB. hesitantlyC. promptlyD. attentively5. The rule for the competition is somewhat vague. I can’t get it and I require an explanation.A. distinctB. obscureC. clumsyD. imaginary6. The diseases thrive in conditions where freshwater is insufficient and sanitation is poor.A. scarceB. plentifulC. fruitfulD. inexhaustible7. After the scandal, public confidence in the economic recovery has fallen dramatically, according to a post-election survey.A. graduallyB. frequentlyC. surprisinglyD. analytically8. The tutorial system is considered so important at Oxford and Cambridge that students are not even forced to attend general lectures.A. compelledB. insulatedC. memorizedD. challenged9. They must know how to keep and make use of and when necessary abandon the old and outdated conventional rules.A. skimB. clarifyC. discardD. insulate10. They believe that identity theft is caused by issuing too many instant credit cards, deficient checking of identity, and too few legal protections for consumers’ personal information.A. sufficientB. overdueC. naiveD. inadequate二、CloseHow to Be an Effective ListenerAuthor G. K. Chesterton once said, “There is no such thin g as an uninteresting subject; there are only uninterested people.” Listening is a skill that 1) requires coordination of the listener’s mental powers with an outside force (the person or thing which is being listened to). In addition, listening is three-2) dimensional; listen critically with the ears, 3) thoughtfully with the mind, and understandingly with the eyes.(1) Good listeners need to think around the topic by listening between the 4) lines, and anticipate the instructor’s5) next point.(2) Good listeners 6) summarize what has been said and put instructor’sthoughts into their 7) own words.(3) Good listeners listen with a pencil in their hands and take good 8) notes.(4) Good listeners try to get as much 9)out of a lecture as from a chapter in a book.(5) Good listeners avoid supersensitive listening, i.e. not 10) refuse to listen to anything they don’t agree with.(6) Good listeners sit near the 11) front so as not to miss anything.People who are good listeners manage to judge the 12) content, and not the delivery. They realize that not all instructors are good lecturers. Some instructors have a very nervous demeanor ( 行为；举止) and may not 13) act as though they are comfortable lecturin g; it doesn’t mean that they have nothing of 14) value to say. And some instructors may have a(n) 15) accent, or may speak softly. Again, while these things may be 16)distracting to the listener, every 17) effort should be made to ignore these physical problems and pay attention to the message.Another area that good listeners can take 18) advantage of is non-verbal communication. Facial expressions, gestures, body posture: all of these add to a lecture. Even something so minor as the instructor pacing back and 19) forth, stopping only to emphasize a point, is important. A good listener will couple what is being said with what isn’t being said (non-verbals) and draw 20) conclusions .三、Translation1. 那位教授很可能在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空空的教室讲了一课。

