8motivation
- 格式:doc
- 大小:60.50 KB
- 文档页数:12
关于Motivation的演讲一、引言每个人都有自己的梦想和目标,然而,想要实现这些梦想和目标却并不容易。
成功需要付出艰辛的努力和不懈的追求。
而这种努力和追求的动力来源于内在的动力,即Motivation。
在本次演讲中,我将探讨Motivation的重要性以及如何激发和保持它。
二、Motivation的定义和类型Motivation可定义为个人动力的来源和推动力,是个人行为的背后原因。
Motivation可以分为内在动机和外在动机两种类型。
1. 内在动机内在动机是源于个人内心的原因,是一种真正的自我驱动力。
它基于个人的兴趣、意义和内在的价值观。
例如,一个人对于帮助他人感到满足的内心需求就是一种内在动机。
2. 外在动机外在动机是由外部因素激发的动力,如奖励、惩罚、社会认可等。
这种动机与个人的内在需求和价值观并不直接相关,而更多地依赖外部的刺激。
例如,一个学生为了得到奖学金而努力学习就是一种外在动机。
三、Motivation的重要性Motivation在个人的成长和成功过程中起着至关重要的作用。
以下是Motivation 的重要性体现:1. 提供动力和目标Motivation为个人提供了努力追求目标的动力。
它激发了个人的决心和毅力,使他们能够面对挑战并充满动力地追求自己的梦想。
2. 增强自信和积极性Motivation能够增强个人的自信心和积极性。
当一个人有着强大的内在动力时,他们更有可能相信自己的能力,并且更积极地迎接新的挑战。
3. 克服困难和挫折Motivation能够帮助个人克服困难和挫折。
在追求目标的过程中,个人可能会面临许多困难和挑战,但有着强大的动力可以使他们坚持下去,不断尝试和改进。
4. 实现个人潜力Motivation使个人能够发挥出自身的潜力。
它激发了个人的创造力和创新能力,使他们能够进一步发展和提升自己的能力。
四、激发和保持Motivation的方法现在我来分享一些激发和保持Motivation的方法,希望能对大家有所启发。
motivation短语搭配Motivation is an essential driving force that fuels our actions and behaviors. It provides the necessary inspiration and incentive to pursue and accomplish our goals and aspirations. Motivation can come from various sources and can be elicited through different means. To better understand and harness motivation, it is important to explore the different phrases and expressions that are commonly associated with it.1. "Set clear goals": One of the most effective ways to enhance motivation is to establish clear and specific goals. By clearly defining what we want to achieve, we can create a sense of direction and purpose, which is vital to staying motivated. Setting goals allows us to focus our energy and efforts towards meaningful and attainable objectives.2. "Visualize success": Visualization is a powerful technique to boost motivation. By creating mental images of success and positive outcomes, we can ignite our inner motivation and create a belief that our goals are attainable. Visualization helps us to maintain a positive mindset and increases our determination to overcome obstacles and achieve success.3. "Break tasks into manageable steps": Overwhelming tasks can often demotivate us. To maintain motivation, it is important to break down larger tasks into smaller, more manageable steps. This approach allows us to see progress more easily, which in turn boosts our motivation by providing a sense of accomplishment. Breaking tasks into smaller steps also minimizes the feeling of being overwhelmed and increases our belief in successfullycompleting the task.4. "Embrace challenges": Challenges are inevitable in any pursuit, but how we perceive and respond to them can greatly impact our level of motivation. Embracing challenges and viewing them as opportunities for growth can be a powerful motivator. Challenges push us beyond our comfort zones, and overcoming them instills a sense of achievement and satisfaction that propels us forward. Viewing challenges as stepping stones rather than roadblocks can fuel our motivation to persist and succeed.5. "Celebrate milestones": Recognizing and celebrating milestones along the way is crucial for maintaining motivation. Each small achievement serves as a marker of progress and reminds us of how far we have come. Celebrating milestones provides a sense of validation and reinforces our belief in our abilities, motivating us to continue striving towards our ultimate goal.6. "Surround yourself with positive influences": Motivation can be contagious, and surrounding ourselves with positive influences can greatly impact our own level of motivation. Interacting with like-minded individuals, mentors, or role models who exude motivation can inspire and energize us. The positive energy and support from others can provide a much-needed boost to our own motivation levels.7. "Create a supportive environment": Our physical and social environment plays a significant role in our motivation. Creating an environment that supports and reinforces our goals is essential. This can include organizing our workspace, establishing routines,and minimizing distractions. A supportive environment promotes focus, discipline, and motivation.8. "Persist through setbacks": Setbacks are a natural part of any journey, and how we respond to them can significantly impact our motivation. Instead of being discouraged by setbacks, it is important to view them as learning experiences and opportunities for growth. Maintaining a resilient attitude and persisting through setbacks can strengthen our motivation and belief in eventual success.9. "Find intrinsic motivation": Intrinsic motivation refers to the internal drive that comes from within, rather than external rewards or pressures. Discovering what truly inspires and excites us at a deep level can fuel our motivation in a more sustainable manner. Understanding our intrinsic motivations can help us align our goals and actions with our values and passions, creating a strong and lasting source of motivation.10. "Reflect on progress": Regularly reflecting on our progress is essential for maintaining motivation. Taking the time to evaluate how far we have come and the obstacles we have overcome can reignite our motivation. Reflection allows us to appreciate our growth, identify areas for improvement, and adjust our strategies accordingly, all of which contribute to keeping our motivation levels high.In conclusion, motivation is a multifaceted concept that can be nurtured and enhanced through various means. By incorporating these phrases and expressions into our daily lives and pursuits, wecan cultivate and sustain our motivation, enabling us to achieve our goals and lead fulfilling lives.。
