大学英语六级模拟试题新题型(1)

Model Test 1Part I Writing (30 minutes) （P.1）Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled College Students on the Job Market. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.当今大学生面临着严重的就业压力；2.这一现象的产生有多方面的原因；3.解决的办法。

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-4, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 5-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Stress （PP.1-3）This may come as a surprise, but you need stress in your life. Leading stress management experts say that without stress would be dull and unexciting. Stress adds flavor, challenge, and opportunity to life. However, too much stress can seriously affect your physical and mental well-being. A major challenge in today’s stress-filled world is to make the stress in your life work for you instead of against you.In today’s hectic, fast-paced world and with the blooming economy, stress is our constant companion. It comes from mental or emotional activity and physical activity. Too much emotional stress can result in physical illness, such as high blood pressure, ulcers, asthma, irritable colon, headaches, or even heart disease. On the other hand,physical stress from work or exercise rarely causes such ailments. In fact, physical exercise can help you to relax and to handle your mental or emotional stress.Hans Selye, M.D., a recognized expert in the field, has defined stress as a “nonspecific response of the body to a demand”. The key to reducing stress is learning how our bodies respond to those demands. When stress becomes prolonged or particularly frustrating, it can become harmful-causing distress or “bad stress”. Recognizing the early signs of distress and then doing something about them can make a significant difference in the quality of your life.In order to use stress in a positive way and prevent it from becoming distress, you should be aware of your own reactions to stressful events. The body responds to stress by going through specific stages: (1) alarm, (2) resistance, (3) exhaustion. Muscles tense, blood pressure and heart rate rise, and adrenaline and other stress-triggered hormones that increase the level of alertness are released. If the stress-causing conditions continue, your body will need time to make repairs, if that happens, you eventually may develop a physical problem that is related to stress, such as migraine headaches, high blood pressure, backache, or insomnia. That’s why when stress occurs it’s important that you recognize and deal with it in a positive way. While it’s impossible to live completely free of stress and distress, it is possible to prevent some distress as well as to minimize is impact when it can’t be avoided. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to handle stress.Try Physical ActivityWhen you’re nervous, angry or upset, try releasing the pressure through exercise or physical activity. Running, walking, playing tennis, or working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try. Physical exercise will relieve your anxiety and worry and help you relax. Your body and your mind will work together to ease the stress in your life.Share Your StressIt helps to talk with someone about your anxieties and worries. Perhaps a friend, family member, teacher, or counselor can help you achieve a more positiveperspective on what’s troubling you. It you feel your problem is serious, you might seek professional help from a psychologist, psychiatrist or social worker. Knowing when to ask for help is a positive step in avoiding more serious problems later.Take Care of YourselfYou should make every effort to eat well and to get enough rest. If you’re irritable and tense from lack of sleep, or if you’re not eating properly, you’ll be more vulnerable to stressful situations. If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping, you should consult your doctor.Make Time for YourselfSchedule time for both work and reaction. Don’t forget, play can be just as important to your overall well-being as work. You need a break from your daily routine to just relax and have fun. Go window-shopping or work on a hobby. Allow yourself at least a half hour each day to do something you enjoy.Make a List of the Things You Need to DoStress can result from disorganization and a feeling that “there’s so much to do, and not enough time”. Trying to take care of everything at once can be overwhelming, and as a result, you may not accomplish anything. Instead, make a list of everything you have to do, then do one thing at a time, checking off each task as it is completed. Give priority to the most important tasks and do those first.Go Ahead and CryA good cry can be a healthy way to bring relief to your anxiety. It might even help you avoid headache or other physical consequence of anxiety and stress.Create a Quiet SceneYou can’t always run away, but you can allow yourself a mental “get-away”. A quiet country scene painted mentally, or on canvas, can transport you from the tension of a stressful situation to a more relaxing frame of mind. You also can create a sense of peace and tranquility by reading a good book or listening to beautiful music.Avoid Self-MedicationWhile you can use prescription or over-the-counter medications to relieve stress temporarily, they do not remove the conditions that caused the stress in the first place.In fact, many medications may be habit-forming and also may reduce your efficiency, thus creating more stress than they eliminate. They should be taken only on the advice of your doctor.RelaxThe best strategy for reducing or avoiding stress altogether is to learn how to relax. Unfortunately, many people try to relax at the same pace that they lead the rest of their lives. That doesn't work. Instead, try tuning out your worries about time, productivity and "doing right". Here are several relaxation techniques you may find helpful:--You should take a deep breath and exhale to help calm your mind, counter your body's natural stress reaction and improve your response.--You should laugh. Many stress management experts advocate laughter as a relaxation technique for relieving tension.--You should take a warm bath or shower. Whether you prefer bubble baths or long hot showers, this is an excellent way to relax after a stressful day.--You should try progressive muscle relaxation. Individual contract and relax each muscle group of your body. Begin by tensing your toes for 10 seconds, then relax them for 20.Work all the way up your body, alternately tensing and relaxing, and finish with your facial muscles.By learning the "art" of relaxation, you’ll find satisfaction in just "being", without trying or striving. Your focus on relaxation, enjoyment and health will reduce stress, anxiety and worry in your life. The result is, you will be calmer, healthier and happier.注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上作答。

大学英语六级考试模拟题(含答案)大学英语六级考试模拟题(含答案)1. Language SkillsSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) She gave the wrong message to Amanda.B) She returned Amanda's phone message.C) She made an appointment with Amanda.D) She asked Amanda to call back later.2. A) Sorry for staying out late last night.B) Let me explain why I am late.C) My car broke down on the way.D) I'm sorry, but I failed the test.3. A) By making a phone call.B) By sending her an email.C) By leaving a message with his roommate.D) By talking to her face to face.4. A) He left a message for Amanda.B) He apologized for being late.C) He forgot to give his assignment to Amanda.D) He asked Amanda to return his call.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear three short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 5 to 7 are based on the passage you have just heard.5. A) They are heavily polluted.B) They have lost their vitality.C) They give off a foul odor.D) They are very expensive to maintain.6. A) Mankind with ill health.B) People living near polluted rivers.C) Overpopulation in developing countries.D) Residential areas near heavily polluted rivers.7. A) Establish a national river protection association.B) Build more sewage treatment plants.C) Punish factories that pollute rivers.D) Educate people to be conscious of pollution.Passage TwoQuestions 8 to 10 are based on the passage you have just heard.8. A) To show their creativity.B) To cope with their daily lives.C) To bring happiness to their loved ones.D) To express their love and affection.9. A) It was a unique and creative gift.B) It was a personalized expression of love.C) It required special skills and techniques.D) It showcased the recipient's artistic talents.10. A) She was surprised and touched.B) She found it extravagant and unnecessary.C) She expected a more conventional gift.D) She appreciated the thought behind the gift.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A) The location of the store.B) The quality of the products.C) The friendliness of the staff.D) The convenience of the opening hours.12. A) To attract more customers.B) To introduce a new product line.C) To celebrate their anniversary.D) To promote their loyalty program.13. A) Special discounts on certain items.B) Free gifts with every purchase.C) Extended store opening hours.D) A chance to win a luxury car.2. WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the Chinese outline below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.假如你是李明，你的英国朋友Robert给你发来电子邮件，请你帮忙介绍一个中国知名的旅游景点。