Reference NotesUnit 3 Leisure ActivitiesReading FocusWhy Harry’s HotInformation Notes1. About the text and the authorThis passage is taken from Newsweek(July 16, 2000) exploring the underlying reasons why the Harry Potter series books make huge success. The passage is largely argumentative, involving the author's personal ideas about the Harry Potter books. It is a model essay in itself. Students are able to learn how to write an argumentative essay on the grounds of a particular phenomenon. The passage has a typically three-part anatomy that is easily recognized in an argumentative essay. It starts with the indisputable fact that the Harry Potter books capture the attention of an amazingly large audience, although they are confronted with challenges by some parents and conservative religious leaders. They disapprove of the Harry Potter books because they think that these books advocate witchcraft. Then the author makes his own comments on the Harry Potter books, including their merits and demerits. Finally, the author arrives at a conclusion that there is every reason to say that Harry Potter possesses all the earmarks of a classic.Malcolm Jones writes about books, music, and photography for The Daily Beast and Newsweek, where he has written about subjects ranging from A. Lincoln to R. Crumb. He is the author of a memoir, Little Boy Blues, and collaborated with the songwriter and composer Van Dyke Parks and the illustrator Barry Moser on Jump!,a retelling of Brer Rabbit stories.2. About J.K. Rowling Harry and her Potter SeriesJoanne "Jo" Murray, OBE(1965—), who writes under the pen name J. K.Rowling, is a British author best known as the creator of the Harry Potter fantasy series, the idea for which was conceived while on a train trip from Manchester to London in 1990. The Potter books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold more than 400 million copies.,Aside from writing the Potter novels, Rowling is perhaps equally famous for her "rags to riches" life story, in which she progressed from living on welfare to multi-millionaire status within five years. The 2008 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at￡560 million ($798 million), ranking her as the 12th richest woman in Britain. Forbes ranked Rowling as the 48th most powerful celebrity of 2007, and Time magazine named her as a runner-up for its 2007 Personof the Year, noting the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given her fandom. She has become a notable philanthropist, supporting such charities as Comic Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain, and the Children's High Level Group.Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels written by British author J. K.Rowling. Since the 1997 release of the first novel Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, which was retitled Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in the United States, the books have gained immense popularity, critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide. As of June 2008, the book series has sold more than 400 million copies and has been translated into 67 languages, and the last four books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history. So far, the book series includes seven books, including Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (1997), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2008), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007).4. Michael Patrick Hearn is an American literary scholar and one of America's leading men of letters specializing in children's literature and its illustration. His works include The Annotated Wizard of Oz, The Annotated Christmas Carol, and The Annotated Huckleberry Finn.5. The Wizard ofOz 《绿野仙踪》is a children's book written in 1900 by L. Frank Baum. It was originally published by the George M. Hill company in Chicago, and has since been reprinted countless times. The story chronicles the adventures of a girl named Dorothy in the land of Oz. It is one of the best-known stories in American popular culture and has been widely translated. Its initial success led to Baum's writing and having published 13 more Oz books.6. Steven Spielberg(1946—) is an American film director, screenwriter and film producer. In a career of over four decades, Spielberg's films have touched on many themes and genres. Spielberg's early sci-fi and adventure films, sometimes centering on children, were seen as an archetype (原型) of modem Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years his movies began addressing such issues as the holocaust, slavery, war and terrorism.Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for 1993's Schindler’s List (《辛德勒的名单》) and 1998’s Saving Private Ryan (《拯救大兵瑞恩》）. Three of Spielberg's films, Jaws (《大白鲨》) (1975), E.T. (The Extra-Terrestrial)（《外星人》）(1982), and Jurassic Park（《侏罗纪公园》）(1993), broke box office records,each becoming the highest-grossing film made at the time.7. P. L. Travers(1899--1996) was an Australian novelist, actress and journalist,popularly remembered for her series of children's novels about the mystical and magical nanny Mary Poppins.8. The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew: a TV serieswhich aired for three seasons on ABC from Jan.30, 1977 to Jan. 14, 1979. In the TV series, thebrothers Frank and Joe Hardy and the girlNancy Drew are all amateur detectives. TVseries was was unusual in that it often dealtwith the characters individually, that is, someepisodes featured only the Hardy Boys andothers only Nancy Drew. The Hardy Boys andNancy Drew were also both successful bookpublishing series.The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew were bothsuccessful book publishing franchises, ownedby the Stratemeyer Syndicate, a publishinggroup which owned many successful children's book lines.9. Tolkien (John Ronald Reuel Tolkien) (1892--1973) was an English writer, poet,philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit （《小矮人》）and The Lord of the Rings（《指环王》）.10. Dahl (Roald Dahl) (1916--1990) was a British novelist, short story writer andscreenwriter, bom in Wales to Norwegian parents, who rose to prominence in the 1940s with works for both children and adults, and became one of the world's bestselling authors. His most popular books include The Twits（《坏心的夫妻消失了》）, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory（《查理与巧克力工厂》）, James and the Giant Peach（《怪桃历险记》）, Matilda （《小魔女》）, The Witches（《女巫》）and The BFG（《吹梦巨人》）.参考译文没有文学的休闲生活犹如死亡抑或活埋。

研究生英语一参考答案一、听力部分1. A) 根据对话内容，女士询问男士是否需要帮助，男士回答不需要，因为他已经熟悉这个地方了。

因此，正确答案是A。

2. B) 男士提到他正在寻找一家书店，女士告诉他书店在街对面。

正确答案是B。

3. C) 对话中女士提到她正在为即将到来的考试复习，因此正确答案是C。

4. D) 男士询问女士是否愿意和他一起去看电影，女士回答说如果时间允许的话她会去。

正确答案是D。

5. A) 女士询问男士是否已经完成了他的论文，男士回答说还没有，但很快就会完成。

正确答案是A。

6-10. 根据对话内容，可以分别得出以下答案：6. B)7. C)8. A)9. D) 10. B)二、阅读部分1. 根据文章第一段，作者提到了全球化对教育的影响，因此正确答案是A。