motivation的英文作文Motivation is the driving force that keeps me going every day. It's like a fire burning inside me, pushing me to work harder and strive for my goals. Without motivation, I would feel lost and uninspired, but when I'm motivated, I feel like I can conquer the world.Sometimes, all it takes is a small win or a word of encouragement to boost my motivation. It's amazing how a little bit of success can light a fire under me and make me want to achieve even more. That's why I always celebrate my victories, no matter how small they may seem.When I'm feeling unmotivated, I like to surround myself with positive and driven people. Their energy and enthusiasm are contagious, and being around them helps me to refocus and reignite my own motivation. It's like being part of a team that's all working towards the same goal.Setting goals for myself is another great way to staymotivated. When I have something to work towards, I feel more driven and focused. It's like having a roadmap that guides me towards success, and each step I take brings me closer to my ultimate destination.Of course, there are times when I feel discouraged and my motivation wanes. During these moments, I remind myself of why I started in the first place and the passion that drives me. I also take a break and do something I enjoy, whether it's going for a run, reading a book, or spending time with loved ones. These activities help me to recharge and come back with renewed motivation and energy.In the end, motivation is what keeps me going, even when the going gets tough. It's the fuel that powers my journey towards success, and I'm grateful for its presence in my life.。
motivation的英文作文英文:Motivation is a crucial factor that drives individuals to achieve their goals. It is the inner force that propels us to take action and persist in the face of obstacles. Without motivation, we would lack the drive and determination to pursue our dreams and aspirations.There are various types of motivation, including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation comes from within and is driven by personal satisfaction and enjoyment. For example, a person who loves playing music may be intrinsically motivated to practice and improve their skills. Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, comes from external factors such as rewards or punishments. For example, a student may be extrinsically motivated to study for a test in order to receive a good grade.In my experience, I have found that intrinsic motivation is much more powerful and long-lasting than extrinsic motivation. When we are intrinsically motivated, we are more likely to enjoy the process of working towards our goals and feel a sense of fulfillment when we achieve them. In contrast, extrinsic motivation can feel like a chore or obligation, and once the reward is received, the motivation often fades.However, it is important to note that motivation is not constant and can fluctuate depending on various factors such as mood, environment, and external pressures. Therefore, it is important to cultivate a growth mindset and develop strategies to maintain motivation during challenging times.中文:动力是推动个人实现目标的关键因素。
motivation短语搭配Motivation refers to the driving force that pushes individuals to achieve their goals, take action, and be productive. It is essentialfor success and personal growth. Here, we will explore various phrases and expressions related to motivation, highlighting their significance and how they can be applied in different contexts.1. "Set specific goals": Setting clear and specific goals helps to provide direction and purpose, enhancing motivation. By defining objectives, individuals can focus their energy and efforts towards achieving desired outcomes.2. "Embrace challenges": Challenges can ignite one's motivationby pushing them out of their comfort zone and encouraging personal and professional growth. Embracing challenges fosters resilience, determination, and perseverance.3. "Practice positive self-talk": Positive self-talk involves using affirmations and encouraging statements to motivate oneself. It helps to combat self-doubt, boosts self-esteem, and promotes a positive mindset, all of which are crucial in maintaining motivation.4. "Reward progress": Celebrating achievements and progress, no matter how small, can be a powerful motivator. Recognizing one's efforts and accomplishments provides a sense of accomplishment and encourages individuals to continue their journey towards their goals.5. "Build a support system": Surrounding oneself with supportive individuals who share similar aspirations can be incrediblymotivating. Having a network of like-minded people offers encouragement, accountability, and a source of inspiration.6. "Visualize success": Visualizing success involves mentally creating a detailed picture of achieving one's goals. This technique helps to boost motivation by creating a sense of excitement, clarity, and belief in one's ability to accomplish their desired outcomes.7. "Take breaks": Taking regular breaks is crucial for maintaining motivation and preventing burnout. Breaks allow individuals to recharge, rejuvenate, and come back to their tasks with renewed energy and focus.8. "Learn from failure": Failure is often seen as a setback, but it can also serve as a valuable teacher. Embracing failure as a learning opportunity helps to build resilience, adaptability, and motivation to try again with newfound knowledge and insights. 