英语六级考试模拟试题集与解析一. 试题集Part I: Reading Comprehension (共20题)Directions: In this part, there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements. Each passage is followed by four alternative answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Humans have long recognized that certain animals are remarkable problem solvers. They are able to find their way across vast distances in unfamiliar territories, use tools to obtain food, and even recognize themselves in a mirror. Apart from humans, however, no animals can communicate detailed information about their experience through language.To better understand how animals communicate, researchers have started investigating the vocal signals of non-human primates. Surprisingly, they found that some primate species can combine different signals to create new meaning. For example, they can produce a sequence of alarm calls to indicate the type of predator and even the direction in which it is approaching. This discovery challenges the belief that only humans possess the ability to create new meaning through language.In addition to vocal signals, non-human primates also use body language for communication purposes. Gestures such as pointing and beckoning canconvey information efficiently, especially when other individuals are unable to see the object of interest. Furthermore, some researchers argue that syntax (语法) may exist in non-human primate communication. Observations have shown that certain gestures are combined in a specific order, suggesting that the arrangement of signals follows a certain logical pattern.These findings are crucial in understanding the evolution of language in our species. By examining communication systems in other animals, we can gain insights into how our own language abilities developed over time. Moreover, the study of non-human primate communication highlights the importance of animal welfare, as it reminds us that these creatures possess complex social systems and cognitive abilities that warrant our consideration and protection.1. What is the main topic of this passage?A. Animals' ability to communicate through language.B. Humans' ability to create new meaning through language.C. The evolution of language in non-human primates.D. Communication systems in other animals.2. What has been discovered about non-human primates' vocal signals?A. They can communicate detailed information about their experience.B. They can use tools to obtain food and recognize themselves in a mirror.C. They can use alarm calls to indicate predators' types and directions.D. They can combine different signals to create new meaning.3. What is mentioned as a form of non-verbal communication for non-human primates?A. Vocal signals.B. Body language.C. Tool use.D. Mirror recognition.4. What is speculated to exist in non-human primate communication?A. Vocabulary.B. Syntax.C. Grammar.D. Semantics.5. What is the significance of studying communication in non-human primates?A. Understanding the evolution of language in humans.B. Obtaining strategies for protecting animals' welfare.C. Identifying the logical patterns in animal communication.D. Recognizing animals' complex social systems and cognitive abilities.Part II: Writing (共2题)假设你是李华，通过某中介机构得知有一份兼职工作，需要一名英语流利、有较强沟通能力的大学生。

cet6模拟试题这是一份CET6模拟试题，供大家练习。

考试时间为120分钟，试卷满分150分，共有三个部分。

Part 1 Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Ten miles. B. Fifteen miles. C. Twenty miles. D. Twenty-five miles.2. A. Books. B. Newspapers. C. Magazines. D. Comics.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Blanks 31 through 34 are based on the following conversation. You now have 30 seconds to read the questions.W: Hi Mike, did you have a good trip? You look tired.M: Yes, I've just got back from Paris. I went there by train.W: Really? How long were you there?M: Just for the weekend. I went with a few friends of mine. It's only thirty-five minutes by Eurostar from London.W: That's fantastic! Did you see much of Paris?M: We did. We went up the Eiffel Tower and took a boat trip on the Seine. We also visited all the main sights.Now you will hear the conversation.完成31到34题。

Model Test 1Part ⅠWritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled To Curb Spending? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:1. 现在许多大学生花钱大手大脚2. 有人认为社会整体生活水平提高了，大学生花钱多一些无可厚非3. 你的看法Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)How Marketers Target KidsKids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents’ buying decisions and they are the adult con sumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000.Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids:Pester（纠缠）PowerToday’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their paren ts to buy. “Pester power” refers to children’s ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—“persistence” and “importance.” Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again) is not as effective as the more sophisticated “importance nagging.” This latter method appeals to parents’ desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids.The Marriage of Psychology and MarketingTo effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that anal yzes children’s behaviour, fantasy lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people.The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U.S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association (APA) urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue.Building Brand Name LoyaltyCanadi an author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of “brand” marketing in her 2000 book No Logo.According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation—Nike, Calvin Klein,Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen.Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food, toy and clothing companies have een cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act.Buzz or Street MarketingThe challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter ( 杂乱) in young people’s lives. Manycompanies are using “buzz marketing” —a new twist on the tried-and-true “word of mouth” method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz, or “street marketing,” as it’s also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive ( 难找的) teen market by using trendsetters to give them products “cool” status.Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young “Net promoters” use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users.Commercialization in EducationSchool used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world—but not anymore. Budget shortfalls ( 亏空，差额) are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials.Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products.A school setting delivers a captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system. Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including:●Sponsored educational materials.●Supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility.●Advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds.●Contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal.●Sponsoring school events.The InternetThe Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It’s part of youth culture. This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising.Marketing Adult Entertainment to KidsChildren are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children.The FTC studied 44 films rated “Restricted,” and discovered that 80 per cent were targ eted to children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature rated video games are advertised in youth magazines; and toys based on “Restricted” movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four.1. Guilt can play a role in parents’ spending decisions because _________.A) they don’t earn as much money as beforeB) they don’t have enough time for their kidsC) they postpone children until later in lifeD) they think time is more precious than money2. According to Kidfluence, persistence nagging is ____________.A) as effective as importance naggingB) more effective than importance naggingC) more sophisticated than importance naggingD) less effective than importance nagging3. A group of U.S. mental health professionals think that __________.A) it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kidsB) it is wise for marketers to use knowledge about children psychology for marketingC) children’s behavior, fantasy lives, and even their dreams should be analyzedD) APA should punish marketers for the marriage of psychology and marketing4. According to the Center for a New American Dream, brand loyalties can be established as early as _______________.A) six months of age C) age twoB) eighteen months of age D) age three5. Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because ____________.A) the Internet is an unregulated mediumB) the interactive environment can spread messages effectivelyC) kids can get access to up-dated information from the InternetD) kids are always online without parental supervision6. School boards allow corporations access to students because _______________.A) they take bribes from the corporationsB) they need money and educational materialsC) the corporations help to increase reputation of the schoolsD) the corporations are concerned about education7. According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children receive certificates for free pizza if they _______________.A) achieve a monthly reading goalB) like reading books at the Pizza HutC) win the reading contest organized by the Pizza HutD) eat out frequently at the Pizza Hut8. For this generation of young people, the Internet is a ____________ part of their lives.9. According to a report released by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries routinely market to young children.10. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on ___________ are often marketed to young children.Part ⅢListening Comprehension11. [A] ＄80. [B] ＄60. [C] ＄90. [D] ＄15.12. [A] He loves his present work. [B] He is going to open a store. [C] He is about to retire. [D] He works in a repair shop.13. [A] Mary is going to Hawaii. [B] Mary has been to many countries.