托福TPO5综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文文本： As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories. One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries. A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were usedto store food supplies. One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize, which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food. The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere, and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose. A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers. Close to one house, called Pueblo Alto, archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies. At the ceremonies, they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served. Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures. 托福TPO5综合写作听力原文文本： Professor: Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First, sure, from the outside, the great houses look like later and Native American apartment but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there. I'll explain. If hundreds of people were living in the great houses, then there would have to be many fireplaces, where each family did its daily cooking, but there are very few fireplaces. In one of the largest great houses, there were fireplaces for only around ten families, so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second, the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize; unsupported by evidence. It many sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage, but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers. If the great houses were used for storage, why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor? Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third, the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either. You know that mound at PuebloAlto? It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots, stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies. For example, there are large quantities of building materials, sands, stones, even construction tools. This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material, stuff that was thrown away or not sued up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too, leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies. 托福TPO5综合写作满分范文： The author of the reading passage proposes three theories as likelyexplanations of the primary function of Chaco Canyon houses, grant structures built in the I2th century. The lecturer, however, points to the inaccuracies in each of these theories. The lecturer argues that the modest number of fireplaces in these structures is in contradiction with the huge size of these houses, indicating that these structures could not have been used for Residential purposes. The Reading, however, draws comparisons between the Chaco houses and other similar large Residential structures in support of the "Residential" theory. The second theory, that the houses were used for food storage, is also rejected by the lecturer. He explains that a place that had been used for storing maize would have many traces of scattered Maize, which is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. This proves that the "food storage theory" is unlikely. Finally, regarding the third theory, the "ceremony theory", the lecturer contends that the presence of broken pots close to the great houses does not offer sufficient proof that this was a place for ceremonial activities. He argues that there are other materials such as pieces of construction trash found along with the broken pots, which suggest that these pots were probably not used for ceremonial purposes but instead were discarded by construction workers upon completion of the great houses. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO5综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

【托福听力备考】TPO5听力文本——Lecture 4众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

Lecture 4 LiteratureNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.Professor：Now we can’t really talk about fairy tales without first talkingabout folktales because there’s a strong connection between these two genres,these two types of stories. In fact, many fairy tales started out asfolktales.So, what’s a folktale? How would you characterize them? Jeff?Jeff: Well, they are old stories, traditional stories. They were passed downorally within cultures from generation to generation, so they changed a lot overtime. I mean, every storyteller, or, maybe every town, might have had a slightlydifferent version of the same folktale.Professor: That’s right. There’s local difference. And that’s why we sayfolktales are communal. By communal, we mean they reflect the traits and theconcerns of a particular community at a particular time. So essentially the sametale could be told in different communities, with certain aspects of the taleadapted to fit the specific community. Um, not the plot, the details of whathappens in the story would remain constant. That was the thread that held thetale together. But all the other elements, like the location or characters,might be modified for each audience.Okay. So what about fairy tales? Th…they also are found in most cultures, buthow are they different from folktales?I guess the first question is: what is a fairy tale? And don’t anyone say “astory with a fairy in it” because we all know that very few fairy tales actually have those tiny magical creatures in them. But, what else