9. "Create a routine": Establishing a consistent routine helps to cultivate a sense of discipline and structure. A well-structured routine keeps individuals accountable, improves time management, and ensures that tasks are completed efficiently, all of which contribute to increased motivation.10. "Find inspiration": Seeking inspiration from various sources, such as books, movies, or successful individuals, can fuel motivation. Inspiration helps to broaden one's perspective, encourages creativity, and provides a fresh outlook on achieving goals.11. "Focus on the bigger picture": Keeping the bigger picture in mind and understanding the long-term benefits of one's efforts can be highly motivating. Reminding oneself of the ultimate goal provides the necessary drive to overcome obstacles and stay motivated.12. "Celebrate milestones": Acknowledging and celebrating milestones along the way helps to sustain motivation. Breaking down larger goals into smaller, more manageable parts allows individuals to experience a sense of accomplishment and progress, serving as a motivation to continue.In conclusion, motivation plays a crucial role in personal and professional success. By utilizing phrases and expressions like setting specific goals, embracing challenges, and practicing positive self-talk, individuals can harness their motivation to reach their full potential. Moreover, surrounding oneself with a support system, visualizing success, and learning from failure can further enhance motivation. By incorporating these strategies into daily life, individuals can maintain a high level of motivation and strive towards achieving their goals.。
Motivation is one of the most important factors that drive individuals to achieve their goals and succeed in their endeavors. It epasses the various internal and external forces that initiate and sust本人n goal-directed behavior. In the following article, we will delve into the concept of motivation, its different types, and the various factors that influence it.1. Definition of Motivation- Motivation can be defined as the process that initiates, guides, and m本人nt本人ns goal-oriented behavior. It is the driving force behind our actions, influencing our willingness to exert effort and persevere in the face of obstacles.- Motivation can also be viewed as the energizing force that activates behavior and provides direction and purpose to our actions.2. Types of Motivation- Intrinsic Motivation: This type of motivation refers to engaging in an activity for its inherent satisfaction, rather than for some external reward or avoidance of punishment. Individuals who are intrinsically motivated are driven by their personal interests, enjoyment, or sense of aplishment.- Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand,involves engaging in an activity in order to earn a reward or avoid a punishment. This type of motivation is often driven by external factors such as incentives, recognition, or social approval.- Amotivation: Amotivation refers to the absence of motivation. Individuals who are amotivated lack the desire to engage in goal-directed behavior and may feel apathetic or indifferent towards their pursuits.3. Factors Affecting Motivation- Individual Differences: People differ in their levels of motivation due to individual factors such as personality tr本人ts, beliefs, values, and needs. For example, individuals with a high need for achievement may be more motivated to pursue challenging goals.- Environmental Factors: The environment in which individuals operate can have a significant impact on their motivation. Supportive and nurturing environments can enhance motivation, while negative or restrictive environments can diminish it.- Goal Characteristics: The nature of the goals individuals are pursuing can also influence their motivation. Clear, challenging, and personally meaningful goals are more likely to elicit high levels of motivation.4. The Importance of Motivation- Motivation plays a crucial role in driving individuals towards achieving their goals and realizing their potential. It sust本人ns effort over time and helps individuals ovee obstacles and setbacks.- Motivation is also integral to the performance of individuals in various dom本人ns, including education, work, sports, and personal development. Highly motivated individuals are more likely to exhibit persistence, resilience, and a willingness to put in the effort required to succeed.- In organizational settings, motivation is essential for enhancing employee engagement, productivity, and job satisfaction. It can lead to higher levels of performance and overall success for the organization.5. Strategies for Enhancing Motivation- Set Clear and Att本人nable Goals: Establishing specific, challenging, and achievable goals can enhance motivation by providing individuals with a clear sense of direction and purpose.