[C] Mary likes postcards. [D] Mary is traveling on business.14. [A] To save the money for a long time. [B] To buy a new car. [C] To purchase a used car. [D] To get a second car.15. [A] Delivery service manager and driver. [B] Teacher and student.[C] Lawyer and client. [D] Doctor and patient.16. [A] New shopping centers are very common. [B] The shopping center is very old.[C] The city needs more shopping centers. [D] The old house should be turned into stores.17. [A] They are having a party. [B] They are playing the piano.[C] Someone else is having a party. [D] Someone else is funny.18. [A] She was hurt by the man. [B] She lost her temper.[C] She didn't speak to her husband. [D] She missed the dinner party.19. [A] Computer sales negotiations. [B] A preliminary interview. [C] An Internet seminar meeting. [D] Computer games.20. [A] He managed the sales department. [B] He gave seminars on the Internet.[C] He worked as a custodian. [D] He designed software.21. [A] A web page authoring program. [B] A kind of beverage. [C] A computer game. [D] A kind of software.22. [A] She will call Mr. Taylor in the next few days. [B] She will talk over their discussion with others.[C] She will ask her colleagues to call Mr. Taylor. [D] She will not contact him for further consideration.23. [A] Raising money. [B] Gathering support from others.[C] Giving speeches. [D] Choosing the official candidate for each political party.24. [A] Interviews. [B] Television ads. [C] Playing with children. [D] Speeches.25. [A] There are several small parties in the U.S. [B] There are only two parties in the U.S.[C] The most powerful party in the U.S. is the Democrats. [D] The most powerful party in the U.S. is the Republicans.Passage One26. [A] British. [B] Americans. [C] Germans. [D] Japanese.27. [A] Entirely effective. [B] Totally incorrect. [C] A complete failure. [D] Quite difficult.28. [A] Have a greater sense of duty. [B] Can get higher pay. [C] Can avoid working hard. [D] Can avoid busy traffic.Passage Two29. [A] A housewife. [B] A singer. [C] A teacher. [D] A musician.30. [A] The violin was too heavy for her. [B] She was too young to play the violin.[C] The violin was too expensive. [D] Her mother wanted her to play the piano.31. [A] To play the violin on a concert. [B] To go to New York City.[C] To apply for a scholarship. [D] To have her performance taped.32. [A] In 1928. [B] In 1982. [C] In 1980. [D] In 1920.Passage Three33. [A] Winter in Alaska. [B] The brave Alaskan people. [C] Alaskan transportation today. [D] A dog sled race.34. [A] Every year in March. [B] Every other year. [C] From two to three weeks. [D] The winter of 1925.35. [A] Winning. [B] Finding gold. [C] Just to finish. [D] Being able to participate.Section CMany workers depend on plans (36) by their employers to help pay for their retirement. There are two major kinds of retirement plans. One is defined by what is paid out, the other by what is paid in.The first is called a defined (37) plan, or pension. It provides set (38) based on the number of years an (39) has worked. These plans often pay for health care and other costs. They might also provide money to family members when the (40) dies.Pensions, however, can be a big cost to employers. In the United States, the change from a (41) economy to a service economy has resulted in fewer and fewer (42) plans.The other major kind of retirement plan is called a defined (43) plan. Two things define how much a worker will get at retirement. (44)One popular version is a four-oh-one-k plan, named after a part of the tax law. (45)But some plans are very complex. An easier way for small employers to offer retirement savings is through a Savings Incentive Match Plan. (46) .Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section ABy the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns (酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh moat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modem fridge, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary (未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer travel to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.47. What is the topic of the passage?_________48. Where was ice used after the Civil War? _________49. What was essential to a science of refrigeration according to the passage?_________50. It can be inferred from the passage that the theoretical foundation of ice box should be that ______.51. Without an ice box, farmers had to go to the market at night because ______.Section B Passage OneRacket, din clamor, noise. Whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is America's most widespread nuisance. But noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and present danger to people's health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and psychological stress. No one is immune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still responds--sometimes with extreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night.The annoyance we feel when Paced with noise is the most common outward symptom of the stress building up inside us. Indeed, because irritability is so apparent, legislators have made public annoyance the basis of many noise abatement (消除) programs. The more subtle and more serious health hazards associated with stress caused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention. Nevertheless, when we are annoyed or made irritable by noise, we should consider these symptoms fair warning that other things may be happening to us, some of which may be damaging to our health.Of the many health hazards related to noise, heating loss is the most clearly observable and measurable by health professionals. The other hazards are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to the stress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection. The more susceptible among us may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases. Noise that causes annoyance and irritability in healthy persons may have serious consequences for those already ill in mind or body.Noise affects us throughout our lives. For example, there are indications of effects on the unborn child when mothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise. During infancy and childhood, youngsters exposed to high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtaining necessary amounts of rest.Why, then, is there not greater alarm about these dangers? Perhaps it is because the link between noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Perhaps it is because we tend to dismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modem world. It may also be because we still think of hearing loss as only an occupational hazard.52. The phrase "immune to" (Line 3, Para. 1) are used to mean ______.[A] unaffected by [B] hurt by [C] unlikely to be seen by [D] unknown by53. The author's attitude toward noise would best be described as ______.[A] unrealistic [B] traditional [C] concerned [D] hysterical54. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?[A] Noise is a major problem; most people recognize its importance.[B] Although noise can be annoying, it is not a major problem.[C] Noise is a major problem and has not yet been recognized as such.[D] Noise is a major problem about which nothing can be done.55. The author condemns noise essentially because it ______.[A] is against the law [B] can make some people irritable [C] is a nuisance [D] is a danger to people's health56. The author would probably consider research about the effects noise has on people to be ______.[A] unimportant [B] impossible [C] a waste of money [D] essentialPassage TwoFreshwater life itself has never come easy in the Middle East. Ever since The Old Testament (旧约全书), God punished man with 40 days and 40 nights of rain. Water supplies here have been dwindling The rainfall only comes in winter and drains quickly through the semiarid land, leaving the soil to hake and to thirst for next November.The region's accelerating population, expanding agriculture, industrialization, and higher living standards demand morefreshwater. Drought and pollution limit its availability. War and mismanagement waste it. Said Joyce Start of the Global Water Summit Initiative, based in Washington, D.C. "Nations like Israel and Jordan are swiftly sliding into that zone where they are suing all the water resources available to them. They have only 15 to 20 years left before their agriculture, and ultimately their food security, is threatened."I came here to examine this crisis in the making, to investigate fears that "water wars" are imminent, that water has replaced oil as the region's most contentious commodity. For more than two months I traveled through three river valleys and seven nations--from southern Turkey down the Euphrates River to Syria, Iraq, and on to Kuwait; to Israel and Jordan, neighbors across the valley of the Jordan; to the timeless Egyptian Nile.Even amid the scarcity there are haves and have-nots. Compared with the United States, which in 1990 had freshwater potential of 10,000 cubic meters (2.6 million gallons) a year for each citizen, Iraq had 5,500, Turkey had 4,000, and Syria had more than 2,800. Egypt's potential was only 1,100. Israel had 460. Jordan had a meager 260. But these are not firm figures, because upstream use of river water can dramatically alter the potential downstream.Scarcity is only one clement of the crisis, Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water-poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water-intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water technology and resources, they could satisfy the region's population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting end seeking help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water end supply its own truth.As Israeli hydrology professor Uri Shamir told me: "If there is political will for peace, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will give you ample opportunities."57. Why does the author use the phrase "for next November" (Line 3, Para. 1)?