下载文档原格式
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：关于内部控制的意见文献、资料英文题目：OPINIONS ON INTERNAL CONTROL 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14LNTU---Acc附录A关于内部控制的意见如果要证明功能扩展到包含内部控制的有效性，那么报告准则则必须制定，若干基本问题必须被解决。
随着日益频繁增长，审计员听取了他们应该发表的一个效力于客户的内部控制制度建议的意见。
这一证明功能扩展的主张者迅速指出，目前已经有了实例如独立审计师的报告公开他们的客户的内部控制制度和一些政府机构的成效，包括一些空置中的美国证券和交易委员会，都需要一个报告。
这些证实类型的反对者公布了任何关于内部控制的有效性，他们认为，目前有显着性差异监管机构的报告要求和提出意见的内部控制将会误导公众。
本文综述了目前报告的做法，考虑到理想状态相关的危害的特点，并最后提出了一些在任何给与最后判决之前必要的予以回答的问题。
现状报告虽然审计员的报告中的一些情况提及了内部控制的性质，但作出的本质陈述还有很大不同的效应。
大型银行。
关于对内部控制的观点事实上出现在一些大型银行和看法发行的年度报告中。
有时这些意见是被董事会要求的。
例如，下面的主张出现在1969年年度报告的一个大型纽约银行中，作为第3款的独立会计师的标准短形式的报告：我们的审核工作包括评价有效性，大块的内部会计控制，其中还包括内部审计。
我们认为，在于程序的影响下，再加上银行内部审计工作人员所进行的审核，这些构成一个有效的系统的内部会计控制。
意见被提供给几个其他银行，但它们基本上引用的意见是一样的。
美国证券交易委员会的规定。
美国证券交易委员会表格X-17A-5，要求独立审计师作出某些有关的内部控制陈述，并必须在每年的大多数成员国家与每一个证券经纪或注册的交易商根据1934年证券交易法第15条进行交流时。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：高炉炼铁文献、资料英文题目：Working-of-a-Blast-Furnace 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14高炉炼铁Jan Terpar, Imrich KostialDepartment of Informatics and Process ControlFaculty of BERGTechnical University of KošiceB.Nemavej304200 KosiceSlovak Republic高炉是一个巨大的内部为耐火材料的刚炉，铁矿石，焦炭和石灰石倾入炉顶，预热空气在底部吹入。
经过物理化学反应后转换成的铁水，既一种液态铁的氧化物。
原材料在炉内经6至8小时降低到炉底部，得到的最终产品是液态渣铁，炎热的空气在炉底被吹上行在6至8秒到顶端后，将进行各种化学反应。
高炉一旦启动，最少将连续运行4到10年后，才将高炉熄火，进行维护。
1高炉炼铁反应过程在原料矿、球团、烧结矿在高炉内反应后得到铁矿石。
原矿石来自于地表，其块状的大小为0.5至1.5英寸。
一些矿石铁的含量的大约为50％到70％，这些矿石要么是赤铁矿（氧化铁）要么是磁铁矿（Fe3O4）。
这些矿石可以直接送入高炉而不需任何进一步的处理。
此外，一些矿石铁的含量较低必须进行处理使其铁含量增加。
球团矿是含有60％至65％铁，它是一些低铁含量的矿石，在被碾碎、磨成粉末，将所谓的废料煤矸石剔除后，其余富含铁的粉球和高炉内的燃煤产生强烈的反应形成的颗粒。
烧结矿是从原料矿，焦炭，石灰石和其他许多钢铁厂含有一些铁废料按一定的比例烧结后获得所需的产品化学，然后将其混合在一起。
这些混合的原料，然后放置在一起形成一种类似钢铁传送带烧结链，它是在燃气炉和原矿在经过焦炭热融合形成成面积较大，尺寸从0.5顷到2.0英寸的矿石。
软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文学生姓名: 学号专业名称:软件工程译文标题(中英文):Qt Creator白皮书(Qt Creator Whitepaper)译文出处:Qt network 指导教师审阅签名: 外文译文正文:Qt Creator白皮书Qt Creator是一个完整的集成开发环境(IDE)，用于创建Qt应用程序框架的应用。
Qt是专为应用程序和用户界面，一次开发和部署跨多个桌面和移动操作系统。
本文提供了一个推出的Qt Creator和提供Qt开发人员在应用开发生命周期的特点。
Qt Creator的简介Qt Creator的主要优点之一是它允许一个开发团队共享一个项目不同的开发平台(微软Windows?的Mac OS X?和Linux?)共同为开发和调试工具。
Qt Creator的主要目标是满足Qt开发人员正在寻找简单，易用性，生产力，可扩展性和开放的发展需要，而旨在降低进入新来乍到Qt的屏障。
Qt Creator 的主要功能，让开发商完成以下任务: , 快速，轻松地开始使用Qt应用开发项目向导，快速访问最近的项目和会议。
, 设计Qt物件为基础的应用与集成的编辑器的用户界面，Qt Designer中。
, 开发与应用的先进的C + +代码编辑器，提供新的强大的功能完成的代码片段，重构代码，查看文件的轮廓(即，象征着一个文件层次)。
, 建立，运行和部署Qt项目，目标多个桌面和移动平台，如微软Windows，Mac OS X中，Linux的，诺基亚的MeeGo，和Maemo。
, GNU和CDB使用Qt类结构的认识，增加了图形用户界面的调试器的调试。
, 使用代码分析工具，以检查你的应用程序中的内存管理问题。
, 应用程序部署到移动设备的MeeGo，为Symbian和Maemo设备创建应用程序安装包，可以在Ovi商店和其他渠道发布的。
, 轻松地访问信息集成的上下文敏感的Qt帮助系统。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：主观幸福感文献、资料英文题目：Subjective well-being文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14Subjective well-being1 Subjective well-being and well-being simpliciterIn this section, I explore the relationship between subjective well-being and well-being simpliciter in the writings on subjective measures. I will argue that proponents of subjective measures of well-being disagree about the relationship between subjective well-being and well-being simpliciter: about whether subjective well-being constitutes well-being simpliciter or merely is a component of it.As my starting point, I take the concept of well-being, that is, what I have so far called well-being simpliciter: ―what we have when our lives are going well for us, when we are living lives that are not necessarily morally good, but good for us‖ (Tiberius, 2006, p. 493,italics in original). Let us call this the ―core‖ concept of well-being. There are many other terms that are used in the same sense, including ―a person‘s good, benefit, advantage, interest, prudential value, welfare, happiness, flourishing, eudaimonia, and utility‖ (Moore &Crisp, 1996, p. 599). Because the concept of well-being is intended to capture what is ultimately –and not just instrumentally –good for the individual, it is also supposed to capture that which we have reason to promote – as an end and not just as a means – both in our own lives and in the lives of others. As Thomas Scanlon puts it: It is commonly supposed that there is a simple notion of individual well-being that plays the following three roles. First, it serves as an important basis for the decisions of a single rational individual, at least for those decisions in which he or she alone is concerned (that is to say, in which moral obligations and concerns for others can be left aside). Second, it is what a concerned benefactor, such as a friend or parent, has reason to promote. Third, it is the basis on which an individual‘s interests are taken into account in moral argument (Scanlon, 1998, p. 93).3In particular, it is frequently assumed that well-being is one consideration or as some people would argue, the only consideration that should serve as an end, and not just a means for public policy. Here I will take it for granted that when proponents of subjective measures talk about such measures as representing well-being, they use the term in the core sense (Angner, 2009a, in press). First, as indicated above, subjective measures are often presented as alternatives to other measures of welfare or well-being; this would make little sense if, in fact, subjective measures were not intended to represent that which the other measures were designed to represent viz. welfare or well-being. Second, the proponents‘ concept of well-being plays the very same role as that played by the core concept: those who defend the use of subjective measures of wellbeing often emphasize that they think of well-being as that which is ultimately good for the individual, as that which is worth promoting in the life of others, and as a central (sometimes the only) ultimate goal for public policy (cf. Diener & Seligman, 2004, quoted above).Third, a number of proponents explicitly cite classical philosophical literature in enthusiastic agreement while signaling that they use ―well-being‖ and/or ―happiness‖ in the same sense as philosophers do (Kahneman, Wakker,&Sarin, 1997; Layard, 2005; Watson, 1930).Over the years, philosophers have tried to shed light on the concept of well-being by developing and defending various accounts, or conceptions of well-being. Here, I follow Parfit (1984, pp.493–502) in dividing such accounts into three main classes: mental state accounts, preference-satisfaction or desire-fulfillment accounts, and objective-list accounts.4 According to mental-state accounts, well-being is a ―mental state‖ or a ―state of mind.