2015年综合类和理工类职称英语考试新增文章

2015年职称英语理工类新增文章2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。

2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。

完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。

2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. Theytake in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’satmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1. Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。

2015年职称英语考试理工类教材对比2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless,box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.【词汇】envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的【注释】1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。

1.The news will horrify everyone. A.attract B.terrify C.tempt D.excite 2.The article sketched the major events of the decade. A.described B.offered C.outlined D.presented 3.I won’t tolerate that kind of behavior. A.bear B.receive C.admit D.take 4.Their style of playing football is utterly different. A.barely B.scarcely C.hardly D.totally 5.Her sister urged her to apply for the job. A.advised B。

caused C.forced D.promised 6 I had some difficulty in carrying out the plan. A making B keeping C implementing D changing 7 Mr. Johnson evidently regarded this as a great joke. A readily B casually 8 We all think that Mary's husband is a very boring person. A shy B stupid C selfish D dull 9 The workers in that factory manufacture furniture. A promote B paint C polish D produce 10 they only have a limited amount of time to get their points across. A large B total C similar D small 11. During the Second World War, all important resources in the U. S. were allocated by the federal government. A nationalized B commandeered C taxed D distributed 12. The little boy was so fascinated by the mighty river that he would spend hours sitting on its bank and gazing at the passing boats and rafts. A very strong B very long C very great D very fast 13. The stories of Sarah Orne Jewett are considered by many to be more authentically regional than those of Bret Harte. A elegantly B genuinely C intentionally D thoroughly 14. The number of the United States citizens who are eligible to vote continues to increase. A encouraged B enforced 15. Formulated in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Americas were no longer open to European colonization, A stated firmly B argued light-mindedly C thought seriously D announced regrettably 1-5 BCADA 6-10CDDDD 11-15DABDA阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分) 阅读下⾯这篇短⽂，短⽂后列出了7个句⼦，请根据短⽂的内容对每个句⼦做出判断。

2015年职称英语（综合A）考试真题带答案答案一：综合A，代码121-10 1212334321 11-20 ，321231212121-30.3145213412 31-40,412413244141-50,3212342651 51-60,211442231461-65.13313答案二：综合A，代码121-10 121233432111-20 ，321231212121-30.314521341231-40,412413244141-50,321234265151-60,211442231461-65.13313(注：以上答案均属于网友版，仅供参考!)真题：以下为综合教材原文：+第四十九篇 The Beginning of American LiteratureAmerican has always been a land of beginnings. After Europeans “discovered”America in the fifteenth century, them ysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life, an escape from poverty and persecution, a chance to start again. We can say that,as nation, America begins with that hope. When, however, does American literature begin?American literature begins with American experiences. Long before the firstcolonists arrived, before Christopher Columbus, before the Northmen who “found”America about the year 1,000, Native Americans lived here. Each tribe’s literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land. Another kind of experience, one filled with fear and excitement,found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English. In addition, the journals of the people who livedand died in the New England wilderness tell unforgettable tales of hard and sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years.Experience, then, is the key to early American literature. The New World provided a great variety of experiences, and these experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers. These writers, included John Smith, whospent only two-and- a-half years on the American continent. They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd, who thought of themselves as British subjects, never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own. American Indians, explorers, Puritan ministers, frontier wives, plantation owner — they are all the creators of the first American literature.1.2015年职称英语（综合A）考试真题带答案2.职称英语考试《综合A》阅读判断历年真题精选3.职称英语考试《综合A》阅读理解历年真题精选4.职称英语历年真题综合A阅读理解精选5.2017职称英语《综合A》完形填空真题练习及答案6.职称英语考试《综合A》概括大意历年真题精选7.职称英语考试《综合A》补全短文历年真题精选8.职称英语历年真题综合A概括大意精选9.职称英语考试《综合A》完形填空历年真题精选10.职称英语历年真题综合A阅读判断精选【2015年职称英语（综合A）考试真题带答案】相关文章：1.2015年职称英语综合类A级考试真题及答案2.2016职称英语综合A的真题3.2016职称英语《综合类A级》冲刺真题及答案4.2017职称英语《综合A》完形填空真题练习及答案5.2016年职称英语真题及答案(综合类A级)6.2016年职称英语《综合A》考试真题汇总7.2015年职称英语卫生类A级考试真题及答案8.2016年职称英语考试真题及答案(理工类A级)。