can we say about them?Mary.Mary: Well, they seem to be less realistic than folktales…like they havesomething improbable happening - a frog turning into a prince, say. Oh, that’sanother common element, royalty - a prince or princess. And fairy tales all seem to take place in a location that’s nowhere and everywhere at the same time.Professor: What’s the line-up? How do all those stories start? Once upon a time, in a faraway land... oh, in the case of folktales, each storyteller would specify a particular location and time, though the time and location would differ for different storytellers.With fairy tales, however, the location is generally unspecified, no matterwho the storyteller is. That land far away... We’ll come back to this point in afew minutes.Student: Um... I, I thought that a fairy tale was just a written version of an oral folktale.Professor: Well, not exactly, though that is how many fairy tales developed.For example, in the late 18th century, the Grimm Brothers traveled throughoutwhat’s now Germany, recording local folktales. These were eventually published as fairy tales, but not before undergoing a process of evolution.Now, a number of things happen when an oral tale gets written down.First, the language changes. It becomes more formal, more standard - some might say, “Less colorful”. It’s like the difference in your language depending on whether you are talking to someone, or writing them a letter.Second, when an orally transmitted story is written down, an authoritative version with a recognized author is created. The communal aspect gets lost. The tale no longer belongs to the community. It belongs to the world, so to speak.Because of this, elements like place and time can no longer be tailored to suita particular audience. So they become less identifiable, more generalizable toany audience.On the other hand, descriptions of characters and settings can be developed more completely. In folktales, characters might be identified by a name, but you wouldn’t know anything more about them. But in fairy tales, people no longer have to remember plots. They’re written down, right? So more energy can be put into other elements of the story like character and setting. So you get moredetails about the characters, about where the action takes place, what people’shouses were like, ur, whether they’re small cabins or grand palaces. And it’sworth investing that energy because the story, now in book form, isn’t in dangerof being lost. Those details won’t be forgotten. If a folktale isn’t repeated byeach generation, it may be lost for all time. But with a fairy tale, it’s alwaysthere in a book, waiting to be discovered, again and again.Another interesting difference involves the change in audience. Who thestories are meant for? Contrary to what many people believe today, folktaleswere originally intended for adults, not for children. So why is it that fairytales seem targeted toward children nowadays?。

Tpo2The lecturer talks about research conducted by afirm that used the group sy stem to handle theirwork. He says that the theory stated in the passagewas very different and somewhat inaccurate whencompared to what happened in reality.First, some members got free rides. That is, somedidn’t work hard but got re cognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people whow orked hard were not given recognition they shouldhave gotten. In other wor ds, they weren’t given the opportunity to “shine”. This directly contradictswh at the passage indicates.Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are mor e responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and t heir aggregated resources.However, the speaker talks about how the firm fou nd out that groups were slower thanindividuals in decision making. Groups n eeded more time for meetings, which are necessaryprocedures in decision m aking. This was another place where experience contradicted theory.Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If theinfluent people are going in the right direction there would be n o problem. But in cases wherethey go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a , with the influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in its thinking. They might becomeone-sided, and thus fail to succeed.Rating annotation：Once you can read past what seem to be the results of poor typing, this Benc hmark 5 does anexcellent job of presenting the points about the contributio n and recognition of groupmembers as well as about speed of group decisio ns. The final paragraph contains one noticeable error (“influent”), which is th en used correctly two sentences later (“influential”).Overall, this is a success ful response and scored within (though perhaps not at the top of) the5 level.Tpo3The lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting “Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet”.The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the Professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over the original painting to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman.In addition, the assumption that light and shadow in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting, the woman wears a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus the presentation of light and shadow was indeed very realistic and accurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt’s paintings.Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture.Actually, the wood panel was later enlarged to make it more grand and valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done it. Furthermore, the wood is of the same tree used in other Rembrandt paintings, like the“Self-Portrait with a Hat”.All this information points to Rembrandt as the painter of the controversial painting.AnswerThe lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting “Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet.”The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over Rembrandt’s original in order to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman.In addition, the assumption that the light and shadows in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting the woman wears a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus, the presentation of light and shadowwas indeed very realistic and accurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt’s paintings.Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture. The wood panel was actually later enlarged to make it more grand in size and hence more valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done. Furthermore, the wood was found to be made from the same tree Rembrandt used in many of his other paintings, like the “Self-Portrait with a Hat.”All this information serves to support the argument that Rembrandt was the painter of this controversial work.Tpo4The professor actually contradicts the statementsmade in the passage. She is of the view thatdinosaurs are not endotherms i.e. they were not ableto keep t heir body temperature at a constant rate.The professor contradicts the issue of dinosaursbeing endotherms based on t he availability of fossilsbeing available in the polar regions, she say that th epolar regions in those days were not as cold as theyare today i.e at least war m enough for dinosaurs tolive. During harsh winters she says that there is ap ossibility of the dinosaurs actually migrating towarmer regions.The issue of leg position and movement being used as a reason to classify the dinosaurs asendotherms does not please the professor either. She says th at dinosaurs had legs under theirbodies to support their huge bodies i.e the le gs under the body of the dinosaur were actually tosupport the huge weight of the dinosaur and not to provide it with a body stru cture likeendotherms(which is actually suited for running).The professor acknowledges the presence of haversian canals but also points out that that thefossils show the presence of growth rings. These rings occu r due to the thickening of thebone.The thickening indicates that the dinosaurs weren’t actually growing continuo usly but wereexperiencing periods of rapid growth and periods of no growth in succession. This pattern. Shesays is characteristic of non endothermic ani mals.Thus it can be inferred that the professor challenges the passage by giving r easons as to whyshe thinks that the dinosaur is not an endotherm.Tpo5The author of the reading passage proposes threetheories as likely explanatio ns of the primaryfunction of Chaco Canyon houses, grant structuresbuilt in the I2th century. The lecturer, however,points to the inaccuracies in each of these theories.The lecturer argues that the modest number offireplaces in these structures is in contradiction withthe huge size of these houses, indicating that theses tructures could not have been used for Residentialpurposes. The Reading, ho wever, draws comparisonsbetween the Chaco houses and other similar largeR esidential structures in support of the “Residential” theory.The second theory, that the houses were used for food storage, is also reject ed by the lecturer. He explains that a place that had been used for storing m aize would have manytraces of scattered Maize, which is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. Thisproves that the “food storage theory”is unlikely.Finally, regarding the third theory, the “ceremony theory”, the lecturer cont ends that the presence of broken pots close to the great houses does not offe r sufficient proof that thiswas a place for ceremonial activities. He argues th at there are other materials such as pieces ofconstruction trash found along with the broken pots, which suggest that the se pots wereprobably not used for ceremonial purposes but instead were disc arded by construction workers upon completion of the great houses.。

新托福TPO5阅读原文(一):Minerals and PlantsTPO-5-1：Minerals and PlantsResearch has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth. Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural crops. Research has focused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high concentrations. Although most plants cannot survive in these soils, certain plants have the ability to tolerate high levels of these minerals.Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.译文：TPO-5-1 矿物质和植物研究表明，某些矿物质是植物正常生长发育所必需的。