‖ Because these accounts all see welfare ―as having to enter our experience,‖ they are said to satisfy the experience requirement (Griffin, 1986, p. 13). Scanlon writes: ―Experiential theories hold that the quality of life ‗for the person who lives it‘ is completely determined by its experiential quality,‖ where ―experiential quality‖ refers to ―what it would be like to live it‖ (Scanlon, 1998, pp. 97, 99). On this view, then, subjectively felt experience is both necessary and sufficient for a person‘s well-being. According to desire-fulfillment or preference-satisfaction accounts, by contrast, a person is well off to the extent that her desires are fulfilled and/or her preferences are satisfied. Scanlon puts it this way:Desire theories reject the experience requirement and allow that a person‘s life can be made better and worse not only by changes in that person‘s states of consciousness but also by changes elsewhere in the world which fulfill that person‘spreferences (Scanlon, 1993, p. 186).Such accounts do not require that a person who is well off experience any feelings of happiness or satisfaction. What they do require is that her desires are fulfilled (or that her preferences are satisfied), which does not come down to the same thing. The two kinds of account described so far are frequently referred to as subjective accounts, because they describe a person‘s well-being as (at least partly) a function of his or her feelings, experiences, desires, and so on. According to so-called objective accounts, by contrast, a person‘s well-being does not depend on such subjective factors. On such accounts, ―certain things are good or bad for beings, independently in at least some cases of whether they are desired or whether they give rise to pleasurable experiences‖ (Chappell & Crisp, 1998,p. 553). Identifying the list of things that are good for people regardless of what they want is notoriously difficult, but one provisional list of such things includes ―moral goodness, rational activity, the development of one‘s abilities, having children and being a good parent, knowledge, and the awareness of true beauty‖ (Parfit, 1984,p. 499). Obviously, there are many versions of accounts of each kind.The tri-partite division permits us to capture a major difference between subjective measures of well-being, traditional economic welfare measures, and welfare indicators inspired by the capability approach. It has been noted elsewhere that traditional economic welfare measures are based on preference-satisfaction accounts of well-being (Angner, 2009a,b, in press; Harsanyi, 1982; Hausman & McPherson, 2006). This is evident, among other things, from the fact that welfare economists traditionally have defended their measures by showing that they are utility functions, that is, that they are indices of preference satisfaction. It has also been noted that measures inspired by the capability approach are based on objective-list accounts of well-being (Nussbaum, 2008; Sen, 1987). This is clear, among other things, from the assumption that certain things – in particular, having a large capability set – are thought to be good for a person regardless of whether those things would make the person happier, and of whether the person desires them.5Meanwhile, it is fairly obvious that many proponents of subjective measures think of well-being as a mental state. There is abundant evidence, for one thing, that they adhere to the experience requirement. In the literature on subjective measures,well-being is oftendescribed as a matter exclusively of individual subjective, hedonic, or affective experience. For example, David G. Myers quotes Madame de la Fayet te as saying: ―If one thinks that one is happy, that is enough to be happy,‖ and adds that ―like Madame de La Fayette, social scientists view well-being as a state of mind. Well-being, sometimes called ‗subjective well-being‘ to emphasize the point, is a pervasive sense that life is good‖ (Myers,1992, pp. 23, 27). Myers evidently takes well-being to be something thoroughly subjective; note, in particular, the use of the term ―subjective well-being‖ as synonymous with ―well-being.‖ The explicit reference to states of mind strongly suggests that what he has in mind is some type of mental-state account.Similarly, Ed Diener writes: ―The area of subjective well-being is subjective. [It] resides within the experience of the individual‖ (Diener, 1984, p. 543). Die ner and Eunkook Suh reinforce the point: Subjective well-being research is concerned with individuals‘ subjective experiences of their lives. The underlying assumption is that well-being can be defined by people‘s conscious experiences—in terms of hedonic feelings or cognitive satisfactions. The field is built on the presumption that to understand the individuals‘ experiential quality of well-being, it is appropriate to directly examine how a person feels about life in the context of his or her own standards (Diener & Suh, 1997, p. 191).Diener and Suh, like Myers and the authors to whom he refers, apparently use the term ―well-being‖ interchangeably with ―subjective well-being.‖ The fact that Diener and Suh argue that well-being is not only concerned with t he individual‘s subjective experiences, but defined by them, strongly suggests that they adhere to the experience requirement.Several authors emphasize the subjective character of well-being, as they use the term, by contrasting subjective measures with ―objective‖ ones, including social and economic indicators. Diener makes this point in the following way: Notably absent from definitions of SWB [subjective well-being] are necessary objective conditions such as health, comfort, virtue, or wealth. Although such conditions are seen as potential influences on SWB, they are not seen as an inherent and necessary part of it (Diener, 1984, p. 543).6This quote confirms that, in Diener‘s work, an individual‘s well-being is defined not by the objective circumstances in which she finds herself, but by her subjective experiences,though he allows the former to be causally responsible for the latter. Daniel Kahneman, who identifies well-being with happiness, adds that happiness ―is not to be confused with good fortune, which is an assessment of the circumstances of someone‘s life‖ (Kahneman,1999, p. 5). In Kahneman‘s view, it is possible to enjoy good fortune–presumably income, health, and so on –without being happy.Angus Campbell (1976), quoted in Diener (1984, p. 543), expands on this point. Campbell maintains: ―The gross national product, important as it undoubtedly is, is clearly not the ultimate touchstone against which the quantum of happiness in this country can be assessed‖ (Campbell, 1976, p. 117). He continues: If we are primarily concerned with describing the quality of life experience of the population, we will need measures different from those that are used to describe the objective circumstances in which people live. We will have to develop measures that go directly to the experience itself. These subjective measures will surely not have the precision of indicators that are expressed in number of dollars, units of time, or numbers of square feet, but they will have the great advantage of dealing directly with what it is we want to know, the individual‘s sense of well-being(Campbell, 1976, p. 118, italics in original).6 Quality of life, on Campbell‘s view, is a function of individuals‘ sense of well-being. If we want to study the quality of life, then,we need to study the individuals‘ experience of their lives, not the objective characteristics of their existence.These writings clearly give pride of place to subjectively experienced mental states. Indeed, the evidence suggests that these authors adopt the experience requirement and think of well-being as constituted by some subjectively experienced mental state. They are best understood as using the term ―subjective well-being‖ to denote the subjectively experienced mental state, so that well-being can be said to be constituted by subjective well-being. The notion that well-being is constituted by subjective well-being, by the way, explains the identification of ―subjective measures of well-being‖ and ―measures of subjective well-being.