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英语中的五种基本句型结构一、句型1: Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词, 所谓不及物动词就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。
常见的动词如: work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。
如:1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。
2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。
3）Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.☆可以做主语的--------主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词,短语或从句充当.一.名词、代词、数词作主语David arrived last night.大卫昨晚到达.Who is speaking, please（在中）请问您是谁That's OK.这没问题.Two will be enough.两个就够了.Two-thirds of the workers are women.三分之二的工人是女工.二.ing形式作主语Skating is good exercise.溜冰是很好的运动.Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.Making a marriage work can take a lot of effort.Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset.三.to不定式作主语To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动.To love and to be love are the greatest happiness in the word.四.the+adj作主语The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.在我们国家,盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾.The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业的人生活一般很困难.五.从句作主语What has happened proves that our policy is right.发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的. Whether we'll go depends on the weather.我们是否去要看天气.六.短语作主语How to do well is an important question.如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好.七、it做形式主语1.It's no good sitting up too late.2.It seems as if it is going to rain.二、句型2: Subject (主语) ＋ Link.V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。
Lecture One Culture⏹Understand the definitions of culture☐Describe the importance of cultureCulture is a particular way to satisfy human needs. (Culture is a whole collection of our living patterns and behaviors. )☐Know some metaphors of cultureSoftware, grammar of our behavior, onion, and most influential metaphor: iceberg⏹Describe the characteristics of culture⏹Summarize the classifications of cultureDominant Culture — SubcultureMainstream Culture — CountercultureDeep Culture — Surface CultureHigh Culture — Popular CultureLecture Two Communication●Understand the definition of Communication●Describe the elements of Communication10 elementsKey point for successful communication: decoding●Summarize different types of CommunicationIn terms of regions: Intra-culture/inter-cultureIn terms of style: direct and indirect communicationIn terms of purposes: Intentional/unintentional☆In terms of medium: verbal and non-verbal communicationLecture Three: Culture and Communication ((case-oriented)●Perceive the relationship between culture and communication.Culture is transmitted, created, shaped, and learned through communication.Communication practices are largely shaped, created, and transmitted by culture.●Understand Hall’s Dimensions (Chapter 2)–High Context vs. Low Context Culture–Monochronic vs. Polychronic Culture●Analyze cases by Hall’s intercultural theoryExample one: business conventionTime-plentiful cultures tend to rely on trust to do business. Time-limited culturesdon't have time to develop trust and so create other mechanisms to replace trust (such as strong rule-by-law)Example two: German engineers in Middle East•German engineers in the pre-World War II period were helping to construct arailroad in Iran. Iranians and Middle Easterners generally take a far more relaxed attitude toward time than Americans or western Europeans. When Iranian work crews consistently showed up for work ten minutes late, the Germans, themselves super-punctual and always in a hurry, fired them in droves.•Iranian engineers had a difficult time persuading them that by Middle Easternstandards the workers were being heroically punctual, and that if the firings continued there would soon be no one left to do the work but women and children.Example three: High Context and Low ContextIn Hong Kong, a Chinese policeman (A) goes to his British superior (B) and asks for leave to take his mother to hospital.A: Sir?B: Yes, what is it?A: My mother is not very well, sir.B: So?A: She has to go into hospital, sir.B: Well, get on with it. What do you want?A: On Thursday, sir.B: Bloody hell, man. What do you want?A: Nothing, sir.Lecture Four: Intercultural Communication I⏹Understand the definition of Intercultural Communication(chapter 5)⏹Summarize different forms of intercultural communication(chapter 5)International communication 国际交际Interracial communication 种族交际Inter-ethnic communication 民族交际Inter-regional communication 地域交际⏹Perceive the Key Cultural Divides: Collectivism vs. Individualism(chapter 2)Better understand the differences between Western and Eastern Perspective of communicationDifferent from Hofstede’s claim that individualism and collectivism are the two extremes of one value among the different cultural dimensions, Triandis considers that individualism and collectivism can construct the core of a culture.Lecture Five: Intercultural Communication II (cultural barriers)Understand different forms of Cultural Barriers⏹Worldviews as Barriers to Intercultural Communication：Westerners: holistic worldview Chinese: dualist worldview结合课本，主要了解由于世界观的不同而造成人们在宗教信仰、思维模式上的差别。
