1_Why Top Journals Accept Your Paper

Elsevier’s global community of editors and editorial boards ensures the highest levelof expertise in our publications. Our primary research journals are peer reviewed and independently edited by acknowledged experts in their fields.The following Guide has been designed to help you get published in an Elsevierpublication as quickly and easily as possible. While certain journals have longerpublication schedules, and there can be unforeseen delays, there are several thingsyou can do as an author to expedite the process.For detailed instructions for an individual journal, please go to the journal page andvisit their ‘Guide for Authors’ section.Steps to submitting your paper for publication1. Decide to publish with ElsevierWe recognize that you have a choice when deciding where to publish yourpaper. Let us show you the reasons why Elsevier is the best choice.2. Choose a Journal and Download ‘Guide to Authors’Each Elsevier journal has its own Guide to Authors and its own set of rulesand requirements for publication. Be sure to find your journal and examinethe Guide to Authors carefully to avoid unnecessary delays.3. Draft a cover letterAll submissions must be accompanied by a cover letter detailing what you aresubmitting. Please indicate:• The author to whom we should address our correspondence (in the event of multiple authors)• A contact address, telephone/fax numbers and e-mail address (Elsevier isgradually introducing a service for authors to receive PDF proofs bye-mail).• Please include details of any previous or concurrent submissions.• It is also useful to provide the Editor-in-Chief with any information thatwill support your submission (e.g. original or confirmatory data,relevance, topicality).Note: When your manuscript is received at Elsevier, it is considered to be inits final form. Therefore, please check your manuscript carefully before yousubmit it to the editor.4. Proofread your manuscriptAs a scientific or medical professional, your published works are a reflectionupon your knowledge and expertise in a given field. However, not all authorsare also experts in language, especially those writing in a language that is notnative to them. Therefore, it is important to very carefully proofread yourdocument. Elsevier provides several items to assist with he proofreadingprocess, including:• A proofreading style sheet (Download PDF)• Style guides and Instructions (link)• Language, Editing & Translation Services (link)5. Format your documentIn addition to being properly proof-read, your document must also beproperly formatted.• We can accept most word-processing formats (but we prefer Microsoft Word or WordPerfect).• Please see your journal’s Guide for Authors to check the style of the individual journal, and particularly the reference style. 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When youcreate your manuscript, please make sure it is in the following order:a) Titleb) Authorsc) Affiliationd) Abstracte) Keywordsf) Main Textg) Acknowledgementh) Appendixi) Referencesj) Vitaek) Figuresl) Legendsm) TablesNote: Do not import the Figures into the text file. If you use LaTeX to writeyour articles, we have separate LaTeX instructions.6. Language editingInternational Science Editing, Asia Science Editing and SPI Publisher Services provide language and copyediting services to authors who want to publish in scientific, technical and medical peer-reviewed journals and need assistancewith language and style editing before they submit their article for peerreview or before it is accepted for publication. To find out more about theseservices, please visit:International Science Editing (opens a new window)Asia Science Editing (opens a new window)SPI Publisher Services (opens a new window)For more information about language editing services, please contactauthorsupport@.Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered by outside vendors through our services or advertised on this website. For more information please refer to our Terms & Conditions.7. Prepare your graphics, photos and charts.Do not import the Figures into the text file. If you use LaTeX to write yourarticles, we have separate LaTeX instructions for graphics. Otherwise, you may use the instructions for graphics materials.8. Recheck your chosen journal’s Guide to Authors to ensure properformatting and preparation of your submission.In the end, your preparation beforehand will save much time and many delays in the publishing process.9. Submit your manuscriptFor initial submission of your paper for review most journals will still accept a printed copy. Please see the individual Guide for Authors for further information.Disk SubmissionElsevier now publishes all manuscripts using electronic production methods and therefore needs to receive the electronic files of your article along with the hardcopy of the accepted version. To ensure fast and easy processing of your submission, please adhere to the following guidelines:• Save text and graphics on separate disks• Label all disks with your name, a short version of the article title, the journal to be published in, and the filenames. Please also include details of the software platform (PC, Mac, Unix, etc) used to create your files• Ensure that the files on the disk match the hardcopy exactly. 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翻译二级笔译综合能力分类模拟题18(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Reading ComprehensionAnyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often inseparately tied to their children"s success, it can be abewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It"s not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities, but they can"t be forced," says Jacquelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who led a study examining what motivated first- and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educators and psychologists do believe it is possible tounearthambition in students who don"t seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers canreignitethat innate desire to achieve.Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids" control, that their intelligence ismalleable.Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into different levels of ability, also bears blame for the disappearance of drive in some kids. Some educators say it"s important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. "The crux of the issue is that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions," says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with theiraspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that classwork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.1. The word "bewildering" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.A. puzzlingB. unbelievableC. unpleasantD. awkward2. The passage is mainly about ______.A. when in one"s life ambition is most neededB. what to do to reform the education systemC. why parents of underachievers are ambitiousD. how to help school children develop their ambition3. The word "unearth" underlined in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.A. discoverB. seekC. pursuitD. analyze4. According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids ______.A. show a lack of academic ambition at birthB. amaze their parents by acting like adultsC. become less ambitious as they grow upD. get increasingly afraid of failing in school5. The word "reignite" underlined in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.A. rekindleB. confirmC. find outD. strike6. Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids" failure as ______.A. naturalB. trivialC. intolerableD. understandable7. The word "malleable" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.A. justifiableB. flexibleC. uncountableD. desirable8. Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are ______.A. cut off from the outside worldB. exposed to school work onlyC. kept away from **petitionD. labeled as inferior to others9. The word "aspirations" underlined in Paragraph 4 refers to ______.A. ambitionB. careeC. goalD. project10. The last paragraph implies ______.A. the effectiveness of Project IFB. the significance of classworkC. the importance of walking to runningD. the attainment of different life goalsJan Hendrik Schon"s success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers—one every 16 days—detailing new discoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made themsuspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers—which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science andNature—the jig was up. In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified andfabricateddata. His career as a scientist was finished. Scientific scandals, which are as old asscience itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters, neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popularrenownto gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win theacclaimsfrom academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, **e with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up inThe New YorkTimes and other publications.Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they"re more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist"s "hnpact Factor," a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they"re considering supporting.11. The word "suspicious" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.A. doubtfulB. incredibleC. stupendousD. horrendous12. The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be ______.A. surprisingB. inconceivableC. praiseworthyD. fraudulent13. The word "fabricated" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.A. fakeB. compileC. draw upD. analyze14. To find why scientific scandals like Schon"s occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for ______.A. their academic prestigeB. their importance to career successC. their popularity with scientific circlesD. their reviewing system15. The word "renown" underlined in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A. reputationB. purposeC. nameD. achievement16. According to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?A. They cover the best researches on a variety of subjects．