‖Others, however, appear to resist the view that well-being is constituted by subjective well-being alone (cf. Angner, in press). Increasingly frequently, it is suggested that subjectively experienced mental states constitute but one component of well-being. For example, Kahneman writes: Objective happiness is not proposed as a comprehensive concept of human well-being, but only as a significant constituent of it. Maximizing the。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：培训与开发文献、资料英文题目：Training and development 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：人力资源管理班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14本科毕业设计（论文）外文文献1.Literature ResearchTraining and developmentThe meaning of Training and developmentTraining and development is the means to carry out certain business organizations and the need for investing in human capital, using a variety of ways to carry out the purpose of staff in a planned training and training management activities, and its goal is to enable staff to update knowledge and develop skills, improve staff motives, attitudes and behavior to adapt to the new requirements of enterprises, their current win better work or higher levels of job responsibility, thus contributing to the improvement of organizational efficiency and organizational goals.The development of training and developmentWe all know that general education can only provide some basic low-level professional knowledge and skills. Face of large-scale enterprise development, the need for a number of skills training in order to enable staff to achieve continuous business development. Therefore, the organization in order to raise labor productivity and personal satisfaction for professional, direct and effective for the organization of production and management services, the Government has implemented a variety of methods, types of organizations to carry out investment activities in education and training.U.S. economist and Nobel Laureate in Economics, Schultz found that simply from thenatural resources, physical capital and labor's point of view, can not explain all the reasons for increase in productivity, capital and wealth as a form of conversion of people's knowledge and abilities are decisive reasons for social progress. But it was not the acquisition cost, it needs to be formed through investment, training is an important investment in such a form..The level of training and developmentThe main groups of the organization of training, corporate training is to organize all the staff, staff positions held as a result of different orientation training with a variety of characteristics. In general, the main is divided into three categories: First, the decision-making level, and the other is management is the operation of three layers. The main contents of training and developmentOrganization of training content and structure is inherent in the specific form of training, thus the development of the company Training content, and organization must be the cause of progress, development strategies and goals, but sometimes in order to adapt to organizational changes in the external environment, but also training in the use of some emergency measures. Therefore, as the contents of the structure of training should be long-term development of the organization of production with the current combination of common training content into the enterprise.Period of training and developmentDivided by time period, training can be divided into long-term training and short-term training, long-term training of more general scheme, there is a strong purpose; by training, job training and can be divided into two full-time training; by the training system, organizations can be divided into the training system and training system for the two organizations, with the training system, including basic training, the applicability of training, day-to-day training, individual training and training objectives; the training system organizations, educational institutions, if divided, can be divided into for three categories: full-time college and the recognition of higher education institutions, local governments and administrative departments of education and training institutions, the use of community resources to schools.Source of funding for training and developmentOrganization of training funds mainly come from two ways: First, the source of the organization, mainly referring to organizations and staff training costs assessed; second is the raising of funds, first of all by the Government through taxes levied training, and then by the state organizations, social enterprises to co-ordinate the funding sponsorship.The economic benefits of training and developmentAs the organization and implementation of staff training to improve skills and to mobilize the enthusiasm of the production, so under the same conditions of employees to create more effective. The increase in the efficiency, can be used in two ways: direct and indirect calculation method of calculation.In the course of training, trainees should pay attention to the learning curve and information feedback, trainees listen to timely information that can help organizations improve the effectiveness of future training, to reduce unnecessary expenditures.In the training market, there are different styles of lecturers, there are different types of courses, some courses are developed by their own lecturers, some courses are foreign agents, and some courses are designed by companies. Training curriculum design is the first step in the design of different ways to use the curriculum, lecturers say is different, the final results of the training are different. Determines the script as a drama, the curriculum design is the first step in training, but also determines the effectiveness of courses.The cost of trainingEducation and training primarily on the basis of the level of information as well as the size of, the higher the level of information and larger, then the lower cost.Effective cost control is in fierce competition in the market of the basic elements of success. However, the absolute cost control is not just the cost of compression, the need to establish a scientific and reasonable cost analysis and control system that allows business managers have a clear framework for the company's costs, profitability in the right direction and decision-making, internal decision-making enterprises key support to radically improve the situation of the cost of doing business and thus truly effective cost control.8 kinds of employee training forms1, the teaching method: the training of the traditional way to use up the advantage of convenient, easy to control the whole process of training. The disadvantage is that a one-way transmission of information, poor feedback effects. Some of these notions are often used for training knowledge.2, audio-visual technology law: adoption of modern audio-visual technology (such as projectors, DVD, VCR and other tools), training of staff. Advantage