高二英语语法总结精讲
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高二英语定语从句【本讲主要内容】1. 定语从句的简化表达:V-ing〔doing〕;V-ed〔done〕;being done; to be done形式做定语。
2. to do放在名词后面做定语3. 在动词后面接doing还是to do【知识总结归纳】一. 某些定语从句的简化表达:请看下面几个定语从句:1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明:以上的定语从句局部可以用更加简单的形式表达出来:1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明:修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外,还可以用doing短语,done短语,being done短语,to be done短语修饰。
其结构和意思如下:1.被修饰名词+doing短语:正在做….的人/正在发生的事。
2.被修饰名词+ done短语:被…..的人/事3.被修饰名词+being done短语:正在被…..的人/事4.被修饰名词+ to be done短语:将要被…..的人/事例句:〔1〕the boys playing in the garden〔2〕jobs wanted〔3〕a doll given by my aunt〔4〕Do you know the man talking to my sister ?〔5〕He was a short man, walking with a disproportionately long stride, which cause him to roll like a lugger making into a head wind.〔6〕Did you see that car being repaired ?〔7〕In Europe there are very few wooden houses being built today.〔8〕In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.〔9〕The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.〔10〕Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.〔11〕The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river〞runs across China like a huge dragon.〔12〕No computer so far built can have the same ability as human brains.总结:以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词,不定式的各种形式作定语。
非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(-ing)、现在分词(-ing)与过去分词(-ed)。
它们不受主语人称和数的限制,动词不定式定义:动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,一、不定式的意义1. 不定式的一般式:一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).eg: He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.2. 不定式的进行式:进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语的动作同时发生。
e.g. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.3. 不定式的完成式:如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式;若是在此基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式( to have been done).e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.4. 不定式的完成进行式:如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作,就要用完成进行式.eg: We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month.二、不定式的用法:1. 不定式做主语:不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
而动名词doing 表示习惯的,经常的动作。
高中英语语法学习/复习讲义虚拟语气语法知识点讲义15【精讲版·全国通用】if的隐含和省略以及与but for相关虚拟语气知识点总结虚拟条件句中if的隐含或省略语言是灵活多变的,表达是丰富多彩的。
有的时候虚拟语气的表现形式也显得非常灵活,比如就说其中的虚拟条件吧——它有时会以if从句来表示,但有时会用某种短语来表示,比如不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语等等。
1. if 的隐含I should be happy to go with you. 如果能与你一起去,我将很高兴。
句中的不定式短语to go with you就是表示虚拟条件的,它相当于if I could go with you。
这句话的言外之意是:可惜我不一定有机会同你一起去。
To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你学习更用功些,你早就考及格了。
句中的不定式短语to have studied harder也是表示虚拟条件的,它相当于if you had studied harder。
句子的言外之意是:可惜你当时没有更用功我,所以你就没有考及格。
Failing this time, what would you do?假若这次失败,那你怎么办?句中的分词短语failing this time表示虚拟条件,相当于if you failed this time。
其言外之意是:尽管失败的可能性很小,但还是有可能会失败,假若失败了,那怎么办?Without your help, we couldn’t have succeeded. 如果没有你的帮助,我们就不会取得成功。
句中的介词短语without your help表示虚拟条件,相当于if you hadn’t given us help。
其言外之意是:好在你帮助了我们,所以我们取得了成功。
I didn’t know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldn’t have believed him. 我不知道他是个骗子,不然我也不会相信他了。
高中英语语法精讲独立主格结构独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)是高中英语语法中的一个重要知识点,也是较为困惑和难以理解的一部分内容。
独立主格结构指的是由名词或代词与现在分词或过去分词构成的结构,它独立于主句的成分,但又与主句的动作、状态有一定的关系。
本文将详细介绍独立主格结构的定义、构成、用法以及常见错误。
一、独立主格结构的定义和构成1.定义:独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词(称为主格)和一个现在分词或过去分词构成,并且在句子中独立存在,不与主句的其他成分构成谓语动词关系。
2.构成:独立主格结构由以下三部分组成:-名词或代词(主格)-现在分词或过去分词-结构补充成分(可能省略)例如:1) The sun having set, we decided to go home.(由于太阳已经下山,所以我们决定回家。
)2) Her homework finished, she went out to play.(她做完了作业,就出去玩了。
)3) The weather being so hot, we decided to go swimming.(由于天气太热,我们决定去游泳。
)二、独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构常用于下面几种情况:1.表示主句和从句发生的动作同时进行例如:- The teacher leaving the room, the students began to talk.(老师离开教室,学生们就开始聊天。
)2.表示原因、条件或时间例如:- The story being interesting, I couldn't help but read it all night.(由于这个故事很有趣,所以我忍不住整夜读完了它。