英语五大基本句型讲解无明显格式错误和需要删除的段落。
英语有五种基本句型，它们是构成其他句子结构的基础。
这五种基本句型是：S+V、S+V+O、S+V+P、S+V+IO+DO、S+V+O+OC。
其中，S表示主语，V表示谓语动词，O表示宾语，P表示表语，IO表示间接宾语，DO表示直接宾语，OC 表示宾语补足语。
第一种句型是主语加不及物动词，例如“Birds fly”和“Class begins”。
不及物动词后不能带宾语，但可以有状语来修饰。
有些动词既可作及物动词也可以作不及物动词，例如“begin”。
第二种句型是主语加及物动词加宾语，例如“My father read the book”。
及物动词后必须带宾语。
第三种句型是主语加系动词加表语，例如“We are students”。
系动词用来连接主语和表语，表示主语的状态或特征。
第四种句型是主语加及物动词加间接宾语和直接宾语，例如“She gave me a pen”。
间接宾语表示动作的对象，而直接宾语则表示动作的承受者。
第五种句型是主语加及物动词加宾语和宾语补足语，例如“He made the boy laugh”。
宾语补足语用来修饰宾语，表示宾语的状态或特征。
掌握这五种基本句型对于理解和运用其他英语句子结构非常重要。
有些不及物动词可以加上介词变成及物动词，这样就可以加上宾语了。
例如，“Listen”是不及物动词，但是加上介词“to”之后，就可以变成及物动词“listen to”，并且可以加上宾语。
及物动词可以带上名词或者名词的相当语作宾语，例如代词、不定式、动名词和宾语从句。
例如，“She likes English”中的名词作宾语，“I know him very well”中的代词作宾语，“They want to go”中的不定式作宾语，“XXX”中的动名词作宾语，“The teacher advised that we learn English well”中的宾语从句作宾语。
Mini-lecture 1Cultural UnderstandingLike learning a language，developing cultural understanding occurs step by step over time.Here are five stages of cultural understanding veduchina.Stage one：No understanding.一involves no awareness of the new culture：know nobody and few(1)Stage two：Sup erficial understanding.--awareness of (2) aspects of the foreign culture and stereotypes veduchina--stereotytres are(3)Stage three：Growing understanding and possible(4)--awareness of more subtle，less visible traits in foreign culture--unnecessarily bring acceptance veduchina.For anyone，the home culture is(5)Stage four：Greater(6)————understanding.一still(7) have little empathy veduchina一the(8) level is higherStage five：True empathy，and cultural (9)————.—to live in the foreign culture：the amount of time depends Oil(10)Mini-lecture 2 British Educational System1.Primary and secondary educationin Britain1)Children at the age of(1)________go to primary school.2)Students attend secondaryschool until age sixteen.3)Students enter higher education at age eighteen.2.Higher education in Britain1) In England and Wales：—Application for universities：through the UCCA；一Courses：“course”refers to a(2)_______ program，structured with a fixed program of classes；—Classes：a.classes are offered in the UK on a(3)________basis veduchina；b.more emphasi s i s placed on(4)________study；c.students write more essays and take fewer objective tests；d.classes often take the following forms：(5)______，tutorials，seminars.2) In Scotland：—A variety of tertiary level options are available：a.The colleges of further education provide vocational and (6)____education；b.Central institutions don’t directly validate degrees,but many have close ties to(7) .c.Teachers colleges veduchina；d.The standard university degree is a four—year(8)__________；parison between the US and the UK higher education1)Grading：一In the UK，(9)__________are the most common form of study assessment—The US professors grade less strictly than the UK professors veduchina2)Course levels：—Basic courses are not(10)____________at UK universities.Mini-lecture 3 Mass Media in AmericaMass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market.Three groups of mass media in America are briefly introduced.I. N ewspapersA.Reading newspaper is different from watching TV.—for one thing1.detailed(1)_______ of news items2.substantial treatment of news events3.interesting and stimulating opinions4.analysis over important events at home and abroac—for anotheras for the reading places, no(2)_______B.Newspapers are still a big business.—fact one: the large circulation of a number of important newspapers—fact two: the great (3)_______ of newspapers availableII. MagazinesA.great varietyB.wide range of topi csC.different target readers:the well-educated,well-informed,and(4)_____ peopleD.the top three:(5)_______ TV Guide and The Conde Nast SelectIII. Radio and TelevisionA.Radio:a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans一The future of the radio is still(6)___________B.Television--become popular after the invention of(7)_____ and videotape recorders—profound impact on society1.the socialization effect2.a(8)_________ a molder of new of new cultural trends and a molder of attitudes towards these new trends3.revolutionized the marketing of goods4.the enormous cultural impact of TV violent programs5.the impact of TV on(9)_______________To sum up，the mass media in Ameri ca has，to a great extent，changed and will still keep on changing Americans’(10)_________Mini-lecture 4 Government in Britain and the USThe focus of this lecture is different government systems in Britain and the US.Government in Britain:1. National government:the center of government in Britain iS Parliament.一Location of parliament:(1)__________.—Parliament includes the House of Common，the House of lords and the monarch.