of the use of visual and auditory perception of the way of clear-cut intuitive. However, feedback from students and practice less, and the cost of production and the purchase of a high content of easily outdated. It is used for business profiles, to impart training skills, conceptual knowledge can also be used for training.3, to discuss the law: In accordance with the complexity and operation cost of the procedure can be divided into the general panel discussions and seminars in two ways. Lectures, seminars and more in the main, or after the half-way to allow students and lecturers communicate. Advantage of multi-directional transmission of information, compared with the teaching of good feedback effects, but higher cost. The panel discussion is characterized by law, when the exchange of information for multi-directional transmission, the participation of students with high, low-cost. Used for the consolidation of knowledge, analysis of the training of students, problem-solving skills and the ability of human interaction, but the training of teachers on the use of the higher.4, case study method: the training of clients, through to the relevant background information, to find a suitable solution. The use of low-cost, effective feedback can be an effective analysis of the training of students problem-solving abilities. In addition, training in recent years studies have shown that the case, discussion can also be used for the training of knowledge category, and better.5, role-playing method: training grant to train teachers in the work of the design of which play a role in the training of teachers and other students in the students after performing the appropriate comments. As a result of multi-directional transmission of information, feedback effects, and practical, and low-cost, and thus more capacity forhuman relations training.6, self-learning method: This approach is more suitable for the general concept of knowledge, with emphasis on adult learning as a result of experience and understanding of the properties, so that a certain learning ability and self-conscious students is both economical and practical approach, but this method There are also deficiencies in poor supervision.7, group interaction law: also known as sensitivity training. This method is mainly applicable to the management of interpersonal and communication training. Training to enable trainees to experience activities to enhance their ability to deal with interpersonal relationships. The advantage is improved interpersonal relationships and communication skills, but its effects depend on the level of teacher training.8, Network Training Act: is a new type of computer network information on training methods, greater input. However, due to the use of flexible and distributed learning in line with new trends, focus on training students to save time and costs. Large amount of information in this way, new knowledge and new delivery concepts have obvious advantages, it is more suitable for adult learning. Therefore, for the strength of the popular business, training and development is an inevitable trend.The classification of training methods1. Smile Training: to serve the people, through a variety of special events, a speech full of passion, as well as recognition of participants, so that participants feel that the training process very interesting.2. Hands-On Training: First of all new workers need to perform their work after the observation, and then, through long experience with those who mentor or work colleagues together, to digest, absorb and purpose of the skills.3. Instrument Training: Through a standardized, there is no organization or organizations for the work of the evaluation tools tailored to obtain the relevant skills and their knowledge and information.4. Objective--Based Instuction: including a structured, guiding the training design, the focus is to better the implementation of a work, the incumbent must learn the specific knowledge and skills.。
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
附件一：英文文献INTRODUCTIONOffences of strict liability are those crimes which do not require mens rea with regard to at least one or more elements of the actus reus. The defendant need not have intended or known about that circumstance or consequence. Liability is said to be strict with regard to that element. For a good example see:R v Prince[1875]：The defendant ran off with an under-age girl. He was charged with an offence of taking a girl under the age of 16 out of the possession of her parents contrary to s55 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. The defendant knew that the girl was in the custody her father but he believed on reasonable grounds that the girl was aged 18. It was held that knowledge that the girl was under the age of 16 was not required in order to establish the offence. It was sufficient to show that the defendant intended to take the girl out of the possession of her father.It is only in extreme and rare cases where no mens rea is required for liability, thereby making the particular offence "absolute".GENERAL PRINCIPLESThe vast majority of strict liability crimes are statutory offences. However, statutes do not state explicitly that a particular offence is one of strict liability. Where a statute uses terms such as "knowingly" or "recklessly" then the offence being created is one that requires mens rea. Alternatively, it may make it clear that an offence of strict liability is being created. In many cases it will be a matter for the courts to interpret the statute and decide whether mens rea is required or not. What factors are taken into account by the courts when assessing whether or not an offence falls into the category of strict liability offences?THE MODERN CRITERIAIn Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v Attorney-General for Hong Kong [1984], the Privy Council considered the scope and role of strict liability offences in the modern criminal law and their effect upon the "presumption of mens rea". Lord Scarman laid down the criteria upon which a court should decide whether or not it is appropriate to impose strict liability: "In their Lordships' opinion, the law … may be stated in the following propositions … : (1) there is a presumption of law that mens rea is required before a person can be held guilty of a criminal offence; (2) the presumption is particularly strong where the offence is "truly criminal" in character; (3) the presumption applies to statutory offences, and can be displaced only if this is clearly or by necessary implication the effect of the statute; (4) the only situation in which the presumption can be displaced is where the statute is concerned with an issue of social concern, and public safety is such an issue; (5) even where a statute is concerned with such an issue, the presumption of mens rea stands unless it can be shown that the creation of strict liability will be effective to promote the objects of the statute by encouraging greater vigilance to prevent the commission of the prohibited act."