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Unit 2 The United KingdomPUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now then people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”. Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture. The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of national government and its administration. It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.SIGHTSEEING IN LONDONWorried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London. Her first delight was going to the Tower. It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066. Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand years. Although the buildings had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined. To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen’s jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.There followed St Paul’s Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666. It looked splendid when first built! Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting. It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare. Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the hour. She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen’s house in London. Oh, she had so much to tell her friends!The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the world time. What interested her most was the longitude line. It is an imaginary line dividing the eastern and western halvesof the world and is very useful for navigation. It passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.The last day she visited Karl Marx’s statue in Highgate Cemetery. It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London. Not only that, but he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum. Sadly the library had moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone. But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum. When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on show, she felt very proud of her country.The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle. “Perhaps I will see the Queen?”She wondered as she fell asleep.。
Unit 2 The environmentReading: The economy or the environment----must we choose?Reading 1The general idea of this periodThe main purpose of this lesson is to make Ss fully understand the text and master the Reading Strategy. Teaching Aims:1.Check and enhance students’ reading abilities.2.Train students to gain an overall understanding of the article and learn to read a debate.Teaching important points:1.How to make the students fully understand the text.2.How to get students to read a debate.Teaching Aids: multimedia and a blackboardProcedures for teaching:Step 1 lead-in1.Ask students the title of the text and ask students which one to choose: the economy or the environment.Step 2 Comprehension of the text1.Ask Ss to skim the article and answer the followingquestions.Who are the three speakers?What side does Mr Lin Shuiqing and Mr Qian Liwei each represent?By how many times has the world’s population increased since 1800?According to Mr Qian liwei,what should be done to factories that pollute the environment?Ask Ss to Read Lin Shuiqing’s debate and answer the following questions.What society does Lin Shuiqing belong to?What does Lin Shuiqing start his speech by talking about? What is happening to large amounts of fish?What does Lin Shuiqing think we should teach people about?3.Ask Ss to r ead Qian Liwei’s debate and answer thefollowing questions.Why does Qian Liwei think production should not be cut back? What does Qian Liwei say we should produce more of?What does Qian Liwei say we need more of?What does Qian Liwei say many people are willing to do? 4.Ask students to fill in a table on the screen accordingto the text.5.Ask students how to read a debate by asking them to answerthe following questions.What is the order of a debate?What is the order of the debate?What is important in a debate?What should we pay attention to when we read or listen to a debate?Ste3 Role playThree groups represent Lin Shuiqing and the other three groups represent Qian Liwei.Each of you speaks one or two points.You can make some changes to the debate and add your opinions to the debate.Step 4 Homework1.Read the text.2. Preview the language points in the debate.Period 2 Reading 2: Language FocusThe general idea of this periodThe main purpose of this lesson is to make Ss better understand the text and master some important language points.Teaching aims:1.Review the reading by filling in the form with the wordsin the reading..2.Get the students to grasp the usage of some important words and expressions.3.Get the students to practice mastering the language points. Teaching important points:1.How to make the students have a better comprehension of the text.2.How to help the students be familiar with the language points.2.How to help Ss apply these points into practice. Teaching Aids: multimedia and a blackboardProcedures for teaching:Step One Revision and lead-in1.Do the blank-filling .Step Two Language pointsAsk the students to read the debate and find the right words or phrases according to the meanings.1.tell,express2.something that cannot be used any more and is thrown away3.terrible ,shocking4.besides5.destroy completely6.