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职称英语常用语法详解第一讲词类、名词的数与格一、词类：英语中主要有：名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连接词、冠词等。
对于初学者，必须搞清。
1、名词（包括代词和数词）：在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和另一名词的形容词。
2、动词：见第二讲3、形容词：可在句子中作表语、名词的定语注意：以下-ly结尾的词不是副词，是形容词： friendly （友好的） lovely（可爱的） deadly（致命的） costly（昂贵的） likely（可能的） lonely（孤独的） alone （单独的） lively（活泼的） ugly （丑陋的） kindly（和蔼的） manly（男子气的）等4、副词：主要用来说明动词、形容词和副词本身。
注意：除了in, up, down, on, inside, outside. 等只有一些表示方向和位置的副词外，副词不能作表语。
例如：Please help me water these flowers when I am out. （我不在时请帮我浇浇花。
）5、介词：又称前置词，即放在名词前面的"小词".注意：1）介词后面一定是个名词（除习惯外），例如不能说：because of ill，而应该为：because of illness；2）介词后面不能跟that从句，即只能跟名词或带-wh开头的从句，这是英语语法的一条重要规则，如不能说：He did not come to the party because of he was ill. 但可以是：She got angry because of what he said. （她因他的话而生气了。
）6、连接词：用来连接两个或两个以上词或句子的词。
注意：英语中一般不能同时使用两个连接词，如不能说：Although he is very rich, but he is not happy. （只要将although 或but去掉一个即可）关于连接词的使用，详见"第三讲：句子的连接"一节。
2013年职称英语考试理工类复习笔记一、动词从一定意义上讲，英语语法就是动词的语法，因此，掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。
为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容，首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。
1) be 动词和do动词：be动词也称状态动词，用于说明状态或性质，主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词，分及物动词和不及物动词;2) 及物动词和不及物动词：不及物动词后面不跟宾语, 也没有被动语态; 及物动词后面一定要有宾语;3) 双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语+ 宾语补足语)结构：比较下面两个句子：My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。
)My father made me a doctor. (父亲把我培养成一名医生。
)第一句是双宾语结构，即My mother made a cake for me.第二句是复合宾语结构，其句法功能为：My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 说明复合宾语结构中，宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".4) 情态动词：must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等动词称为情态动词，有三大特征：A. 不受主语人称和数的影响，如：He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不变;B. 否定时在后面加not, 如：You ought not to have cheated her. C. 与另一动词连用，中间不用+ " to ", 如上举例。
请根据上述原则，(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的：A. She needs to see a doctor.B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.C. Does she need to see a doctor?D. She needs not see a doctor.E. She needn't see a doctor.F. She doesn't need see a doctor.G. She needs see a doctor.从语法角度看，A、B、C、E是对的。
第四课1. negotiate vi.谈判, 协商, 交涉vt.谈判达成, 成功越过, 议价出售consult, negotiate, confer这些动词均含“协商、商量”之意。
consult多指向权威或有识之士请教或咨询。
negotiate正式用词，指双方通过争论或讨论最后达成协议等；也指通过商议从而解决问题。
confer正式用词，强调对观点或意见的交换。
2. 现在完成进行时(Present perfect continuous)主语+have（has）been+动词-ing（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年的造纸历史。
（动作还将继续下去）I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。
（动作还将继续下去）I study for English since 10 years ago.（二）表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。
They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.I have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作五年了。
（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