B. They publish controversial papers that others won"t．C. They prefer papers on highly specialized research．D. They have a special system of peer-review．17. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 most likely means "______".A. the most of allB. the best of allC. the recently releasedD. the widely spread18. The word "acclaims" underlined in Paragraph 3 refers to ______.A. complimentB. prizeC. bonusD. core19. Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to ______.A. have more of their papers published in the journals in the futureB. have their names appear in many other renown publicationsC. have their research results understood by the general publicD. have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication20. Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefit that their papers ______.A. will be more likely to become influential and be citedB. will be more likely to be free from challenge by peersC. will be reviewed with greater care to ensure the authorityD. will reappear in their original in papers like New York TimesThis leaves us with the challenge of finding some politically practicable way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But it is an awkward truth that when most U.S. senators were asked informally in 2000 if they would support the Kyoto Protocol should President George W. Bush send it to the Senate forratification, the overwhelming majority, Democrats as well as Republicans, said they could not. The reason for the liberals"surprising reply is clear. Many studies, not all by conservatives, suggest that **pliancewith the terms of the Kyoto Protocol would likely lead to a deep American recession. For those willing to Fun this risk, sober reflection on the consequences of the economic collapse of 1929 and the subsequent worldwide depression with all its political and ultimately military consequences is certainly in order.That said, what can be done, in particular by our own country? Independent of the issues raised by the Kyoto Protocol, and given the weight of evidence that the problem of global warming is serious and fraught withdireconsequences, failure to do anything at all and instead to promote "business as usual" isdownrightcriminal.Yet the Bush administration has given no more than lip service to the problem, though that could be changing. It is one thing to weigh alternatives and **promises that reflect **plexity of the problem; it is quite another thing to do nothing, especially if doing nothing is just a way of securing support from certain industries that worsen the problem.There are, after all, things that can be done. Reopening a serious international dialogue, and not just saying a few good words, would be a useful if inadequate start. Not every problem must be solved before the weight of evidence becomes so compelling that certain initial steps become almost mandatory. We already know how to make more fuel-efficient automobiles, yet no national policy has surfaced to accomplish this. The scientific and **munities are the ones best suited to identify the scientific research that is still needed and the technical projects that show the greatest promise. These issues should be decided by them and not the politicians. Once solutions look promising, as a few already do, industry will be all too ready to jump in, for at that stage there is money to be made. And only a fool would underestimate human ingenuity when given a properincentive, or the strength of American industry once the boiler is lit under it.21. The word "ratification" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.A. approvalB. agreementC. authorizationD. confirmation22. What can be inferred about the Kyoto Protocol from Paragraph 1?A. It was about environment protection.B. It was supported by most Democrats.C. It was considered awkward by conservatives.D. It was officially rejected by most US senators.23. The word "compliance" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.A. obedienceB. submissionC. subjectionD. procrastination24. Many studies suggest that full agreement with the Kyoto Protocol would run the risk of ______.A. falling victim to military warfareB. offending other countriesC. re-experiencing the past miseriesD. provoking nationwide anger25. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that ______.A. measures should be taken to deal with global warming.B. the best way to deal with global warming is "let it be".C. the seriousness of global warming has been exaggerated.D. promoting "business as usual" must be further stressed.26. The word "dire" underlined in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.A. horribleB. immeasurableC. incalculableD. inhuman27. The Bush administration ______.A. has assisted in aggravating global warmingB. has taken no measures against global warmingC. has **promises about global warmingD. has got big industries" support to stop global warming28. The author suggests all of the following measures EXCEPT ______.A. reopening a serious international dialogueB. **ing all difficulties before startingC. conducting scientific researches concernedD. doing the most promising technical projects29. The word "downright" underlined in Paragraph 2 refers to ______.A. completeB. realC. meaningfulD. especial30. In the last paragraph, the expression "once the boiler is lit under it" most probably means "when American industry is ______."A. underminedB. upgradedC. incensedD. stimulatedIt seems incredible to me that Latin is not taught in schools as a matter of course, especially in acountry that is foreverlamentingits own (undeniable) mediocrity when it comes to speaking foreign languages. As a 13-year-old, I hardly approached my own Latin lessons with anything resembling enthusiasm—I might have been keener if Aeneas went to the shops occasionally—but I am terrifically grateful I had them, all the same.The benefits are many. Having a basic grounding in Latin makes learning Romance languages a doddle(轻而易举的事): the fact that I speak English plus three others has less to do with any genetic predisposition—I was hopeless at learning Russian—than with an understanding of the root andprovenanceof Latin-derived words.It would be impossible to have asmatteringof Latin and find oneself stuck in Italy, provided one managed to persuade the speaker to slow down a bit. And the reason I can (arguably) just about string a sentence together in English—which isn"t my first language—has a great deal to do with understanding, through Latin, the way sentences and grammar work.Latin also has its own pleasing internal logic: you follow the rules and you get the answer. And I really believe that if you know Latin, you half-speak French already. The British used not to be appalling at languages: my theory is that they only became so during the past century, when Latin stopped being widely taught.Detractors (恶意批评者) might point out that there is little use in learning a dead language. But Latin is not dead: it"s everywhere. It makes the kind of people who never use two short words when six big ones will dointelligible. It demystifies jargon and legalese. It helps with crosswords. It even forces those of us who are pathologically illogical to think logically every once in a while: I remember the pleasure I felt at school, during Latin translation, when I realized I could create order and sense out of apparent chaos.Really, Latin"s useful applications are manifold. Watching Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? a few weeks ago, I noticed that the question which felled the contestant would almost certainly not have stumped him had he had some Latin. Of all the possible answers, only one had a Latin root that echoed the question. From Cicero to Chris Tarrant in a few easy steps, you can"t say more modern or less dusty than that.31. The word "lamenting" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.A. mournB. weepC. condoleD. grieve over32. As a teenager, the author ______.A. had a keen interest in LatinB. had never showed any interest in LatinC. quit soon after he took the Latin courseD. was satisfied with his or her Latin course33. The word "provenance" underlined in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.A. originB. genesisC. headspringD. filiation34. In paragraph 3, the author believes that knowing a little about Latin helps one ______.A. to speak Italian betterB. to figure out what an Italian saysC. to understand Italian historyD. to make friends with Italians35. The word "a smattering" underlined in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A. a little knowledgeB. a lotC. plenty ofD. little knowledge36. According to paragraph 4, the British ______.A. have always been terrible in learning LatinB. used to be good at languages when Latin was taughtC. became good at languages when people stopped learning LatinD. used to be terrible in languages when Latin was taught37. One of the benefits to learn Latin is that ______.A. it makes it easier to learn some other languagesB. it helps a lot in learning RussianC. it helps to improve mental healthD. it helps the writer speak four tongues38. The word "intelligible" underlined in Paragraph 5 refers to ______.A. transpicuousB. explicitC. implicitD. detailed39. That Latin is not dead is shown by all of the following EXCEPT ______.A. some difficult technical words become easy to understandB. crossword puzzles become easy to be solvedC. some people become more logical in their way of thinkingD. some people become more self-confident40. The contestant could have won if he/she ______.A. had not been beaten by some legal wordsB. had known something about LatinC. had not been so eager to be a millionaireD. had asked the question about Cicero。