(birds,insects,fish,etc)produce eggs from their bodiese near to,get close to8.make less,reduce9.be helpful,useful,favourable to10.be involved in or be affected by11.a constant,steady economy12.speak freelyExplain important language points to Ss .1.In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats.(line16)2.These boats catch large numbers of fish without giving them time to lay eggs.(line16)3.The world’s population has grown to more than six times what it was in 1800.(line20)4.My suggestion is that we should try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things we make and buy.(line22)5.Mr Lin suggested we should cut back on the amount of things we produce in order to save the environment.6.The amount of rubbish we produce is turning into a big problem; we need to think more about recycling.7.But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides.(line45)8.It is obvious that you are very concerned about the present situation of our environment.(line29) Step Three Practice for consolidationAsk students to Fill in the blanks with the following words or phrases.Step Four Homework1.Finish A1 and A2 on page 90.2. Read the text.。
Unit2The United Kingdom第二篇课文课题: Unit 2 The United Kingdom (模块5 )学习目标: The second text Sightseeing In London教学重点：Get the main idea and learn the language points(了解文章大意掌握相关知识点)课堂前置 1 准备上个学案的检查2 阅读课文内容并完成下面Step 2中关于课文理解的练习Teaching Steps ；（教学步骤）Step 1 Have a check （检查上节课的内容）Step 2 Reading Make a list of Zhang Pingyu’s tour of LondonTime place comments1st day 1 _________________________ _________________________2 __________________________ __________________________3__________________________ __________________________4 __________________________ _________________________2nd day ___________________________ __________________________3rd day ___________________________ _________________________Step 3 Difficult sentences 先翻译然后分析重点部分1 Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.2 This solid stone ,square tower had remained standing for 1000 years.3 To her great surprise,Zhang Pingyu found the Queen’s jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wear the 400-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I4 It passes through Greenwich , so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.5 But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum.Step 4 当堂检测1 代替____________2 在特殊的场合___________3 把…列出清单_______4令某人惊讶的是_________5 in memory of ______6 on show _____7 feel proud of ________ 8 be thrilled by ___________9 The chairman is ill in hospital now, so we have no ides who will ____in the coimg conference.A take his placeB take placeC take place of himD take the place of10 ____________ to have a picnic here!A What great delightB How great delightC What a great delightD How a great delight11 –How about going to the swimming pool now?_ But it's ____only on Sundays.A suitableB valuableC availableD convenient。
必修五Unit 2 PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY地理之谜I．V ocabularyII. Reading PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY地理之谜People may wonder why different words are used to describe these fourcountries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.人们也许会奇怪：为什么用不同的词汇来描述这四个国家：英国、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰。
【注释：①wonder v.tr.（及物动词）To feel curiosity or be in doubt about:感到好奇或怀疑：eg. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.他很奇怪为什么人们本可以造出漂亮的房屋,而偏偏建造出丑陋的房子来。
n. It'sa wonder难得；奇怪的是eg. It's a wonder you recognized me.难得你还认得我。
(2)(It's) no wonder难怪；并不奇怪；当然eg. No wonder he is not hungry; he hasbeen eating sweets all day.难怪他不饿，他整天在吃糖果。
②use sth. to do …用…做…; eg. You'd better useYou can clarify this question if you study British history.你最好用棒来搅漆。
】a stick to stir the paint.如果你研究英国历史，就能阐明这个问题。
【注释：clarify:解释；澄清；阐明eg. The government has timeand again clarified its position on equal pay for women?政府已经反复阐明政府对男女同工同酬的立场。
必修五Unit 2 PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY地理之谜I．Vocabularyunite vi. &vt.联合；团结the United Kingdom联合王国（英）consist vi.组成；一致consist of 由…组成divide …into…把…分成puzzle n.难题；迷vt.使迷惑debate vi. & n. 争论；辩论clarify vt.澄清；阐明break away (from)挣脱（束缚）；脱离the Union Jack英国国旗relation n.关系；联系educational adj.教育的legal adj.法律的；合法的convenience n.便利；方便roughly adv.粗略地；粗糙地Midlands 英格兰中部地区Industrial adj.工业的；产业的historical adj.历史上的；有关历史的attraction n.吸引；吸引力；吸引人的事物collection n.收藏品；珍藏；收集construct vt.建造；构造；创立influence vt.影响；改变n.Viking n.北欧海盗leave out 省去；遗漏；不考虑project n.科研学习项目；课题；计划；工程take the place of代替break down (机器)损坏；破坏arrange vt.筹备；安排；整理wedding n.婚礼fold vt.折叠；对折sightseeing n.观光；游览available adj.可利用的；有用的delight n.快乐；高兴；喜悦royal adj.王室的；皇家的occasion n.场合；时刻；时机uniform n.制服splendid adj.壮丽的；辉煌的；极好的statue n.塑像；雕像longitude n.经线；经度navigation n.导航；航行communism n.共产主义original adj.最初的；原始的；thrill vt.使激动；使胆战心惊unfair adj.不公平的；违反规划的smart adj.漂亮的；时髦的；聪明的tense n.时态consistent adj.一致的error n.错误；过失；谬误pot n.罐；壶II. Reading PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY地理之谜People may wonder why different words are used to describethese four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.人们也许会奇怪：为什么用不同的词汇来描述这四个国家：英国、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰。