(1) PRESUMPTION OF MENS REACourts usually begin with the presumption in favor of mens rea, seeing the well-known statement by Wright J in Sherras v De Rutzen：There is a presumption that mens rea, or evil intention, or knowledge of the wrongfulness of the act, is an essential ingredient in every offence; but that presumption is liable to be displaced either by the words of the statute creating the offence or by the subject-matter with which it deals, and both must be considered(2) GRAVITY OF PUNISHMENTAs a general rule, the more serious the criminal offence created by statute, the less likely the courts is to view it as an offence of strict liability. See:Sweet v Parsley [1970]：The defendant was a landlady of a house let to tenants. She retained one room in the house for herself and visited occasionally to collect the rent and letters. While she was absent the police searched the house and found cannabis. The defendant was convicted under s5 of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1965, of "being concerned in the management of premises used for the smoking of cannabis". She appealed alleging that she had no knowledge of the circumstances and indeed could not expect reasonably to have had such knowledge.The House of Lords,quashing her conviction, held that it had to be proved that the defendant had intended the house to be used for drug-taking, since the statute in question created a serious, or "truly criminal" offence, conviction for which would have grave consequences for the defendant. Lord Reid stated that "a stigma still attaches to any person convicted of a truly criminal offence, and the more serious or more disgraceful the offence the greater the stigma". And equally important, "the press in this country are vigilant to expose injustice, and every manifestly unjust conviction made known to the public tends to injure the body politic [people of a nation] by undermining public confidence in the justice of the law and of its administration."Lord Reid went on to point out that in any event it was impractical to impose absolute liability for an offence of this nature, as those who were responsible for letting properties could not possibly be expected to know everything that their tenants were doing.(3) WORDING OF THE STATUTEIn determining whether the presumption in favor of mens rea is to be displaced, the courts are required to have reference to the whole statute in which the offence appears. See:Cundy v Le Cocq (1884) ：The defendant was convicted of unlawfully selling alcohol to an intoxicated person, contrary to s13 of the Licensing Act 1872. On appeal, the defendant contended that he had been unaware of the customer's drunkenness and thus should be acquitted. The Divisional Court interpreted s13 as creating an offence of strict liability since it was itself silent as to mens rea, whereas other offences under the same Act expressly required proof of knowledge on the part of the defendant. It was held that it was not necessary to consider whether the defendant knew, or had means of knowing, or could with ordinary care have detected that the person served was drunk. If he served a drink to a person who was in fact drunk, he was guilty. Stephen J stated: Here, as I have already pointed out, the object of this part of the Act is to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquor to drunken persons, and it is perfectly natural to carry that out by throwing on the publican the responsibility of determining whether the person supplied comes within that category.(4) ISSUES OF SOCIAL CONCERNSee :R v Blake (1996) :Investigation officers heard an unlicensed radio station broadcast and traced it to a flat where the defendant was discovered alone standing in front of the record decks, still playing music and wearing a set of headphones. Though the defendant admitted that he knewhe was using the equipment, he claimed that he believed he was making demonstration tapes and did not know he was transmitting. The defendant was convicted of using wireless telegraphy equipment without a license, contrary to s1 (1) Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 and appealed on the basis that the offence required mens rea.The Court of Appeal held that the offence was an absolute (actually a strict) liability offence. The Court applied Lord Scarman's principles in Gammon and found that, though the presumption in favor of mens rea was strong because the offence carried a sentence of imprisonment and was, therefore, "truly criminal", yet the offence dealt with issues of serious social concern in the interests of public safety (namely, frequent unlicensed broadcasts on frequencies used by emergency services) and the imposition of strict liability encouraged greater vigilance in setting up careful checks to avoid committing the offence.(5) IS THERE ANY PURPOSE IN IMPOSING STRICT LIABILITY?The courts will be reluctant to construe a statute as imposing strict liability upon a defendant, where there is evidence to suggest that despite his having taken all reasonable steps, he cannot avoid the commission of an offence. See:Sherras v De Rutzen [1895]: The defendant was convicted of selling alcohol to a police officer whilst on duty, contrary to s16(2) of the Licensing Act 1872. He had reasonably believed the constable to be off duty as he had removed his arm-band, which was the acknowledged method of signifying off duty. The Divisional Court held that the conviction should be quashed, despite the absence from s16 (2) of any words requiring proof of mens rea as an element of the offence. Wright J expressed the view that the presumption in favor of mens rea would only be displaced by the wording of the statute itself, or its subject matter. In this case the latter factor was significant, in that no amount of reasonable care by the defendant would have prevented the offence from being committed. Wright J stated: "It is plain that if guilty knowledge is not necessary, no care on the part of the publican could save him from a conviction under section 16, subsection (2), since it would be as easy for the constable to deny that he was on duty when asked, or to produce a forged permission from his superior officer, as to remove his armlet before entering the public house. I am, therefore, of opinion that this conviction ought to be quashed."MODERN EXAMPLESThe following case is a modern example of the imposition of strict liability: Alphacell v Woodward [1972] The defendants were charged with causing polluted matter to enter a river contrary to s2 of the Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act 1951. The river had in fact been polluted because a pipe connected to the defendant's factory had been blocked, and the defendants had not been negligent. The House of Lords nevertheless held that the defendants were liable. Lord Salmon stated: If this appeal succeeded and it were held to be the law that no conviction be obtained under the 1951 Act unless the prosecution could discharge the often impossible onus of proving that the pollution was caused intentionally or negligently, a great deal of pollution would go unpunished and undeterred to the relief of many riparian factory owners. As a result, many rivers which are now filthy would become filthier still and many rivers which are now clean would lose their cleanliness. The legislature no doubt recognized that as a matter of public policy