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必备的英语语法

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第1章主谓一致一.概念:主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。

3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。

例如：There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。

例如：Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。

注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。

例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。

典型例题The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. wasC. areD. were答案B. 注：先从时态上考虑。

这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。

本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。

后面的职务用and 相连。

这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。

2）当either…or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。

如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。

例如：Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。

3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。

例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。

4. 谓语需用单数的情况1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。

例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。

There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。

2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。

例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。

3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。

例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。

Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。

5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。

例如：All is right.一切顺利。

All are present.人都到齐了。

2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。

如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。

例如：His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。

His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。

例如：Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。

例如：A number of +名词复数+复数动词。

The number of +名词复数+单数动词。

A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of 后面的名词/代词保持一致。

例如：Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。

2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。

例如： A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。

3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。

但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。

例如：Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。

三.巩固练习（） 1. The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons.A. were, wasB. was, wasC. was, wereD. were, were（） 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.A. is playingB. have playedC. are playingD. play（） 3. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.A. Two fifth, isB. Two fifth, areC. Two fifths, isD. Two fifths, are（） 4. Ten minutes ______ a long time for one who waits.A. seemB. seemsC. seemedD. are seemed（） 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _____ a driving license.A. hasB. haveC. is havingD. are having’（） 6. Joy and Sorrow _____ next-door neighbours.A. isB. areC. wereD. be（）7. In my opinion, some of the news _____ unbelievable.A. areB. isC. has beenD. have been（）8. When ______ the United Nations founded?A. isB. areC. wasD. were（）9. Every possible means _____ .A. has triedB. has been triedC. was triedD. were tried（） 10. What she says and does _____ nothing to do with me.A. wasB. wereC. hasD. have（）11. There _____ a dictionary and several books on the desk.A. areB. mustC. have beenD. is（）12. Nobody ______ seen the film. It’s a pi ty.A. but Tom and Jack haveB. except Tom and Jack haveC. but my friends hasD. but I have（）13. No teacher and no student ______．A. are admittedB. is admittedC. are admittingD. is admitting（）14. All but one ______ here just now.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. were（）15. When and where to build the new factory _____ yet.A. is not decidedB. are not decidedC. has not decidedD. have not decided（） 16. The writer and singer ______ here.A. isB. areC. wereD. do（） 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.A. areB. wasC. isD. were（） 18. In those days John with his classmates _____ kept busy preparing for the exam.A. isB. areC. wasD. were（） 19. —— ____ your clothes?——No, mine _____ hanging over there.A. Is it, isB. Are these, areC. Is it, areD. Are these, is（）20. The Smith’s family, which ____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old houses.A. were, wereB. was, wasC. were, wasD. was, were（） 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _____ that either of the countries ____ beautiful.A. are, areB. is, isC. are, isD. is, are（） 22. He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been（） 23. _____ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings ______ their duty.A. Each, areB. Both, isC. Neither, areD. None, is（） 24. —— What do you think of the ______ of the coat?——It’s rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop.A. valueB. costC. priceD. use（） 25. —— Are the two answers correct?—— No, ______ correct.A. no one isB. both are notC. neither isD. either is not（） 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _____ making sailing difficult.A. have beenB. wasC. / D/ are四.答案1.C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. B7. B8. C9. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15.A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19.B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24.C 25. C 26. B第2章动词的时态一. 概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时的用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。

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英语考试必备：50个入门英语语法要点总结

英语考试必备：50个入门英语语法要点总结

英语考试必备：50个入门英语语法要点总结学习英语语法需要长期的积累和实践，但以下是100个英语语法要点，可以帮助你快速回顾和巩固英语语法基础：1.一般现在时的陈述句结构：主语+动词原形2.一般现在时的否定句结构：主语+do/does+not+动词原形3.一般现在时的疑问句结构：do/does+主语+动词原形+其他4.现在进行时的陈述句结构：主语+be+动词-ing5.现在进行时的否定句结构：主语+be+not+动词-ing6.现在进行时的疑问句结构：be+主语+动词-ing+其他7.一般过去时的陈述句结构：主语+动词过去式8.一般过去时的否定句结构：主语+did+not+动词原形9.一般过去时的疑问句结构：did+主语+动词原形+其他10.过去进行时的陈述句结构：主语+was/were+动词-ing11.过去进行时的否定句结构：主语+was/were+not+动词-ing12.过去进行时的疑问句结构：was/were+主语+动词-ing+其他13.一般将来时的陈述句结构：主语+will+动词原形14.一般将来时的否定句结构：主语+will+not+动词原形15.一般将来时的疑问句结构：will+主语+动词原形+其他16.现在完成时的陈述句结构：主语+have/has+动词过去分词17.现在完成时的否定句结构：主语+have/has+not+动词过去分词18.现在完成时的疑问句结构：have/has+主语+动词过去分词+其他19.过去完成时的陈述句结构：主语+had+动词过去分词20.过去完成时的否定句结构：主语+had+not+动词过去分词21.过去完成时的疑问句结构：had+主语+动词过去分词+其他22.情态动词can表示能力，may表示请求和允许，must表示必须，should表示应该，will表示愿意和承诺，would表示偏爱和过去习惯。