—the passage of bills:firstly brought to the House of Commons for discussion，then the house of Lords，finally(2)_________2. Local government in Britain，also known as(3)_________一make small laws,only applied in local area—got payment from(4)from national government--elected by people within each town,city or country areaGovernment in the US:1.The federal government—(5)________is the central law-making body in the US.1)the House of Representatives2)the Senate: the higher but less (6)________of the two houses of Congress.—The President has the power of (7)________a bill.—The Supreme Court: the final Court of Appeal in the US.2.The state government—Each state has its own written(8)________—The highest elected official of each state is the Governor.3.The local government—No law of local government can be(9)________with the United Constitution.To sum up，the government in each country is a (n) (10)________of its historicaland modern factors.参考答案：Mini-lecture1 (1)basi c facts (2)negative (3)offensive (4)conflict (5)much better(6)intellectual (7)emotionally (8)comfort (9)respect (10)the individualCulture understanding文化差异Today I will focus on the i ssue of culture understanding. With increasing globalization, the world becomes really small nowadays. As a member of the global, we get more chances to contact foreign cultures. And what if we want to understand foreign culture very well, what should we do? What kinds of process will we experience before we achieve that goal. The answer is not very difficult to imagine. Just like learning a language, developing culture understanding occurs steps by steps over time. Development of culture consciousness is a process that starts the stage no understanding and moves, in the best case, to the stage of true empathy移情作用,[心]神入and culture respect. So an order to make it a clearer explanation about the process, the five stages of culture understanding is presented here.Stage 1 no und erstanding This level involves no awareness of new culture. The point is quite easy to see. For a person who has few chances to get contact with other cultures, a new one sometimes might as well be like something from an unknown planet in outer space. The person does not know anyone from the culture, and has encountered few, if any, basi c facts about the culture; so naturally, the person certainly has no way to understand that culture at all.Stage 2 superficial understanding This level involves awareness of very superficial aspects of foreign culture, frequentl y negative aspects. At this stage of culture awareness, the person knows a few basic facts of new culture. These facts stand out and often serve as the basis of stereotypes 陈规,老套. However, the stereotypes are offensive because they imply that al l people from a certain culture have the same characteristi cs. At this stage of culture awareness, when stereotypes are keenly felt, the person is highly ethnocentric种族[民族]中心主义的,种族[民族, 集团]优越感的that means the person is just focused on his or her own culture as the norm of what is right and comparing the new culture with the better culture back home. Stage 3 growing und erstanding and possible conflict In this stage the learner begins to be aware of more subtle sometimes less visible traits in the foreign culture. I will give you an example here to illustrate this point. A student learned that a given culture focuses on family far more getting things accomplished. As a result, he or she begin to appreciate the huge importance of family value in this culture, so we can see thi s understanding helps the person to see why things operate the w ay they do. But such awareness doesn’t al ways bring acceptance. In this stage the person is still ethnocentri c home culture-oriented, comparing that culture that i s new to his/her old home culture and usually feel his/her home culture is much better. I think some of you, as English majors, may have the exactly same experiences when you come to be familiar with your foreign t eachers or friends. You do appreciate some of their cultures but you just can’t accept them from the bottom of your heart.Stage 4 great intellectual culture und erstanding At this stage the learner begins to comprehend intellectually the peopl e in the foreign culture yet they are still a little emotional empathy. The person can not feel what it is like to be a member of that culture, the learner thus starts to see things intellectually through the eye of culture bearers at the least part of the time, but they just can’t really feel the same way the members of foreign culture feel. The learner begins to shed ethnocentrism a little bi t and starts to understand new culture more deeply. The person knows why thing are done in the way they are done and accept these things with less irritation. So you can see now the learner obviously comprehend the briefs and actions of people in the culture, the comfort level is higher, and the person does not complain the extensively about the culture differences. That makes a big sense in the process of culture understanding.Stage 5 true empathy and culture resp ect This level is the highest one of culture awareness. To attain this level, the learner must actually live in the foreign culture for some time. As for how long the learner must live in such a culture so that they can reach stage five. The amount of time is variable, greatly depending on the individual. At the fifth stage, unlike the previous stages the learner does not just see things intellectually from the viewpoint of the culture some or most of the time, instead he/she actually feel the part of culture, respects the culture fully and emphasizes emotionally with those who have lived all their life in that culture. By doing so, the person, in real sense, achieves a true culture understanding.In summary, today’s lecture is centered on the stages and growth of culture consciousness. Altogether there are five. 1 no understanding means one does not know anyone from that culture knows few, if any, facts. 