this would be most unfortunate. Hence s2(1)(a) which encourages riparian factory owners not only to take reasonable steps to prevent pollution but to do everything possible to ensure that they do not cause it.ARGUMENTS FOR STRICT LIABILITY1. The primary function of the courts is the prevention of forbidden acts. What acts should be regarded as forbidden? Surely only such acts as we can assert ought not to have been done. Some of the judges who upheld the conviction of Prince did so on the ground that men should be deterred from taking girls out of the possession of their parents, whatever the girl's age. This reasoning can hardly be applied to many modern offences of strict liability. We do not wish to deter people from driving cars, being concerned in the management of premises, financing hire purchase transactions or canning peas. These acts, if done with all proper care, are not such acts as the law should seek to prevent.2. Another argument that is frequently advanced in favor of strict liability is that, without it, many guilty people would escape - that there is neither time nor personnel available to litigate the culpability of each particular infraction. T his argument assumes that it is possible to deal with these cases without deciding whether D had mens rea or not, whether he was negligent or not. Certainly D may be convicted without deciding these questions, but how can he be sentenced? Suppose that a butcher sells some meat which is unfit for human consumption. Clearly the court will deal differently with (i) the butcher who knew that the meat was tainted; (ii) the butcher who did not know, but ought to have known; and (iii) the butcher who did not know and had no means of finding out. Sentence can hardly be imposed without deciding into which category the convicted person falls.3. The argument which is probably most frequently advanced by the courts for imposing strict liability is that it is necessary to do so in the interests of the public. Now it may be conceded that in many of the instances where strict liability has been imposed, the public does need protection against negligence and, assuming that the threat of punishment can make the potential harm doer more careful, there may be a valid ground for imposing liability for negligence as well as where there is mens rea. This is a plausible argument in favor of strict liability if there were no middle way between mens rea and strict liability - that is liability for negligence - and the judges have generally proceeded on the basis that there is no such middle way. Liability for negligence has rarely been spelled out of a statute except where, as in driving without due care, it is explicitly required. Lord Devlin has said: "It is not easy to find a way of construing a statute apparently expressed in terms of absolute liability so as to produce the requirement of negligence."ARGUMENTS AGAINST STRICT LIABILITY1. The case against strict liability, then, is, first, that it is unnecessary. It results in the conviction of persons who have behaved impeccably and who should not be required to alter their conduct in any way.2. Secondly, that it is unjust. Even if an absolute discharge can be given D may feel rightly aggrieved at having been formally convicted of an offence for which he bore no responsibility. Moreover, a conviction may have far-reaching consequences outside the courts, so that it is no answer to say that only a nominal penalty is imposed.3. The imposition of liability for negligence would in fact meet the arguments of most of those who favor strict liability. Such statutes are not meant to punish the vicious will but to put pressure upon the thoughtless and inefficient to do their whole duty in the interest of public health or safety or morals." The "thoughtless and inefficient" are, of course, the negligent. The objection tooffences of strict liability is not that these persons are penalized, but that others who are completely innocent are also liable to conviction. Though Lord Devlin was skeptical about the possibility of introducing the criterion of negligence (above), in Reynolds v Austin (1951) he stated that strict liability should only apply when there is something that the defendant can do to promote the observance of the law - which comes close to requiring negligence. If there were something which D could do to prevent the commission of the crime and which he failed to do, he might generally be said to have failed to comply with a duty - perhaps a high duty - of care; and so have been negligent.4. In Alphacell v Woodward (1972) Lord Salmon thought the relevant statutory section, "encourages riparian factory owners not only to take reasonable steps to prevent pollution but to do everything possible to ensure that they do not cause it." This suggests that, however vast the expenditure involved, and however unreasonable it may be in relation to the risk, D is under a duty to take all possible steps. Yet it may be doubted whether factory owners will in fact do more than is reasonable; and it is questionable whether they ought to be required to do so, at the risk - even though it be unlikely - of imprisonment. The contrary argument is that the existence of strict liability does induce organizations to aim at higher and higher standards.POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTSThere are several possible compromises between mens rea and strict liability in regulatory offences. A "halfway house" has developed in Australia. The effect of Australian cases is: D might be convicted without proof of any mens rea by the Crown; but acquitted if he proved on a balance of probabilities that he lacked mens rea and was not negligent; ie, that he had an honest and reasonable belief in a state of facts which, would have made his act innocent. The onus of proving reasonable mistake is on D.STATUTORY DEFENCESIt is common for the drastic effect of a statute imposing strict liability to be mitigated by the provision of a statutory defense. It is instructive to consider one example. Various offences relating to the treatment and sale of food are enacted by the first twenty sections of the Food Safety Act 1990. Many, if not all, of these are strict liability offences. Section 21(1), however, provides that it shall be a defense for the person charged with any of the offences to prove that he took all reasonable precautions and exercised all due diligence to avoid the commission of the offence by himself or by a person under his control. Statutory defenses usually impose on the defendant a burden of proving that he had no mens rea and that he took all reasonable precautions and exercised all due diligence to avoid the commission of an offence. The effect of such provisions is that the prosecution need do no more than prove that the accused did the prohibited act and it is then for him to establish, if he can, that he did it innocently. Such provisions are a distinct advance on unmitigated strict liability.附件二：英文文献翻译介绍严格责任犯罪是关于客观方面的一个或多个因素不要求犯罪意图的那些犯罪。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：财务风险管理文献、资料英文题目：Financial Risk Management 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14财务管理类本科毕业论文外文翻译译文：[美]卡伦·A·霍契.《什么是财务风险管理？》.《财务风险管理要点》.约翰.威立国际出版公司,2005:P1-22.财务风险管理尽管近年来金融风险大大增加，但风险和风险管理不是当代的主要问题。