[A] According to the Old Testament freshwater is available only in November.[B] Rainfall comes only in winter starting from November.[C] Running water systems will not be ready until next November.[D] It is a custom in that region that irrigation to crops is done only in November.58. What is NOT the cause for the imminent water war?[A] Lack of water resources. [B] Lack of rainfall. [C] Inefficient use of water. [D] Water has replaced oil.59. One way for the region to use water efficiently is to ______.[A] develop other enterprises that cost less water [B] draw a plan of irrigation for the various nations[C] import water from water-rich nations [D] stop wars of any sort for good and all60. Uri Shamir's viewpoint is that ______.[A] nations in that region are just fighting for water [B] people there are thirsty for peace instead of water[C] water is no problem as long as there is peace [D] those nations have every reason to fight for water61. The author's tone in the article can be described as ______.[A] depressing [B] urgent [C] joking [D] mockingPart ⅤClozeMost worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an __ 71 __ should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, __ 72 __ , most people make several job choices during their working lives, __ 73 __ because of economic and industrial change and partly to improve __ 74 __ positions. The “one perfect job” does not exist. Young people should __ 75 __ enter into a broad flexible training program that will __ 76 __ them for a field of work rather than for a single __ 77 __. Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans __ 78 __ benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing __ 79 __ about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss __ 80 __. Some drift from job to job. Others __ 81 __ to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not flitted.One common mistake is choosing an occupation for __ 82 __ real or imagined prestiges. Too many high-school students-or their parents for them-choose the professional field, __ 83 __ both the relatively small proportion of workers in the profit and the extremely high educational and personal __ 84 __ . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a“white-collar”job is __ 85 __ good reason for choosing it as a life’s work. __ 86 __ , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the __ 87 __ of young people should give serious __ 88 __ to these fields.Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants __ 89 __ life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security; others are willing to take __ 90 __ for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.71.A) identification B) entertainment C) occupation D) accommodation72.A) therefore B) however C) though D) thereby73.A) entirely B) mainly C) largely D) partly74.A) its B) his C) their D) our75.A) therefore B) since C) furthermore D) forever76.A) fit B) make C) take D) leave77.A) way B) job C) means D) company78.A) to B) for C) with D) without79.A) few B) little C) much D) a lot80.A) basis B) chance C) purpose D) opportunity81.A) apply B) appeal C) turn D) stick82.A) its B) our C) your D) their83.A) concerning B) following C) disregarding D) considering84.A) requirements B) preferences C) tendencies D) ambitions85.A) a B) any C) the D) no86.A) Therefore B) However C) Moreover D) Nevertheless87.A) mass B) majority C) minority D) multitude88.A) proposal B) suggestion C) appraisal D) consideration89.A) towards B) against C) without D) out of90.A) turns B) parts C) risks D) choicesPart ⅥTranslation72. The Grand Canyon is _____________________________ (最宽处达两万四千米).73. If you had followed my advice, _____________________________ (你现在就能完成工作了).74. In view of the practical need of society, _____________________________ (有越来越多的人对学习英语感兴趣).75. A good book is a best friend _____________________________ (从不拒绝我们).76. It was not until last Friday _____________________________ ( 他读完了他妈妈送给他的那本书).Part ⅠWriting[参考范文] To Curb Spending?The monthly expenditures of college students have been on the rise in the past few years. Some argue that if the students earn the money they spend it is none of other people's business, and after all, the general living standard keeps rising. However, the fact is that most students live on the money their parents give them. The lure of a more comfortable and fashionable lifestyle－one with name brand clothing, mobile phones, MP3, and dining out or going to bars with a girlfriend－makes many to be frequent borrowers.In my opinion, young students are sensitive to fashions and new trends, thus they easily found it impossible to make ends meet and run into debt. When a student's spending steps beyond the boundaries of , it becomes a kind of waste. Furthermore, widespread extravagant spending on the campus could have a bad influence on people's values. But many students see it as a common practice and not a fault. Though everyone has the right to enjoy a comfortable life, campus is a place for study. So just think twice before you sign a bill.Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)1.B2.D3.A4.C5.B6.B7.A8. daily and routine9. violent entertainment10. characters from mature entertainmentPart ⅢListening ComprehensionSection A11. BQ:M: Which coat did you finally decide to buy?W: Well, I would have liked to buy the green one, but it was ＄75.00. So I bought the brown one instead and saved ＄15.00.Q: How much did the woman pay for the coat?12. CQ:W: Well, it's good to see you again. What are you doing these days? You are still working at the same place, aren't you? M: Yes, I am, and I'm counting the days until retirement.Q: What can we learn about the man?13. CQ:W: I guess I'll send Mary a postcard from Hawaii when I go there on business.M: I'm sure she'll be glad to get one. She has a collection of cards from all over the world.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?14. BQ:W: I can't decide whether to buy a new car or try to find a second-hand one.M: If you buy a new one, you'll probably save money in the long run.Q: What does the man suggest to the woman?15. DQ:M: How often can I take them?W: Every four hours. They may cause some drowsiness, so be careful not to drive.Q: What is the relationship between the man and the woman?16. AQ:M: The city is going to pull down those old houses and put up a new shopping center. W: Another shopping center? That's nothing new!Q: What does the woman mean?17. CQ: M: What's the laughter and music? It sounds like you are having a wonderful night.。

（郑家顺）大学英语六级模拟预测Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled My Idea of a University Arts Festival. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200words following the outline given below:1、对大学生艺术节的看法2、如何组织多种多样的活动3、总结Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following thepassage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Eachchoice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter foreach item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may notuse any of the words in the bank more than once.To understand why we should be concerned about how young people read, it helps to know something about the way the ability to read evolved. Unlike the ability to understand and produce spoken language, the ability to read must be painstakingly 26 by each individual. The “reading circuits” we construct in the brain can be 27 or they can be robust, depending on how often and how 28 we use them.The deep reader enters a state of hypnotic trance(心醉神迷的状态). When readers are enjoying the experience the most, the pace of their reading 29 slows. The combination of fast, fluent decoding of words and slow, unhurried progress on the page gives deep readers time to enrich their reading with reflection and analysis. It gives them time to establish an 30 relationship with the author, the two of them 31 in a long and warm conversation like people falling in love.This is not reading as many young people know it. Their reading is instrumental: the difference between what literary critic Frank Kermode calls “carnal (肉体的) reading” and “spiritual reading.” If we allow our offspring to believe carnal reading is all there is —if we don’t open the door to spiritual reading, through an early 32 on discipline and practice — we will have 33 them of an enjoyable experience they would not otherwise encounter. Observing young people’s34 to digital devices, some progressive educators talk about “meeting kids where they are,” molding instruction around their onscreen habits. This is mistaken. We need,Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify theparagraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph morethan once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by markingthe corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Space Tourism[A] Make your reservations now. The space tourism industry is officially open for business, and tickets are going for a mere $20 million for a one-week stay in space. Despite reluctance from National Air and Space Administration (NASA), Russia made American businessman Dennis Tito the world’s first space tourist. Tito flew into space aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket that arrived at the International Space Station (ISS) on April 30, 2001. The second space tourist, South African businessman Mark Shuttle worth, took off aboard the Russian Soyuz on April 25, 2002, also bound for the ISS.