2 superficial understanding means one knows some superficial facts and stereotypes. 3 growing understanding and possible conflict means one is aware of moresubtle traits but may experience culture conflicts probably believes one’s own culture is superior. 4 great inte llectual culture understanding means one understands the culture intellectually but not emotionally. 5 true empathy and culture respect means one understands the culture both intellectually and emotionally, can feel what the people in the culture feel. Hope the lecture will be helpful in your nurturing of your culture awareness. Thanks for your patience.Mini-lecture2(1)five (2)degree (3)modular (4)independent/self-directed (5)lectures (6)technical(7)local businesses (8)Honors degree (9)written examinations (10) commonBritish Educational SystemToday I’ll talk about the British educational system, including the primary and secondary education and the higher education in Britain. Meanwhile, I’ll try to make a comparison between the US an d the UK higher education.First, I’ll briefly introduce the primary and secondary education in Britain. In England and Wales, students study in primary schools from age five until eleven. They attend secondary school until age sixteen. Before graduating, students usually take seven comprehensive exams, called the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. After passing the GCSE exams, students choose to study two to four subjects intensely for the GCE Advanced Level exams, called "A levels." At eighteen, they enter higher education to focus on a parti cular subject, called a "course."Now let’s move on to the higher education in Britain. First I’ll talk about the general practi ces in England and Wales, and then the general practices in Scotland.In England and Wales, prospective university students apply for places through the Universities Central Council on Admissions (UCCA). Students do not apply directly to the universities themselves. Successful candidates are admitted directly into a specific degree "course." A degree course normally takes three or four years to complete. At most universities students study only one major subject. Each course i s structured with a fixed program of classes for the entire three years. Increasingly, universities in the United Kingdom are offering classes on a modular(课程教学)以单元为基础的basis, whi ch allows students to broaden their studies creating a more interdisciplinary program. This modularization, however, has not replaced the traditional British degree course with the American concept of credit accumulation. In addition, there is generally a sharp distinction between the arts and sciences and there is seldom any cross-over between the two.At a British university, more emphasis i s placed on independent, self-directed study than in the United States. Required texts and definite reading assignments are less common. More typi cally, an extensive reading list covering all topi cs to be discussed is di stributed at the start of the course to be used for independent research. British students typically consult a large number of sources from the library rather than intensively studying a few books purchased by everyone taking a course. In addition, students are required to write more essays and take fewer objective tests than at U.S. institutions. Classes often take the following forms: lectures, which are sometimes completely optional; tutorials, in whi ch a small number of students meet with the lecturer; and seminars, larger discussion classes often based upon seminar essays. Unlike the U.S. system of regular testing in a course, British students sit for final examinations that cover the full year's work and determine the grades for the class. With the growth of modularization, however, there has al so been an increase in the number and variety of modules offered on a semester basi s.In Scotland, there are a variety of tertiary第三的,第三位的level options available for students, the most important of whi ch are the colleges of further education, the central institutions, teachers colleges and the universities. The colleges of further education provide vocational and technical education, and enroll more students than all other tertiary institutions combined. Central institutions provide courses leading to the Higher National Diploma (HND), bachelor's degrees and some specialized master's degrees. These