- Provide Feedback and Recognition: Regular feedback and recognition for achievements can bolster motivation bysignaling progress and reinforcing desired behaviors.- Foster a Supportive Environment: Creating an environment that is supportive, encouraging, and conducive to growth can help to sust本人n motivation and foster a sense of belonging andpetence.In conclusion, motivation is a multifaceted concept that influences our behaviors, drives us towards our goals, and sust 本人ns our efforts over time. Understanding the different types of motivation and the factors that influence it can help individuals and organizations cultivate an environment that fosters high levels of motivation and achievement. By recognizing the importance of motivation and implementing strategies to enhance it, individuals can optimize their potential and work towards realizing their aspirations.。
Chapter 15 –Motivating EmployeesTrue/False1. The three key elements in the definition of motivation are energy, direction, and persistence.True (difficult)2. Reinforcement theory is related to an individual's belief that she is capable ofperforming a task.False (moderate)3. The key to reinforcement theory is that it ignores factors such as goals,expectations, and needs, and focuses solely on what happens to a person when he takes some action.True (difficult)4. Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior is a function of its consequences.True (easy)5. Adding vertical depth to a job is called job enlargement.False (moderate)6. Job design refers to the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.True (easy)7. When a mail sorter's job is expanded to include mail delivery, the mail sorterhas experienced job enlargement.True (easy)8. Job enlargement increases job depth.False (easy)9. In the job characteristics model, task significance refers to the degree to which ajob requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.False (moderate)10. According to the job characteristics model, task autonomy is not important.False (moderate)11. Guidance from the job characteristics model suggests that job enlargementshould take place rather than task specialization.True (moderate)12. According to equity theory, a person who earns $50,000 will be less satisfiedwith their pay than a person who earns $100,000.False (moderate)13. Equity theory has three referent categories: other, system, and self.True (moderate)14. The three variables in Vroom's expectancy theory are valence, instrumentality,and expectancy.True (moderate)15. Vroom would say that if a person values an outcome, their effort to obtain thatoutcome will always be great.False (moderate)16. Performance-based compensation is probably most compatible with expectancytheory.True (difficult)Multiple Choice1. ______________ is the process by which a person’s effort are energized,directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal.a.Attributionb.Motivation (easy)c.Leadershipd.Goal settinge.Tenure2. Who developed the Hierarchy of Needs motivational theory?a. Herzbergb. Vroomc. McGregord. Lawlere. Maslow (easy)3. An individual who wants to buy a home in an expensive neighborhood with alow crime rate is satisfying which psychological needs state?a. esteemb. safety (moderate)c. physiologicald. self-actualizatione. social4. The drive to find food, drink, and sexual satisfaction is based on what level ofneed?a. physiological (easy)b. safetyc. self-actualizationd. sociale. esteem5. The need for such factors as status, recognition, attention, self-respect,autonomy, and achievement are examples of which of the following needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?a. physiologicalb. esteem (moderate)c. sociald. self-actualizatione. safety6. Joining a civic club because the members are considered to be very powerfuland popular would be satisfying which needs state?a. safetyb. socialc. esteem (moderate)d. self-actualizatione. physiological7. Enjoying friendship with coworkers satisfies what need?a. physiologicalb. esteemc. social (moderate)d. self-actualizatione. safety8. Growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment, and the drive to becomewhat one is capable of becoming are characteristics of which need according to Maslow’s hierarchy?a. physiologicalb. esteemc. sociald. self-actualization (moderate)e. safety9. A manager who believes that employees need constant control would bedescribed as ______________ according to McGregor.a. a Theory X manager (easy)b. a Theory Y managerc. a Theory Z managerd. a human relations managere. needs hierarchy10. Which of the following would describe the beliefs of a Theory Y manager?a. People have little ambition.b. Work is acceptable because of financial needs, but play is more natural.c. Employees readily accept responsibility. (easy)d. People dislike work.e. Managerial direction of employees is essential.11. According to Herzberg, in order to provide employees with job satisfaction,managers should concentrate ona. hygiene factors.b. issues such as pay.c. motivator factors. (moderate)d. extrinsic factors.e. non-motivators.12. Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior results from which of the following?a. external consequences (moderate)b. internal personality traits, such as need for achievementc. setting high goalsd. intrinsic satisfierse. hygiene factors13. A ______________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.a. goalb. reinforcer (moderate)c. conclusiond. job characteristics modele. valence14. ______________ is the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.a. Job scopeb. Job enlargementc. Job enrichmentd. Job design (moderate)e. Job criteria15. According to reinforcement theory, an individual would behave in a desiredmanner if which of the following occurred?a. Nothing happened when they acted appropriately.b. They are punished for doing the wrong behavior.c. They set specific, difficult goals to achieve.d. They are immediately rewarded, such as a monthly bonus. (moderate)e. Their inner drives create the necessary tension level.16. The number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with whichthose tasks are repeated is ______________.a. job scope. (moderate)b. job enlargement.c. job enrichment.d. job design.e. job criteria.17. Horizontally expanding the tasks of a job is known by which of the followingterms?a. job enrichmentb. job enlargement (moderate)c. task improvementd. job expansione. right sizing tasks18. ______________ is vertical expansion of a job by adding planning andevaluating responsibilities.a. Job scopeb. Job enlargementc. Job enrichment (moderate)d. Job designe. Job criteria19. Job enrichment increases job ______________, which is the degree of control employees have over their work.a. breadthb. scopec. varietyd. depth (moderate)e. feedback20. Which of the following is not associated with job enrichment?a. vertical expansionb. adding planning tasksc. increasing job scope (moderate)d. adding evaluating responsibilitye. increased employee control21. What theory provides a conceptual framework for analyzing jobs by analyzing five core dimensions?a. reinforcement theoryb. job characteristics model (moderate)c. job designd. equity theorye. expectancy theory22. Which of the following, according to the job characteristics model, is the degree to which a job requires a variety of activities so that an employee can use a number of different skills and talents?a. task identityb. autonomyc. feedbackd. task significancee. skill variety (easy)23. Which of the following, according to the job characteristics model, is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work?a. skill varietyb. autonomyc. task significanced. task identity (easy)e. feedback24. The job characteristics model identifies ______________ as the degree towhich a job has substantial impact on the lives or work of other people.a. task significance (moderate)b. task identityc. skill varietyd. autonomye. feedback25. ______________ is the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom,independence and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.a. Task significanceb. Task identityc. Skill varietyd. Autonomy (easy)e. Feedback26. ______________ is the degree to which carrying out the work activitiesrequired by a job results in an individual's obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of her performance.a. Task significanceb. Task identityc. Skill varietyd. Autonomye. Feedback (moderate)27. In the job characteristics model, which combination of core job dimensionscombine to produce experienced meaningfulness of work by the employee?a. skill variety, feedback, and autonomyb. autonomy, task significance, and task identityc. task identity, skill variety, and task significance (moderate)d. task significance, task identity, and feedbacke. task identity, feedback, and autonomy28. Which of the following personality variables moderates the relationshipbetween job dimensions and outcomes according to the job characteristics model?a. need for achievementb. growth need (difficult)c. locus of controld. risk takinge. need for power29. The job characteristics model provides guidance to managers concerning______________.a. job redesign. (easy)b. employee selection.c. pay satisfaction.d. collective bargaining.e. strategic planning.30. According to the job characteristics model, ______________ suggests thatmanagers should design tasks that form an identifiable and meaningful whole.a. combining tasksb. creating natural work units (moderate)c. opening feedback channelsd. expanding jobs verticallye. establishing client relationships31. Which of the following is an accurate statement about equity theory?a. It explains why a factory worker resents how much professional baseballplayers make.b. It suggests that people will feel fairly treated if they receive pay increases.c. It is based on perceptions of our own situation to others who are like us.