23.be动词在句子中充当系动词，用于描述主语的状态或特征，常见的有am/is/are/was/were。

英语语法(基础知识必备)

英语语法(基础知识必备)

英语语法学习词类句类词语名词名词（noun）是指人或事物的名称。

名词一般分为专有名词（proper noun）和普通名词（common noun）。

专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点、团体、机构等专有的名称，首字母通常大写。

名词按其所表示的事物的性质也可以分为可数名词（countable noun）和不可数名词（uncountable noun），可数名词有单数形式和复数形式。

1.名词的数代词代词（pronoun ）用于代替名词等。

代词分为人称代词（personal pronoun ）、物主代词（possessive pronoun ）、指示代词（demonstrative pronoun ）、反身代词（reflexive pronoun ）、相互代词（reciprocal pronoun ）、疑问代词（interrogative pronoun ）、关系代词（relative pronoun ）、连接代词（conjunctive pronoun ）和不定代词（indefinite pronoun ）。

1.人称代词代替人或事物的名称，分为主格人称代词和宾格人称代词两种。

数词数词表示数量或顺序等。

分为基数词（cardinal number）和序数词（ordinal number）。

1.基数词表示数目的多少。

动词动词的第三人称单数形式情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

.情态动词除ought 和have外，后面只能接不带to的不定式。

.情态动词不随人称的变化而变化，即情态动词的第三人称单数不加-s。

情态动词不受任何时态影响即不加三单。

.情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式、分词等形式。

感叹词感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜、怒、哀、乐等情感的词。

它不构成后面句子的一个语法成分，却在意义上与它有关联，后面的句子一般说明这种情绪的性质、原因。

感叹词是英语口语中最富有表现力的词语之一，用途甚广。

英语重点语法(考试必备)

英语重点语法(考试必备)