Module 2 A Job Worth DoingThe Human Traffic Signal人体交通标志At 3500 meters, La Paz, in Bolivia, is the highest capital in the world位于海拔3500米的玻利维亚的首都拉巴斯是世界上最高的首都。
Life is hard at high altitude, and the mountains make communications difficult Many roads are in bad condition and accidents are frequent在海拔高的地区生活是艰苦的而且高山会使地区的交通变得困难。
许多道路的情况都非常的差而且时常发生事故。
One road in particular, which goes north from La Paz, is considered the most dangerous road in the world事实上，从拉巴斯通向北边的一条路被认为是世界上最危险的路On one side the mountains rise steeply; on the other side there is a sheer drop, which in places is hundreds of metres deep在路的一边耸立着陡峭的高山，在路的另一边会有一个陡峭的悬崖，有的地方有几百米深。
Although there is not a lot of traffic, on average, one vehicle comes off the road every two weeks尽管这里没有太多的交通，平均每两个周就会有一辆车冲出道路掉进悬崖。
The drop is so great that anyone inside the vehicle is lucky to survive这个悬崖落差是非常大的，在掉下去的车里任何一个乘客能活下来都是非常不容易的。
白金汉宫白金汉宫(Buckingham Palace)是英国君主的官邸。
它的建筑风格为新古典主义, 主体建筑为五层, 其中两层为服务人员使用的附属层, 高度较低。
所以立面可以视为纵、横三段式处理。
白金汉宫的附属建筑包括皇家画廊、皇家马厩和花园。
皇家画廊和皇家马厩均对公众开放参观, 每年夏天,英国王室在花园内举办盛大的皇家招待会。
除此之外, 来英国做国事访问的国家元首也在宫内下榻。
白金汉宫的广场中央耸立着维多利亚女王纪念碑,顶上站立着展翅欲飞的金箔包裹的胜利女神,而纪念碑正面那么端坐着握着权杖的维多利亚女王。
在这个纪念碑的下方有阶梯, 许多游人在此落座，因为它是打量白金汉宫的最正确位置。
附近地铁站: Victoria 站, Hyde Park Corner 站或Green Park 站,步行穿过公园既是。
公共汽车路线有: 9, 10, 14, 38, 73 等。
唐宁街十号(10 Downing Street)是英国首相官邸,(1735年即成为首相府) 既是世界最知名的政府首脑所在地之一,也已成为伦敦一个重要的旅游景点。
议会大厦(The UK Parliament)英国议会所在地。
曾为英王室居住的西敏寺宫, 1515年被大火焚毁。
1547年修复后,爱德华六世把该宫的部分建筑拨给下院使用。
1838年该宫又毁于大火, 只剩下西敏寺大厅。
1840年重建西敏寺宫,即现在的议会。
1852年,维多利亚女王主持揭幕典礼。
该建筑包括护宫河,总面积为12。
5亩。
大本钟(Big Ben)是英国最著名的地标, 与英国国会大厦相连。
大本钟因其走时准确而名扬四海。
每隔一小时，大钟根据格林威治时间发出沉重而铿锵的响声, 在数英里之外也能听到钟声的回荡。
蜡像馆(Madame Tussauds)--杜瑟夫人蜡像馆, 号称世界同类展览馆中规模最大, 1835年由来自法国的杜瑟夫人创办, 最初在贝克大街, 1884年移至现址。
蜡像馆中展出的作品为现代历史名人。
Period 2ReadingThe General Idea of This PeriodThis period is the highlight of the whole unit.It lays emphasis on reading and understanding.by asking them to fill in the blanks of some sentences by using some of the words and phrases that will appear in the reading passage.This part can help the students to learn words and expressionsThen in Pre-reading part, the students are asked to distinguish the differences between the UK, Great Britain and England.Hence, the teacher can lead to the topic of the historicalsome historical attractions of the UK?”, the students will read the passage fast and find the answers directly in the passage.Next, the students will first listen to the tape with their textbooks closed.In order to make this step efficient, the teacher will provide them with five statements based on the passage.While listening, the students should judge whether these statements are true or false.If it is false, the students should correct it.Then the students will be given several minutes to read the passage silently.They should divide the passage into three parts and write the main ideas of each part.In order to help the students understand the passage better, the teacher can provide some cof this step is to train the students’ability of reading comprehension, which is a very important skill.At last, the students will do a speaking task in pairs.One acts as a visitor to England and thegeography the United Kingdom.This part not only helps the students to revise what the haveTeaching Important PointsTrain the stTeaching DifficultiesTeaching A idsthe blackboThree Dimensional Teaching AimsKnowledge Aimsdebate, clarify, legal, relation, convenience, attraction, influence, collection, construct, puzzle,break away from, leave out, divide...into..., be linked t o, to one’s surprise, as well as, beThere is no need to debate any more about why different words are used to describe the four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern IrelYou must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United KingdomAbility AimsTrain the students’ ability to grasp keEmotional AimsKnow about the historical treasures left by the invaderTeaching ProcedureStep 1 GreetingsStep 2 RevisionT: At the beginning of this period, I will check if you have mastered the new words and phrases in this unit.Please finish the following sentences using some words and phrase in this unit.Please pay attention to the forms of the words and phrases.4.8.The explanation in the note__________10.It takes about two years to__________a large bridge.