从一篇综述的录用说起收到了编辑的接受函，没有那么冲动和欢喜的感觉，一切似乎都在合理之中，意外的是又被邀请设计封面：“Dear **,I am pleased to confirm that your paper "**" has been accepted for publication in**. You are invited to submit either a figure from your article or other illustration that is representative of your manuscript for possible inclusion on the journal cover. If you wish for your figure or illustration to be considered, please carefully follow the instructions in the Guide for Authors at the link below. Please note that we must receive your submission within 10 days of the date of this letter and that this is a competitive process with only one figure selected out of the many submitted for each issue. Due to the number of submissions, you will only receive further correspondence if yo ur image has been selected.”季老说过“水喝多了，尿自然就有了”。

当年明月也说过一句话，看多了总有想写的冲动。

Unit 1Further practice in listeningShort conversationsScriptsConversation 1W:It is the third time my paper has been rejected by journals because of language problems.M:You know,there is a writing center on campus. I had never got a grade better than C for any of my term papers before they helped me out.Q:What can we learn from the conversation?Conversation 2M:You said you would choose Spanish as your second foreign. Why did you finally choose French instead?W:My grandfather speak fluent French and he says that French is a language that any truly cultured person must know.Q:Why dose the women choose to learn French?Conversation 3W:You seem to have no problem understanding native speakers now. How about Dr.Brown’s speech last night.M:Excellent. But it was still too fast for me tofollow,especially when Dr.Brown talked about those abstract theories.Q:What did the man do last night?Conversation 4M:It seems to me that Melissa is in a bad moodtoday.What’s wrong with her?W:Melissa forgot to bring her identification card yesterday and she was not allowed to enter the contest. You know she had prepared for the contest for months.Q:What made Melissa unhappy?Conversation 5W:I think my time at school is wasted because it is just studying books and doing tests.M:But you also learn new ideas and new ways of thinking. And more importantly you meet people and develop your understanding of people at school.Q:What dose the man think of the woman’s opinion?Answers1 B2 D3 D4 C5 ALong conversationScriptsM:Miranda,let’s speak about your performance in class. You’re not participating; you’re careless with your assignments and often hand them in late. You don’t want to be here,do you?W:I’m sorry Dr.Smith. It’s just... I’ve got lots of things to do. I’m studying Web design and I’m a first-class player onour golf team. It’s hard to see why I need to take a Spanish language class!M:Well, I’m sorry you feel that way,but learning another language can improve your performance in all of your efforts. And it can be very useful sometimes,for instance,when you visit your father in Mexico.W:Gosh! That do you mean,professor? Just because my father dose business in Mexico I’m supposed to learn Spanish- on top of everything else I have to learn? It’s just too much! And if I don’t spend enough time on the golf course,I won’t remain a first-class player on the golf team. I still don’t see why I should a language that’s so hard for me. There are no verb tenses on the golf course or in Web design!M:Listen Miranda,I’ve known your faster since we were students at university 20 years ago and have known you since you are litter girl. Of cause,there are no verb tenses in golf or Web design. But I am giving you good advice. Please listen.W:Yes,of cause,you’re like my favorite uncle.M:Your brain isn’t like a cup that water flowing over its edge when it is full. Instead,it’s like a muscle. Learning Spanish exercises your brain in new ways,making it stronger. It will strengthen your critical thinking skills and creativity.W:Really? Then I guess I can give it a try.QUESTION:1、How is the woman doing in the man’s class?2、What does the woman think of learning Spanish?3、What do we know from this conversation about the man?4、What is the woman most likely to do after talking with the man?ANSWERS:1.C2.D3.A4.CPassageI began learning Spanish when I was in high school,using a traditional academic method of studying verbs,sentence structures,and grammar by using textbooks and not much else.I found it very easy to learn,but was frustrated with the slow pace and repetitive nature of all my Spanish classes. So I worked extra hard in my spare time and asked my teacher if I could skip a level by the end of the semester.This was unsuccessful,however,because the school was not willing to test me or otherwise prove that I could be successful in the top level after skipping a level. This made things even more frustrating,as then I was stuck in a class where I already knew the material!Then I went on to college where I then used the language extensively both in and out of the classroom. I studied Spanish literature,culture,and linguistics and very much enjoyed the cultural and linguistic elements,but found the in-depth study of literature a very unbalanced way to study Spanish.I got a lot out of using my Spanish outside of the classroom, including a trip to Mexico with a church group, where I found myself acting as an interpreter. It was certainly challenging, but it was also a lot of fun.I then also volunteered to be an interpreter in the community schools and also used my Spanish to teach English to some Spanish speakers. This is probably where I learned the most!QUESTIONS:1. What do we know about the speaker’s Spanish learning experience in high school?2. What made the speaker feel frustrated while learning Spanish in high school?3. What did the speaker say about her study of Spanish literature in college?4. Which experience benefited the speaker most in term of her use of Spanish?ANSWER:1.D2.A3.C4.DUnit4Further practice in listenShort conversationsScriptsConversation 1W: Why do you declare the news that you’re pregnant on your blog directly?W: I’m so excited that I want to share this good news with the people who love me,but I also hope all my fans can respect my privacy at this special time.Q: How did the woman react to the fact that she got pregnant?Conversation 2W: Miley was voted the worst actress this year by teenager who used to admire her so much.M: Yeah,but no reasons were given. Maybe we can get some hints from what Miley did last year. Remember that time she slapped a 20-year-old female model?Q: What do we learn from the conversation about Miley?Conversation 3M: The Chinese couple won gold in pairs skating. It’s the first Olympic gold in skating for China.W: I just can’t imagine they’ve broken Russia’s 46-year hold on pairs figure skating gold. One minute on stage and 10 years of practice off the stage. They deserve it.Q: Why dose the woman admire couple?Conversation 4W: Some people are fascinated with the lives of public figures,so there are some media devoted exclusively to their privacy.M: But what they do often