2. 文章第二段提到了不同国家教育体系的差异，正确答案是B。

3. 作者在第三段中讨论了教育的个性化需求，正确答案是C。

4. 第四段中提到了教育技术的发展，正确答案是D。

5. 文章最后一段强调了终身学习的重要性，正确答案是E。

三、完形填空1. 根据上下文，这里需要一个表示“尽管”的词，因此正确答案是Despite。

2. 这里需要一个表示“适应”的词，正确答案是Adapt。

3. 根据语境，这里需要一个表示“挑战”的词，正确答案是Challenges。

4. 这里需要一个表示“观点”的词，正确答案是Perspective。

5. 根据语境，这里需要一个表示“重要性”的词，正确答案是Importance。

6-20. 根据文章内容，可以分别得出以下答案：6. C)7. A)8. B)9. D) 10. E) 11. F) 12. G) 13. H) 14. I) 15. J) 16. K) 17. L) 18. M) 19. N) 20. O)四、翻译部分1. 原文：随着社会的发展，人们越来越重视环境保护。

翻译：With the development of society, people are paying more and more attention to environmental protection.2. 原文：教育不仅仅是学习知识，更重要的是培养个人的综合素质。

2023考研英语一text 3一、概述2023年考研英语一的text 3是一篇议论文，文章主要讨论了数字技术对人类生活和社会的影响。

本文将对文章的主要内容进行分析和总结。

二、文章内容概述1.文章开篇引用了一则有关数字技术发展的数据，指出数字技术已经深刻地改变了人们的生活方式和社会结构。

2.接着文章提到数字技术对传统产业的影响，数字化生产方式使得传统产业生产效率得到极大提升，同时也带来了新的就业机会。

3.另数字技术也给人类带来了生活方式上的变革，尤其是在通讯和娱乐方面，数字化产品和服务的普及改变了人们的生活习惯和消费行为。

4.然而，文章也提出了数字技术发展所带来的一些隐忧，比如数字鸿沟的加剧，个人隐私的泄露等问题，文章呼吁对数字技术的发展进行规范和监管。

三、文章观点分析1.文章从多个角度对数字技术的影响进行了分析和评价，客观全面地呈现了数字技术发展的现状和趋势。

2.文章对数字技术的影响进行了正反方面的评述，具有较强的论证性和说服力。

3.文章提出了对数字技术发展的监管和规范，体现了对社会发展和人类未来的关注和担忧。

四、文章结构分析1.文章整体结构上采用了首—中—尾的方式，通过引用数据引起读者的注意，然后从多个角度展开论述，最后进行总结和观点表达。

2.文章结构清晰，重点突出，逻辑性强，易于读者理解和接受。

五、文章写作技巧分析1.文章运用了丰富的实例和数据来支撑观点，增强了文章的说服力。

2.文章语言简练明了，没有过多的华丽修饰词，易于读者理解。

3.文章在结尾处做了总结和展望，增强了文章的深度和广度。

六、文章启示1.本文对数字技术的发展进行了全面深刻地分析和评价，为读者提供了启发和思考。

2.文章在对数字技术影响的评价中，呼吁对数字技术进行规范和监管，提出有针对性的政策建议。

3.文章的写作技巧和结构值得学习和借鉴，对于考生提高议论文写作能力具有一定的指导意义。

七、结论2023年考研英语一text 3是一篇议论文，对数字技术的发展进行了全面的评价，文章观点客观，内容深刻，结构合理，语言流畅。

2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一) Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)There’s nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you.1,the need to be touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in2disabled access to buildings,facilitating hygiene in required areas and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in1960after being invented six years previously by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt.They started out as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown their benefits have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly useful in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors act as crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in peoples’way.They give us one less thing to tackle during daily life and the occasional quick escape.As well as making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area occupied by them.Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another.Replacing swing doors,these allow smaller buildings to maximise the usablespace inside without the need to clear the way for a large,protruding door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each relying on specific signals to tell them when to open.Although these methods differ,the main principles remain the same.Each automatic door system analyses the light,sound,weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open.Sensor types are chosen to complement the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19a motion-sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure-sensitive mat would be more20to limit the surveyed area.1.A.Through B.Despite C.Besides D.Without2.A.revealing B.demanding C.improving D.tracing3.A.experience B.convenience C.guidance D.reference4.A.B.C.D.5.A.B.C.D.6.A.B.C.D.7.A.B.C.D.8.A.B.C.D.9.A.B.C.D.10.A.B.C.D.11.A.B.C.D.12.A.B.C.D.13.A.B.C.D.14.A.B.C.D.15.A.B.C.D.16.A.B.C.D.17.A.B.C.D.18.A.B.C.D.For example19.A.B.C.D.suit20.A.B.C.D.appropriateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Nearly2,000years ago,as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nailhoard was discovered in1960in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails?The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn’t want the local Caledonians getting their hands on10tons of weapon-grade iron.The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts,early17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate.This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails,which could be reused after sifting the ashes.The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce,costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by90%between the late1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.According to Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy,most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years,but Sichel studied them because they haven’t changed much.Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would beabsurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of everyday objects: their price.I am an economist,after all.After writing two books about the history of inventions,one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype,it’s the cheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost—and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.Solar panels had a few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake ofA.saving them for future use.B.keeping them from rusting.C.letting them grow in value.D.hiding them from the locals.22.The example of early17th century Virginians is used toA.highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists.B.illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period.C.contrast the attitudes of different civilisations towards nails.D.show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time.23.What played the major role in lowing the price of nails after the late1700s?A.Increased productivity.B.Wider use of new energies.C.Fiercer market competition.D.Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be learned from Paragraph5that nailsA.have undergone many technological improvements.B.have remained basically all the same since Roman times.C.are less studied than other everyday products.D.are one of the world’s most significant inventions.25.Which of the following best summaries the last two paragraphs?A.Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.B.Technological innovation is integral to economic success.C.Technology defines people’s understanding of the world.D.Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters moved by wind,tide and current;the mix of land and water where spots are sometimes dry,sometimes wet.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species from birds and fish to mammals and worms while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructivestorm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a5-4conservative majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a"continuous surface connection"to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope(after more than a half-century of differing interpretation of"navigable waters"under Republican and Democratic administrations alike)was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries "significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,"as even Trump-appointed Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water,and the pollutants that sooften come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York, West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett v.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.And so we would call on President Joe Biden and Congress to restore this much-needed EPA authority under the Clean Water Act and protect the nation's wetlands–and with them the safety of our water supply,aquatic species and recreational spaces as well as flood protections.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors. And it's a reminder that the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example, aren't thinking about next year's blue crab,oyster or rockfishharvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their Lackawanna County fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model. It's been gone since the1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National WildlifeRefuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph1as.A.a valuable natural environment.B.a controversial conservation area.C.a place with commercial potential.D.a headache for nearby communities.37.The U.S.Supreme Court’s ruling in the Idaho case.A.reinforces water pollution control.B.weakens the EPA’s regulatory power.C.will end conflicts among local residents.D.may face opposition from mining operators.38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?A.Worried.B.Puzzled.C.Relieved.D.Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?A.It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.B.It has triggered a radial reform in commercial fishers.C.It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.D.It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should.A.be cautious about the influence of land owners.B.attach due importance to wetlands protections.C.recongnize the need to expand wildlife refuges.D.improve the wellbeing of endangered species.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions41–45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–H and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs A,E,and H have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.It is clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen artifacts.B.It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.C.Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts’copies after the originals are returned.D.Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.E.The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.F.Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.G.Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)The African savanna elephant,also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across37African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,and are very good at working out where other elephants are--even when they are out of sight.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Read the following email from an international student and write a reply.Dear Li Ming,I’ve got a class assignment to make an oral report on an ancient Chinese scientist, but I’m not sure how to prepare for it.Can you give me some advice?Thank you for your help.Yours,PaulWrite your answer in about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in your email;use“Li Ming”instead.(10points) Part B52.Directions:Write an essay based on the picture and the chart below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture and the chart briefly,2)interpret the implied meaning,and3)give your comments.Write your answer in160–200words on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)。

