【解析】TPO2托福综合写作阅读原文 听力原文 满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本： Bus Service Elimination Planned The university has decided to discontinue its free bus service for students. The reason given for this decision is that few students ride the buses and the buses are expensive to operate. Currently, the buses run from the center of campus past university buildings and through some of the neighborhoods surrounding the campus. The money saved by eliminating the bus service will be used to expand the overcrowded student parking lots. 托福TPO2口语Task3听力文本： (Man): I don't like the university's plan. (Woman): Really? I've ridden those buses and sometimes there were only a few people on the bus. It did seem like a kind of a waste. (Man): I see your point, but I think the problem is that the route is out of date. It only goes to the neighborhood that have gotten too expensive for students to live in. It is ridiculous that they have not already changed route, you know, so it goes where most off-campus students live now. I bet if they did that, they'd get plenty of students riding those buses. (Woman): Well, at least they are adding more parking, it has gotten really tough to find a space. (Man): That is the other part I do not like, actually. Cutting back the bus service and adding parking just encourage more students to drive on campus and that just adds to noise around campus and create more traffic. And that 'II increase the need for more parking spaces. (Woman): Yeah, I guess I can see your point. Maybe it would be better if more students use the buses instead of driving. (Man): Right. And the university should make it easier to do that, not harder. 托福TPO2口语Task3题目： The man expresses his opinion of the university’s plan to eliminate the bus service. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO2口语Task3满分范文： Well, the man disagrees with the plan for two main reasons. First of all, he believes that the route is out-of-date since it only goes through the neighborhoods that are too expensive for students to live in. If they change the bus route making it go through areas where most off-campus students live now, they will have plenty of students riding those buses. On top of that, the man thinks that the plan will encourage students to drive on campus, which will cause not only more traffic and noise but also deficient parking spaces on campus. So the man disagrees with the plan for the reasons stated above. (110 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO2口语Task5听力文本： Professor: Mary, I am so glad that I ran into you. Woman: Oh, hello, professor Jenson. Professor: Listen, I know it's a short notice and maybe you have already made the plans for spring break, but one of my students just dropped out of the field trip to the Smithson river caves. You are next on the waiting list, so now there is room for you to come along. Woman: You are kidding. I did not think there was a chance and well, it is a three day trip right? I agreed to spend next week helping professor Clark set up the new museum exhibition. I think she is really counting on me. Professor: Yeah, three days. But you know, if you'd rather come on the field trip why not speak with her and see if she has any one to replace you. Woman: Yeah, I'd hate to miss out on the caves. I' ll definitely ask Professor Clark if there is someone else could help her. Professor: You know we don't leave until Wednesday. If you still have to help out, any chance you could get the museum set up done before then. Woman: Oh, yeah, not until Wednesday, so then, yeah, maybe that's possible too. 托福TPO2口语Task5题目： The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the woman’s problem. Describe the problem and the two solutions. Then explain what you think the woman should do and why. 托福TPO2口语Task5满分范文： Well, the woman's got a problem that she is now invited by her professor to a field trip but it conflicts with the museum exhibition which she is helping setting up. There are two solutions for the woman to solve the problem. She could ask her professor to find scxne other student to the field trip or she could hurry up to finish setting up the museum exhibition ahead of time so that she could go to the trip after that. I guess the woman should take the second solution for two reasons. First of all, field trips are usually the most helpful activities of our study life, especiallyduring our break. We students could put everything we learned into real practice, to prove and to test results and conclusions from the classes and textbooks, so any student should not miss any field trips. Secondly, she could speed up her setting up the museum exhibition by asking others for some help especially with the trivial work and the details, and therefore I am sure she could finish her work with the museum set-up before the field trip. (186 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本： Social Interaction People deal with each other every day. This interaction is at the heart of social life. The study of social interaction is concerned with the influence people have over one another's behavior. People take each other into account in their daily behavior and in fact, the very presence of others can affect behavior. For example, one principle of social interaction, audience effects, suggests that individuals' work is affected by their knowledge that they are visible to others, that the presence of others tends to alter the way people behave or perform an activity. 