[B] Lance Bass of ’N Sync was supposed to be the third to make the $20 million trip, but he did not join the three-man crew as they blasted off on October 30, 2002, due to lack of payment. Probably the most incredible aspect of this proposed space tour was that NASA approved of it.[C] These trips are the beginning of what could be a profitable 21st century industry. There are already several space tourism companies planning to build suborbital vehicles and orbital cities within the next two decades. These companies have invested millions, believing that space tourism industry is on the verge of taking off.[D] In 1997, NASA published a report concluding that selling trips into space to private citizens could be worth billions of dollars. A Japanese report supports these findings, and projects that space tourism could be a $10 billion per year industry within the next two decades. The only obstacles to opening up space to tourists are the space agencies, who are concerned with safety and the development of a reliable, reusable launch vehicle.Space Accommodations[E] Russia’s Mir space station was supposed to be the first destination for space tourists. But in March 2001, the Russian Aerospace Agency brought Mir down into the Pacific Ocean. As it turned out, bringing down Mir only temporarily delayed the first tourist trip into space.[F] The Mir crash did cancel plans for a new reality-based game show from NBC, which was going to be called Destination Mir. The Survivor-like TV show was scheduled to air in fall 2001. Participants on the show were to go through training at Russia’s cosmonaut(宇航员) training center, Star City. Each week, one of the participants would be eliminated from the show, with the winner receiving a trip to the Mir space station. The Mir crash has ruled out NBC’s space plans for now. NASA is against beginning space tourism until the International Space Station is completed in 2006.[G] Russia is not alone in its interest in space tourism. There are several projects underway to commercialize space travel. Here are a few of the groups that might take tourists to space: Space Island Group is going to build a ring-shaped, rotating “commercial space infrastructure (基础结构)” that will resemble the Discovery spacecraft in the movie “2001: A Space Odyssey.” Space Island says it will build its space city out of empty NASA space-shuttle fuel tanks (to start, it should take around 12 or so), and place it about 400 miles above Earth. The space city will rotate once per minute to create a gravitational pull one-third as strong as Earth’s.[H] According to their vision statement, Space Adventures plans to “fly tens of thousands ofpeople in space over the next 10-15 years and beyond, around the moon, and back, from spaceports both on Earth and in space, to and from private space stations, and aboard dozens of different vehicles...” Even Hilton Hotels has shown interest in the space tourism industry and the possibility of building or co-funding a space hotel. However, the company did say that it believes such a space hotel is 15 to 20 years away.[I] Initially, space tourism will offer simple accommodations at best. For instance, if the International Space Station is used as a tourist attraction, guests won’t find the luxurious surroundings of a hotel room on Earth. It has been designed for conducting research, not entertainment. How ever, the first generation of space hotels should offer tourists a much more comfortable experience.[J] In regard to a concept for a space hotel initially planned by Space Island, such a hotel could offer guests every convenience they might find at hotel on Earth, and some they might not. The small gravitational pull created by the rotating space city would allow space-tourists and residents to walk around and function normally within the structure. Everything from running water to recycling plant to medical facilities would be possible. Additionally, space tourists would even be able to take space walks.[K] Many of these companies believe that they have to offer an extremely enjoyable experience in order for passengers to pay thousands, if not millions, of dollars to ride into space. So will space create another separation between the haves and have-nots?The most Expensive Vacation[L] Will space be an exotic retreat reserved for only the wealthy? Or will middle-class folks have a chance to take their families to space? Make no mistake about it, gong to space will be the most expensive vacation you ever take. Prices right now are in the tens of millions of dollars. Currently, the only vehicles that can take you into space are the space shuttle and the Russian Soyuz, both of which are terribly inefficient. Each spacecraft requires millions of pounds of fuel to take off into space, which makes them expensive to launch. One pound of payload (有效载重) costs about $10,000 to put into Earth’s orbit.[M] NASA and Lockheed Martin are currently developing a single-stage-to orbit launch space plane, called the Venture Star that could be launched for about a tenth of what the space shuttle costs to launch. If the Venture Star takes off, the number of people who could afford to take a trip into space would move into the millions.[N] In 1998, a joint report form NASA and the Space Transportation Association stated that improvements in technology could push fares for space travel as low as $50,000, and possibly down to $20,000 or $10,000 a decade later. The report concluded that at a ticket price of $50,000, there could be 500,000 passengers flying into space each year. While still leaving out many people, these prices would open up space to a tremendous amount of traffic.[O] Since the beginning of the space race, the general public has said, “Isn’t that great —when do I get to go?” Well, our chance might be closer than ever. Within the next 20 years, space planes could be taking off for the Moon at the same frequency as airplanes flying between New York and Los Angeles.36. Hilton Hotels believes it won’t belong before it is possible to build space hotel.37. Each year 500,000 space tourists could be flying into space if ticket prices could be lowered to$50,000.38. The space agencies are reluctant to open up space to tourists.39. In order for space tourists to walk around and function normally, it is necessary for the spacecity to create a small gravitational pull.40. Within the next two decades, space travel could be as common as intercity air travel.41. Lance Bass wasn’t able to go on a tour of space because he did not pay enough money.42. In one project, people planned create a space city 400 miles above Earth.43. What makes going to space the most Expensive Vacation is the enormous cost involved in the fuel of spacecraft.44. Several tourism companies believe space travel is going to be a new profitable industry.45. The prize for the winner in the fall 2001 NBC TV game show would have been a trip to theMir Space Station.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) andD). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become "better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don’t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out—often encouraged by college administrators.Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves—they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that’s a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn’t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We’ve been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can’t absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things—maybe it’s just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy (异端邪说) to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.46. According to the passage, the author believes that ______.A) people used to question the value of college educationB) people used to have full confidence in higher educationC) all high school graduates went to collegeD) very few high school graduates chose to go to college47. In the 2nd paragraph, "those who don’t fit the pattern" refers to ______.A) high school graduates who aren’t suitable for college educationB) college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxisC) college students who aren’t any better for their higher educationD) high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college48. The drop-out rate of college students seems to go up because ______.A) young people are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at collegeB) many young people are required to join the armyC) young people have little motivation in pursuing a higher education,D) young people don’t like the intense competition for admission to graduate school49. According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that______.A) society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduatesB) high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college educationC) too many students have to earn their own livingD) college administrators encourage students to drop out50. In this passage the author argues that ______.A) more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for highschool graduatesB) college education is not enough if one wants to be successfulC) college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning peopleD) intelligent people may learn quicker if they don’t go to collegePassage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.It’s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it’s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.For example, a certain keypunch (键盘打孔) operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off (向……透露) the company that was being robbed.Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled(耍弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company’s executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.51. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.A) it is still impossible to detect computer crimes todayB) computer crimes are the most serious problem in the operation of financial institutionsC) computer criminals can escape punishment because they can’t be detectedD) people commit computer crimes at the request of their company52. It is implied in the third paragraph that ______.A) many more computer crimes go undetected than are discoveredB) the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problemC) most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimesD) most computer criminals who are caught blame their bad luck53. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?A) A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.B) Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information.C) Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.D) Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.54. What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught?A) With bad reputation they can hardly find another job.B) They will be denied access to confidential records.C) They may walk away and easily find another job.D) They must leave the country or go to jail.55. The passage is mainly about ______.A) why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspectionB) why computer criminals are often able to escape punishmentC) how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their formeremployersD) why computer crimes can’t be eliminatedPart IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.“中国梦”几千年的中国文化充实着中国梦(the Chinese dream)，同时，过去三十几年的改革开放(reform and opening-up) 也激励着中国梦。

2019 年大学英语六级模拟试题及答案(一)Directions ： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes towrite a short essay entitled The Civil Servant Test Craze.Your essay should start with a brief description of the picture. You should write at least 150 words but no more than200words.1.此刻数字化品获得愈来愈宽泛的使用，比如⋯⋯2.数字化品的使用人的工作、学、生活生的影响。

Digital AgeWomen in 2011 made no significant gains in winning more top US business jobs, according to a study, but the head ofthe study said women are poised to make 36 in the year ahead.The number of women who were board directors, corporate officers or top earners at Fortune 500 companies remained 37 unchanged, said the study by Catalyst, a nonprofit group that 38 opportunities for women in business.The percentage of companies with women on the board of directors was 15.1 percent this year, compared with 14.8 percent in 2010, Catalyst said.Also, the percentage of corporate officer positions 39 by women was 15.7 percent in 2011 and 15.4 percent in 2010, it said. The percentage of top earners in 2011 who were women was 6.2 percent, compared to 6.7 percent in 2010, it said.The research on the Fortune 500 companies was 40 on data as of March 31, 2011. The slight changes in the numbers are not considered 41 significant, Catalyst said.Nevertheless, given the changes in U.S. politics, thefuture for women in business looks more 42 , said Ilene Lang,president and chief executive 43 of Catalyst."Overall we're 44 to see change next year," Lang said."When we look at shareholders, decision makers, thegeneral public, they're looking for change. ""What they're basically saying is, ' Don't give us 45 ofthe status quo ( 现状 ). Get new ideas in there, get some freshfaces,'" she said.A. officerB. changesC. basedD. positionsE. moreF. promisingG. businesslikeH. surveyingI. essentiallyJ. stridesK. promotesL. statisticallyM. confused N. held O. expectingHow Marketers Target KidsA.Kids represent an important demographic to marketersbecause they have their own purchasing power, they influencetheir parents' buying decisions and they are the adultconsumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising tochildren has exploded in the past decade, increasing from amere $100 millidn in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000.B. Parents today are willing to buy more for their kidsbecause trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes andpostponing children until later in life mean that familieshave more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a rolein spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitutematerial goods for time spent with their kids. Here are someof the strategies marketers employ to target kids：Pester (纠缠) PowerC. Today's kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations,so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. "Pester power" refers to children's abilityto nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.D. According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kid fluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories--"persistence" and "importance". Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again) is notas effective as the more sophisticated "importance nagging". This latter method appeals to parents' desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids.The Marriage of Psychology and MarketingE. To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children's developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children's behaviour, fantasy lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people.F. The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U.S. mental health professionals issued a public letter tothe American Psychological Association (APA) urging them todeclare the practice unethical. The APA is currentlystudying the issue.Building Brand Name LoyaltyG. Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of "brand" marketing in her 2000 book No Logo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind ofcorporation--Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name afew--which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the worldhas seen.H.Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food, toy and clothing companies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act.Buzz or Street MarketingI. The challenge for marketers is to cut through theintense advertising clutter(凌乱) in young people's lives.Many companies are using "buzz marketing" --a new twist onthe tried-and-true "word of mouth" method. The idea is tofind the coolest kids in a community and have them use orwear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz,or "street marketing", as it's also called, can help acompany to successfully connect with the elusive (难找的) teen market by using trendsetters to give them products"cool" status.J. Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to theInteract, where young "Net promoters" use chat roomsand blogs to spread the word about music, clothes andother products among unsuspecting users.Commercialization in EducationK. School used to be a place where children wereprotected from the advertising and consumer messages thatpermeated their world--but not anymore. Budget shortfalls ( 亏空，差额 ) are forcing school boards to allow corporationsaccess to students in exchange for badly needed cash,computers and educational materials.L. Corporations realize the power of the schoolenvironment for promoting their name and products. A schoolsetting delivers a captive youth audience and implies theendorsement of teachers and the educational system. Marketersare eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways,including ： 1 ) sponsored educational materials; 2) supplyingschools with technology in exchange for high company visibility;3) advertising posted in classrooms, school buses,on computers in exchange for funds; 4) contests and incentive programs： for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizzaif they achieve a monthly reading goal; 5 ) sponsoring school events.The InternetM. The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It's part of youth culture.This generation of young people is growing up with the Interactas a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Interact is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising.Marketing Adult Entertainment to Kids N . Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant forolder audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children.O.The FTC studied 44 films rated "Restricted", and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under17.Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based oncharacters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature rated video games are advertised in youth magazines; and toys based on "Restricted" movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four.Guilt can affect parents' spending decisions becausethey don't have enough time for their kids.47、The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two.48、School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly.49、The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys basedon characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.50、For this generation of young people, the Internet isa daily and routine part of their lives.51、According to Kid fluence, "persistence nagging" isless effective than the more sophisticated "importance nagging".52、According to a report released by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually market violent entertainment to young children.53、Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively.54、A group of U.S. mental health professionals thinkthat it is unethical to use child psychologists to helpmarketers target kids.55、According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children will receive certificates for free pizza if theyachieve a monthly reading goal.Like most people, I've long understood that I will bejudged by my occupation, that my profession is a gaugepeople use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how I'm treated as a person.Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid toserve food to people, I had customers say and do things tome I suspect they'd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phonewaved me away, then beckoned ( 表示 ) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I'd been.I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like apeon ( 勤杂工 ) by plenty of people. But at 19years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to medifferently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I'd be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyonewho called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked--cordially.I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.It's no secret that there's a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry,by definition, exists to cater to others' needs. Still, itseemed that many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant. I'm now applying to graduate school, which means someday I'll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want.I think I'll take them to dinner first, and see how theytreat someone whose only job is to serve them.The author was disappointed to find that _______.A.one's position is used as a gauge to measureone's intelligenceB.talented people like her should fail to geta respectable jobC.one's occupation affects the way one is treated asa personD.professionals tend to look down upon manual workers57、What does the author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph?A.Some customers simply show no respect to thosewho serve them.B.People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded.C.Waitresses are often treated by customers ascasual acquaintances.D.Some customers like to make loud complaints for no reason at all.58、 How did the author feel when waiting tables at theage of 19?A.She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servantby professionals.B.She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded heras a peon.C.She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her.D.She found it natural for professionals to treat heras inferior.59、What does the author imply by saying "... many of my customers didn't get the difference between server and servant" ( Line 3, Para. 7)?A.Those who cater to others' needs are destined to be looked down upon.B.Those working in the service industry shouldn't be treated as servants.C.Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living.D.The majority of customers tend to look on a servantas a server nowadays.60、The author says she'll one day take her clients to dinner in order to ________A.see what kind of person they areB.experience the feeling of being servedC.show her generosity towards people inferior to herD.arouse their sympathy for people living a humble life61、依据以下短文，回答 {TSE}题。

英语六级听力新题型模拟听写训练:第11套短文(1)Passage One文章一I'd like to tell you about my trip to Tanglewood's music festival. When I was in college, I won a music competition and the prize was a week at Tanglewood. Anyway it is one of the world's most famous music festivals and the summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The festival is often held in the beautiful Berkshire Hills in New England. The summer musical season consists of about fifty concerts given over about nine weeks: from July 1st through the first week in September. Famous stars tend to show up here. The year I went I was lucky enough to see Leonard Bernstein conducting. I understand it is sometimes hard to get tickets but of course mine were a part of the prize. And I even get a front seat inside. You know, if you want to sit inside the tickets are expensive. It's much cheaper to sit outside on the lawn. But it might rain, or some nights are really cool even in the summer. Either way the sound system is excellent. So it doesn't really matter where you sit. I seem to recall that the festival got started in the 1930s. Some Berkshire residents invited a symphony orchestra to perform a few outdoor concerts. The concerts were sosuccessful that after a couple of years somebody donated a family estate as a permanent home. After that things really took off. And the festival is getting increasingly popular. Attending the festival was such a wonderful experience. I'd love to be able to go again. And I hope that all of you would be able to go too.我想跟你们讲讲我去唐格尔伍德音乐节的旅行。

⼤学英语六级新题型考试（⼀） COLLEGE ENGLISH TEST —Band Six— (6 MSH 2) Part I Writing(30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled To Curb Spending? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1. 现在许多⼤学⽣花钱⼤⼿⼤脚 2. 有⼈认为社会整体⽣活⽔平提⾼了，⼤学⽣花钱多⼀些⽆可厚⾮ 3. 你的看法 Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 14, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN )if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 510, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Even as the economy improves, a jobless executive may face up to a year or more of unemployment. This is a lot of time, especially for hard-charging high-performers who are not used to having any free time. While some job seekers spend hundreds—even thousands—of hours discovering daytime television, others seem to thrive on activities that boost their professional careers or resolve family issues when they aren’t working. Having an extended period of free time in the prime of one’s life can in fact be a unique opportunity to focus on volunteer service, professional education or personal growth. Community Involvement For Lisa Perez, the wakeup call was burned pork chops. An executive who previously hadn’t been particularly interested in home and health had become obsessed with homemaking during a stint of unemployment. She realized that cleaning and organizing her home wasn’t helping her job search. Nevertheless, “I made lists of 50 things to do every day,” says Ms. Perez, a political and public-relations consultant in Scottsdale, Ariz. “My house was spotless, just so I’d have something to do.” One day, her boyfriend didn’t arrive on time for dinner because he had to work late, and her pork chops were ruined. She threw a fit. “I’d never been a person like that,” she says. “So I decided to stop feeling sorry for myself, and go out and do something productive.” Ms. Perez, 35, resolved to become an active volunteer for the duration of her search. She gave her time to a health-care concern, a housing program and a political campaign. The work bolstered her self-confidence. “Volunteering takes the focus off of you. One thing you have that’s still valuable is your time. And, of course, you learn that there are thousands of people with a life that’s much worse than yours,” she says. Volunteer assignments are also great ways to meet powerful and well-connected people. Over a six-month period, her volunteering evolved into working as a paid consultant and then as a full-time employee, a job she still holds today. In all, she was unemployed for eight months. Before her job loss, she thought she didn’t have time to volunteer while working. “Now, even though I have a demanding job, I still volunteer, because of what I got out of it,” says Ms. Perez. Continuing Education Gene Bellavance, a 36-year old information-technology project manager, took another route during his unemployment. When he was laid off from a steel company near Cleveland, he knew his immediate prospects were bleak. He expected his search to take a year. He faced a decision: take a job that would set back his career or hold out for an offer he really wanted. Mr. Bellavance, single and virtually debt free, shifted his finances into survival mode. He cashed out his pension, sold his house, unloaded things he didn’t need at garage sales, and rented an apartment with a roommate. Then, he says, “I signed up for every benefit I could find.” But he wasn’t just waiting out the year. He spent the rest of his search updating his skills, including becoming certified in new database and project-management software. “You have to invest in yourself,” Mr. Bellavance says. “I estimated what technology was going to be the most beneficial and chose applications that were going to be pervasive, that were right for my market, and that were going to ensure top pay.” In addition to income from the occasional IT-consulting assignment, he relied on a combination of displaced-worker-retraining grants and unemployment benefits. “I went out and found the classes, submitted the paperwork, and dealt with the bureaucracy. You have to stay after them, keeping your benefits moving forward. It’s up to you to make it work with your overall transition plan,” he says. His job search was one month shy of the full year he’d expected. He looked for work during his training and says he would have finished the certification programs even if he’d been hired before completing them. “People should not feel guilty” about accepting government aid, he says. “I saw this in a lot of people. They felt they were some kind of loser for taking benefits. My advice is: Get all you can. You’ve been paying for these programs in your entire career, and you may as well start to benefit from them.” Family Matters In addition to pursuing training or volunteering, some displaced careerists use their time off work to attend to family matters. Many executives rediscover their children or find time to help their parents. Stanford Rappaport held three jobs in San Francisco, including high-tech and teaching positions. When he was laid off from the high-tech job last year, he knew it might be a long slog before he could get another post like it in the Bay Area. “I was able to do the math,” says Mr. Rappaport, 46. “The number of people laid off: huge; and the number of available jobs: miniscule. At the