makes these public figures embarrassed and annoyed. I believe that the privacy of every individual,including public figures should be respected.Q: What’s the man’s attitude toward these media?Conversation 5M: You know?This American swimmer has apologized for his actions after a picture was published in a newspaper showing him taking drugs’W: This is not the first time he has been compelled under public apology for his behavior.Q: What dose the woman imply about the American swimmer?Answers1 B2 B3 C4 D5 DLong conversationScriptsM: Michelle?Why are you dressed up like this? Are you studying acting or something?W: Yeah Josh,I’m looking forward to a future of fame and glory.M: Yuck! Why would you want fame? I thought you were better than all that fake nonsense! Do you want to be anotherdumb girl running around Hollywood,trying to look fashionable?W: There’s no fake nonsense in my plans! You’re think of spoiled rich. I’m going to earn my fame by being a great actress. Then,once I have my famous husband and a beautiful house,I’m going to use my fame to help others across the world. I’ll do charity work with starving children in Africa!M: Oh please, if you really care about help people you’d sign for charity organizations that help feed the hungry. You just want to be famous! You want to have your picture on the front cover of magazines every time you go out get a coffee in your silk sleeping gowns!W: Not true! I don’t care about those staff-though I certainly wouldn’t mind being famous for my excellent fashion sense. And don’t make fun of me! As a volunteer right now,I could work for weeks and only help a few people at time. But once I’m famous,I’ll be able to make such a big difference! You’ll see,one day I’ll be famous AND doing good AND I’ll send you a postcard saying:“I told you so!”Q1. What did the man think of those famous actresses in Hollywood?Q2. Why did the girl want to be famous?Q3. How did the man react to the woman’s reasons for wanting to be famous?Q4. What can we infer about the girl?Answers1 A2 B3 B4 DPassage 1ScriptsBill Gates was born on October 28,1955 in a family having a rich business,political and community service background. From childhood Bill was intelligent and competitive. In school,he had excellent records in mathematics and science. Still he was getting very bored in school and his parents knew it,so they always tried to feed him with more information to keep him busy. Bill’s parents came to know about their son’s intelligence and decided to send him to a private school,known for its serious academic environment. It was a very important decision in Bill’s life,and it was there that he was introduced to a computer. Bill Gates and his friends were much interested in the world of programming and formed the “Programmers Group”in late 1968. In the next year,they got their first opportunity in Information Sciences Inc. in which they were selected as programmers. Bill and his close friend Allen developed a small computer to measure traffic flow and they earned around ﹩20,000 from this project. In 1973,he left home for Harvard University. He did well there,but he didn’t find it interesting. He spent many long nights in front of the school’s computer and the next day was asleep in class. Bill and his friend Allen remained in close contact even though Allen was away in Washington State University. They would often discuss new ideas for future projects and the possibility of starting a business one day. At the end of Bill’s first year,Allen moved closer to him so that they could follow some of their ideas. Within a year,Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard,and then formed Microsoft with Allen.Q1. How did Bill Gates perform in school?Q2. Why was studying in a private school a very important decision in Bill’s life?Q3. How did Bill like Harvard University?Q4.What did Bill Gates do at Harvard University?Answers1 B2 D3 A4 CUnit 5Further practice in listenShort conversationsConversation 1W:I love the modern conveniences and efficient public transportation the big city offers,and above all,much greater access to a variety of entertainment.M:The greatest advantage of living in a larg city is that I can eat a huge variety of food from different cultures.Q:What attracts the woman most in a big city?Conversation 2M:There seems to be nowhere to park outdoors.Shall we try underground parking?W:Underground parking is always a nightmare for inexperienced drivers like me. More than once my car has been cratched on the side when driving down the narrow slopes.Q:What do we know from what woman said?Conversation 3M:Many people think that big cities such as London and New York would be wonderful places to live in.W:The problem is that as too many individuals think that way and move into these cities,the resulting crowdedness and high house prices undermine their attractions.Q:What does the woman imply?Conversation 4W:The number of citizens above the age of 60 will increase from the current 147 million to 174 million thisyear,representing about one-eighth of the total population.M:The aging problem has not only come earlier than anticipated but also come about rapidly.Q:What dose the man say about the aging problem?Conversation 5M:I live in New York,and for me,there’s nothing that compares to its culture,energy and convenience.W:But I also know that ter pressure and have a greater risk of mental disorders.Q:What does the woman think about the people living in big cities?ANSWERS:1. A2.A3.B4.A5.DLong conversationM:Hi Emily! Something troubling you?W:Not sleeping well. My husband’s got a new job in Santa Fe,New Mexico! I’m a girl born and raised in big cities. I’m a litter worried....M:What about?W:Well,my hometown has about 4.5 million people! You know how many people live in Santa Fe?M:Not exactly,but,listen!W:Well,I looked up the population and it’s like 70,000! Tiny! It really is a great job for John-my husband,but in a small town! I’m sure there will be no good restaurants,or nice places to walk,no nightlife...M:Whoa! Wait a minute Emily! Did you do anything besides looking at the population of Santa Fe?W:Uh,no ...M:You’re jumping to conclusions-and they’re all wrong! I’m from Santa Fe! It dose have a small population -but it’s an amazing place! The history and architecture is unique. The city center was built in the 1600s by Spanish. It’s full of beautiful shops,restaurants,coffee shops,and art galleries. It has amazing nightlife - full of wonderful people. That’s why famous writers and movie stars love Santa Fe,too.W:Wow,sounds great ... What about outdoor life?M:It’s wonderful! The colors of the sky and mountains are so beautiful that artists come from around the world to pain! And the sky at night is so full of stars that you fell like you can reach out and touch them. It’s a magical place,Emily. Soon you’ll realize how lucky you are. You’ll have a long line of family and friends waiting to come and visit you in Santa Fe!QUESTIONS:1. What is Emily