第十一讲单词结构之基本词（一）字典的应用相关字典运用之单词结构1、基本词2、常用缩略语3、派生词4、变形词5、词汇选项、阅读常用副词连语6、由单词扩展的高频短语1、基本词词类名词、动，形容、副，介，连接，冠名词，，在句子中俆主语，宾语、表语，和另一名词的形容词1、名词的数2、名词的格名词的格1、人称代词主格，宾格和所有格，所有格有形容词和我词两种形式I , me , my (mine)/ we ,us ,our (ours)you,you,your(yours)he ,him, his hisshe,her, her, hersit ,it ,its ,itsthe, them,their theirs形容词所有格永远不能单独使用。
my名词的所有格永远是单独使用。
mine 不能接名词1\ 人称代词come if you like to see ___ painting., ___very beautiful.a\your /that’s 不合逻辑b\her’s /it’s 形式上错误，没有这么写的形容词不能有’的c. hers /that’s 名词+名词也是错的d. his /it’s 正确的2、名词珠所有格和双重所有格英语中除了人称代词，其他名词都没主格，宾格之分。
只有你我它有变化。
表示一个名词。
的时，称为所有格英语中所有格一般用介词of 或名词后加‘s 来表示the property of the school 或the shool’s property.luxnn’s book 或 a book of luxuna book of luxun’s 双重所有格，，，例如my wife bought me _____ at a _____shop.a\a piece of chothes/ tailors 谁谁的要用OF 或‘S 这个没有加’b\a new chothing /taior 没有加所有格c\an article of clothing, / tailor’s 一件衣服正确的d\a piece of chothing, /tailor’s 一块，布，不能形容衣服3、反身代词-self/ selves1)不能脱离其主格或宾格单独使用。
目录2013职称英语教材_完型填空重点文章可替换知识点【用红色标出】 (2)综合类 (2)第五篇Traffic in Our Cities【城市的交通】 (2)城市的交通 (2)第九篇The First Bicycle【第一辆自行车】 (3)第一辆自行车 (4)第十二篇A Powerful Influence【强大的影响】 (4)强大的影响 (5)理工类 (5)第一篇Giant Structures【巨大建筑】 (5)巨型建筑 (6)第八篇Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures【印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰】 (7)印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰 (8)+第十三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light【更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光】 (8)更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光 (10)卫生类 (10)第二篇A Biological Clock【生物钟】 (10)生物钟 (11)*第九篇The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints【指纹消失事件】 (12)指纹消失事件 (13)+第十四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores【运动的年轻人智商更高】13运动的年轻人智商更高 (14)2013职称英语教材_完型填空重点文章可替换知识点【用红色标出】综合类第五篇Traffic in Our Cities【城市的交通】The volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy delays, and the greater risk ___1____accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to ____2___people to change their habits and leave their cars at home.One possible ____3____ is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by ___4____charges for parking and ____5____tougher fines for anyone who ____6____the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, ____7___as“road pricing”, is already being introduced in a ____8____of cities, using a special electronic card ____9____ to the windscreen of the car.Another way of ____10___with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the ____11____of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the ____12____ stage of their journey.Of course, the most important ＿___13_____ is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to ___14_____ the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable, convenient and comfortable, with fares ____15____at an acceptable level.