Book 10_U4_Grammar and usage

《Grammar and usage》知识清单一、词类（Parts of Speech）1、名词（Noun）普通名词（Common Noun）：如“book”（书）、“table”（桌子）。

专有名词（Proper Noun）：如“China”（中国）、“Tom”（汤姆）。

可数名词（Countable Noun）和不可数名词（Uncountable Noun）：可数名词有复数形式，如“apples”；不可数名词没有复数形式，如“water”。

2、动词（Verb）及物动词（Transitive Verb）和不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）：及物动词后需接宾语，如“eat an apple”；不及物动词后不接宾语，如“sleep”。

动词的时态（Tenses）：包括一般现在时（Simple Present Tense）、一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）、一般将来时（Simple Future Tense）、现在进行时（Present Continuous Tense）、过去进行时（Past Continuous Tense）、现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）、过去完成时（Past Perfect Tense）等。

3、形容词（Adjective）形容词用于描述或修饰名词，如“beautiful girl”（漂亮的女孩）。

形容词的比较级（Comparative Degree）和最高级（Superlative Degree）：如“taller”（更高的）、“the tallest”（最高的）。

4、副词（Adverb）副词用于修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，如“run fast”（跑得快）、“very beautiful”（非常漂亮）。

副词的比较级和最高级：如“more carefully”（更仔细地）、“most carefully”（最仔细地）。

5、代词（Pronoun）人称代词（Personal Pronoun）：如“I”（我）、“you”（你）、“he”（他）等。

Unit 4 Never too old to learnGrammar and usage: Analysis of complicated sentences◆内容分析：本板块围绕单元话题，以“职业教育”为主题创设情境，引导学生在语篇中探究、分析复杂句的规则和用法；再通过句子、语篇两个层面的练习内化新知；最后让学生运用所学，准确、恰当、得体地使用目标语，实现“形式——意义——使用”三者的统一。

◆教学目标：By the end of this section, students will be able to:1.analyse the usage of complicated sentences;2.work out the rules of complicated sentences;e complicated sentences appropriately to finish related tasks;4.make a story using complicated sentences.◆教学重难点：1.To summarize the general rules;2.To apply complicated sentences correctly and properly;◆教学过程：Step 1 Lead-inA student from Bayi V ocational School in Yushu, Qinghai province, works on a painting. Experts and officials are encouraging the development of modern vocational education to ease the imbalance between labor supply and the huge demand for technical talent.Step 2 Exploring the rulesDiscussion1. What is vocational education?2. Why is vocational education important?Answer:1.V ocational education generally prepares people to work in a specific occupation by teaching theory in the classroom and offering hands-on training in the workplace.2.It can qualify applicants to work in a particular field. It also offers applicants an advantage in the job market.A Read the article again and fill in the table in part A on page 48.Tips复合句分为并列复合句compound sentence（也称并列句）和主从或从属复合句complex sentence（也称复杂句），并列复合句compound sentence是有并列连词：and、or、but连接；从属复合句complex sentence由一个主句（Principal Clause）和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。

Unit 4 Exploring poetryGrammar and usage (II)Overview of to-infinitives, verb-ing and verb-ed form◆内容分析：本板块围绕单元话题,以“浪漫派诗歌和诗人”创设情境，对之前所学的非谓语动词的用法进行系统回顾和复习。

教学活动首先引导学生在有关“浪漫派诗歌和诗人”的语篇中观察、探究、总结非谓语动词在文中的使用，辨识非谓语动词在句中所做的成分；在通过句子、语篇两个层面的巩固练习让学生内化非谓语动词的知识；最后要求学生综合运用非谓语动词完成一个语言输出任务，实现“形式——意义——使用”三者的统一。