going to do?2. What did Emily think life in Santa Fe would be like?3. What is unique in Santa Fe according to the man?4. What attracts artist around the world to Santa Fe?ANSWERS:1. A2.A3.D4.BPassageLiving in the city is hard enough for a single person,but if you have kids life can get more complex. Finding ways to keep the little ones occupied can be a full-time job. So it should be no surprise that parents will go to great lengths to get a little peace and quiet.However,when I first got to know that some parents bought their young children-not teenagers - iPads,I was shocked. Who spends ＄500 on an iPad for a young child when so many adults in the United States go without or have limited access to computers and the Internet? Whatever happened to Lego,building blocks and colored pencils? And for those slightly older kids how about a good,old-fashioned book instead of an iPad for the car journey to the beach.Recently,I was at dinner with a couple and I brought up the subject of parents buying iPads for their young children. I was curious to see how they responded since I knew they had three young kids. It turned out they are a part of this growing trend. The iPad can download or stream cartoons,so it makes for excellent entertainment when they’re trying to get to thegrocery store or head out of the city for the annual family vacation. But the best thing about iPads is that there are games and educational applications for nearly every age level.It got me thinking that maybe my first reaction was a little too “reactionary”. Now I can understand the parents a little better. If I had three kids and was living in the city they would probably have an iPad,too.QUESTIONS:1. What shocked the speaker?2. What is appropriate for slightly older kids according to the speaker?3. What is the best thing about iPads according to the couple?4. What does the speaker think of buying iPads for kids after talking with the couple?ANSWERS:1.B2.D3.C4.DUnit 6Further practice in listeningShort conversationsScriptsConversation 1M:Addison’s quite a job-hopper. You know what his new job is?W:Addison told me three three weeks ago that he was going to quit his job in the cotton firm and go to work in a store selling beer,but he ended up working in a supermarket.Q:What do we know from the conversation about Addison?Conversation 2W:Bill,do you like your job?M:Well,I wonder who’d have fun working on an assembly line eight hours a day. If I were not the breadwinner of a big family,I would work in an office even if I could only get half of my current pay.Q:What does the man say about his job?Conversation 3M:What’s your future plan?W:No idea. My father’s ruined all my dreams. He says I have too little sense of economy to be in business,too little imagination to be an artist,I’m too fat to be an athlete,and I’m too ambitious to be an ordinary while-collar worker.Q:What does then woman think about her future?Conversation 4W:I hear you’re working for an advertising company. Do you get a good salary for this job?M:Yes,a pretty good salary for a beginner. But I have to work very hard for what I get. And there’s quite a lot of overtime.Q:What does the man say about his job?Conversation 5M:Why hesitate to take that position? Not everyone can have the opportunity to get promoted.W:The promotion might make me more money,and bring me short-term growth,but it will take me to the top of the wrong ladder.Q:Why doesn’t the woman take the position?Long conversationM:Only two more semesters Margaret, looking forward to the working world?W:Oh! Don’t remind me. It’s a few short months away. I don’t really know what I’m going to do after I graduate.M:You mean you haven’t been thinking about jobs yet?W:No,not really. I know I should, I just don’t know where to star. I’ve had part-time jobs in fast food - you know, my job at McDonald’s-but this real-job stuff scares me to death!M:Hold on. It’s not that bad. You need to take control. First go over to the Career Center;it’s on the second floor of the Students’Union. Make an appointment with Monica Green. She’s really smart,helpful and nice.W:Gosh. Thanks Juan. This is helpful. Career Center,second floor of the Students’Union,Monica Green - right?M:Yep! That’s right! Take your resume to get it reviewed. Remind me - what are you studying?W:International Business.M:Ok,pretty easy then. Check the Internet for international companies here in Seattle. That’s how I found my internship at Microsoft last summer. In fact,they’ve even offed me a job after I graduate.W:You’re lucky! I wish I had an internship now-and a job waiting for me after graduation.M:Don’t worry! You just need a plan. Try for an internship now,search hard for jobs and,always have another plan:You can always move back home with your parents in San Francisco if you need to.W:That is good plan. My parents would be glad to have me back home in San Francisco for a while.QUESTIONS:1. How does the woman prepare for the working world?2. How did the man find his internship?3. What advice does the man give to the woman?4. What does the man think the woman needs most right now?ANSWERS:1. A2.D3.B4.BPASSAGEIn 1964,19 million women were employed in the United States. Today they total 65 million,working in a wide variety of industries and increasingly pursuing higher education. The number of working women who have attended college has increased 200 percent since 1970,and the undergraduate class of 2011 was 57 percent female.Yet as far as women have come,they still earn on average only 81.2 percent as much as men and remain in lower-end jobs. What are the best-paying jobs for women? Using data on the weekly earnings of full-time workers in 2010 collected by BLS,we discovered that tech and health care is where the money’s at.Female physicians and surgeons topped the list. These women earned a median of ＄1,618 per week,or about ＄84,000 a year,more than any other profession tracked by the BLS. Male doctors continue to earn more than female doctors,but the pay gap has narrowed each year;it’s now at 29 percent versus 41 percent two years ago.Interestingly,the second best-paying job for women is a pharmacist. Female pharmacists make a median of ＄1,605 per week or about ＄83,500 annually,nearly as much as physicians and surgeons and more than chief executives,which came in at No.3 on our list. Women account for 48 percent of the pharmacy profession and earn 83 percent as much as male pharmacists. Meanwhile,only 26 percent of CEOs are women,and they earn just 72 percent as their male peers.Now women have been moving into relativelyhigher-paying jobs that were traditionally male-dominated. Overall, the gender pay gap is narrowing.QUESTIONS:1. How has the number of working women with college degrees in the United States changed?2. What is the current situation of working women in the United States?3. What is the best-paying job for women?4. What does the speaker think of the job prospects for women in the United States?ANSWERS:1.B2.B3.A4.D。