(Give the students several minutes to think about them.)Suggested answers:1.consists of2.puzzling3.legal4.left out5.collection7.break away from8.clarified9.convenienceStep 3 Pre-T: In the first period, you have learned a brief introduction to the UK.Do you know thedifference between the United Kingdom, Great BritaT: The official name of the country is“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.”The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Great Britain is the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that can be divided into three regions: England, Wales and Scotland.Therefore, England is part of Great Britain, which is part of the United Kingdom.The puzzling situation was caused by the history.In this unit we will learn about the historical influence on the geography of the country.Step 4 Fast ReadingT: Read the passage entitled“Puzzles in Geography”, and answer the following questions.1.Did the countries of the UK unite peacefully or byS: The countrieS: We should go to some older but smaller towns to appreciate some historical attractions.T: Now I’ll play the tape for you to listen.While listening, please find out whether theTrue or False Questions:3.The countries in the U5.The Normans influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of London.Suggested answers:1.False Because Great Britain was the name given when England and Wales were joined to2.False Because it was the southern part of Ireland that broke away to form its own5.False Because the Normans left castles and words for food, while the Vikingslace-Step 6 Detailed ReadingT: Now I will give you several minutes to read the passage again.While reading, please try to divide the passage iPart 2: Paragraph 2-Part 3: Paragraph 6 HistoT: Look at the first sentence in Paragraph 1, “There is no need to debate any more about why different words are used to describe the four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.”Can you say it in anoIt is __________ to __________ any more about why people __________ different words toS: It is unnecessary to argue any more about why people use different words to describe the four countries.T: Read the second part.S: The Union Jack.Blue field with the red cross of St George (England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of St Patrick (Ireland), which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of St Andrew (Scotland).It is properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union Jack.The design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, as well asS: Wales.Wales was linked to England in the 13th century AD, so when people refer to England, it is included as well.T: Have you found out how the four countries joined together?Use the information from the passage to fill in the blanks.__________→__________→__________→__________S: England → Wales joined England (13th century A.D.) → England, Wales joined Scotland (1603) → England, Wales, Scotland got Northern Ireland connectedT: Often will use England to stand for the UK.One of the reasons is that England is the largest of the four countries.So England is divided into three zones.Do you know the three zones?S: The South, the Midlands andT: Yes.Look at the map in part 2 on Page 11.Draw lines across to show the zones of the South,S: BiS: What does “those” mean in the sentence “For those you have to go to older but smallercities...do not have the historical attractions of other places.”So now do you know what “those”refers to?T: You are very clever.Now try to paraphrase the sentence by finishing the following sentence.__________ you want to __________ some __________ __________, you have to go to older but smaller towns __S: If you want to see some historical attractions, you have to go to older but smaller towns which were first built by the Romans.T: The last part tells us about the invaders’ influence on England and London.Read it and tryEngland LondonThe RomansThe Anglo-SaxonsThe VikingsThe NormansEngland LondonThe Romans left their towns and roads built the oldest port in the 1st centuryADbuilt the oldest building in the 1060s The Anglo-Saxons left their language andgovernmentNoneThe Vikings influenced the vocabulary andplace-namesThe Normans left castles and words for food constructed the oldest castle in 1066 Step 7 Pair WorkThe students work in pairs to make a dialogue.One of them is a native Englishman, while the other is a visitor to England.The visitor is asking the native Englishman about the geography of the United Kingdom.