institutions do not have the authority to directly validate degrees and tend to offer a narrower range of subjects than the universities. Many have close ties to local businesses, offering cooperative work experiences that provide students a period of practical training.Scottish universities are quite di stinct from their British counterparts. In fact, they more closely resemble European or American universities. The standard Scottish university degree is a four-year Honors degree (BA Hons). Students are rarelyadmitted directly to a degree "course." Usually they are admitted to a faculty or simply admitted to the university as a whole. Scottish university students begin with a broad-based program during the first year and choose a specialization专门[业]化after the second or even the third year. Students may also elect to complete a three-year Ordinary degree. This i s a broad-based degree that (unlike in England) does not represent a "failed" Honors degree.Next, let’s compare the US and the UK highe r education from two aspects,]namely, grading and course levels.First, about the Grading. In the UK, assessment methods vary by institution and tend to reflect the UK teaching method and style. Written examinations, whi ch are held at the end of a year or, in some cases, in the final undergraduate year only, are the most common form of study assessment. There i s no official method of equating British and American educational qualifications. The educational systems are very different and attempts to compare them must be done on a strictly provisional basis. Many U.S. institutions have already developed systems of assessing their study abroad students or equating British grades to U.S. grades.Professors at UK institutions grade more stri ctly than their counterparts in the United States. As a result, American students studying in the UK often perceive that they have performed poorly in their classes, when they have not. Grades are given as percentages rather than letter grades. Forty percent is the minimum passing grade and high percentages are rarely awarded. A grade of seventy percent or higher is considered "with distinction."In general, percentages increase from forty rather than decrease from 100 percent, as they do in the United States.Second, about the Course Levels. A typi cal British course load will vary from 3 to 6 modules or classes per term. Most students take 4 to 5 modules per term. The number of hours in class per week will vary by institution. Students should note that general education or basi c courses are not as common at UK universities because they have already been covered at the GCSE level. Many faculties assume that a student has a basi c understanding of the concepts that will be addressed in the course. For this reason, it is common for third-year American students to take first-year and second-year courses at a UK university.With thi s, we’re coming to the end of today’s lecture. Next time, we’ll talk about university degrees.Mini-lecture3 (1)coverage (2) limitation/confinement (3) variety(4)public—conscious(5) Reader’s Digest (6) promising/bright (7)portable cameras (8) transmitter (9) religion (10)lifeMass Media in America美国媒体Good morning, everyone,today my topic i s mass media in America. By media, we refer to the variety of means by which technology transmits information and entertainment to us. Thus, in its broadest sense, the term media includes newspaper, television, movies, radio, books, and magazines. Mass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market. Here I would like to introduce the mass media in America by dividing them into three groups: newspaper; magazines; radio and television.First, let’s have a look at newspapers. For a long time, newspapers have been the chief means by whi ch people get themselves informed. While television has replaced newspapers as the primary source of news for most Americans, and while computer network is increasingly becoming a faster and easier way of obtaining news for many Americans, newspapers still remain as one of the most powerful means of communications in the United States. For one thing, reading newspapers i s different from watching TV. It gives detailed coverage报道范围of news items, and tends to provide substantial treatment of news events. And, sometimes it offers interesting and stimulating opinions as well as analysis over important events at home and abroad. For another, unlike watching TV, reading newspapers does not require one to be confined to his sitting-room. He can do it virtually anywhere he likes: in his car, at the breakfast table, sitting in the sun, waiting at the subway station, and believe it or not, in the restroom. So, for these and many other reasons, newspapers in the United States are still a big bus iness. And, this is borne out by two facts: (1) the large circulation of a number of important newspapers such as USA Today《今日美国》and The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》; (2) the great variety of newspapers available in the United States, big and small, local and