练习：1. A of B for C about D by2. A make B arrange C suggest D persuade3. A approach B manner C custom D style4. A enlarging B increasing C growing D developing5. A carrying down B putting off C bringing in D taking away6. A crosses B refuses C breaks D cracks7. A named B seen C called D known8. A quantity B number C total D sum9. A fixed B joined C built D placed10. A doing B handling C dealing D solving11. A outskirts B border C outside D limit12. A late B end C complete D final13. A thought B thing C work D event14. A pass on B throw away C give up D leave out15. A taken B kept C given D stood城市的交通当今世界，许多城市的交通量在不断扩大。
13年笔记（考点）熟词僻义123级词汇↑构词规律←词汇→核心词汇↓大纲新增词后月分1.引申【原始意义apple 苹果、诱惑】【功能意义bridge 桥衔接water 水冲刷浇水灌溉】【形状意义train 火车一系列】【概念意义hand 手帮助、指针】【语境会引申】2.一词多义3.转换意义♥复杂句子：主干→找语法→看结构I think…………………….代替形式1. it occurs to me that………….2. it is estimated that ………….3. it can be justified without any exaggeration that……..Ⅰ.两种表达方式1.时态(tense)、语态(voice)⑴.时态的嬗变⑵.虚拟语气★.时态的嬗变现象，当上下文都为一种时态(一般式)，若突然有一句话或几句话出现其他时态(过去时)，则暗示作者想要表达的信息发生了变化.⑶.U sed to……..过去常常做……（现在不做了）★当used to出现在行文中，尤其是首段，则暗示作者想要表达的信息发生了变化.★当used to出现在选项中，如果要成为正确答案，必须满足文章出现过古今对比，否则不得选★在文中，尤其是首段出现对将来虚拟，往往暗示作者即将提出一个观点或主题，其大意是“如果你去……..，你就会发现….”★用主动表达被动，首段整体描述图片是【写作中】A hotpot stands in the picture★被动代替主动，末端提出建议时【写作中】It is suggested that some measures……⑷.分词♥.当分词作定语和动词作谓语是会发生混淆形如：主+谓+宾+V╲▕分词结构主+系+表+V╱主+V +宾谓语⑸.常见同位语从句信号词即听到的想到的看到的⑹.状语从句⒈Only与if组合①.Only if =just if= only when ，引导条件状语从句【主将从现】EX: Only if it is sunny，I will goout╱句子虚拟语气EX：If only you would love meIf only （要是…..就好了）▏╲介词原始意思= If just 就……………❤【加载】：long before=long ago (很久以前) ☞过去时Before long （不久之后）☞将来时⒉If 隐身穿马甲Provided that……倘若Supposedthat………倘若Assumingthat……倘若As long as =so long as 只要⒊Not until 和强调搞婚姻（看到not 就要想到until）prep：到…为止在…..以前conj：直到…..才…….Until till 用于肯定句中时做….直到……. 指的是这一过程直到这些问题得到解决，解决是一点，没解决的是过程也是后面句子所在的背景⒋So ……that as……..as 搞分家So ……..that ad a与such…..that 两回事So that 与such that 是一回事As…….as 与such ……as 是两回事⒌几个与that有联系的短语①.now that 自从②.in that 因为③.give that 鉴于……假定…….考虑到…..④. much less 更不用说Ⅱ.四种关系（因“病”转让）or各种连词㈠.因果关系Sb / sth 为了……. 关于….【Prep.】╱⒈For╲句子因为……. 【conj.】⒉since①自从EX: We have not seen you since you left .②因为既然（前后都是一般时态）EX:㈡.转折关系⒈However【然而】（做转折时，后边必须有“逗号”）╱adj. ╲However ▕= no matter how无论如何…………╲adv. ╱❤【加载】：however 高频正确词汇（完型）㈢.让步关系While 【当……、而……虽然…..】.Whereas 【而……………】When 【当……】㈣.并列平行关系㈤.多and题，谁和谁并列，关键看层次Ⅲ.五种结构.㈠.否定结构：否定词是关键，不同位置不同义I don’t remember all these names ☞部分否定I remember none of these names ☞全部否定Not everyone accepts his proposal ☞部分否定Nobody accepts his proposal ☞全部否定I don’t know both of sisters ☞部分否定I know neither of you ☞全部否定❤【加载】： 1.双重否定----------------------------------------------------不能常理度之Nothing is impossible一切皆有可能Can’t…………without 一………就……Never ……but 没有……不……2.not 与no 的区别EX： this guest is not a man ☞是男人this guest is no man ☞不是男人㈡.分割结构：⒈显性插入：双逗号双破折号╱遵循尾重原则即把长而复杂的成分放在句末，使结构匀称.⒉隐性插入; 看搭配关系【英语的分割】▏【动宾分割、名词同位语被分割、名词定语分割】╲句尾信息焦点原则即把新信息、语意重点放在句末.☞动宾分割→EX：I shall define him as an individual who has elected（画线部分）as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems【我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人】㈢.