(T(Then the teacher asks one or two pairs to come to the front to demonstrate their dialogues.) One example:B: Yes.I’m veryA: Actually, the whole country is called the UK, which stands for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The Great Britain is made up of three countries, that is,B: Then why do peopleB: I see.I have another st time when I watched the World Cup, I noticed there is a football team of England.But there are also teams of Northern Ireland and Scotland.Can youA: The four countries do work together in some areas, but they are still very different.For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have developed different educational and legal systemsStep 8 Homework1.Try to write a short summary of the passage in aboThe Design of the Writing on the BlackboardUnit 2The United KingdomPeriod 2ReadingⅠ Words & phrases:1.consists of2.puzzling3.legal4.left out6.influen10.constructⅡ Fast-2.Where should we go if we want to appreciate some historical attractions of the UK?Ⅲ Invaders’ influence on England and LondonEngland LondonThe RomansThe Anglo-SaxonsThe VikingsThe NormansResearch and ActivitiesRead another passage about the United pare it with the passage “Puzzles in Geography”, paying special attention to the writinBRITAIN AND IRELANDThe island of Britain lies to the east of Ireland.The two are separated by the Irish Sea.The letters“UK”stand for“The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.”The UK is made up of four countries.In the north is Scotland, with its capital Edinburgh.Scotland hasWales lies to the west of England.Its capital is Cardiff.Everyone there can speak English, but the first language in North Wales is Welsh.There are Welsh newspapers.Programmes on the radio and TV are in Welsh.The countryside here is very beautiful too, with lots of mountains and rivers.There used to be a lot of coal mines in the south, but many of them have been closed, or are about to be closed.England, the larges t country in Britain, is in the southeast.Its capital is London, which is also the capital of the UK.London lies on the River Thames and has a population of seven million. Much of England is rather flat, although there are hills in the northeast and in the centre of the country.Ireland is divided into two countries.In the north, Northern Ireland, with its capital Belfast, is part of the United Kingdom.The Southern part of the island is a separate country, called the RepublicGenerally, the weather in Britain is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer.It is colder in the north, warmer in the south, drier in the east and wetter in the west.Ireland is especially wet.In all parts o f Britain it rains every month of the year; there is no“dry season”.Snow falls in Scotland every winter and sometimes in England and Wales too.Falls of*Question for discussion:Both passages are about the United Kingdom, but the two writers focused on differentReference for TeachingAn Introduction to the United KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europknown simply as the United Kingdom or the UK, it is also often inaccurately named Great Britain, Britain or England (the most populous of the home nations).The UK has four constituent parts, three of which—the ancient nations of England, Wales and Scotland—are located on the island ofThe border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland forms the United Kingdom’s principal international land border, although there is also a nominal frontier withworld, and relationships with seThe UK was formed by a series of Acts of Union which united the Kingdom of England (which included Wales as a principality) with those of, first, Kingdom of Scotland and then Kingdom of Ireland under a single government in London.The greater part of Ireland left the United Kingdom (then called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) in 1922 to form an independent state (in which, until 1949, the King of the United Kingdom was also King of Ireland).This state later became the Republic of Ireland.Six counties in the north-eastern portion of the island, meanwhile, remained a part of the United Kingdom, forming Northern Ireland to this day.The UK is situated off the north-western coast of continental Europe, and has a land border with the Republic of Ireland, but is otherwise surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean.Great Britain, or just Britain, is the geographical name of the largest of the British Isles (oftenalso including its smaller neighboring islands, though never Ireland).Politically, the term Great Britain refers collectively to the nations of England, Wales and Scotland (i.e., the United Kingdom except for Northern Ireland).This political usage of “Great Britain” dates from the personal union of the Crowns of Scotla nd and England (including Wales) in 1603, with the term being used in the sense “all of Britain”.In the early years of the “United Kingdom of Great Britain”, formed by the Act of Union of 1707, it was customary to refer officially to Scotland and to England and Wales as, respectively, “North Britain” and“South Britain”, though the usage never really caught on.It should be noted that the practice by some, the informal media in particular, of using “(Great) Britain” as shorthand for the United Kingdom is an inaccuracy, which can cause offence.The British Isles is a term frequently used to refer to the archipelago which includes the