研究生期末考试英语资料1~3听力原文Unit 1 Part III African-Americans Still Lag behind WhitesAs the U.S. economy struggles to emerge from a long recession, some analysts say the recovery is not being felt in the African-American community. That’s why one civil rights organization says it is “declaring a war” on black unemployment with a plan to spur job creation.“Every war needs a battle plan, and our battle plan is the National Urban League’s 12-point jobs plan; jobs rebuild America, putting urban America back t o work.” Marc Morial is President of the National Urban League.At a town hall meeting in Washington, his organization released its annual report on the state of black America. It paints a bleak picture for urban and minority communities entangled in economic uncertainty. The study measures the relative status between blacks and whites, based on five areas—economics, education, health, social justice and participation in civic activities.Valerie Rawlston Wilson worked on the report. “There are major area s of inequality in this country between black Americans and white Americans. The areas where we see the greatest disparities, of course, are in economics. That includes things like unemployment.”The U.S. jobless rate for whites is falling. The latest U.S. Labor Department figures put it at 7.9 percent. But the same report says the unemployment rate for blacks rose in March to 15.5 percent. The unemployment rate for black teenagers is 50 percent—more than double the national average. Morial is calling on President BarackObama and lawmakers to fund targeted job creation programs in more than 400 communities.“We need a focused strategy on those communities where unemployment is higher, where poverty is higher. The bigger the headache, the bigger the pill. That means, the higher the unemployment rate, the bigger dose of medicine needed to help those communities get beyond unemployment and get back to economic growth.”The Urban League says another major factor in the economic gap between black and white Americans is the lack of college degrees among many blacks. The report says college enrollment among African-American high school graduates continues to fall, with black students less likely to enroll, compared to whites.Chatman Young, an accounting student at Howard University in Washington, has landed a job at a bank after he graduates. He said without a good education, it will be difficult for young African-Americans to find a good job.The National Urban League report makes several recommendations to Congress, including providing funding for a summer-youth-jobs program and creating 100 urban job training schools— to prepare young African-Americans for careers in areas such as technology and healthcare.Unit 2 Part II Rethink the Role of the CityBig cities are vibrant hubs for culture and industry, or dirty, congested, crime-ridden warrens. As the world population passes seven billion, economists, environmentalists and social scientists are rethinking the role of the city in global society.Economist Edward Glaeser believes cities are the best places to live. “Cities are so fascinating because they play to mankind’s greatest gift, which is our ability to learn from other people.”Since ancient times, he says, cities have attracted smart people and enabled them to work collaboratively to advance society. But it wasn’t always a smooth road.“In the 1970s, it looked as if globalization, new technologies and the death of distance was making our older cities obsolete. After all, the garment industry was fleeing New York. It looked like history itself was telling New York City to drop dead.”Over the past three decades many cities have been revitalized, not just despite globalization and new technologies, but, as Glaeser explains, because of them.“What these new forces have done is they’ve increased the returns to new ideas, to being smart. Because now if you’ve got a new idea, you can manufacture it on the other side of the planet. You can take advantage of some new market opportunity in India or Indonesia or Sub-Saharan Africa. These trends have also made cities more important because cities are at their heart today, engines of innovations, forgers of human capital.”In a new book Triumph of the City, Glaeser takes readers on a world tour of urban success stories from Boston and London, to Tokyo, Bangalore and Kinshasa. He explains how cities are places of pleasure andproduction. Restaurants, supermarkets, theaters and museums create job opportunities and vibrant economies.“If you look across the world, the countries where more than half of the people live in urban areas are more than four times richer, on average, than the countries where less than half of the people live in urban areas.”Even the pockets of poverty that are part of the modern urban landscape, Glaeser says, are signs of the power of cities.“Cities don’t make people poor, they attract poor people, and they attract poor people by delivering a path out of poverty and to prosperity, a chance to partner with people who have different skills, access to world markets, access to capital that enables poor people, some of them, not all of them, to actually find a way forward.”Concentrating population in a city, Glaeser says, is better for the environment.“There is significantly less carbon usage in c ities. There are two reasons for that, one of which is less driving. They are more likely to take public transportation. And when they drive, they drive shorter distances. And the second is that people in the cities, they occupy smaller homes than people l iving in rural areas.”To multiply that effect, the economist would like to see even more people move to cities, where towering skyscrapers would provide energy-efficient, affordable housing.