省略结构：⒈用助动词代替前动词代词代替前名词⒉主谓相同同时省略主异谓同省略谓语❤【加载】：若第二句的谓语部分被省略，只剩下一个名词或代词做主语，我们需要根据第一句话的谓语将第二句话的谓语（n.supplement）补充完整.㈣.比较结构：（than 、less、as 等连接）A. “More than+名词”表示“不仅仅是”C. “More than+形容词”等于“很”或“非常”的意思⒉no more than 只不过、仅仅是————暗示无所谓不怎么样，态度较轻no less than 简直是no other than 只有、只是⒊more A than B 与其说B不如说A⒋No more A than B A不比B怎么样more——二者都不怎么样⒌less A than B 与其A不如B⒍No less A than B A不比B怎么样less——二者都不错⒎as much A as B A与 B 一样=as……………..as …..⒏not so much A as B 与其…………不如………….㈤.倒装结构：⒈一般用部分倒装（并非全部）⑴.当Only+介词短语作状语，放于句首时⑵.否定词(否定意义的词)放于句首时【否定词好多种hardly等】英语等语言中表示否定意义的词，有独特的语法意义和影响⑶.介词短语提前时方法：将助动词（did、does、do）情态动词（can、would、must、many）提前⒉完全倒装条件：强调谓语的时候方法：将谓语动词提到主语之前（2003，翻译）Implicit within Tyler’s definition is the concept that culture is learned，shared，and patterned behavior【在泰勒的定义看来，文化是后天习得的，共有的，模式化行为的一种含蓄的概念❤【加载】：if 省略句，省去if①.I f I were a bird，Iwould...Were I a bird ，Iwould...②.I f I had been a bird， Iwould have done...Had I been a bird，Iwould have done...③.I f I were to be a bird，I would...Were I to be a bird ，I would...]Run in directions 四散开Run to direction 朝某一方向The key to the door 门锁的钥匙The key on the door 门上的钥匙Be in question 考虑之中Be under question接受盘问At the hands of 出自…之手in the hands of 被…..掌握Give the exact account =description熟词僻义：cry 诉求stomach 容忍buy 信以为真only if =if if only 虚拟complete 完整finish 完了human 人性man 人造mankind 人与动物的区别dense 大（密度大）numerous （数量多）shine （光源发光）glow（非光源发光）glitter（折射发光）sparkle （光不稳定）glisten (液体表面发光)instead of +单词rather than +句子alone lonely capability 能力（潜能、无能）capacity 能力（容纳能力）Rotate 自传revolve 公转Sense Sentimental 多愁善感的、感情用事的sensitive 过敏的、敏感的Sensational 哗众取宠的耸人听闻的sensible 明智的：however，（但是）but，…….. ，（但是）instead （与计划的改变）yet(与期望的结果对比)While 句首(虽然、尽管)【让步】whereas rather 转折【有递进的含义】句中（而、然而）【转折】Though 句首（虽然）although 虽然nevertheless 总结性转折句中、末（但是）。
Lesson13The Province of Alberta1.run through1) 跑着穿过…2) (使)在…流过3) 匆匆查阅4) 贯穿2．分数的表达分子用基数词，分母用序数词。
分子大于1时，分母序数词要用复数1/3 one third2/3 two thirds3/21three twenty-firsts3/26three twenty-sixths3. name after以…的名字起名The machine is named after its inventor.这台机器是以其发明者的名字命名的。
4. owing to由于, 因为Owing to the rain, the match was canceled.因为下雨, 比赛取消了。
Lesson14A World Without oil1．Run out (of) 用完, 耗尽Our food soon ran out.我们的粮食很快就吃完了。
He ran himself out in the first few circles.他才跑了几圈就没力气了。
I run out of breath.我跑得喘不过气来。
I run out of gas.我车子汽油用光了。
2. be used for sth.Be used to do sth.用来做…Be used to doing sth.习惯于Used to 曾经…;过去时常（而现在不做或没有）We used to be happier.我们以前很快乐。
My family used to be poor.我家过去很穷。
3. Head for.朝…进发We saw him heading for us, so we stepped aside. 我们看见他向我们走来, 就让到一边。
He put on his coat and headed for the door.他穿上大衣向门口走去。