2015年综合类职称英语新增文章注释1. …create a film over the eye ’s surface ：……在眼睛的表面形成一层薄膜。

2. …get it back …：……恢复……3. …act out the whole situation again …：……整个场景重现…… 练习A It may explain why people who are afraid to cry often suffer more h eart attacks than people cry more freely.BIts good to hold back tears during a tense business discussion.C Crying has good effects on the body.D Even when you're not crying, your eyes produce tears.E They practice crying so that they can get used to expressing emotio n.F As children we were sometimes punished for shedding tears or expres sing anger.答案与题解1. D 此空的上一句讲到眼泪很有用，后一句讲到眼泪的具体用处，并且句首是these，所以所填的这句应该有眼泪，根据上下文只有选项D最适合。

选项C与前一句话意思重复。

综合群385443831；理工群385448628；卫生群3854190922. F 下文提到作为成人，我们仍然害怕流泪，所填的这句应该讲我们还是孩子时对流泪的恐惧。

所以，答案是选项F。

3. A 上文讲到哭能够帮助我们发泄心中的强烈情感，所以经常哭的人会比不常哭的人获得某种益处，根据上下文，只有选项A比较贴切。

What Makes a Soccer Player Great?Soccer is played by millions of people all over the world, but there have only been few players who were truly great.How did these players get that way-was it through training and practice,or are great players"born,not made"?First,these players came from places that have had famous stars in the past -players that a young boy can look up to and try to imitate. In the history of soccer,only six countries have ever won the World Cup-three from South America and three from western Europe.There has never been a great national team-or a really great player-from North America or from Asia.Second,these players have all had years of practice in the game.Alfredo Di Stefano was the son of a soccer player,as was Pele.Most players begin playing the game at the age of three or four.Finally,many great players come from the same kind of neighborhood-a poor,crowed area where a boy's dream is not to be a doctor,lawyer,or businessman,but to become a rich, famous athlete or entertainer.For example,Liverpool,which produced the Beetles,had one of the best English soccer teams in recent years.Pele practiced in the street with a"ball"made of rags.And George Best learned the tricks that made him famous by bouncing the ball off a wall in the slums of Belfast.All great players have a lot in common,but that doesn't explain why they are great.Hundreds of boys played in those Brazilian streets,but only one became Pele.The greatest players are born with some unique quality that sets them apart from all the others.1.According to the author,which of the following statements is true?A)Soccer is popular all over the world,but truly great players are rare.B)Millions of people all over the world are playing soccer, but only six countries have ever had famous stars.C)Soccer is played by millions of people all over the world, but only six countries from South America and western Europe have ever had great national reams.D)Soccer is one of the most popular games all over the world, but it seems the least popular in North America and Asia.2.The word"tricks"at the end of Paragraph2is closest in meaning toA)experienceB)cheatingC)skillsD)training3.The Brazilian streets are mentioned to illustrate thatA)famous soccer players live in slum areas.B)People in poor areas are born with some unique qualityC)Children in poor areas start playing football at the age of three or four.D)A great soccer player may be born in a slum area.4.In the last paragraph the statement"…but only one became Pele"indicates thatA)Pele is the greatest soccer player.B)the greatest players are born with some unique quality.C)Pele's birthplace sets him apart from all the others.D)the success of a soccer player has everything to do with the family back ground.5.The author mentions all the factors that may affect a soccer player's success exceptA)his family back ground.B)his neighborhood.C)his practice.D)his character.参考答案:ACDBDMartin Luther King Jr.By the time the Montgomery Improvement Association chosethe26-year-old Martin Luther King Jr.as its leader,the hours-old bus boycott by the black citizens of Montgomery, Alabama,was already an overwhelming success.King would later write that his unanticipated call to leadership"happened so quickly that I did not have time to think in through.""It is probable that if I had,I would have declined the nomination."Although press reports at the time focused on his inspiring oratory,King was actually a reluctant leader of a movement initiated by others.His subsequent writings and private correspondence reveal man whose inner doubts sharply contrast with his public persona.In the early days of his involvement, King was troubled by telephone threats,discord within the black community and Montgomery's"get tough"policy,to which king attributed his jailing on a minor traffic violation.One night,as he considered ways to"move out of the picture without appearing a coward,"he began to pray aloud and,at that moment, "experienced the presence of the God as I had never experienced Him before."He would later admit that when the boycott began,he was not yet firmly committed to Gandhian principles.Although he had been exposed to those teachings in college,he had remained skeptical."I thought the only way we could solve our problemof segregation was an armed revolt,"he recalled."I felt that the Christian ethic of love was confined to individual relationships."Only after his home was bombed in late January did king reconsider his views on peting with each other to influence King were two ardent pacifists:Bayard Rustin,a black activist with the War Resisters League,and the Rev.Glenn E.Smiley,a white staff member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation.Rustin was shocked to discover a gun in King's house,while Smiley informed fellow pacifists that King's home was"an arsenal."1.What did King think of his nomination as leader of the Montgomery Boycott?A)He hadn't expected it.B)He had to think about it carefully.C)He would refuse to accept it.D)He was prepared to accept it.2.Why was King unwilling to lead the movement at first?A)Because he doubted if the boycott would be successful.B)Because he was troubled with a traffic accident at that time.C)Because he thought he was too young to be a leader.D)Because he himself didn't start the boycott.3.Which of the following is Not mentioned as something that happened at the beginning of the black people's movement?A)King was put into prison.B)Black people disagreed with each other.C)King's armed revolt proposal was turned down.D)Black people found it hard to accept the policy pursued in Montgomery.4.Which of the following was the immediate cause that made King change his view on violence?A)The education he received in college.B)The attack of his home.C)The influence of two active non-violence advocates.D)The verdict of the Supreme Court.5.In Paragraph4,the last sentence"King's home was'an arsenal'"meansA)King's home was a place where people got together.B)King's home was a place where people tested bombs.C)King's home was a place where weapons were stored.D)King's home was a place where bombs exploded.Keys:ADCBCAttitudes to AIDS NowMost people say that the USA is making progress in fighting AIDS,but they don't know there's no cure and strongly disagree that"the AIDS epidemic is over,"a new survey finds.The findings,released Thursday by the Kaiser Family Foundation,reassure activists who have worried that public concern about AIDS might disappear in light of recent news about advances in treatment and declines in deaths."While people are very optimistic about the advances, they're still realistic about the fact that there is no cure" says