time, I thought it might be two or three years before the tech industry recovered.” Mr. Rappaport’s remaining job, a part-time faculty position with City College of San Francisco, didn’t pay enough to support him. After a couple of months of searching with no results, he decided to escape the Northern California jobs meltdown. “My plan,” he says, “was to get out of an expensive living situation, and either seek work in another section of the U.S. or overseas, for those two years.” Mr. Rappaport, who speaks five languages, had worked overseas before. Before he found an assignment, his Arkansas-based mother was diagnosed with a serious chronic illness, and he was called into duty as a son. Mr. Rappaport was able to help his mother get her affairs in order not to interrupt his search by using a San Francisco mail drop and cellphone. “I continued to look for work in California while I was in Fayetteville, Ark., helping my mother through this crisis.” He took his mother to medical appointments, made repairs on her house, bought her a better car, and straightened out her legal and financial affairs. “I even got to go through my father’s effects, which in the five years since he had died were simply piled in boxes in his office,” he says. Mr. Rappaport’s stay in Arkansas lasted six months. “It’s amazing that at this stage I had the opportunity to spend a significant amount of time with my mother and improve her life and get a lot of things done for her. Most people never have that opportunity. I’m very thankful that I had the chance. It was absolutely worth it,” he says. One of the unexpected benefits was the huge boost in confidence he gained from his role as caregiver. He’d been feeling depressed and defeated when he left California, but after returning, he felt renewed. He landed a job with a former employer after returning to San Francisco and remains a part-time faculty member. Discovery and Exploration Instead of spending time off lamenting your unemployed status, ask yourself: “Is there something I’ve always wanted to do but haven’t because of the demands of my job?” Felice Fisk, a 29 year old in Seattle, recently left an account-manager position at a contract-furniture company. During seven months of unemployment, she took an interest in fine-art painting and completed 18 pieces before returning to work. “Ifound the art work, or some kind of creative outlet, to be really beneficial,” she says. She’s now an interior designer for an interior-design firm. Michael Ross, 42, a former IT administrator in El Cerrito, Calif., recently spent his 10 months of unemployment playing guitar and exploring his lifelong interest in scriptwriting and the movie business. “After 18 years at my former employer and how hard I had worked, I knew I had to recover, to get restored,” he says. “I looked at this as an opportunity, rather than a penalty. This was very much about clearing space for me.” At the executive level, even a very efficient and successful job search may be quite lengthy. It makes sense to spend that time in an enriching and productive manner. These job seekers pursued service, continuing education and shoring up family bonds. How you’ll look back on a period of unemployment depends on what you do with it. 1. This passage mainly tells that being unemployed is not all bad. 2. Lisa Perez found a new interest in homemaking during the period of unemployment. 3. Lisa Perez was always optimistic during the period of her unemployment. 4. After she got a new job, Lisa Perez regretted that she had not done volunteering work earlier. 5. Unemployment means a lot of time, especially for those hard-charging executives who are not used to having any time. 6. Being a volunteer is helpful because volunteer assignments can provide you with chances to meet people. 7. Mr. Bellavance cashed out his pension, sold his house and unloaded things he didn’t need at garage after losing his job in order to change his finances into mode. 8. When unemployed, some careerists take the opportunity to family matters in addition to pursuing training or volunteering. 9. The role as caregiver brought about a huge boost in to Mr. Rappaport. After returning from California, he felt renewed. 10. Michael Ross resigned and spent his unemployment time playing guitar and exploring his lifelong interest in scriptwriting and the movie business for he looked at this as an , rather than a penalty.Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)(25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 2. Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. Robert Spring, a 19th century forger, was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for 15 years by selling false signatures of famous Americans. Spring was born in England in 1813 and arrived in Philadelphia in 1858 to open a bookstore. At first he prospered by selling his small but genuine collection of early U.S. autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting, he began imitating signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books. To lessen the chance of detection, he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and circulation. Forgers have a hard time selling their products. A forger can’t approach a respectable buyer but must deal with people who don’t have m u c h k n o w l e d g e i n t h e f i e l d . F o r g e r s h a v e m a n y w a y s t o m a k e t h e i r w o r k l o o k r e a l . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e y b u y o l d b o o k s t o u s e a g e d p a p e r o f t h e t i t l e p a g e , a n d t h e y c a n t r e a t p a p e r a n d i n k w i t h c h e m i c a l . I n S p r i n g s t i m e , r i g h t a f t e r t h e C i v i l W a r , B r i t a i n w a s s t i l l f o n d o f t h e s o u t h e r n s t a t e s , s o S p r i n g i n v e n t e d a r e s p e c t a b l e m a i d e n l a d y k n o w n a s M i s s F a n n y J a c k s o n , t h e o n l y d a u g h t e r o f G e n e r a l S t o n e w a l l J a c k s o n . F o r s e v e r a l y e a r s M i s s F a n n y s f i n a n c i a l p r o b l e m s f o r c e d h e r t o s e l l a g r e a t n u m b e r o f l e t t e r s a n d m a n u s c r i p t s b e l o n g i n g t o h e r f a m o u s f a t h e r . S p r i n g h a d t o w o r k v e r y h a r d t o s a t i s f y t h e d e m a n d . A l l t h i s a c t i v i t y d i d n o t p r e v e n t S p r i n g f r o m d y i n g i n p o v e r t y , l e a v i n g s h a r p - e y e d e x p e r t s t h e d i f f i c u l t t a s k o f s e p a r a t i n g h i s f o r g e r i e s f r o m t h e o r i g i n a l s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 5 " > 0 0 4 7 . W h a t w a s i n a g r e a t d e m a n d i n B r i t a i n a f t e r t h e C i v i l W a r ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 6 " > 0 0 4 8 . W h a t w a s R o b e r t S p r i n g s p r o f e s s i o n d u r i n g t h e y e a r s i n P h i l a d e l p h i a ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 7 " > 0 0 4 9 . A f o r g e r m u s t se l l h i s w o r k t o p e o p l e w h o d o n t h a v e m u c h k n o w l e d g e i n t h ef i e l d i n s t e a d o f . / p > p b d s f i d = " 12 8 " > 0 0 5 0 . W h o w a s M i s s F a n n y J a c k s o n ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 9 " > 0 0 5 1 . S p r i n g m a d e i t d i f f i c u l t f o r s h a r p - e y e d e x p e r t s t o s e p a r a t e h i s f o r g e r i e s f r o m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 13 0 " > 0 0 S e c t i o n B /p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 1 " > 0 0 D i r e c t i o n s : T h e r e a r e 2 p a s s a g e s i n t h i s s e c t i o n . E a c h p a s s a g e i s f o l l o w e d b y s o m e q u e s t i o n s o r u n f i n i s h e d s t a t e m e n t . F o r e a c h o f t h e m t h e r e a r e f o u r c h o i c e s m a r k e d A ) , B ) , C ) , a n d D ) . Y o u s h o u l d d e c i d e o n t h e b e s t c h o i c e a n d m a r k t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l e t t e r o n A n s w e r S h e e t 2 w i t h a s i n g l e l i n e t h r o u g h t h e c e n t r e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > 0 0 P a s s a g e O n e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 3 " > 0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 5 2 t o 5 6 a r e b a s e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 4 " > 0 0 A g r i p p i n g , f a s t - p a c e d t a l e o f a d v e n t u r e , T h e C a l l o f t h e W i l d f o c u s e s o n B u c k , a s h e e p d o g s t o l e n f r o m a C a l i f o r n i a f a r m a n d t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e a r c t i c . B u c k s s t r u g g l e t o s u r v i v e o n t h e a r c t i c t r a i l d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e u n c e r t a i n n a t u r e o f l i f e i n t h e w i l d . A l t h o u g h i t i s a n e n g a g i n g a n i m a l s t o r y , t h e r e a d e r c a n n o t h e l p b u t d r a w p a r a l l e l s b e t w e e n B u c k s e x p e r i e n c e a n d t h a t o f h u m a n s . T h e b o o k s u g g e s t s t h a t e n v i r o n m e n t s h a p e s c h a r a c t e r , a n d e m p h a s i z e s t h a t p r i m i t i v e c h a r a c t e r o f t e n h i d d e n b e n e a t h a l a y e r o f c i v i l i z a t i o n i s n e v e r l o s t t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l . P r o v i d i n g a f a s c i n a t i n g g l i m p s e o f a w a y o f l i f e t h a t h a s a l m o s t d i s a p p e a r e d , t h e n o v e l s u g g e s t s t h a t c r e a t u r e s s u r v i v e b e s t w h e n t h e y a d a p t t o t h e n a t u r a l w o r l d , r a t h e r t h a n t r y i n g t o i m p o s e c h a n g e s o n t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t . / p >。