¡¾Íи£ÌýÁ¦±¸¿¼¡¿TPO5ÌýÁ¦Îı¾¡ª¡ªLecture 3Lecture 3 ChemistryNarrator£ºListen to part of a lecture in a chemistry class.Professor£ºOkay. I know you all have a lot of questions about this labassignment that¡¯s coming out so ... I¡¯m gonna take a li ttle time this morning to discuss it. So, you know the assignment has to do with Spectroscopy, right? And your reading should help you get a good idea of what that¡¯s all about. But,let¡¯s talk about Spectroscopy a little now just to cover the basic s.What is Spectroscopy? Well, the simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light. Now,visible light consists of different colors or wavelengths, which together makeup what¡¯s calle d spectrum, a band of colors, like you see in a rainbow. And all substances, all forms of matter, can be distinguished according to what wavelength of light they absorb and which ones they reflect. It¡¯s like, um,well, every element has, what we call, its own spectral signature. If we canread that signature, we can identify the element. And that¡¯s exactly what spectroscopy does.Now, Laser Spectroscopy, which is the focus of your assignment, works by measuring very precisely what parts of the spectrum are absorbed by different substances. And it has applications in a lot of different disciplines. And your assignment will be to choose a discipline that interests you, and devise anexperiment.For example, I¡¯m gonna talk about art. I¡¯m interested in the art and to meit¡¯s interesting how spectroscopy is used to analyze art. Let¡¯s say a museum curator comes to you with a problem. She¡¯s come across this painting that appears to be an original - let¡¯s say, a Rembrandt. And she wa nts to acquire it for her museum. But she¡¯s got a problem: she¡¯s not absolutely certain it¡¯s an original. So, what do you do? How do you determine whether the painting¡¯s authentic?Okay. Think about the scientific process. You¡¯ve got the questi on: Is the painting a Rembrandt? So first, you¡¯ll need to make a list of characteristicsthe painting would have to have to be a Rembrandt. Then you have to discover whether the painting in question has those characteristics.So first of all, you¡¯ll need to know the techniques Rembrandt used when he applied paint to canvas - his brushstrokes, how thickly he applied his paint. So you¡¯d need to work with an art historian who has expert knowledge of Rembrandt¡¯s style. You¡¯d have to know when he created his paintings, um... what pigments he used, in other words, what ingredients he used to make different colors of paint, ¡®cause the ingredients used in paints and binding agents plus burnishes, finishes, what have you, have changed over time.Since you¡¯re trying to verify if it¡¯s a Rembrandt, the ingredients in the pigment would need to have been used during Rembrandt¡¯s lifetime - in the 17thcentury. And that¡¯s where chemistry comes in. You¡¯ve got to find out what¡¯s in those pigments, learn their composition, and that requires lab work - detective work really - in a word, Spectroscopy. So, how do we use Spectroscopy?Well, we put an infrared microscope - a spectroscope - on tiny tiny bits of paint. And using ultraviolet light we can see the spectral signature of each component part of the pigment. Then we compare these signatures with those of particular elements like zinc or lead, to determine what the pigment was made of. So, you can see why this type of analysis requires a knowledge of thehistory of pigments, right? How and when they were made? Say we determined a pigment was made with zinc, for example. We know the spectral signature of zinc. And it matches that of the paint sample. We also know that zinc wa sn¡¯t discovered until the 18th century. And since Rembrandt lived during the 17th century, we know he couldn¡¯t have painted it.Now, Spectroscopy has a very distinct advantage over previous methods of analyzing our works, because it¡¯s not invasive. You don¡¯t have to remove big chips of paint to do your analysis, which is what other methods require. All you do is train the microscope on tiny flecks of paint and analyze them.Now a word or two about restoration. Sometimes original art works appear questionable or inauthentic because they¡¯ve had so many restorers add touch-up layers to cover up damage, damage from the paint having deteriorated over time. Well, spectroscopy can reveal the composition of those touch-up layers too. Sowe can find out when they were applied. Then if we want to undo some bad restoration attempts, we can determine what kind of process we can use to remove them to dissolve the paint and uncover the original.。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO5口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO5口语Task4阅读文本： Target Marketing Advertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to provide information about their products to large, general audiences; it was once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned toward target marketing. Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences– audiences that have been determined to have the greatest need or desire for the product being marketed. Target marketing has proved to be very effective in reaching potential customers. 托福TPO5口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a marketing class. Professor (male) Nowadays something you notice more and more is television commercials that are made specifically for certain television programs. So, let's say, uh, a company wants to sell a telephone, a cell phone. Now during TV shows that young people watch, you know shows with pop music or teen serials, they create a commercial that emphasizes how fun the phone is. You know, the phone has bright colors and they show kids having a good time with their friends. And, well, the company wants the kids watching TV at this time to want to buy this phone, this phone that's made especially for them.But, the same company will make a different commercial to be shown during, say, a program about business or a business news show. Now, for this group of people, business people, the company will have to show how efficient their phone is, how it can handle all business easily and maybe even save money. And here is the thing: it’s basically the same phone. The company has just made two different commercials to appeal to different groups of people. 