)3.表示伴随、结果或程度例如:- His hands trembling, he couldn't hold the cup steady.(他的手颤抖着,无法将杯子稳住。
高中英语语法《句子结构》精讲一.句子的主要成分1主语subject:主语是句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事物,表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”。
主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、或主语从句担任。
如;English is very useful in modern times.(名词To become a scientist is his dream.(不定式What we shall do next is not yet decided.下一步我们做什么还未定下来。
(主语从句作主语2谓语predicate:谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的部分。
谓语一般由动词或动词短语担任,位置在主语之后。
如:His mother is a doctor.他的妈妈是大夫。
(系动词We should pay attention to English idioms.我们应注意英语的习语。
(动词短语3表语predicative:表语是在连系动词之后表示主语性质、特征、状态或身份的部分。
表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句担任,位置在连系动词之后。
如:The football match is on.足球赛正在进行。
(副词All the pupils are on the playground.学生们现在都在操场上。
(介词短语He seemed surprised at the new.他对这消息似乎感到吃惊。
(分词The key question is how we should solve the problem.关键的问题是我们应该如何解决这个问题。
(从句4宾语object:宾语表示及物动词的对象或内容。
介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。
宾语通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的结构但任,位置在及物动词或介词之后。
如:Would yo u mind coming earlier tomorrow?你明天早点来行吗?(动名词I don’t know where he has gone.我不知道他去哪了.(从句5补语complement:补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。
Unit3 语法精讲v.ing形式作主语[观察例句]1.Knowing where the ball would go wasn't easy.2.Shooting with great accuracy was another thing he learnt.3.In this way,practising day in and day out helped Stephen sharpen his skills.[归纳用法]1.v.ing形式作主语表示抽象的经常性的意义。
Reading aloud is very important for us to learn a foreign language.大声朗读对我们学习一门外语是很重要的。
Going to bed early and getting up early is considered to be a good habit.早睡早起被认为是一种好习惯。
2.v.ing形式作主语时常后置,此时须用it作形式主语,用形容词或名词作表语,但这类形容词和名词较少,常见的形容词有:enjoyable,good,hard,worthwhile,nice,useless,worth等。
常见的名词或名词短语有:no use,no good,fun,hard work,a hard/difficult job,a wonder,a waste of time等。
The dictionary is of great use. It is worth buying.这本词典很有用,值得买。
It's no good waiting here. Let’s go home.在这儿等没好处,咱们回家吧。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Reading(read) is necessary for you to expand your knowledge.2.It is no use telling(tell) him to keep clean.3.My(I) opening the door annoyed him.4.It's a waste of time playing(play) video games everyday.5.Not arriving(arrive) on time can be a form of avoidance.6.Working(work) in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.7.There is no saying(say) when he'll come.8.Their(they) coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Ⅰ.语法填空Since Tom went to high school,1.watching(watch) TV has become a routine for him. His mother always said “it's a waste of time 2.spending(spend) time in front of TV.” 3.However,Tom always answers “I can keep a balance 4.between studying and watching TV.” 5.As you know,6.talking(talk) is easier than ter(late),Tom doesn't do well in the final exam and he is so sad. Tom's mother knows that there is no point 8.scolding(scold) him now,so she comforts him and said“ it is no use 9.crying(cry) over spilt milk. There is no 10.telling(tell) what you can do,just try your best.。
Unit1 PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT 语法-精讲破非限制性定语从句一、基本概念I will visit my aunt,who is leaving for London next month.我要去看望我姑姑,她下个月要去伦敦。
非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明,与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句那样① 。
非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用① 分开,常与主句分开翻译。
非限制性定语从句放在句子中间时,其① 都需要用逗号隔开。
二、关系代词与关系副词1. She has two sons both of whom are committed to physical research.√2. Peter,whose mother is in hospital,will take a few days off to look after her.√3. The American boy,who is my classmate,takes a keen interest in Chinese.√4. The American boy,that is my classmate,takes a keen interest in Chinese.×和限制性定语从句相同,当先行词是人,关系词在定语从句中作① 时,用关系代词who,定语从句中谓语的单复数要和① 保持一致;当关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom(非正式文体且关系词前无介词时,也可用who);当关系词在定语从句中作定语时,用① 。
与限制性定语从句不同,非限制性定语从句不能用① 引导。