national, special and general, radical and conservative, and so on. The top 3 daily newspapers in the United States are: Wall Street Journal, USA Today and New York Times《纽约时报》.Second, we’ll move to magazines. According to a statisti cal record in 1990, there were over 12,205 magazines being published in the United States. More than 4,000 of them appear monthly, and over 1,300 are published each week. They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to sports, from aviation航空学,飞机制造业and gardening to computers and book reviews, from fashion design and cooking to homemaking. Quite a few have international editors, are translated into other languages, or have “daughter” editions in foreign countries. Among the many internationals are National Geographic《国家地理》杂志, Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》杂志,Cosmopolitan《大都会》,Vogue《时尚》杂志,Time《时代》,Newsweek 《新闻周刊》, Scientific American and Psychology Today. The weekly newsmagazines —the best known are Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》—serve as a type of national press. Unlike newspapers, however, weekly newsmagazines tend to give extensive coverage and provide detailed, and sometimes in-depth, analysis. Also unlike newspapers, whi ch usually have the lowest common denominator in their appeal to the general reading public, weekly newsmagazines normally target at the well-educated, well-informed, and public-conscious people of the society. Many weekly newsmagazines also have considerable international impact, particularly Time and Newsweek. The top three magazines in America are: (1) Reader’s Digest; (2) TV Guide《电视导读》; (3) The Conde Nast Select.Third, I’ll say something about radio and television. In more than two generations, the two powerful mass media transformed much of American life.Radio, emerging at the same period when the Great Depression pervaded蔓延, 在…中盛行in America, provided free entertainment in the comforts of the home. Families that could no longer afford to go out for entertainment gathered together in their living rooms to escape reality by laughing, fantasizing梦想,幻想and dreaming of happier times. From then on, radio became a first-class entertainment medium for most Ameri cans. Up until now, in view of the popularity of radio programs in the United States, the future of radio as a form of medium continues to look bright.Then, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV came into being in 1920s. It primarily serves as a medium of entertainment, and then also has a big role to play as a news broadcasting agency. Networks began experimenting with news at locally owned stations as early as January 1940. But, early-day television news could not begin to compare with radio news. Only after the invention of portable cameras and videotape recorders had television been made a much more credible news medium because viewers saw pictures of the news events on the day they occurred. Consequently, access to news is made much easier, and the general public is getting better informed.Gradually, television’s impact on American society has been more and more profound. It has changed the life-styles of most Americans and become a major influence on American culture. It can be seen from 5 aspects.First and foremost is the socialization effect. Many studies have shown that TV’s dominance as household activi ty often reduces the level of communi cation among family members and, as a result, much of the culture being distributed to youngsters today in the United States comes from the tube rather than the family.Secondly, television programming has played an important role in shaping and reflecting for the masses the cultural changes that have been occurring in American Society. TV functions both as a transmitter传送[递]者of new cultural trends and as a molder造型者,模塑者of new attitudes towards these new trends.Thirdly, television has revolutionized the marketing of goods in the Ameri can economy. With TV marketing, people become vulnerable to the products, or in other words, to the commercials.Fourthly, the cultural impact of violent TV programs has been quite enormous. Needless to say, the question of violence on TV has been around nearly as long as the medium. Many critics claim that TV violence increases violence in American society.Fifthly, the impact of TV on religion has al so been an issue of great concern to many Americans. So far now, it is still an issue full of di sputes.To sum up, the mass media in Ameri ca includes so many different forms, and each of them plays a vital role in American people’s life not only in the past, but also at present and in the future. To know much about America, one must have a good knowledge about its mass media.Mini-lecture4 (1)Westminster (2)signed (3)Councils (4)local taxes (5)Congress (6)powerful(7)veto (8)Constitution (9)in di sagreement (10)embodimentGovernment in Britain and the US英美政府Today we will focus on the Government in Britain and the United States. Let’s have a look at them one after the other.Government in Britain can be divided into National government and Local government.The