文学名词解释2

Anapest抑抑杨格: It‘s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.Critical Realism批判现实主义: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.Realism现实主义:The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.Spenserian stanza史宾塞体:A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.Gothic Novel哥特式小说:A story of terror and suspense usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery..Modernism现代主义：refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator out side the action. One of the most famous English modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.Stream-of-consciousness意识流文学A literary method of representing mental process in fictional characters, usually in the form of interior monologue.English Romanticism浪漫主义is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason.•The romanticists express a negative attitude towards the existing social or political conditions.•They place the individual at the center of art, as can be seen from Lord Byron‘s Byronic Hero. The key words of English Romanticism are nature and imagination.•English Romantic tends to be nationalistic, defending the greatest English writers. They argue that poetry should be free from all rules.Antithesis对偶: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.Iamb抑扬格: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.Spondee扬扬格: It consists of two stressed syllables.h eroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed lines in iambicpentametersonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameterBlank verse 无韵诗：is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Androgyny雌雄同体：London1).描述的画面The poem has four stanzas, and each line has ten syllables. Every stanza has double rhyme. For example, the first stanza has two foots, ‘|i:| and |ou|’. It uses some rhetoric methods in the poem, just like trope, parallelism, and metaphor. The three ‘in every’ are obvious parallelism in the second line. In the third line, Blake used hyperbole, antitheses and metaphor. The miserable chimney-sweeper contrasts the bright church. The soldier contrasts the palace walls.2）表达的情感the author shows his love and sympathy to the poor and weakness. London’, which had been written in 1794 is a lyric. At the time, the Britain had been capitalism for centuries. The society became more decayed as the time past. For express the dissatisfaction to the society, the author wrote the poem. Blake opened out the reality that the society moldered day by day. The distance between rich and poor were larger and larger. More and more inequable things happened in the daily lives. It seems that people lost the hope for the future. Blake used a technique as montage to write the different angles of the society. As the fast change of the scene, the poem shows up a real British society to readers. 3）如何表达的？In the first paragraph, the last sentence tells readers that the decayed society will be destroyed eventually.Blake used the words skillfully. For instance, the word ‗chartered‘ means that a street or a river only owned by rich men and nobles. He just used a word to describe a hierarchical society that poor man has not the right to walk on the chartered street or see the river—Thames. Then he used three ‗mark‘. The first ‗mark‘ is a noun, the other two ones are verb. It depicts the weak and woeful people in the street visually. In the last line, Blake used the word ‗blast‘ to describe how harmful ‗the youthful harlot's curse‘ to the baby. It gives readers a consuming feeling that the curse will destroy all the things thoroughly.A room of one’s own1) 主题是如何呈现的？In Part1, the position of women indicated in History of England by Trevelyan is that should obey the parents‘ wish, Betrothal in the cradle and No right to choose their own husbands. In part 2 and part3, the author makes a comparative analysis ofWomen‘s Position: imaginatively – practically; in fictions – in fact; in literature – in real life. In the part4, the author makes a comparative analysis of Shakespeare and his supposed sister. In the part5, the author posts a question why couldn‘t a genius woman in Shakespeare‘s day make achievement? I n the part6, the author gives an answer to the question: What would happen to women born with a great gift in the 16th century? The author express her emotion step by step.2）修辞devise：1.Metaphors and Symbolisms. There are many metaphors and symbolisms inthe book, for example, the title of the book—A Room of One’s Own suggests the material needs and spiritual needs of a woman to write. They formed the expression for woman’writing and imply the feminism.2. 1. First person—―I‖. The unnamed female narrator is the only major character in the book. Here then was I (call me Mary Beton, Mary Seton, Mary Carmichael or by any name you please—it is not a matter of any importance) sitting on…”3）特殊的写作技巧1. Stream-of-consciousness technique.2. Androgyny雌雄同体. “ …it is fatal for anyone who writes to think of theirsex. It is fatal to be a man or woman pure and simple; one must be woman-manly or man-womanly. ”3. Semi-fictional narrative style. For instance, the figure of Judith Shakespeare isgenerated as an example of the tragic fate a highly intelligent woman would have met with under those circumstances. Eg.1 " That, more or less, is how the story would run, I think, if a woman in Shakespeare's day had had Shakespeare's genius.“David CopperfieldThrough so much difficulties and troubles in David‘s life, he became steady in his adulthood. In his profession, his love and his friendship, David all found his best answers. He lived with stability and maturity in his mind. Regarding his career, David went on along a right road. He took to the literature and had fun in what he did. David became more and more confident with the success in his career. David knew that his dream came true by his year‘s hard work. And after his ―child wife‘‘died, David decided to give his most sincere love to Agnes, his ―good angel‖. She was the source of every worthy aspiration, the center of his life and the right person he founded his love on a rock. With Anges‘love and guide, David would make his life better and come more mature and steady in his life.Vanity FaireBeckyThe mind of Becky is changeable. Becky is a pretty clever and well-behaved girl. Unfortunately, her parents died when she was young. She tasted the taste of poverty in her childhood, and was looked down upon at school. After leaving school, she determined to control her own destiny getting out of trouble. Her first plan was attempting to marry Joseph but failed. Then Rebecca took a position as governess at Queen‘s Crawley and married Rawdon Crawley. In order to be a woman in the upperclass, she tried to earn money by any kind of means, free riding or adventure. After being several times failures and disgrace, she was still unknown to the public in Britain. According to the life experiences of Rebecca, we can easily know that her desire of being wealth is complicated and changeable. However, we can‘t judge Rebecca is a good girl or not, she just is the typical of female adventurer among the early 19th century in Britain.Wuthering HeightsHeath cliffThe mind of Heath cliff is quite changeable. At first, he was kind be thankful. Although he was maltreated by Hindley, his love to Catherine makes him hopeful and happy. After Catherine married Edgar Linton, he revenged almost everyone in the Wuthering Heights. He left Wuthering Height and came back several years. He married Isabella and then tormented she by captivated her at the Wuthering Heights; he adopted Linton Heathcliff, son of Hindley, and cultivated him into a barbarian; he also let Kate , Catherine‘s daughter, married his little son in order to make them hate each other. At the end of the story, he gave up revenge and become kind again because he found that Kate and his son were fall in love with each other which reminded his memory of being love with Catherine. He didn‘t want to revenge anymore; the only thing he wanted to do is meeting Catherine again in the heaven. He lost his life with rage to the world at the end.Tess of d‘ UrbervillesTess’s characters ——an inner factor that causes her tragedyTess is a pure girl with simple, strong, diligent, virtuous, and staunch characters. What‘s more, she is conservative. All of these characters of Tess lead to her tragedy directly. Tess is a very obedient girl. Whatever her parents say, she always obeys. Tess‘ sense of responsibility plays a central role in tragedy.She thinks she has the responsibility to her family, especially after the death of the horse Prince and her father. Seeing the difficult life burden of her mother, brothers and sisters, Tess again and again turns to Alec for help despite of her own unwillingness.Minds of loveTess is undivided and insistent for her love. She is pure to her love as well as the life. So strong is the girl‘s love for Angel, and so powerful her hatred for Alec, that she kills him. Tess loves Angel most. She is even willing to devote her life to him. Tess‘s insist of love plays a central role in the ruination of her fate.。