(moderate)d. It is a theory based on needs.e. It is a motivational theory based on our job characteristics.32. In ______________ an employee compares his job's inputs-outcomes ratio withthat of relevant others and then corrects any inequity.a. reinforcement theoryb. the job characteristics modelc. job designd. equity theory (moderate)e. expectancy theory33. Which of the following is not an input according to equity theory?a. effortb. experiencec. pay level (easy)d. educatione. job tenure34. If a manager seeks equity by rethinking his situation and deciding that "onsecond thought my office is nicer because it has better carpet," this manager is seeking equity through which of the following methods?a. increasing his outcomesb. decreasing comparison other outcomesc. distorting others' outcomes (difficult)d. leaving the situatione. choosing a new comparison other35. Based on equity theory, asking the boss to give a "comparison other" at workmore responsibility is to seek equity through which of the following methods?a. decreasing your inputsb. increasing comparison other outcomesc. decreasing your outcomesd. cognitively distorting the situatione. increasing comparison other inputs (moderate)36. Organizational pay policies are what type of referent according to equitytheory?a. otherb. system (difficult)c. internald. externale. self37. In expectancy theory, the probability perceived by the individual that exerting agiven amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance is ______________.a. valence.b. expectancy. (moderate)c. consistency.d. flexibility.e. instrumentality.38. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the belief by a student that studyinghard results in obtaining high test grades?a. valence of rewardb. expectancy (difficult)c. input to outcomed. goal setting to achievemente. instrumentality to reward39. In expectancy theory, the degree to which the individual believes thatperforming at a particular level is instrumental in leading to the attainment of a desired outcome is ______________.a. valence.b. expectancy.c. consistency.d. flexibility.e. instrumentality. (moderate)40. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the belief that having a high gradepoint average is critical in obtaining a good job?a. instrumentality (difficult)b. expectancyc. goal setting to achievementd. valencee. input to outcome41. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the degree to which a student desiresa good job?a. expectancyb. effort to performancec. input to outcomed. instrumentalitye. valence (moderate)42. Which of the following is not an important issue surrounding equity theory?a. It emphasizes payoffs.b. It is important to understand why outcomes are important or unimportant.c. Expected behaviors are important.d. Reality is key. (difficult)e. Individuals are expected to maximize needs and/or wants.Changing Jobs (Scenario)Marty sat in his favorite chair at home and pondered his work situation. The funding in his division had been cut by twenty-five percent but the numerical goals did not budge. Something had to change and he knew it was his job to figure out how to make the goals reachable. He had decided to try to make it work by changing the way tasks are combined in each job. First, he needed to know how many tasks there were to each job and how frequently each task is repeated. He also knew that because of the funding cut, people were going to be asked to increase their job tasks horizontally. But, he also felt that to balance this he should add planning and evaluating responsibilities. Together, even though the employees were clearly being asked to contribute more, he felt they would have a greater degree of control over their work. No one looked forward to this coming year ÄÄ managers or staff ÄÄ but it was do or die.1. Which of the following is the term that describes "the way tasks are combined in each job"?a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichmentd. job design (difficult)e. job depth2. ______________ describes the degree of control employees have over their work.a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichmentd. job designe. job depth (difficult)3. Marty was also going to ask people to horizontally increase their jobs, also known as ______________.a. job enlargement. (moderate)b. job scope.c. job enrichment.d. job design.e. job depth.4. The vertical expansion of employees, or ______________, was also suggested by Marty.a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichment (moderate)d. job designe. job depthWhat Do You Expect? (Scenario)The employees at Acme Toilets Inc. are not working as hard as Jill, their supervisor, would like. The salesmen aren't meeting their sales quotas, and Jill can't seem to motivate them to try harder. Jill has been studying expectancy theory and has decided to try to put it into practice.1. Employees are never able to meet their sales quotas and believe that no matter how hard they work, they'll never meet them. They perceive the ______________ of their success to be low.a. instrumentalityb. expectancy (difficult)c. valenced. performance-reward linkagee. attractiveness of reward2. Employees believe that they can make their sales quotas, but aren't sure that management will really reward them when they do. They perceive the ______________ to be low.a. instrumentality (difficult)b. expectancyc. valenced. effort-performance linkagee. attractiveness of reward3. Management has set the reward for meeting sales quotas at a lower level than last year. Employees perceive that the ______________ is low.a. instrumentalityb. expectancyc. valence (difficult)d. performance-reward linkagee. effort-performance linkage4. Jill has arranged for the bonus system to be changed so that the bonus for meeting sales quotas is much higher than it has ever been before. Jill has altered the ______________.a. instrumentality.b. expectancy.c. valence. (moderate)d. performance-reward linkage.e. effort-performance linkage.。