“Building up is an option to avoid building out.”21st century cities are being reshaped as energy, the environment and the economy become more vital considerations in urban planning.Unit 3 Part I WordmasterAA: I’m Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: words that express emotion.RS: Suppose someone gave you two minutes to write down as many different emotions as you could think of—for example: happy, sad, angry. You’re also told to rate each emotion as “unpleasant,” “neutral” or “pleasant.” What would come to mind?AA: That’s what groups o f English speakers in Chicago, and Spanish speakers in Mexico City, had to do for a study led by Robert Schrauf, a linguistics professor at Penn State University.ROBERT SCHRAUF: So that data was available to me, and I began to analyze it one day and found this rather curious difference. And that was that about 50 percent of the emotion words that people mentioned were negative, and about 30 percent positive and 20 percent neutral. And those proportions were consistent across all of these groups, from young Mexicans to older Mexicans in Mexico City and young to old English speakers in Chicago. For instance, here is the young Anglos’, in order, the first five: happy, sad, angry, excited, afraid. Now what’s curious about that list is, happy is positive. That’s one word. Then there’s sad, angry, afraid—that’s three negative—and excited, which generally comes across to people as a neutral word.RS: What does this tell us, that 50 percent are negative, 30 percent are positive and 20 percent are neutral? What does this tell us about our emotions, or how we express ourselves?ROBERT SCHRAUF: Right, so that’s the curious thing. So you could look at that list and entertain a number of hypotheses. You could say, “Well, you know, human beings just have more negative expe riences than positive ones, and therefore…” Or you might think that people take dour views of things, I don’t know. So what became interesting was how to explain this. And I went back to the literature and found that the theorizing about emotions is as follows: We tend to think that there are positive and negative emotions on a kind of a continuum. But both the behavioral and the neuro-physiological literature suggest that actually there are two channels for processing emotions—one negative and one positive. And what happens is, it seems to me—or the explanation I’m taking from the literature—is that we respond to negative emotions by thinking more carefully, in a more detailed manner, and we respond to positive emotions by thinking more schematically. We tend to process those more facilely. So my response to a happy emotion is to sort of think top-down, to think that things are moving as they should in the world or perhaps a bit better. And that makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. I mean, if there’s danger or threat, then I need to pay a great deal of careful attention to that. If things are going OK, then it’s benign; I can sort of move ahead.RS: I find it very interesting, the comparison across cultures in the studies that you reviewed.ROBERT SC HRAUF: Right, right. So let’s say there are five to seven basic emotions which we’ll find with appropriate emotion words present in all languages and all cultures. I mean, we would have to do an empirical study to find that, but the evidence that we’ve gathered so far tends to suggest that that’s true. What makes cultures unique are all of those non-basic emotions that once you get through joy, anger, fear, sadness—those initial very pan-cultural words andpan-cultural emotions—then there are long lists of emotion words in each language that make rather curious distinctions that are not translatable. So an example in Spanish, for instance, is ‘verguenza,’ which we translate as ‘shame.’ But it’s a far more powerful word than our word shame. Or for instance, i n German, ‘schadenfreude’ is a word that implies a feeling of glee at someone else’s misfortune, and we don’t have an appropriate translation in English.填词第一单元If we’re serious about breaking the cycle of intergenerational（世代相传的）poverty, then many of these women will need some extra help with the basics that those living outside the inner city often take for granted. They need more police and more effective policing in their neighborhoods （社区）, to provide them and their children some semblance（n.类似）of personal security. Theyneed access to community-based（社区化的）health centers that emphasize prevention-including reproductive（生殖的）health care, nutritional（营养的）counseling（n.营养咨询）, and in some cases treatment for substance abuse. They need a radical（a.彻底性的）transformation of the schools their children attend, and access to affordable child care that will allow them to hold a full-time job or pursue（vt.继续；从事）their education.And in many cases they need help learning to be effective parents. By the time many inner-city children reach the school system, they’re already behind-unable to identify basic numbers,colors,or the letters in the alphabet, unaccustomed to sitting still or partipating in a structured environment, and often burdened by undiagnosed health problems. They’re unprepared not because they’re unloved but because their mothers don’t know how to provide what they need. Well-structured government programs-prenatal counseling, access to regular pediatric care, parenting programs, and quality early-childhood-education programs-have a proven ability to help fill the void.第三单元When someone you love dies from a heart attack or cancer, you remember him not in relation to his death but in relation to his life. This is not true of suicide. You go over and over the details（细节）of how he did it, why he did it and what you could have done to prevent it. You keep rewriting the story, trying to get all the answers, or you bury（埋藏）the questions and never fully grieve the loss. But if you’re constantly（时常）rewriting the life of the person who killed himself, you’re not moving ahead with your own life.I didn’t realize that I hadn’t really moved on until I heard a man about my age talk about his father. He described him as a person who was sensitive and cruel, generous and selfish, unable to forgive wrongs in others but desperate to be loved. He talked about his father’s relationship with his mother, and how his "mood" had controlled the temperature of the entire family. As I sat there listening, I could see my father in the very words he was using to describe his own. It didn’t matter that mine was a gynecologist（妇科医生）and his was a blue-collar worker. Neither suicide had anything to do with class or profession. Both men suffered from similar depressions that overwhelmed them after they retired, and went largely untreated at this crucial time of their lives.1~3单元句子翻译翻译:1.因为极端分子可能激起冲突和分裂，为了我们的共同安全，我们应该联合起来。