如何回复SCI投稿审稿人意见（精典语句整理）如何回复SCI投稿审稿人意见1.所有问题必须逐条回答。

2.尽量满足意见中需要补充的实验。

3.满足不了的也不要回避，说明不能做的合理理由。

4.审稿人推荐的文献一定要引用，并讨论透彻。

以下是本人对审稿人意见的回复一例，仅供参考。

续两点经验：1. 最重要的是逐条回答，即使你答不了，也要老实交代；不要太狡猾，以至于耽误事；2. 绝大部分实验是不要真追加的，除非你受到启发，而想改投另外高档杂志----因为你既然已经写成文章，从逻辑上肯定是一个完整的“story” 了。

以上指国际杂志修稿。

国内杂志太多，以至于稿源吃紧，基本没有退稿，所以你怎么修都是接受。

我的文章水平都不高，主要是没有明显的创新性，也很苦恼。

但是除了开始几篇投在国内杂志外，其他都在国际杂志（也都是SCI）发表。

以我了解的情况，我单位其他同志给国内杂志投稿，退稿的极少，只有一次被《某某科学进展》拒绝。

究其原因，除了我上面说的，另外可能是我单位写稿子还是比较严肃，导师把关也比较严的缘故。

自我感觉总结（不一定对）：1）国内杂志审稿极慢（少数除外），但现在也有加快趋势；2）国内杂志编辑人员认真负责的人不多，稿子寄去后，少则几个月，多则一年多没有任何消息；3）国内杂志要求修改的稿子，如果你自己不修，他最后也给你发；4）国外杂志要求补充实验的，我均以解释而过关，原因见少帖）。

还因为：很少杂志编辑把你的修改稿再寄给当初审稿人的，除非审稿人特别请求。

编辑不一定懂你的东西，他只是看到你认真修改，回答疑问了，也就接受了（当然高档杂志可能不是这样，我的经验只限定一般杂志（影响因子1-5）。

欢迎大家批评指正。

我常用的回复格式:Dear reviewer:I am very grateful to your comments for the manuscript. According with your advice, we amended the relevant part in manuscript. Some of your questions were answered below.1）....引用审稿人推荐的文献的确是很重要的，要想办法和自己的文章有机地结合起来。