全球市场越来越多的问题是，风险可能来自几千英里以外的与这些事件无关的国外市场。
意味着需要的信息可以在瞬间得到，而其后的市场反应，很快就发生了。
经济气候和市场可能会快速影响外汇汇率变化、利率及大宗商品价格，交易对手会迅速成为一个问题。
因此，重要的一点是要确保金融风险是可以被识别并且管理得当的。
准备是风险管理工作的一个关键组成部分。
什么是风险？风险给机会提供了基础。
风险和暴露的条款让它们在含义上有了细微的差别。
风险是指有损失的可能性，而暴露是可能的损失，尽管他们通常可以互换。
风险起因是由于暴露。
金融市场的暴露影响大多数机构，包括直接或间接的影响。
当一个组织的金融市场暴露，有损失的可能性，但也是一个获利或利润的机会。
金融市场的暴露可以提供战略性或竞争性的利益。
风险损失的可能性事件来自如市场价格的变化。
事件发生的可能性很小，但这可能导致损失率很高，特别麻烦，因为他们往往比预想的要严重得多。
换句话说，可能就是变异的风险回报。
由于它并不总是可能的，或者能满意地把风险消除，在决定如何管理它中了解它是很重要的一步。
识别暴露和风险形式的基础需要相应的财务风险管理策略。
财务风险是如何产生的呢？无数金融性质的交易包括销售和采购，投资和贷款，以及其他各种业务活动，产生了财务风险。
它可以出现在合法的交易中，新项目中，兼并和收购中，债务融资中，能源部分的成本中，或通过管理的活动，利益相关者，竞争者，外国政府，或天气出现。
A RESEARCH ON DATA PROCESSING MODEL OF GPS DAMDEFORMATION MONITORING NETWORKAbstract: Considering the particularity of the GPS dam deformation monitoring network, a data processing model based on the station orthogonal coordinate system for three-dimension GPS dam deformation monitoring network, was put forward. Also, a mathematical model of using the clustering analysis method in fuzzy mathematics to test the relative stability of quasi-stable points(or datum marks) was successfully brought forward. The adjustment method during the course of data processing was quasi-stable adjustment. At last, a software system of three-dimension GPS dam deformation monitoring network was designed and opened up with the help of Visual Basic Language. With three periods o'bservation data from the GPS deformation monitoring network of a dam, an adjustment calculation was done by the software.The calculation result shows that the mathematical models can be more suitable for the data processing in GPS dam deformation monitoring network.Key words: GPS, Dam deformation monitoring, Quasi-stable adjustment, Clustering analysis 1.IntroductionWGS-84 coordinate system is generally used in GPS. But local or independent coordinate systems are usually chosen in dam deformation monitoring networks for their small areas. During the course of past data processing, the adjustment under WGS-84 coordinate system forindependent networks or networks with several fixed points is often firstly made. Then, the transformation from WGS-84 coordinate system tolocal(or independent) coordinate systems is done. For GPS deformation monitoring networks with repetitive observation data, the obvious change of datum marks coordinates under the two different coordinate systems can be brought by the tiny deformation of datum marks among different periods of observation. And the greater error can be made during the coordinate transformation. If a local Gauss coordinate system is chosen, the projection distortions can also be produced by the transformation itself. For the reasons above, the station orthogonal coordinate system is chosen as the reference coordinate system for data processing of GPS dam deformation networks. And the mathematical model is put forward and deduced.2.Data processing model based on the station orthogonal coordinate system for three-dimension GPS deformation monitoring networks2.1 Coordinate systemThe station orthogonal coordinate system is a left-hand coordinate system. Its origin is set at one of the GPS monitoring points. The E(X) axis points at the meridian passing the origin. It is on the tangent plane of the origin. And the right north is taken as forward direction. The H(Z) axis is on thenormal line of WGS-84 ellipsoid at the point and takes outward as forward directi on . The E(Y) axis is also on the tangent pla ne of the origi n and uses east for forward directi on.If the positi on vector of the stati on orthogo nal coord in ate system origi nr TP o in WGS-84 is expressed as o 二X0 Y 0 Z o , according to the geodetic latitude and Iongitude ( B° , L。
) ' the position vector 门in the statio n orthogo nal coord in ate system origi n of a ran dom poi nt p i can be got through the translation and rotation of its WGS-84 positionTvector r i「i =H (「i-ro) ( 1)In the above equation, H can be written as-sin B o C os L o -sin B o sin L。
cos B oH= si n B o cos L o o (2)cos B o cos L o cos B o sin L。
sin B。
一If the baseli ne vectors of the two ran dom poi ntsp i an d p j in WGS-84 coord in ate system and the the stati on orthogo nal coord in ate system are writte n as" 1 1川' '1 1 1respectively, the expressi on can be easily gained as followsAr tf= r/-r i= H(r - r0)-H(r -r0) = H(r' -rjThe n, the relatio n equatio n betwee n the two baseli ne vectors is expressed Ar = HArasThere are two steps in the GPS observati on data process ing course. They are baseli ne calculati on and n etwork adjustme nt. The baseli ne vectors in WGS-84 can be firstly got using baseline calculation. Secondly, the baseline vector transformation from WGS-84 to the station orthogonal coordinate system can be done with (3). At last, the adjustment of GPS deformation monitoring networks in the station orthogonal coordinate system can be successfully finished.2.2 Adjustment method and mathematical modelDeformation monitoring networks usually require higher precision. And if several fixed points are adopted for datum, the observation precision can be greatly reduced, because the known dataprecision is o'fte s n lower than the required precision and the beginning points ' displacement ca make annexe effect to observation data especially during the course of repetitive observation. So the classical adjustment method, which has some given points, is generally not used. But it is important to choose the reference points with stable physical status as datum of deformation monitoring networks. Considering the above two cases, the quasi-stable adjustment can be employed to make the more stable unknown data( the coordinates of relatively stable points away from the dam) match their stable values. Then, there are no distortion of surveying result and relatively stable datum. And the goal to monitor the deformation can be reached well. The adjustment model of GPS rank-deficient networks can be written asV=AX-LT. , (4)S(L)二阮piWith the least square method, the normal equation is expressed asNX二W (5)T Twhere N equals A PA and W equals A PLAnd the equati on can be got as followsR(N)=R(A)=r where A denotes the rank-deficient matrix whose rank-deficient number d is (n-r)」f S is a set of radical of zero space N(A) and R(S) deno tes d, the equation is written asAS=0 (6)When the inner product space is defined as (X,Y)=X T RY and R(R) >d, under the constraint condition X RX=min, the following equation can be gotS T RX=0 (7)With (5) and (7), the solution equation of weighting rank-deficientn etworks can be expressed asQ 亠-Q H RSVRQ^I XXWhere Q R de notes"、R*% H.When R is a diagonal matrix and its value is 1 or 0, (8) canbecome the model of quasi-stable adjustme nt. The S matrix can be give naccording to the condition AS=0. And the S matrix of GPS 3-dimensional deformati on mon itori ng n etworks is writte n as10 0 loo 1 o o-s z = 0)0010 ……oio ⑼ooi ooi o o 12.3 Mathematical model of calculat ing quasistable poi nts ' relative stability with clusteri ng an alysis For GPS dam deformati on mon itori ng n etworks, the stability of datum marks must be firstly tested in the observati on data process ing. Though the relatively stable area is chose n for