2013年职称英语真题及答案解析理工类C级第一部分：词汇选项1、I grabbed his arm and made him turn to look at meA seized B. threw C. broke D. stretched2、Traffic reaches its rush hour between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning.A. borderB. goalC. peakD. level3、It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already.A. rightB. obviousC. unbelievableD. unclear4、I tried t detach myself from the reality of these terrible events.A. bringB. separateC. putD. set5、We found shelter from the rain under the trees.A. defenseB. standingC. protectionD. room6、This was an unexceptionally brutal attack.A. openB. cruelC. suddenD. direct7、She gets aggressive when she is drunkA. worriedB. sleepyC. offensiveD. anxious8、We have to change the public's perception that money is everything.A. sightB. beliefC. interestD. pressure9、The odd thing was that he didn't recognize me.A. realB. wholeC. strangeD. same10、He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company.A. taughtB. keptC. attractedD. changed11、That performance was pretty impressive.A. completelyB. veryC. beautifullyD. equally12、The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine.A. bottomB. surfaceC. topD. structure13、She came across three children sleeping under a bridge.A. passed byB. took a notice ofC. woke upD. found by chance14、"There is no other choice." She said in a harsh voiceA. firmB. softC. deepD. unkind15. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post.A. aboutB.atC. withD. from答案：1-5 ACCBC 6-10 BCBCC 11-15 BDDDA第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
第14课定语从句★本课要点1、【定语从句的定义】提示中国人的思维方式决定了汉语的语言结构，一句话中也不可能加过多的修饰成分。
句子往往是迂回着分段叙述的。
而英语的句子可以很长，因为英语把最重要的部分放在句首，然后用定语从句来修饰主句的名词。
2、【关系代词引导的定语从句】●He is the man（先行词）主系表定语从句——修饰man他=He is the man. The man wants to see you.●She is the teacher（先行词）主系表定语从句——修饰teacher她=She is the teacher. I saw the teacher yesterday.●He has a friend（先行词）主谓宾定语从句——修饰friend他有=He has a friend. His father is a doctor.●Do you like the book（先行词）主谓宾定语从句——修饰book你吗?●Football is a game（先行词）主系表定语从句——修饰game足球项游戏.●This is the phone(先行词)主系表定语从句——修饰phone这●He is主系表定语从句——修饰student他●He loves the girl whose thatwho 他爱上了一个女孩，这个女孩的妈妈是那个在打扫屋子的家庭主妇，这个屋子是她有钱的老公买的。
3、【关系副词引导的定语从句】●I still remember the day主谓宾定语从句——修饰day我依然个日子●Shanghai is the city主系表定语从句——修饰city上海●I don’t know the reason主谓宾定语从句——修饰reason我因●He was a productive writer他是一个多产的作家●Many teachers say difference in scores are due to the differentattitude许多教师声称不同的成同态度。
Lesson 14 Do you speak English?一、原文I had an amusing experience last year. After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a lift. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language. Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. Neither of us spoke during the journey. I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, 'Do you speak English?' As I soon learnt, he was English himself!二、参考译文去年我有一次有趣的经历。
在离开法国南部一个小村庄以后，我开车去下一个小镇。
途中，一个青年人给我招手，我把车停下，他向我提出要求搭车。
他一上车，我就用法语向他问早上好，他也同样用法语回答我。
除了几个但此外，我就不再会其它的法语了。
途中我们谁也没说话。
我们就快要到达那个小镇时，那个青年突然开口，慢慢说道：“你会说英语吗？”。
我很快了解到，他自己就是英国人。
三、精读笔记Part 1 词汇、短语1、France--French 法国---法国人、法国的2、drive on 开车上路例句：they drive on the right-hand side of the rode in China.在中国，驾车要靠右行驶。