托福TPO2口语Task4听力文本： Okay, so we said that the way we interact others has an impact on our behavior. In fact, there is some interesting research to suggest that in one type of interaction, when we are being observed, specifically, when we know we are being watched as we performed some activity, we tend to increase the speed at which we perform that activity. In one study, college students were asked to each put on a pair of shoes, shoes with laces they would have to tie. Now, one group of students was told that they would be observed. The second group, however, didn't know they were being observed. The students who were aware that they were being watched, actually tied their shoes much faster than the students who thought they were alone. Other studies confirm the same is true, even when we are learning new activities. Let's say someone is learning a new task, for example, learning how to type. When they are conscious of being observed, they'11 likely begin typing at a much faster rate than they would if they were alone. But and this is interesting, the study also showed that certain common behavior, things people typically do like making mistakes when you're learning something new. That behavior pattern will also increase. So in other words, when we are learning to type, and we know we are being watched, we all type faster but we 'II also make more mistakes. 托福TPO2口语Task4题目： Explain how the examples of tying shoes and learning to type demonstrate the principle of audience effects. 托福TPO2口语Task4满分范文： Audience effects suggest that with the knowledge that they're being watched while working, people usually alter their behavior during their work. And the professorillustrates the principle with two studies that suggest this. In the first study, two groups of students were asked to put on shoes that they had to tie, one group being told later that they would be observed, while the other group being kept in dark. So when the researchers began to observe, they found that the group aware of the observation tied faster than the other group. This study shows how audience effects speed up people's action. While the second study suggests that when people are learning new things, with the awareness of being observed, they will not only accelerate, but also increase certain behavior pattern. For instance, when they learn to type, they'll type faster, but meanwhile make more mistakes. (141 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO2(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Desert Formation托福阅读原文The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Waterabsorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: over cultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and over irrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing useof dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.托福阅读试题1. The word threatenedin the passage paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.RestrictedB.EndangeredC.PreventedD.Rejected2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of thefollowing consequences for soil?A.Increasedstony contentB.Reducedwater absorptionC.Increasednumbers of spaces in the soilD.Reducedwater run off3. Theword delicate(paragraph 5)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.FragileB.PredictableplexD.Valuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficultyA.Adjustingto stresses created by settlementB.Retainingtheir fertility after desertificationC.Providingwater for irrigating cropsD.Attractingpopulations in search of food and fuel5. Theword progressively(paragraph 6)in the passage is closest inmeaning toA.OpenlyB.ImpressivelyC.ObjectivelyD.Increasingly6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated withraising crops?ckof proper irrigation techniquesB.Failureto plant crops suited to the particular areaC.Removalof the original vegetationD.Excessiveuse of dried animal waste7. Thephrase devoid of(paragraph 6)in the passage is closest in meaningtoA.ConsistingofB.HiddenbyC.Exceptforckingin8. According to paragraph 9, the ground’s absorption of excess water isa factorin desertification because it canA.Interferewith the irrigation of landB.Limitthe evaporation of waterC.Requiremore absorption of air by the soilD.Bringsalts to the surface9. Allof the following are mentioned in the passage as contributingtodesertification EXCEPTA.SoilerosionB.GlobalwarmingC.InsufficientirrigationD.Theraising of livestock10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?A.Desertificationis a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects largeareas of land and great numbers of people.B.Slowingdown the process of desertification is difficult because of population growththat has spread over large areas of land.C.Thespread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved onlyif large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D.Desertificationis extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areasaffected.11. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which ofthe following about the future of desertification?ernmentswill act quickly to control further desertification.B.Thefactors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in thefuture.C.Desertificationwill continue to increase.D.Desertificationwill soon occur in all areas of the world.12. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where wouldthe sentence best fit?Thiseconomic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of landsusceptible to overgrazing.