build ing datum marks whe n GPS dam deformati on mon itori ng n etworks are desig ned, the deformatio n of datum marks can come into being. Eve n if the quasi-stable adjustme nt method is used, the stability test n eeds to be made, too. The quasi-stable poin ts(quasi-stable points or datum marks in desig n scheme) with marked deformati on should be elim in ated. The mathematical model of calculati ng quasi-stable poin ts(or datum marks) relative stability with clustering analysis in fuzzy mathematics is put forward to en sure the stable quasi-stable points(or datum marks) in GPS observation data processing. One characteristic of quasi-stable adjustme nt is that the correcti on value V of observati on data after adjustme nt is in variable. So the adjusted value L of observati on data is also in variable. And it is show n that the n etwork shape after adjustme nt is un cha nged. The observati on data of GPS n etworks adjustme nt is baseli ne vectors(coord in ate differe nces in 3 coord in ate axis directi on s).Then, after the quasi-stable adjustme nt of two periods of observati on data,the differe nces of coord in ate differe nces of two ran dom quasi-stable poi nts in 3coord in ate axis directi ons betwee n the two periods areinvariable. So, these values can ' t be changed with differces .cAod work can be finished once for ado toavoid the trouble of some methods calculat ing step by step.匸 an df denote the coord in ate differe nces of two ran dom quasi-stable points (i and j)aftertwo periods ' seobati on1 data adjustme nt. is the differe nee of coord in ate differe nces betwee ntwo periods. And equati ons are as follows n叭+碍 Statistic is written as=— ⑴) %1 If the change of l ij between two periods is caused by the accidental error of GPS observati on, it is expressed as心 ~ MO,1)The fuzzy membership grade of the relative stability of the two ran domquasi-stable points (i and j) is defi ned as(12)That is to say, the fuzzy relation of the relative stability of quasi-stable points is theprobability densityvalue of standard normal distribution about^ .To 口，it can be defined asu =0 for supplement. It is also as follows(io )==口 =于(叫) (13)And the fuzzy relation of relative stability of quasi-stable points defined by (12) and (13) only satisfiesthe symmetry of equivale nee fuzzy relatio n. The reflexivity can besta ndardized. And 「「is re-defi ned as=/(0)The fuzzy relati on R has met the first two con diti ons of fuzzy equivale neerelation. Then R is a fuzzy similar matrix. To transitivity, the fuzzysimilar matrix can be cha nged to a fuzzy equivale nee matrix with the help of the tran sitive closed package t(R). And the fuzzy an alysis can be done.The sorted index parameter 入 of clustering analysis is computed with thestatistic hypothesis method .If the cha nge of betwee n two periods is caused by the accide ntal error of GPS observatio n, it is expressed asFor the given conspicuous level a , there is a c K ticaWfitHue 一,the corresponding valu. can be got from (14). And 「is the sortedstability. Tab.1 below shows the values ofa and 入Obviously should be changed in the practice. It is concluded that alarger a shouldhosen according to the operation rule in clustering analysis. And it canbe recommended that and 入 should use 5 %and 0 .1465respectively. 3.A computation example and result analysis The computation example was chosen from the GPS(14) in dex parameter 入 of clustering analysisepfasi-stable points relativedeformation monitoring network of some rock and soil gravity dam. There were 3 periods of observation data in total. The observation dates were Mar.4 to 7, Jun. 4 to 11, and Aug.31 to Sept.4 in 2001. There were 75 GPS monitoring points in this network. And 6 of the total were in the relatively stable area of the lower river of the dam. The other 69 points were at the dam body. All the monitoring points were built on observation piers and had compulsive centering equipment. And all the observation was finished by 6 Ashtech Z-Surveyor dual-frequency receivers. The periods of all the points were more than an hour. The baseline solution of GPS observation data was gained by the Ashtech associated software Solution 2.5. For every period, everyday observation data was processed singly. The periods of time with bad signals were first eliminated. If they were still not eligible, the observation data was deleted. Then, with everyday qualified baselines, the network adjustment was prepared. The baseline solution precision is listed in Tab.1.6 monitoring points in the relatively stable area of dam lower river banks were used as fixed in itial datum. And the adjustme nt with fixed poi nts was done. With the adjustme nt result being an alyzed, it was show n that the displacement among 6 initial points could reach about 2~3mm. And the monitoring points ' precision after the adjustment with 6 fixed points was 1~2 times larger tha n the precisi on using quasi-stable adjustme nt. The result also explained the displacement of initial points. Because fixed initial datum could react on observation data for compulsive fixing, the precisi on was bad. In order to test the stability of quasi-stable poin ts, the mathematical model of clusteri ng an alysis method was employed. It was found that the quasi-stable point KL3 in Y directi on was obviously differe nt from the other 5 points whe n the sec ond period of observatio n was compared with the first.And KL3 in Y and Z directions was distinctly differe nt from the others whe n the third was compared with the first.Then, KL3 was eliminated after integrating the clustering analysis result of the seco nd and the third periods. At last, KL1 KL2、KL7、KR1 and KR3 were take n as quasi-stable poin ts. Because there was no quasi-stable adjustme nt fun cti on in GPS associated software of GPS manu facturersdesig ned for GPS deformati on mon itori ng n etworks using VB programming Ianguage. It had the function of quasi-stable adjustment in the stati on orthog onal coord in ate system. With it, the three periods of observati on data were processed. Because there were too many points, on ly the adjusted 3-dime nsional coord in ate syn thetical precisi on in the stati on orthog onal coord in ate system was listed in Tab.2 below.It is show n in Tab.2 that the mea n square error(MSE) of pla ne coord in ates can reach 1 millimeter and the MSE of vertical coord in ates can reach 2 millimeters. And the precisi on can satisfy the comma nd of dam deformatio n mon itori ng en tirely.4. Con clusi onsThe stati on orthog onal coord in ate system is more suitable for the refere nee coord in ate system of GPS dam deformati on mon itori ng n etworks. The quasi-stable adjustme nt method is more suitable for the data process ing of GPS dam deformati on mon itori ng n etworks. The mathematical model of calculati ng quasistable poi nts ' relative stability with clustering analysis can be used for the stability analysis of fixed in itial datum marks in GPS deformati on mon itori ng n etworks and datum marks in n ormal deformatio n mon itori ng n etworks as settleme nt monitoringnetworks or survey triangulation andtrilateration networks. And the correctness and feasibility of the advanced model have been proved with a computation example.。