mainland of Great Britain, the mainland of Ireland, and the smaller islands associated with these two, such as the Channel Islands, the Hebrides, the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight, Orkney, the Shetland Islands, etc.The term is, however, often avoided, especially in Ireland, by those who are cons cious that it is som etimes misunderstood internationally to mean “the islands belonging to Britain (i.e. the United Kingdom)”, a description out of date in the Irish case since 1922.An alternative, the Islands of the North Atlantic(IONA) has been proposed, but is little used outsideGEOGRAPHYLocation: Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of theisland of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the NorthSea, northwest of FranceGeographic coordinates: 5400 N, 200 WMap references:EuropeArea: total: 244 820 sq kmwater: 3 230 sq kmnote: includes Rockall and Shetland Islandsland: 241 590 sq kmArea-comparative:slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries:total: 360 kmborder countries: Ireland 360 kmCoastline: 12 429 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or inaccordance with agreed upon boundariesexclusive fishing zone: 200 NMterritorial sea: 12 NMClimate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over theNorth Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days areovercastTerrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains ineast and southeastElevation extremes: lowest point: Fenland -4 m highestpoint: Ben Nevis 1343 mNatural resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay,chalk, gypsum, lead, silica, arable landLand use:other: 73.41% (1998 est.) Irrigated land: 1080 sq km (1998 est.) Natural hazards:winter windstorms; floodsEnvironment - current issues: continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target and move towards a domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015; between 1998-1999 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3%Environment-international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto ProtocolGeography - note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from Franceand now linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because ofheavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km fromtidal watersKing James ⅠBIOGRAPHYAN INFANT KING.James Charles Stuart was born on June 19, 1566 at Edin burgh Castle in Scotland.His father, Lord Darnley, was murdered in early 1567 before young James was 1 year old.His mother, Mary Queen of Scots, subsequently ascended（上升）to the Scottish throne.Her reign（统治）, however was short lived and she was forced to abdicate（退位）in favor of her son on July 24, 1567.Little James was crowned King James Ⅵof Scotland five days later at the tender age of 13 months.Reformation leader John Knox preached the sermon at his coronation（加冕礼）James’ mother, Mary, was imprisoned in England by her cousin Queen Elizabeth and 19 years later, in February of 1587, was executed for her part in the conspiracy（阴谋）to （暗杀）And so, like many monarchs of the time, King James was reared by neither father nor mother but rather by tutors.Of his four tutors, perhaps one of the most influential was George Buchanan, a staunch（坚定的）Calvinist.It was under Mr.Buchanan’s strict teaching methods that King James became one of the most learned and intellectually curious men to ever sit on any throne. Mr. Buchanan was 64 years old when he began tutoring the young king.KING JAMES BEGINS TO REIGN IN SCOTLAND.King James began to rule his native Scotland when he was 19 years old.A few years later, he took Anne of Denmark to be his queen.King James loved his wife and wrote beautiful poetry for her.Together they had nine children.Once, when the King and Queen were out hunting, Queen Anne accidentally killed the King’s fav orite hunting dog, Jewell.The Queen felt badly about thisKing James believed in the Divine Right of Kings and the monarch’s duty to reign according to God’s law and the public good.In orde r to pass on his kingly instruction to his eldest son, Prince Henry, King James wrote Basilicon Doron which means, “the Kingly Gift”.Basilicon Doron was not meant for general publication, but for the instruction of the young prince in the likely event that his father would not survive to instruct him—King James was sickly and survived a number of assassination attempts.The King bound his printer Robert Waldegrave to secrecy and ordered an edition of only seven copies.Somehow, however, intelligence of the book and its contents got abroad.Subsequently, there was so much demand for Basilicon Doron that forged（稳步前进）,the general public and it became a bestseller.It was published in English, Welsh, Latin, French,Basilicon Doron is a short treatise（论文）, only 153 pages long.It consists of three short volumes, the first of which is “A King’s Christian Duetie towards God.”James D’israeli said,In Basilicon Doron, King