center of government in Britain is Parliament, which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation课税, etc. Parliament i s made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch. The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself i s used to mean Parliament.The House of commons, or the Commons, is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a parti cular area or constituency(议员所代表的)(全体)选民;选(举)区. The House of Lords上议院, or the Lords, is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord or Viscount子爵whi ch have been passed down to them on the death of their father; people who are given titles as a reward for their long servi ce in public life, but whose children do not inherit their title; and some important leaders of the Church of England, such as Archbishops and Bishops.The government brings bills to the House of Commons下议院, whi ch are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be di scussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it. When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of Parliament.At present England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In Northern Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of di scussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales. The Local government in Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws, that i s bylaws, whi ch only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, schools, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting thi s tax.Local councils are elected by people within each town, city, or county area. The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues rather than the national policies of their party.Now let’s move to the topi c of Government in the US. All levels of government in the US, including federal, state, and local, are elected by the people of the country.First, we’ll talk about the federal government. The constitution of the US specifi cally limits the power of the federal, or national, government mainly to defense, foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is made up of the Congress , the President, and the Supreme Court. Congress, the central law-making body in the US, i s made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen. The number of Representatives for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate i s the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators, elected by their state. Each state has two Senators. Congress decides whether a BILL becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representatives both agree to a bill, the President i s asked to agree. The President can veto the bill, but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.Second, we’ll learn something about the state government. The state government has the greatest influence in people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution, and among the states there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one。
2.lecturelecture /ˈlektʃə(r)/ 词频4n. 讲座；讲课；教训. vi. (开)讲座；讲课. vt. 训斥派：lecturer 词频2 n.演讲者；（大学）讲师①高义频vi.&n.（尤指大学中的）讲座；讲课；演讲go to/attend a lecture 听讲座deliver/give a lecture做讲座a lecture on/about 关于……的讲课/训斥e.g. He lectures on literature at Manchester University. 他在曼彻斯特大学教文学。
②低义频vi.&n.教训；训斥lecture sb. about/on...因……训斥某人give sb. a lecture 给某人一个教训e.g. He’s always lecturing me about the way I dress. 他总是对我的穿着说三道四。
e.g. I know I should stop drinking-don’t give me a lecture about it.我知道我该戒酒，别教训我了。
1.单词拼写（1）I went to the ___(讲座) he gave in the hall.(lecture)（2）He learned a ___(教训)from this thing-he should stop smoking for his health.(lecture)（3）Professor Smith will give a l___ in Fudan University this evening about the history of English.(lecture)（4）She suffered a bad cold. As a result, she missed the ___(讲座) she liked very much.(lecture)（5）She preferred that we should have the discussion right after the ___(讲座).(lecture)（6）Please stop___(lecture) me! I know I should quit smoking.2.语法填空（1）The ___ (lecture) spoke very clearly so that we could hear every word.(lecturer) 3. 完成句子（1）He ___ ___ ___ ___time management to first-year students___ ___ ___ ___.他在报告厅给一年级学生做关于时间管理的讲座。
lecture的意思用法大全lecture有演讲,训斥，教训的意思。
那你们想知道lecture的用法吗?今日我给大家带来了lecture的用法,盼望能够关心到大家，一起来学习吧。
lecture的意思n. 演讲,训斥，教训vi. 作演讲vt. 给…作演讲,教训(通常是长篇大论的)变形：过去式: lectured; 现在分词：lecturing; 过去分词：lectured;lecture用法lecture可以用作名词lecture主要指教育性或学术性“演讲”,引申可指“冗长的训斥或责备”。
lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为“关于…的演讲”“就…做演讲”“因…训斥或责备某人”。
lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture用作名词的用法例句She ran over her notes before giving the lecture.她讲课前把讲稿匆忙看了一遍。
His lecture covered various aspects of language.他的讲课涉及到语言诸方面的问题。
They could not follow the lecture.他们听不懂这次演讲。
lecture可以用作动词lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是“向…讲演,给…讲课”,接名词或代词作宾语。
lecture还可作“责怪”“教训”“训斥”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。
“因…而受到训斥”可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。
lecture用作动词的用法例句It was a shame for me to be lectured in front of the whole class.当着整个班级的面被训斥了一顿，真让我感到羞辱。