托福TPO5口语Task4题目： Using the professor’s examples, explain the advertising technique of target marketing. 托福TPO5口语Task4满分范文： Targeted marketing is an effective marketing strategy, that is, a companyadvertises the product to a smaller and more specific audience so it's more likely to attract the customers in need. For example, a cellphone company may show a cellphone commercial emphasizing its variety of colors and entertainment functions during entertainment programs for young people like pop concerts or the like, since the audience then are usually teenagers, and they're very likely to be fascinated and ask their parents to buy the fun phone for them. However, the company may also create a different commercial that shows how convenient and productively helpful the phone is and put it during the business news hour to attract business people. According to the two examples, the cellphone company can maximize the sales of its cellphones with the help of target marketing. (137 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO5口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

tpo5听力原文TPO 5 Lecture 1SociologyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a sociology class.Professor:Have you ever heard the one about alligators living in New York sewers? The story goes like this: a family went on vacation in Florida and bought a couple of baby alligators as presents for their children, then returned from vacation to New York bringing the alligators home with them as pets.But the alligators would escape and find their way into the New York sewer system where they started reproducing, grew to huge sizes and now strike fear into sewer workers. Have you heard this story?Well, it isn’t true and it never happened.But despite that, the story has been around since the 1930s.Or how about the song 'twinkle, twinkle little star', you know,'twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are' .Well we’ve all heard this song. Where am I going with this?Well, both the song and the story are examples of memes.And that' s what we would talk about, the theory of memes.A meme is defined as a piece of information copied fromperson to person. By this definition, most of what you know,ideas, skills, stories, songs are memes.All the words you know, all the scientific theories you’ve learned, the rules your parents taught you to observe, all are memes that have been passed on from person to person.So what? You may say.Passing on ideas from one person to another is nothing new. Well, the whole point of defining this familiar process as transmission of memes is so that we can explore its analogy with the transmission of genes.As you know,all living organisms pass on biological information through the genes.What's a gene? A gene is a piece of biological information that gets copied or replicated, and the copy or replica is passed on to the new generation. So genes are defined as replicators.Genes are replicators that pass on information about properties and characteristics of organisms. By analogy,memes also get replicated and in the process pass on cultural information from person to person, generation to generation. So memes are also replicators.To be a successful replicator, there are three key characteristics: longevity, fecundity and fidelity. Let's take a closer look.First, longevity. A replicator must exist long enough tobe able to get copied, and transfer its information.Clearly, the longer a replicator survives, the better its chances of getting its message copied and passed on. So longevity is a key characteristic of a replicator. If you take the alligator story, it can exist for a long time in individual memory, let’s say, my memory. I can tell you the story now or ten years from now, the same with the twinkle, twinkle song. So these memes have longevity because they are memorable for one reason or another.Next, fecundity.Fecundity is the ability to reproduce in large numbers.For example, the common housefly reproduces by laying several thousand eggs, so each fly gene gets copied thousands of times. Memes, well, they can be reproduced in large numbers as well. How many times have you sung the ‘twinkle, twinkle song' to someone? Each time you replicated that song, and maybe passed it along to so who did not know it yet, a small child maybe.And finally, fidelity.Fidelity means accuracy of the copying process. We know fidelity is an essential principle of genetic transmission. If a copy of a gene is a bit different from the original, that's called a genetic mutation.And mutations are usually bad news.An organism often cannot survive with a mutated gene.And so a gene usually cannot be passedon,unless it’ s an exact copy. For memes however, fidelity is not always so important. For example, if you tell someone the alligator story I told you today, it probably won't be word for word exactly as I said it. Still, it will be basically the same story,and the person who hears the story will be able to pass it along.Other memes are replicated with higher fidelity though, like the twinkle, twinkle song. It had the exact same words 20 years ago as it does now. Well, that's because we see songs as something that has to be performed accurately each time. If you change a word, the others will usually bring you in line. They'll say,‘that' s not how you sing it'’, right?So, you can see how looking at pieces of cultural information as replicators, as memes, and analyzing them in terms of longevity, fecundity and fidelity, we can gain some insight about how they spread, persist or change.《社会学》独白︰请听一段社会学课上的演讲教授︰你是否有听过生活于纽约下水道的短吻鳄的故事?内容是这样的︰有一家人在佛罗里达度假之后，给家里的小孩儿带回了几只短吻鳄作为礼物，回到纽约后，把这几只小短吻鳄当做宠物养着。