1. Teaching is an amazing job,where you are doing something serious but interesting.√2. He is considering quitting his job,which requires frequent business trips.√3.Her children attend the day-care center,whose owner is from Beijing.√4. Our school is planning to hold a Chinese Ancient Culture week event next month when different kinds of amazing activities will be organized.√5. It was the fourth time that he had got first prize,which surprised all of us.√6. As we expected,he lost the game. √在非限制性定语从句中,当先行词是物,关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,用关系代词① ,不能用that;当关系词在定语从句中作定语时,用关系代词① 。
高二年级上(必修5、选修6)语法Ⅰ. 过去分词作定语和表语一、过去分词作定语:过去分词作定语相当于一个定语从句。
单个过去分词作定语时常放在被修饰词的前面,过去分词短语应放在被修饰词后面。
eg: So many thousands of terrified people died.Throw away this broken cup.He is a man loved by all.注意:过去分词修饰something,everything,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody等不定代词或指示代词those时,要放在这些词的后面。
eg: He is one of those invited.Nothing reported in the newspaper interested him.二、过去分词作表语:过去分词作表语,表示主语的特点或所处的状态。
eg: She looks worried.三、过去分词作表语和用作被动语态的区别:1、作表语的过去分词,被动性很弱,主要表示动作的完成和状态,此时相当于一个形容词。
eg: The glass is broken.2、用作被动语态的过去分词,动作意味很强,句子主语为动作的承受者,绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。
eg: The glass is broken by Tom。
3、过去分词前除系动词be外,也可用get,become等系动词表示动作。
eg: They have got married.四、过去分词和现在分词的区别:1、v.-ing形式表示主动,而过去分词表示被动。
a sleeping boy a broken cup2、v.-ing形式表示动作正在进行,而过去分词表示动作已经完成。
the falling leaves the fallen leaves3、v.-ing有“令人……之意”,主要用来表示物;过去分词有“感到……之意”,主要用来表示人。
北师大版高中英语必修二重点语法汇总
本文档旨在总结北师大版高中英语必修二课程中的重点语法知识。
以下是相关内容:
1. 时态:课程中涉及了一些常用的时态,如一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等等。
学生应该掌握这些时态的基本用法以及句子结构。
2. 动词的时态与语态:学生需要理解动词的时态和语态在句子中的作用。
这包括主动语态和被动语态的使用方式,以及如何正确转换时态与语态。
3. 动词的非谓语形式:课程中还包括了动词的非谓语形式,如动词不定式、动名词和现在分词。
学生需要了解这些形式的构成,以及它们在句子中的用法和作用。
4. 倒装句:在课程中,学生会接触到一些特殊句型,如完全倒装句和部分倒装句。
学生需要理解这些句型的意义和使用场合,以便正确运用它们。
5. 从句:通过研究本课程,学生将会接触到一些从句,如定语
从句、宾语从句和状语从句。
学生需要了解这些从句的结构和作用,以及如何在句子中正确使用它们。
总结:北师大版高中英语必修二课程中的重点语法知识包括时态、动词的时态与语态、动词的非谓语形式、倒装句和从句。
学生
应该通过掌握这些知识来提高他们的英语语法水平。
高一英语语法讲义一、句子成分及简单句五种基本句型一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如:During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular.(名词)We often speak English in class.(代词)One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)Sm oking does harm to the health.(动名词)The ri ch should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主语从句)It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如:He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。
高二上学期英语语法总结1.不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。
2.用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。
①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式。
不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。
如:To be obeyed was natural to her.她生性让别人听命于她。
(作主语)The problem remained to be solved.这个问题还有待解决。
(作表语)It needs not to be said that they are very happy together.不必说他们在一起非常幸福。
(作宾语)There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定计划。
(作定语)He has returned only to be sent away again.他回来以后又被打发走了。
(作状语)The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted.船长命令升旗。
(作宾语补足语)The book is intended to be read and not to be torn.这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。
(作主语补足语)②在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式。
如:What is to pay?要付多少钱?The reason is not far to seek.道理很浅显。
He gaveme some books to read.他给了我一些书读。
We found the report easy to understand.我们发现这些报告很容易懂。
由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。
但由于时间关系1)作主语。
如:To see is to believe.眼见为实。
To serve the people is our duty.为人民服务是我们的职责。
在日常英语中,常用it作为语法上的主语,即形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面。
It is our duty to serve the people.为人民服务是我们的职责。
2)作宾语。
如:I couldn't afford to buy a new car.我买不起汽车。
Have you decided to marry him?你决定嫁给他吗?有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等。
另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用it代表不定式作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。
如:I thought it right to do this test.我认为做这项实验是对的。
3)作定语。