新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 4Unit 4一、VocabularyPart A1. His way of staying sane was to compose poems in classical Chinese which he somehow kept with him.2. The children’s insatiable curiosity will be satisfied one way or the other, as there are plent y of museums, libraries and children’s palaces in the city.3. Examination of the theory which purport to provide an answer to this question is nonetheless important for a number of reasons.4.It is impossible to forget the uplifting speech that the president gave at the commencement ceremony.5. The athlete, a devout Christian, like his parents, died in 1945 in a Japanese internment camp in Shandong province.6. The picture drawn is a static one, and it has been unable to provide a convincing account of how and why changes have occurred in the pattern of industrial relations.7. The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.8. He listened in rapt concentration as Mr. Mercer described how one soldier shot off his leg and threatened to kill him until he shouted back at him.9. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of English law.10. Building a home is a more demanding business compared with buying one.Part B1. Her reputation suffered a _________ blow as the result of the scandal.A. mortalB. shamefulC. humiliatingD. disgraceful2. In explaining this situation, it might be possible to point to sources _____ to the nation: its culture, mentality, religions, or geography.A. inheritedB. hereditaryC. inherentD. heritable3. His _______ difficulties may make it impossible for him to recognize you and his family.A. perceptualB. appreciableC. understandableD. recognizable4. He had never previously thought of himself as _______ or even as particularly materialistic.A. inquisitiveB. interactiveC. positiveD. acquisitive5. Like a dreamer, the young artist is absorbed in ________ of something outside himself and does not identify with it.A. illusionB. contemplationC. conceptionD. fantasy6. The club, where I am staying, releases forgotten gusts of memory, like those lilies which only _____ their sweet perfume at night.A. exhaleB. inhaleC. relaxD. relieve7.If it is a technique which works for you then, use it ________.A. by all meansB. by no meansC. in one wayD. by the way8.You would ________ some responsibility immediately for particular areas and additional responsibilities are available to those with the ability and enthusiasm to undertake.A. bear onB. take onC. carry onD. hold on9. This raises the question whether the education of children in rural communities is prejudiced by the ________ of a curriculum devised for urban conditions.A. publicationB. compulsionC. computationD. imposition10. The weak point in the school is due to the_________ of parents who remove their sons from the school at too early an age.A. follyB. prudenceC. crazinessD. madness二、CloseHappiness is basically a state of mind. Happiness depends 1)more on one’s disposition and outlook. Only 2) by connecting to your real identity, deeper than merely the body and 3) mind, can one reach real happiness because that is where such happiness is always 4) found. In this way, very little is needed to have a happy life. It is all within 5)yourself . Thus, we can attain a state of being satisfied 6)with what we have without being anxious to attain all our temporal desires, without 7) worrying about the future, and without concerning ourselves with 8)unnecessary hopes and fears. When you are really and naturally happy from within, 9)everything else that you accomplish can be viewed as icing on the cake, an extra sweetness to life. But such external activities are not where true happiness 10)lies.The only 11)reason why people cannot attain their inward spiritual bliss right here and now is because they put too much 12)focus on their external situation and what they feel they need and how to get it. Or they focus on the 13)problems that they think they have. Actually, what people need to be happy is 14)right inside them, at all times, 15)regardless of whatever trials and challenges may happen outside and 16)around them. As I’ve always said, it is not what 17)happens to you, but it is how you perceive it and how you 18)react or respond to it that makes the difference. We have to understand that happiness and distress is a constant flow in material 19)life. We are affected by it 20)only if we identify with it. One has to learn to rise above that by connecting with your true self, or higher self. So how do we do that?三、Translation1.在当今社会，广告几乎完全成为致力于描写快乐的现代表达方式。