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TPO52托福口语Task 5听力原文Listen to a conver〔sat〕ion between two students on campus. Woman: Hey Jim, you know what you are doing this summer? Man: Yeah, I get this chemistry internship lined up. Im gonna be helping my lab professor with a research experiment. Woman: How cool!Man: I know. I want to work at a chemistry lab after I graduate, so this would be a great experience.Woman: Sounds like you are all set.Man: Emnot quite. Heres a problem. You see, the internship doesnt pay and I really need to earn money this summer.Woman: Well, I read the campus bookstores help this summer. Maybe you could work at the lab during the week and at the bookstore on the weekends.Man: Maybe, but then Ill be working all the time. Illhardly have any time to relax all this summer.Woman: True. But heres a thought. Why not ask your professor if you can share the internship with another person?Man: You know, now that you mentioned it. Other summer interns have done this and the professors fine with it. Woman: Right. So you can still earn money on days when you didnt have to be at the lab.Man: Yeah, sounds good. The only drawback is that I might not learn as much as I would if I were actually at the lab every day and followed the results of the experiment.Woman: I know but it might be worth a try.TPO52托福口语Task 5听力题目The speakers discuss two possible solutions to the mans problem. Briefly summarize the problem. Then state which solution you recommend and why.Preparation Time: 20 SecondsResponse Time: 60 SecondsTPO52托福口语Task 5满分范文In the conversation, the student is facing a problem that he is going to have a free internship this summer at theschools chemistry lab but he also wants to make some money. There are two solutions. He could choose either to work at the lab during the weekdays and take a part-time job at the bookstore on the weekends or to ask his professor if he could share his internship with another person. As far as Im concerned, the latter is a better solution. If he chooses to share his internship with another person, he might be able to earn the money and gain the lab experience at the same time. Whats more, other students might have already dealt with this circumstance before and it is likely that the professor is ok with this solution. So the student doesnt need to be afraid that he might leave a very bad impression or something. All in all, because of these two reasons, I think the second one is a better choice.新托福口语task5解析:请教授写推举信托福口语题目考试日期：2017年10月28日新托福口语题目回忆版本一：Task 5Integrated Speaking: Problem-Solutions题目问题：女生申请心理学实验室的暑期项目，必须要教授写推举信，但是之前技术问题教授没收到邮件。

QuestionDo you agree or disagree that it is more important for students to study ideas and concept than it is for them to learn facts.EssayLearning facts should have given access to a considerable benefits. However, an excessive amount of learning facts will result in some bad influences especially being lazy in order to lose ability of judgment, on the other hand facts are built on the foundation of people’s surmising and experiments. Therefore, I agree that students are supposed to study ideas is much more significant than learning facts.Initially, learning facts will exert negative influence that students will prefer to memorize some so-called testing point rather than to point out own idea. Students may lose their creative capacity especially critical thinking. When the newest generation only have learned facts, the society will keep step, even occur recession. On the contrary, if students aren’t instill a ton of facts and are encouraged to show own idea, make own decision and do experiments to testify own guessing, new philosophers and inventors will be built. I believe every convenience stuff surrounding us such as cars, planes, washing machines and so could prove my opinion, because those were created by new idea and basic concept. Frankly speaking, not all the facts are perfectly correct, contrarily, some of so-called facts had been misunderstanding people for many years. For example, the most famous example was happened between Aristotle and Galileo. In the past, Aristotle was a great scientist who had been contributed a ton of principles and ideas to science, therefore, people had believed that every words he said was facts. However, Galileo bravely casted doubt one of his hypothesis that two iron balls with different weight fall off from a high way at the same time and the heavier one will touch the land at first. Galileo did a well-known test on the Leaning Tower of Pisa proved the truly fact that both of the balls would simultaneously contact land. As you can see, no one has capability to guarantee everything we known sofar will be permanent correct. Hence, if students remember those facts instead of finding the real truth by question, it will be a great loss for the whole world.To sum up, students are supposed to study ideas and concept to create new ideas and inventions rather than to learn facts being a nerd without own opinions. Students are the future of countries so the more new ideas influx, the more thrill will apparent.。