通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。
如:This is the best way to solve this problem.这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
I have a lot of work to do.我有许多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不及物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词。
如:He is a good comrade to work with.他是一个很好共事的同志。
There is nothing to think about.没什么值得考虑的。
4)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等。
如:He went home to see his parents.他回家看望父母。
(表目的)I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you.我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你。
(表目的)The problem is too hard to understand.这问题太难了,理解不了。
(表结果)What have I done to make you unhappy?我做了什么事使你不高兴?(表结果)I'm glad to hear the news.听了这消息,我很高兴。
(表原因)I was surprised to see him there.我真想不到会在那里见到他。
(表原因)Grammar focus语法重点The past participle used as attribute and predicative用作定语和表语的过去分词1)过去分词作定语。
如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系,且表完成的状态;如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语,过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说,所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。
但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished,disappointed,excited,frightened,interested,pleased,surprised,tired,worried等既不表主动,又不表完成。
此外,作定语的过去分词如果是单词,一般放在被修饰词的前面;作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语,一般放在被修饰词的后面。
如:You can drink boiled water,not boiling water.你可以喝白开水,但不可以喝沸腾的水。
From his disappointed look,I knew he didn't pass the examination.从他的失望表情看,我知道他没通过考试。
2)作表语,过去分词作表语,多表示主语的状态。
如:This machine part is broken.这个机器零件坏了。
有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。
用作宾补的过去分词过去分词作宾补,与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。
1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补,它们是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think等We hear the music played by the band.我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。
Everybody thought the battle lost.人人都认为这场战役输掉了。
2)作使役动词的宾补,它们是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help等Please keep us informed of the latest development.请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修自行车。
3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补,它们是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge等。
这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。
用作状语的过去分词无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。
过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。
过去分词作状语,表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等,这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。
1)表时间(When the metal is)Heated,the metal expands.加热后,这种金属会膨胀。
(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work.这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。
像第二句那样当强调实践概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when,while。
2)表原因(As he was)Greatly surprised,he couldn't say a word.他大吃一惊,一时说不出话来。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher,the girl felt unfair.那姑娘因受老师责备,而愤愤不3)表让步Even if(I were)invited,I wouldn't go.即使受邀请,我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again,they went on fighting.尽管一再遭受挫败,他们仍然继续战斗。
4)表伴随He stared at me(he was)astonished.他两眼瞪着我,惊恐万状。
Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought.爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索中。
由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句that引导名词性从句时,本身没有什么意思,它只起一个连接作用。
①that引导主语从句时,一般不可省略,且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面,前面用it代替that从句;当然,当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语;如主句是感叹句时,必须用it作形式主语,把that从句放在后面。
②引导及物动词的宾语从句时,在不引起歧义的情况下,that可以省略;that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有:except、but、in等),如介词引导that从句作宾语,常常在其后加it,在加that从句作宾语。
③that从句作表语从句,一般不可省略。
④that从句作同位语从句,一般不可省略。
请看下列例句:That we shall be late is certain.=It is certain that we shall be late.我们要晚了,这是确定无疑的。
It is said that he's got married.听说他结婚了。
I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all.我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。