■【A】The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiaridlands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■【B】Theconsequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are thereduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of thesoil. ■【C】This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and acceleratederosion.■【D】13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in thepassage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Manyfactors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recentdecades.A.Growinghuman populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth haveupset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.B.Asperiods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of anumber ofdifferent crops have increased.C.Excessivenumbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses andtrees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.D.Extensiveirrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a processthat reduces water and air absorption.E.Animaldung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.F.Grassesare generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands.托福阅读答案1-6.BBAADC7-12.DDCACB13.ACD。

托福独立写作范文TPO2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship between people. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.With some changes of social values nowadays, the importance of always telling the truth is in relationship is questioned among the public. However, as far as I am concerned, I still strongly believe that always telling the truth is the most important consideration in relationships. Generally, telling the truth helps to build up and maintain trust for work and love.First of all, always telling the truth creates trust between clients and companies, between employers and employees, and among colleagues. For instance, when I was an intern at an insurance company, I heard from my manager about an event which caused a lot of loss to our company. There was a client whose car was hit in an accident. According to his contract with our company, he could receive little insurance payment. However, in order to get more money, this client lied to prevent our employees from investigating the scene. He took the pictures of his “broken” car, and he changed some details of the pictures of the pictures on his computer for exaggerating his loss in that accident. As a result, our company paid him a great deal of money. Later, our company realized the scandal and accused him for his crime. He finally got severe punishment and lost support from all insurance companies. Although this client was punished for his misdeeds, our company suffered great loss in the whole case. Therefore, telling the truth is the most important consideration at work, for it not only helps to build us trust between new business partners, but also maintain trust during the cooperation, which brings more benefits and convenience at work, or even make oneself involve in more serious troubles.Secondly, love also requires telling the truth. Love is a kind of fantastic affection which brings two strangers together or even leads them to be a couple. Therefore, telling the truth is the most important consideration in this relationship, because it creates and maintains trust between lovers or couples, which can keep their love or marriage for longer time. It is quite common that one of the lovers tells lies to the other, which destroys their love or even their marriage. If a man meets a female friend by himself in the evening, but he tells his girlfriend or wife that he worked overtime, the result may turns out rather terrible when his girlfriend or wife knows the truth later. This man may tell a white lie to avoid some meaningless quarrel, but this actually triggers more misunderstanding. Therefore, telling the truth at first-time is more appropriate and correct to maintain a relationship, especially the relationship of love. Telling the truth should always be the most important consideration in love. And the worry about its results can be removed by the techniques of telling the truth may hurt people’s feelings. If a doctor tells his patient the truth that he is diagnosed with cancer, the patients may lost his hope and give up his family easily. In this circumstance, telling the truth seems not appropriate. However, if telling the truth more euphemistically, the patient may accept his disease more easily. Nevertheless, telling the truth to the patient’s family is still a right decision. Therefore, telling the truth is still a very important consideration in relationships.All in all, always telling the truth is the most important consideration in relationships, for it creates and maintains trust among people, which brings more harmony and peace to the whole society.。

2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本Bode’s LawProfessor: OK, let’s get going. Today I’m going to talk about how the asteroid belt was discovered. And ...I’m going to start by writing some numbers on the board. Here they are: We’ll start with zero, then 3, ...6, ...12. Uh, tell me what I’m doing.Female student: Multiplying by 2?Professor: Right, I’m doubling the numbers, so 2 times 12 is 24, and the next one I’m going to write after 24 would be…Female student: 48.Professor: 48, then 96. We’ll stop there for now. Uh, now I’ll write another row of numbers under that. Tell me what I’m doing. 