◆教学目标：By the end of this section, students will be able to:1.identify and categorize the use of to-infinitives, verb-ing, and verb-ed forms;2.summarize the general rules of to-infinitives, verb-ing, and verb-ed forms;e the right forms of to-infinitives, verb-ing, and verb-ed to finish tasks such asrewriting sentences, completing and article and writing on the importance of reading poems.◆教学重难点：1.To summarize the general rules;2.To apply the rules correctly and properly.◆教学过程：Step 1 Homework CheckingC.Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs.1.to run2.Approaching3.to be discovered4.Having struggled5. seen6. cleaning/to be cleaned7. lost8. Judging9. telling10. to haveStep 2 Rewrite the following sentences using to-infinitives, verb-ing or verb-ed forms1.Romantic poets experimented with new poetic forms. They were particularlyinterested in it.Romantic poets were particularly interested in experimenting with new poetic forms.2.Romantic poets often mentioned the effect of beauty on the poet’s imagination when they described natural scenes.Romantic poets often mentioned the effect of beauty on the poet’s imagination when describing natural scenes.3.Poems that focus on nature often stress the moment of inspiration.Poems focusing on nature often stress the moment of inspiration.4.Many Romantic poems are filled with descriptions of magic and ancient themes, and contain rich sensory details.Filled with descriptions of magic and ancient themes, many Romantic poems contain rich sensory details.5.Since Romantic poets were highly colourful and independent individuals, finding concerns common to all of them is sometimes difficult.Since Romantic poets were highly colourful and independent individuals, it is sometimes difficult to find concerns common to all of them.Step 3 ExerciseB2 Below is an article about the English poet Willian Wordsworth. Complete the article with the correct to-infinitives, verb-ing or verb-ed forms of verbs in the brackets.Born in 1770, Willian Wordsworth was one of the (1) ________ (lead) poets of the Romantic movement in England. (2) ________ (grow) up in the beautiful Lake District, Wordsworth had a childhood that was perfect for a developing poet. (3) __________ (educate) at Cambridge, Wordsworth received his degree in 1791. He spent a lot of time (4) _________ in Europe. Travelling obviously provided Wordsworth with plenty of ideas for his poems. In 1795, he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the two talented young men became close friends. (5) ________ (meet) Coleridge had a huge impact on Wordsworth. Lyrical Ballads, a collection of poems (6) ________ (write) together with Coleridge, was Wordsworth’s first great work. It was published in 1798 and marked the start of the Romantic era in poetry. Wordsworth explained that they wanted to write poetry that ordinary people could use (7) ____________ (express) their feelings. Many of the poems in the collection were about returning to nature. Like other Romantics, Wordsworth preferred (8) ____________ (live) in the country rather than in the city.1.leading;2. Growing;3. Educated;4. touring;5. Meeting;6. written;7. to express; 8. living/to live【设计意图：通过填空，让学生熟悉文本内容。

《英语》（必修·第三册）Unit 4 Scientists who changed the worldGrammar and usageI. Learning objectivesBy the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1. understand the meaning of verb-ed forms as attributives, adverbials and object complements;2. learn how to use verb-ed forms as attributives, adverbials and object complements in different situations;3. write a passage using verb-ed forms, verb-ing forms and to-infinitives.II. Key competence focusLearn how to use verb-ed forms as attributives, adverbials and object complements in different situations.III. Predicted area of difficulty1. Use verb-ed forms as attributives, adverbials and object complements in new situations.2. Write a passage using verb-ed forms, verb-ing forms and to-infinitives.IV. Teaching proceduresStep 1 Lead-inT asks students to find to-infinitives, verb-ing forms and verb-ed forms in the reading passage and figure out their functions.1. T asks students to find to-infinitives in the reading passage and point out their functions.(1) Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history. (to-infinitive as attributive)(2) To speed up the process and ensure its safety, Tu and her team volunteered to test qinghao extract on themselves first. (to-infinitive as adverbial of purpose)T: The above two sentences have to-infinitives that serve as attributive and adverbial of result. 2. T asks students to find verb-ing forms in the reading passage and point out their functions. (1) She completed further training courses in traditional Chinese medicine,acquiring a broad knowledge of both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine.(2) When there was no research equipment, they had to extract herbs using household water containers.(3) Perhaps the next generation of scientists, drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine, will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care.T: The above three sentences have verb-ing forms that serve as adverbials.3. T asks students to find verb-ed forms in the reading passage and figure out their functions. (1) Tu Youyou has become the first female scientist of the People’s Republic of China to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliestdiseases in human history. (verb-ed form as attributive)(2) Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu, malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival. (verb-ed form as attributive)(3) Even with large amounts of qinghao extract produced, however, they still faced another problem. (verb-ed form as attributive)(4) Born in 1930, in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955. (verb-ed form as adverbial)(5) Inspired by an over 1,600-year-old text about preparing qinghao extract with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments. (verb-ed form as adverbial)T: The above five sentences have verb-ed forms that serve as attributives and adverbials.【设计意图：学生在前面两个单元的语法部分已经学习了动词不定式和动词-ing形式的用法，对本单元的阅读文章内容也已经熟悉，所以先在学生相对熟悉的语境中呈现含有动词不定式和动词-ing形式的句子，然后再呈现新的语法知识—动词-ed形式作定语和状语。

牛津高中英语教学设计教材：牛津高中英语(模块十) 高三上学期文档内容：教学设计——教案单元：Unit 4 Law and order板块：Grammar and usageThoughts on the design:本节课主要按照从研究到归纳到巩固的思路设计的。

首先通过一些典型例子的呈现，让学生初步感知英语中正式用语与非正式用语之间的区别。

接着，根据两者之间的典型差异，有目的地选取一些句子，让学生去辨别两种风格语言之间的不同。

然后加以归纳，总结，强化学生的感悟。

在学生了解两者之间不同的基础上，更重要的是学生要学以致用，所以遵循探索新知识，到使用新知识的规律，接下去设计了让学生讨论在什么情况下该用何种风格的语言，并简单加以归纳，最终提高学生语言运用的得体性。

Teaching aims:1.Get to know about the differences between formal style and informal style.2.Get to know about the different situations in which formal and informal languages are used.3.Learn to use proper languages according to different situations.Teaching procedures:Step 1 Lead inThe teacher starts the lesson by presenting the students a pair of sentences. The students are required to tell the differences between the two sentences. Then the topic of “Language styles” is introduced.【设计说明】由于language style是一个学生相对不太熟悉，也比较难把握的一个部分。