英语重点语法（考试必备）一、主语是个句子，或者从句在句中充当主语1.当主语是陈述句时，连接词是that 即：that(不省略)+该陈述句Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (We will be late.)Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (主语从句，that不能省略)2.) I hope (that) we will win the game. (宾语从句，that 可以省略)2.当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not)1.) Whether he will go there is not known. (Will he go there?)2.) Whether they can finish the job (or not) is not clear. (Can they finish the job?)3.当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”即：特殊疑问词“8W+H” +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序（注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H 指的是how）1)What he did yesterday is not known. (What did he do yesterday?)2)Where he went yesterday is not clear. (Where did he go yesterday?)3)Which team he liked has not been decided. (Which team did he like?)4)Who won the game seems certain. (Who won the game?)5)Whom he met yesterday is not clear. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)6)Why he was late for the meeting is to be found out.(Why was he late for the meeting?)7)Whose book this is is not clear. (Whose book is this?)8)When he will arrive is not known. (When will he arrive?)9)How we will help the lost boy will be discussed at the meeting.(How will we help the lost boy?)二、主语从句后置1.为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.1.) That we will be late is certain.-- It’s certain that we will be late.2.) Whether he will go there is not known.-- It is not known whether he will go there.3.) Where he went yesterday is not clear.-- It is not clear where he went yesterday.2.It 作形式主语常用句型：(that 引导的主语从句是真正的主语)It is possible/important/necessary/clear that...1)It’s said/ reported that.. 据说/据报道…2)It’s been announced/declared that... 已经通知/宣布…3)It seems/appears/happens that… 显然、明显、碰巧..4)It’s no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑…3.主语从句中谓语动词一般用单数，What引导的主语从句，谓语动词根据表语决定What he needs _is_ that book. What he needs _are_ some books.4.What 与that 引导主语从句的区别Eg. (1) What you said yesterday is right. (What did you say yesterday?)(2) That she is still alive is a puzzle. (谜题) (She is still alive.)练习题1.___ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A. ThatB. WhyC. WhatD. How2. ___we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A IfB WhetherC ThatD Where3.___ is known to us all is that America is a developed country.A. WhichB. AsC. WhatD. It4. It’s known to us all ___ a form of energy .A. water isB. that water isC. is waterD. that water to三、宾语从句一、宾语从句: 宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语1.当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是that 即：that(可省略)+该陈述句1.) I hope (that) he will come tomorrow. (He will come tomorrow.)1.) That we will be late is certain. (主语从句，that不能省略)2.) I believe (that) we will win the game. (宾语从句，that 可以省略)2. 当宾语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not)/if即：whether(or not)/if +该一般疑问句的陈述语序1.) I ask whether/if Tom knows Jack. (Does Tom know Jack?)2.) I don’t know whether/if he came back yesterday. (Did he come back yesterday?)3. 当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”即：特殊疑问词“8W+H” +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序（注：8W--what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H--how）1)I don’t know what he did yesterday. (What did he do yesterday?)2)He wants to know where he went yesterday. (Where did he go yesterday?)3)He didn’t tell me which team he liked. (Which team did he like?)4)We want to know who won the game at last. (Who won the game?)5)His mom asked whom he met yesterday. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)6)He didn’t find out why he was late for the meeting.(Why was he late for the meeting?)7)I am not sure whose book this is. (Whose book is this?)8)They ask me when he will arrive. (When will he arrive?)9)We have discussed how we will help the lost boy.(How will we help the lost boy?)1.当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动词时，从句谓语动词用（should）+动词原词，should 可以省略eg （1）She required (that) he (should) go back home right now.She required (that) he go back home right now.（2）I suggested (that) he (should) ask his teacher for help.I suggested (that) he ask his teacher for help.2.当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时，否定要前移Eg. I don’t think that he will come tomorrow. (He won’t come tomorrow.) He doesn’t believe that it is true. (It is not true.)3.宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分eg. I believe that they will come soon. He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.4.宾语从句的时态受主句的限制主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态eg. 1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.5.由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从句如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构I don’t know what I should do next.I don’t know what to do next.He didn’t know where he would live.He didn’t know where to live.He wasn’t clear which way he should go to reach the bank.=He wasn’t clear which way to go to reach the bank.6.含有宾语补足语时，若宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语it 代替，真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后Eg. 1) We think it wonderful that we will go on a trip this weekend. (宾语是陈述句)2) I think it uncertain whether we will win the game. （宾语是一般疑问句）3) We hope it discussed how we will solve the problem. (宾语是特殊疑问句)练习题1. —Do you know ______ the Capital Museum(首都机场)?—Next Friday.A. when will they visitB. when they will visitC. when did they visitD. when they visited2. –Can you tell me ______?–She is in the computer lab（计算机实验室）.A. where Linda wasB. where is LindaC. where was LindaD. where Linda is 3。

英语学习必备--英语语法公式汇总

英语学习必备--英语语法公式汇总

英语学习必备--英语语法公式汇总1名词公式1 可数名词变复数：①+ s ②变y为i，再加es ③变f/fe为v，再加es④“辅音字母+-o”结尾的有生命的名词+es，无生命的名词+s⑤以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词+-es。

book→books city→cities leaf→leaves tomato→tomatoes class→classes公式2 表达数量：a/an+单数量词+of+可数名词复数/不可数名词：a pair of glasses一副眼镜大于1的基数词+复数量词+of+可数名词复数/不可数名词：four bottles of water 四瓶水公式3 名词所有格：①名词单数词尾（不以s结尾）+ 's②名词复数词尾（以s结尾）+ '公式4 A+and+B+'s表示两者共有：Andy and Steve's安迪和史蒂夫的A+'s+and+B+'s表示两者分别拥有：Andy's and Steve's 安迪的和史蒂夫的公式5 无生命事物的所有格：名词+of+名词：the gate of the library图书馆的大门公式6 双重所有格：名词+of+名词的's 所有格/名词性物主代词 a friend of Bill's 比尔的一位朋友2代词公式7 one...the other...“一个……，另一个……”He has two sons. One is tall and the other is thin.他有两个儿子。

一个个子高，另一个长得瘦。

公式8 some...others...“一些……，另一些……”Some like football,and others like basketball.一些人喜欢足球，另外一些喜欢篮球。

公式9 复合不定代词+形容词/不定式/else:something useful有用的东西3冠词公式10 the+自然界中独一无二的事物：The sun is shining in the sky.太阳在天空中闪耀。