4, 7, 10 …How am I getting this second row?Male Student: Adding 4 to the numbers in the first row.Professor: I’m adding 4 to each number in the first row to give you a second row. So the last two will be 52, 100, and now tell me what I’m doing.Female Student: Putting in a decimal?Professor: Yes, I divided all those numbers by 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to write the names of the planets under the numbers. Mercury...Venus...Earth...Mars. So, what do the numbersmean? Do you remember from the reading?Male Student: Is it the distance of the planets from the Sun?Professor: Right, in astronomical units—not perfect, but tantalizingly close. The value for Mars is off by ...6 or 7 percent or so. It’s ...but it’s within 10 percent of the average distance to Mars from the Sun. But I kind of have to skip the one after Mars for now. Then Jupiter’s right there at 5-point something, and then Saturn is about 10 astronomical units from the Sun. Um, well, this pattern is known as Bode’s Law.Um, it isn’t really a scientific law, not in the sense of predicting gravitation mathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago. Well, you can imagine that there was some interest in why the 2. 8 spot in the pattern was skipped, and um ...but there wasn’t anything obvious there, in the early telescopes. Then what happened in the late 1700s? The discovery of ...?Female Student: Another planet?Professor: The next planet out, Uranus—after Saturn. And look, Uranus fits in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not perfectly, but close. And so then people got really excited about the validity of this thing and finding the missing object between Mars and Jupiter. And telescopes, remember, were getting better. So people went to work onfinding objects that would be at that missing distance from the Sun, and then in 1801, the object Ceres was discovered.And Ceres was in the right place—the missing spot. Uh, but it was way too faint to be a planet. It looked like a little star. Uh, and because of its starlike appearance, um, it was called an “asteroid. ”OK? “Aster”is Greek for “star,”as in “astronomy. ”Um, and so, Ceres was the first and is the largest of what became many objects discovered at that same distance. Not just one thing, but all the objects found at that distance from the asteroid belt. So the asteroid belt is the most famous success of this Bode’s Law. That’s how the asteroid belt was discovered.TPO2托福听力Lecture4题目文本1.What is Bode's law?a) A law of gravitationb) An estimate of the distance between Mars and Jupiterc) A prediction of how many asteroids there ared) A pattern in the spacing of the planets2.Why does the professor explain Bode's Law to the class?a) To describe the size of the asteroidsb) To explain how the asteroids belt was discoveredc) To explain how gravitational forces influence the planetsd) To describe the impact of telescopes on astronomy3.How does the professor introduce Bode's Law?a) By demonstrating how it is derived mathematicallyb) By describing the discovery of Uranusc) By drawing attention to the inaccuracy of a certain patternd) By telling the names of several of the asteroids4.According to the professor, what two factors contributed to the discovery of the asteroid Ceres?a) Improved telescopesb) Advances in mathematicsc) The discovery of a new stard) The position of Uranus in a pattern5.What does the professor imply about the asteroid belt?a) It is farther from the Sun than Uranus.b) Bode believed it was made up of small stars.c) It is located where people expected to find a planet.d) Ceres is the only one of the asteroids that can be seen without a telescope.6.Why does the professor say this?a) To introduce an alternative application of Bode's Lawb) To give an example of what Bode's law cannot explainc) To describe the limitations of gravitational theoryd) To contrast Bode's Law with a real scientific lawTPO2托福听力Lecture4答案解析第1题：细节题正确答案：D对应原文：2'23"-2'30"...but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago.解析：原文中教授直接提到pattern in the spacing ofo the planets,和选项D直接呼应，表达也基本没变。

托福TPO2阅读真题及答案Part1托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO2阅读真题及答案Part1，望喜欢！托福TPO2阅读真题文本Part1Desert FormationThe deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number oflivestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.Paragraph 1: The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion ofdesertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.托福TPO2阅读真题题目Part11. The word threatened in the passage is closest in meaning toRestrictedEndangeredPreventedRejectedParagraph 3: Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?Increased stony contentReduced water absorptionIncreased numbers of spaces in the soilReduced water runoffParagraph 5: There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from humanactivities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.3. The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning toFragilePredictableComplexValuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficultyAdjusting to stresses created by settlementRetaining their fertility after desertificationProviding water for irrigating cropsAttracting populations in search of food and fuelParagraph 6: Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.5. The word progressively in the passage is closest in meaning toOpenlyImpressivelyObjectivelyIncreasingly6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?Lack of proper irrigation techniquesFailure to plant crops suited to the particular areaRemoval of the original vegetationExcessive use of dried animal waste，7. The phrase devoid of in the passage is closest in meaning toConsisting ofHidden byExcept forLacking inParagraph 9: The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from over irrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.8. According to paragraph 9, the ground’s absorpt ion of excess water is a factor in desertification because it can Interfere with the irrigation of landLimit the evaporation of waterRequire more absorption of air by the soilBring salts to the surface9. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPTSoil erosionGlobal warmingInsufficient irrigationThe raising of livestockParagraph 10: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification?Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future.Desertification will continue to increase.Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world.Pa ragraph 7:■ The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.■12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.Where would the sentence best fit?13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Many factors have contributed to the great increase indesertification in recent decades.●●●Answer Choices1. Growing human populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth have upset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.2. As periods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of a number of different crops have increased.3. Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.4. Extensive irrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a process that reduces water and air absorption.5. Animal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.6. Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands托福TPO2阅读真题答案Part1参考答案：1. 22. 23. 14. 15. 46. 37. 48. 49. 310. 111. 312. 213-14.1 3 4托福TPO2阅读真题Part1原文翻译：众所周知，鲸类动物是哺乳动物,如鲸鱼、鼠海豚和海豚。

托福综合写作TPOExtra2The reading and the listening both discuss whether the smart cars will bring benefits for people or not. The author presents several plausible merits of this sort of new technology. However, what the lecturer states rejects most of the main ideas in the reading.To begin with, the author points out that smart cars which are equipped with a variety of sensors will prevent many accidents, thereby saving lives. Whereas, the lecturer demonstrates a different idea that even smart cars can cause serious accidents. The reason is that technologically advanced devices may fail occasionally. Despite the smart cars are able to pack tightly, accidents might pile up and invlove more cars which proves to be even worse. Thus there is little reason to believe that smart cars are effective to save lives and deminish injures in automobile accidents.Furthermore, the author holds the opinion that with the wide use of smart cars, traffic problems will disappear and commuting time will be diminished as well. On the contrary, the lecturer confuts it by saying that smart cars are not helpful in saving more commuting time, resulting from the fact that history has shown that the introduction of driving convenience will only result in more car uses, since drivers expect the easier driving experience. Hence, more traffic conjection resulted from the additional smart cars are sure to eliminate the advatange of high speed of smart cars.Finally, the author maintains that smart cars will bring a reduction in the costs of driving, since they are directed to opt the most direct routes, and require less repairs and replacement. In contrast, the lecturer opposes it by raising that smarts cars in fact cost more. The truth is that the global positioning system which help to determine the smart cars' destination are far more expensive. Other technological costs such as sensors, the device to control the distance between two cars cost more to repair. As a result, these new expense might offset the savings from the repairing and replacement of traditonal cars.。

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▉托福TPO2阅读Passage1原文文本： Desert Formation The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desertlike conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process. Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand. Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established. In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results. Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to thedesertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land. The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. ▉托福TPO2阅读Passage1题目： Question 1 of 13 The word “threatened ” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. restricted. B. endangered.。

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▉托福TPO2阅读Passage3原文文本：Early CinemaThe cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that purpose. Thomas Edison's peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight).These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if hemade and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projection devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly from these other formsof entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixingfilms and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited. What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.▉托福TPO2阅读Passage3题目：Question 1 of 13According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope parlors EXCEPT:A. One individual at a time viewed a film..B. Customers could view one film after another..C. Prizefights were the most popular subjects for films..D. Each film was short..Question 2 of 13The author discusses phonograph parlors in paragraph 2 in order toA. explain Edison's financial success.。