James’ understanding o f Christian discipleship, style and prose areat their best.He skillfully intertwines sacred scripture with godly and Christian advice.The KingDiligently read his word, & earnestly...pray for the right understanding thereof.Search the scriptures saith Christ for they will bear testimony of me.The whole Scriptures saith Paul are profitable to teach, to improve, to correct, and to instruct in righteousness, that the man of God“The whole Scripture contayneth but two things: a command and a prohibition.Obey inKing James’ great aspiration to be the first King of both Scotland and England was realized in 1603 upon the death of Queen Elizabeth.When he ascended to the English throne that year he had already been king of Scotland for 36 years.He was now known as King James VI of Scotland & I of England. The king played a masterly political game and kept his kingdom out of war.For the first time a Scottish monarch wielded effective authority over the more far-flung areas of the realm（领域）.He supported literature both through his own writing and his patronage（赞助）.There was peace during his reign—both with his subjects and foreign powers.As a Scotsman ruling over the English, the King endured much racism and slander—especially from the once powerful English Lords and Ladies who he replaced with his Scottish countrymen.Unfortunately, ma ny of today’s historians look to the writings of hostile sources such as Sir Anthony Weldon and Francis Osborne as accurate descriptions of this great king.One of the king’s detractors（诽谤者）, Sir Anthony Weldon, was knighted by King James but was subsequen tly dismissed after King James found racist writings by Weldon about the King’s native Scotland.Many historians today quote Weldon as if he were a reliable his torical source. Examples of Weldon’s racism are found in his treatise entitled, “A Perfect Descr iption of the People and Country of Scotland” where he says that the Scots are a “stinking people” who hold “fornication...but a pastime”.He also said,“...their flesh naturally abhors cleanness.Their breath commonly stinks of pottage...to be chained in marriage with one of them, were to be tied to a dead carcass, and cast into a stinking ditch...I do wonder that...King James should be born in so stinking a town as Edinburgh in lousy Scotland.”Despite this obvious bias, historians continue to consult thewho intimated that King James had inordinate affections towards other men—but he did not do this until 25 years after King James was dead and could not defend himself.Today’s sodomite/ homosexual community is touting the King as one of their own, which he was not.These misinformed sources, virtually without exception, fail to mention that King James and his Queen had nine children together.You can read about the rumors in this article or check out an excellently researched book on the subject by Stephen Coston, Sr.entitled, King James: Unjustly Accused?“They quarrel me (not for any evil or vice in me) but because I was a king, which they thought the highest evil, and because they were ashamed to profess this quarrel they were busy tolook narrowly in all my actions, and I warrant you a moat in my eye, yes a false report was matter—James I, Basilicon Doron The religion was also an enemy of king James.Papists (as King James called them) attempted to assassinate him a number of times.Most notably, in 1605 Roman Catholic Guy Fawkes attempted to blow up Parliament when the king was to have been present.The conspiracy was discovered and all co-conspirators were executed.This failed attempt is celebrated on November 5of Rome.King James strongly delineated the errors of Roman superstition and spurned them yet he“He is a Protestant...the King tries to extend his Protestant religion to the whole island. The King is a bitter enemy of our religion.He frequently speaks of it in terms of contempt.He is all the harsher because of this last conspiracy against his life...He understood that the Jesuits had a hand in it.”Despite his detractors, King James the Ⅵof Scotland and Ⅰof England was a highlyAs a lover of the theatre, King James became patron to the troop of one of his most famous subjects—William Shakespeare the playwright.Shakespeare’s troop came to be known as the King’s Men.S hakespeare and the King held a special relationship as they both loved literature. Shakespeare even wrote his famous play, “Macbeth”specifically for King James.Another little recognized fact is that King James the Ⅵ and Ⅰ is the founding monarch of the United States.Under his reign, we have the first successful colonies planted on the American mainland—Virginia, Massachusetts, and Nova Scotia (Latin for New Scotland) in SE Canada.The King himself ordered, wrote and authorized the Evangelistic Grant Charter to settle the Colony ofAmerica, commonly called Virginia...in propagating of Christian religion to such people as yet live in darkness...to bring a settle。