一篇学术论文到底是不是你要找的？我们提供一个核查表给你文章的阅读能力是至关重要的。

如何识别一篇文章是不是自己想要找的非常关键。

所以知道如何评估一篇文章是必须掌握的技能。

虽然不同的研究设计，可能评估的标准不同。

但是总体原则还是有的。

以下就从背景、方法、结果、讨论给出了一套核查表供大家参考。

Critical appraisal of…the IntroductionDoes the article attempt to answer the same question as your clinical question?Is the article recently published (within 5 years) or is it seminal (i.e. an earlier article but whichhas strongly influenced later developments)?Is the journal peer-reviewed?Do the authors present a hypothesis?Critical appraisal of…the MethodsIs the study design valid for your question?Are both inclusion and exclusion criteria described?Is there an attempt to limit bias in the selection of participant groups?Are there methodological protocols (i.e. blinding) used to limit other possible bias?Do the research methods limit the influence of confounding variables?Are the outcome measures valid for the health condition you are researching?Critical appraisal of…the ResultsIs there a table that describes the subjects’ demographics?Are the baseline demographics between groups similar?Are the subjects generalizable to your patient?Are the statistical tests appropriate for the study design and clinical question?Are the results presented within the paper?Are the results statistically significant and how large is the difference between groups?Is there evidence of significance fishing (i.e. changing statistical tests to ensure significance)?Critical appraisal of…the Discussion/ConclusionDo the authors attempt to contextualise non-significant data in an attempt to portraysignificance? (e.g. talking about findings which had a trend towards significance as if theywere significant).Do the authors acknowledge limitations in the article?Are there any conflicts of interests noted?。

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re de aling with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. A lvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered h er household expenses[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, madehandsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is theso-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population to day, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by th e genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says W iencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free sla ves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use ou tlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could havewritten it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