Sophia Chang,director of HIV programs at the foundation.The Kaiser survey,like a recent USA TODAY Gallup Poll,does find that the number of people ranking AIDS as the country's top health problem has fallen.In the Kaiser poll,38%say it's the top concern,down from44%in a1996poll;in the Gallup Poll,29%say AIDS in No.1,down from41%in1992and67%in 1987.Other findings from Kaiser,which polled more than1,200 adults in September and October and asked additional questions of another1,000adults in November:52%say the country is making progress against AIDS,up from 32%in1995.52%say the government spends too little on AIDS.86%correctly say AIDS drugs can now lengthen lives;an equal number correctly say that the drugs are not cures.67%incorrectly say that AIDS deaths increased or stayed the same in the past year;24%know deaths fell.Daniel Zingale,director of AIDS Action Council,says,"I'm encouraged that the American people are getting the message that the AIDS epidemic isn't over.I hope the decision-makers in Washington are getting the same message…We have seen signs of complacency.1.What do activists worry about?A)Recent news about AIDS is not true.B)People may stop worrying about AIDS.C)Deaths caused by AIDS may not decline.D)Advances in AIDS treatment are too slow.2.According to the passage,people's attitude toward the cure of AIDS isA)optimistic.B)realistic.C)pessimistic.D)hopeless.3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of peopleA)who suffer from the worst disease---AIDS has fallen.B)who think AIDS threatens the countryside has fallen.C)who worry about AIDS and health problems has fallen.D)who think AIDS is the country's top health killer has fallen.4.According to the Kaiser Poll,which of the following is NOT correct?A)The country is making progress against AIDS.B)AIDS drugs still cannot save people's lives.C)AIDS drugs can now make people live longer.D)More and more people die of AIDS now.5.The work"massage"in the last paragraph meansA)printed new.B)contact.C)meaning.D)central idea.Key:BBDDDSleepWe all know that the normal human daily cycle of some7-8 hours'sleep alternating with some16-17hours'wakefulness and that,broadly speaking,the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.Our present concern is win how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no more academic one.The case,for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines.It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping during the day and working at night.Unfortunately it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week;a person may work from12midnight to8a.m.one week,8a.m. to4p.m.the next,and4p.m.to12midnight the third and so on.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another,so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month,or even three months.Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands,however,has shows that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all weekend and holidays.Aninteresting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown.She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep,digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts,but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.1.The question raised in Paragraph1is"no mere academic one"A)because Bonjer's findings are different from Browns.B)because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C)because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.D)because shift work in industry requires people to change the sleeping habits.2.According to the passage,the main problem about night work is thatA)people hate the inconvenience of working on night shifts.B)your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and back.C)not all industries work at the same hours.D)it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers.3.According to the passage,the best solution on the problem seems to beA)not to change shifts from one week to the next.B)to make periods on each shift longer.C)to employ people who will always work at night.D)to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly.4.In the second paragraph,"the third"meansA)the third weekB)the third shiftC)a third of the timeD)the third routine5.In the last sentence of the second paragraph,"another" meansA)another routineB)another shiftC)another weekD)another personkey:D、B、C、B、AHigh Stress May Damage MemoryAccording to a report issued in May1998,elderly people who have consistently high blood levels of cortisol don't scoreas well on memory tests as their peers with lower levels of the stress hormone.What's more,high levels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking of the hippocampus,a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory.The finding suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal, "healthy"range can actually accelerate brain aging.The study results"now pride substantial evidence that long-term exposure to adrenal stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans,"write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield of the University of Kentucky in Lexington in their editorial.Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands,which sit on top of the kidneys.Over a5to6-year period,Dr.Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured24-hour cortisol levels in51healthy volunteers,most of whom were in their70s.Despite wide variation in cortisol levels,the participants could be divided into three subgroups:those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently high;those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently moderate;and subjects whose cortisol decreased,but was currently moderate.The researchers tested the volunteers'memory on six peoplein the increasing/high category and five people in the decreasing/moderate group.The groups did not differ on tests of immediate memory,but the increasing/high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing/moderate group.The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing/high group was14%lower than those in the decreasing/moderate group,although there were no differences in other brain regions.The results suggest that"…brain again can be accelerated by levels of adrenal hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging,"write Porter and Landfield."This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of hippocampus."1.The part of the brain important for a person's learning and memory isA)the cortisol.B)the adrenal glands.C)the stress hormones.D)the hippocampus.2.When the levels of cortisol go higher,the hippocampusin the brain mayA)become larger.B)become smaller.C)be missing.D)be totally damaged.3.According to the article,when people feel too worried or nervous or when they overwork,A)the adrenal glands will produce a stress hormone.B)the kidneys will produce adrenal glands.C)the hippocampus will produce high level of cortisol in the blood.D)the cortisol will produce something that makes a poorer memory.4.When the total volume of the hippocampus becomes smaller, other brain regionsA)become smaller too.B)Become larger.C)may remain the same in size.D)may be damaged.5.Porter and Landfield's research shows thatA)the change in the levels if adrenal hormones has nothing to do with the degree of brain aging.B)the change in the levels of adrenal hormones has a lot to do with the degree of brain aging.C)the long-term stress will gradually make the hippocampus worse.D)None of the above is correct.Key:DBACB。

34Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池 What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It’s no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病 有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引 起的疾病。

病毒是能够在人与人之间传染 的微生物。

难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首 先想到的是如何躲避病毒。

Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge ， Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the world’s smallest rechargeable batteries. 然 而， 并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带 者。

在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有 些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。

他们使病 毒开始工作， 使病毒构成世界上最小的充 电电池。

Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus­built batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology ， technology and production techniques. 病毒和电池的搭档 似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉 拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。

卫生B补全短文新增文章*第七篇 Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleep—about eight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memory, focus, and behavior.Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found that the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven-and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without enough sleep. Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problemsAccording to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the person’s I.Q. could go down 15 points or more. That’s why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks 。

2015年职称英语考试《理工A》真题Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn‟t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth‟s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoi c period, about 800 million years ago —but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn‟t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth‟s atmosphere couldn‟thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advance mentswere poised to occur.“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherRein hard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We‟re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth‟s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen‟srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today‟sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surfa ce Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation‟s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; ThomasJohnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth‟s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned据网友提供信息，2015年职称英语考试理工A概括大意与完成句子真题及答案，广大考生可以参考本帖，对照答案。

Small But WiseOn December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born. "I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before,"said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project. Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky. The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however. WISE stands for"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer."As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together. Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't. Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures. These objects are"failed" stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spe ctrum they glow.小而聪明12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)，大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。