给报纸或杂志投稿有什么要求英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1What are the Requirements for Submitting to Newspapers or Magazines?Hi there! My name is Emma and I'm 10 years old. I love reading all kinds of books, magazines, and newspapers. My favorite sections are the comics, fun activities, and stories written by kids just like me!Recently, my teacher Mrs. Wilson told our class that we could try submitting our own writing to be published in a real newspaper or magazine. How cool is that? At first, I didn't know if I should even bother since I'm just a kid. But Mrs. Wilson said that kids' perspectives are really valued and a lot of publications have special sections just for us.So I decided to give it a try! I did some research to find out what the requirements usually are for submitting writing to get published. Here's what I learned...One of the most important things is to follow all the guidelines and instructions exactly. Every newspaper, magazine or website will have their own specific rules on things like:• What topics or subjects they accept• How long the writing should be (some want short pieces of 300 words or less, others accept longer)• What writing styles they prefer (fiction stories, poems, personal essays, reviews, etc.)• How and where to submit (via email, online form, regular mail, etc.)You have to read through all those guidelines super carefully. If you don't follow them precisely, your submission might get rejected before anyone even reads it!Another big requirement is that your writing has to be 100% your own original work. You can't just copy something from a book or website. That's plagiarism and it's like stealing someone else's creative work. Most publications USE plagiarism checkers to make sure everything is original.Your writing should also be nicely polished and free of careless spelling, grammar or punctuation errors. I always havemy mom or Mrs. Wilson proofread my work before I submit it anywhere. You want to put your best foot forward!It's usually good to include a brief bio introducing yourself and listing a few of your major achievements or interests. For example, my bio might say:"Emma Wilson is a 10-year-old 5th grader at Lakeview Elementary. She enjoys creative writing, reading, skating, and playing softball. Her short story 'The Runaway Puppy' won honorable mention in last year's statewide young writers' contest."Some publications want submissions to follow a particular theme or fit into a certain category. Like if they have an upcoming issue about environment & nature, they'll want stories or articles relating to that general topic. Other times, it's an open contest where you can write about whatever you want.You'll often need to include your full name, age, grade level, school, city and state/province along with your submission. That way they know it's legitimate writing from an actual kid or teen. If it's for a contest, there may be different categories divided up by age groups.Most bigger publications unfortunately don't allow submissions from allparts of the world due to legal requirements in their own country or region. But there are lots of great options for young writers no matter where you live!In terms of actually writing the piece itself, here are some tips:• Pick a topic, subject or story idea that you feelpassionate about and can discuss in a unique, creative way. Write about your personal experiences, observations and viewpoints.• Use language, vocabulary and humor suited for your age level. Don't try to sound too adult or formal.• Make sure to grab the reader's attention with an engaging opening line or paragraph. You want them to keep reading!• Add lots of specific, descriptive details and examples to make your writing come alive.• Tell stories in a logical, organized way with a clear beginning, middle and end.• Keep revising and ed iting until you've polished it to perfection.If your goal is just to get published somewhere without winning any prizes, there are tons of options like:• Your local newspaper's young writers section• Regional kid/teen magazines• Online writing blogs & communities• School & classroom publications• Contests sponsored by companies, libraries, etc.But if you're hoping to actually win some cool prizes or money, you'll want to aim for bigger, more competitive things like:• National or international writing contests for kids/teens• Publications likeHighlights, Stone Soup, Cricket and more• Youth editions of famous literary magazines/journalsJust be prepared that those major contests can receive thousands of entries from young writers all around the world. The chances of your piece getting selected are pretty slim. But you'll never know unless you try, right?The most important thing is to have fun with your writing, staying creative, and keeping at it. The more you write andsubmit your work, the better you'll get over time. Even if your first few pieces don't get published right away, don't get discouraged! Use the experience to learn how to improve for next time.Well, that's a basic overview of what's usually required when submitting writing to be published. It may seem like a lot of work, but it's a great way to share your stories, poems and articles with many readers beyond just your teacher and parents. I can't wait to get started on a new piece to submit myself. Happy writing!篇2What Do I Need to Submit My Writing to a Newspaper or Magazine?Hi there! My name is Emma and I'm 10 years old. I love writing stories, poems, and articles about things I'm interested in like animals, nature, and fun science facts. A few months ago, my teacher Mrs. Robinson told our class that we could try submitting some of our writing to be published in a newspaper or magazine for kids. How cool is that?At first, I wasn't sure what that really meant or if my writing was good enough. But Mrs. Robinson explained that there are lots of newspapers, magazines, and websites that are alwayslooking for writing by kids like me. She said it's a great way for us to share our voices, interests, and perspectives with other kids and grown-ups across our community or even the whole world!I got really excited about the idea of having my words printed up where lots of people could read them. My parents were proud of me too and said they would help make sure I followed all the guidelines. So what exactly do you need to do to submit writing to be published? Let me break it down for you:Pick Where to SubmitThe first step is choosing where you want to try submitting your writing. There are newspapers, magazines, websites, and blogs for all different topics and age groups. Mrs. Robinson had some examples to get us started like Stone Soup, Highlights High Five, and National Geographic Little Kids.She also said we could look for local publications in our town or state since they often have student sections too. My parents helped me find a few options that seemed like a good fit for the stuff I like writing about.Follow the Submission GuidelinesOnce you pick where you want to submit, you have to make sure you follow all their rules and requirements exactly. These areusually listed on their website under a "Submissions" or "Writers Guidelines" section.Some key things the guidelines cover are:What types of writing they accept (stories, poems, articles, reviews, etc.)How long or short it should be (Some have super specific word counts!)What the writing should be about (certain themes or topics)How and where to send it (email, online form, mail)What file formats they want (.doc, .pdf, etc.)If you need to include a cover letter or your bioThe guidelines might seem a little boring, but they are super important! If you don't follow them precisely, your submission could get rejected before anyone even reads it.Make It Your Best WorkSince you want the editors to seriously consider publishing your writing, you have to make sure it's absolutely your best effort. That means:Using correct spelling, grammar, and punctuationOrganizing your thoughts clearlyWriting on an appropriate topic for the publicationMaking sure it's original writing you came up with yourselfPolishing it up until it shines!My teacher Mrs. Robinson always has us write multiple drafts and revise our work. We also do peer editing where we help corrects each other's mistakes. It's a good idea to have parents, teachers or trusted friends take a look too before submitting.Be Patient and Don't Get DiscouragedEven if you follow all the rules and instructions, there's no guarantee your writing will get picked to be published right away. Newspapers and magazines can get hundreds or thousands of submissions from writers, even kids! So you might get a rejection at first, but don't let that stop you.Mrs. Robinson told us that even best-selling authors got lots of rejection letters before their books were finally published. The important thing is to stay positive, learn from any feedback you get, and keep working on improving your writing skills. If you don't give up, your chance will eventually come.Getting Published is RewardingWhile it isn't easy, successfully getting your writing published in a newspaper, magazine or website is such an amazing feeling! It means your hard work and creativity has been recognized by other people. You get to see your name printed as the author and know that potentially thousands of readers will be seeing your words.Even if you don't become a famous author, having published writing clips can help with applying for jobs, internships, or college one day. It shows you can communicate well through the written word. Who knows, you might even get "fan mail" from people who read and enjoyed your piece. How fun would that be?So those are the main things to know about submitting writing to get published. It takes patience, following directions precisely, and putting in your best effort. But in my opinion, it's totally worth it to see your hard work out there in the world! I'm going to keep writing and submitting as much as I can. Maybe I'll see your name in the byline too one day. Happy writing!篇3What Do I Need to Write for a Newspaper or Magazine?Hi everyone! My name is Sam and I'm 10 years old. I really love writing stories and poems, and my dream is to get published in a newspaper or magazine one day. But I wasn't sure what the requirements were, so I did some research. Let me share what I learned!First of all, you have to follow the guidelines and rules set by each publication. Every newspaper and magazine is a little different in what they want. Some only take certain types of writing, like short stories or opinion pieces. Others have strict word count limits you can't go over.The first step is to carefully read the submission guidelines for wherever you want to submit your work. Don't skip this part! If you don't follow the rules, your piece will likely get rejected before anyone even reads it.Most places want you to submit in a specific way, like by email with your work attached as a file. They'll tell you what file formats they accept, like Microsoft Word documents or PDF files. Make sure to send it exactly how they ask.Your submission also needs what's called a "cover letter." This is a brief letter introducing yourself and your work. You explain what the piece is about, why you think it's a good fit for that publication, and provide your contact information.In the cover letter, you'll need to share a little bit about your background too. Like if you're a student, you can mention your grade level, school, and any writing accomplishments or clubs you've been part of.Formatting is really important as well. That means setting up your document with the proper line spacing, margins, font, and so on. Each magazine or newspaper has its own formatting rules you need to follow exactly.For the actual writing piece itself, the key things are:• A catchy, attention-grabbing title• A strong opening that hooks the reader's interest• Clear writing that's easy to follow with proper spelling and grammar• Descriptions that create vivid images in the reader's mind• Characterized dialogue if there are conversations• Themes or messages that are relevant and meaningful• Unique ideas and perspectives• Showing personality and creativity• Following basic story structure for fiction• Accuracy for non-fiction• Proofreading it carefully before submittingThe professionals working at publications get a huge number of submissions, so first impressions are crucial. You need to start strong and maintain quality writing all the way through. Good storytelling skills and an authentic, engaging voice go a long way.Another important factor is being appropriate for the intended audience. A piece for a children's magazine should use simpler language and cover themes kids can relate to. For an adult publication, you can get more complex and cover more mature subject matter. Know who your readers will be and write for them.When you finally hit submit, be patient! It can take weeks or even months for a response. Don't get discouraged by rejection letters. Take any feedback provided and use it to improve your work for next time. Keep writing and keep submitting – that's the best way for an aspiring young writer to get published.It's normal to face a lot of rejection in the beginning, but if you persevere, your hard work and talent will eventually pay off. I'm going to keep practicing my skills, following submissionguidelines to a T, and working on developing my unique voice. Maybe one day you'll see my name in your local newspaper or a cool magazine!Those are the key requirements I learned about submitting writing to get published. It takes effort and a thick skin, but it's so worth it for writers to share their creativity with the world. I hope these tips help you take those first steps too. Happy writing!。