北京语言大学832普通语言学科目模拟试题(一)
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普通语言学练习题答案普通语言学练习题答案语言学是一门研究语言的科学,它涉及到语言的结构、语音、语法、语义等方面。
对于学习语言学的学生来说,练习题是提高语言学知识和技能的重要手段。
下面将给出几道普通语言学练习题的答案,帮助学生更好地理解和掌握语言学的知识。
题目一:请解释什么是语音学?答案:语音学是语言学的一个分支学科,它研究的是语音的产生、传播和接受。
语音学主要关注语音的物理特性、声音的产生机制以及不同语音之间的差异。
通过对声音的分析和研究,语音学家可以揭示语言中的语音规律,并研究不同语音对语言意义的影响。
题目二:请解释什么是语法?答案:语法是语言学中的一个重要概念,它研究的是语言中的句子结构和词汇的组织方式。
语法可以分为句法和词法两个方面。
句法研究句子的结构和组成成分之间的关系,包括句子的主谓宾结构、修饰成分等。
词法研究词汇的形态和词义,包括词的构词法和词义的变化规律。
题目三:请解释什么是语义学?答案:语义学是语言学中的一个分支学科,它研究的是语言中词汇和句子的意义。
语义学主要关注词汇和句子的意义构成和表达方式。
通过对语义的分析和研究,语义学家可以揭示语言中的意义规律,并研究不同语义对语言理解和沟通的影响。
题目四:请解释什么是语用学?答案:语用学是语言学中的一个分支学科,它研究的是语言使用的规律和语言在特定语境中的意义。
语用学主要关注语言的交际功能和语言行为的规范。
通过对语用的研究,语用学家可以揭示语言在不同交际情境中的使用方式和意义变化。
题目五:请解释什么是语言变异?答案:语言变异是指在同一语言系统中,由于人们的社会、地理、文化等因素的影响,语言形式和语言使用方式的差异。
语言变异可以表现在语音、词汇、语法和语义等方面。
语言变异是语言学研究的一个重要内容,它可以帮助我们更好地理解语言的多样性和变化规律。
以上是对几道普通语言学练习题的答案解释。
通过对这些题目的学习和理解,可以帮助学生更好地掌握语言学的基本概念和知识。
北京语言大学入学测试机考高起点语文模拟题1、阅读下面带“像”,“好像”的句子,选出全是比喻句子的一项___(1)各种想法在他脑子里像火花一个个爆发,然后又熄灭了。
(2)人需要真理,就象瞎子需要明眼的引路人一样。
(3)这几分钟的动摇好像使他更坚定了。
(4)这个孩子长得多么像他父亲。
(2)()A.(1)(2)B.(2)(3)C.(3)(4)D.(1)(4)标准答案:A2、对下列词语意义的解释,正确的一组是___(2)()A.秀才(科举考试初考合格者)秀而不实(秀美但不实在)做秀(展示外露,含装模做样意)秀外慧中(外貌秀丽,内心聪明)B.经年(满一年)荒诞不经(荒谬,与正统思想不合)经纪(经营管理)满腹经纶(比喻人很有学问和才能)C.稽留(停留)无稽之谈(没有根据的话)稽首(古代的叩拜礼节)有案可稽(有证据可查)D.款待(诚恳地招待)款步而行(快步行走)落款(题写名字)款关而入(打开关口进入)标准答案:C3、下列各组词语中,有错别字的一组是___(2)()A.鱼船竭泽而渔直言仗义执言B.勉励再接再厉提名金榜题名C.辐射幅员辽阔桃园世外桃源D.废弛风驰电掣退化蜕化变质标准答案:A4、依次填入下列各句横线处的词语,最恰当的一组是___。
真正重理的人,决不应轻文;___,真正重文的人,也决不应轻理。
___志趣不同,在某一方面一般地认真学习,而在另一方面特别多下功夫学习,这种情形是自然现象。
___,“重”一样,“轻”一样,是不正常的思想和心理的反映。
(2)()A.相反由于因此却B.同样由于但是却C.同样可是但是只D.相反可是因此只标准答案:B5、下列句子中标点符号使用正确的一项是___(2)()A.到了高中,他这样的发明已经有了20多件,其中获得省、市一、二、三等奖的就有15件。
1999年,他的《高效率板手》、《易拆卸钉书钉》、《定量倒药瓶》三项发明几乎同时获得国家专利。
B.这个经济协作区,具有大量的技术信息,较强的工业基础,巨大的生活资料、生产资料市场,较丰富的动植物、矿产、海洋、旅游等资源。
北京语言大学网络教育学院《综合韩语(一)》模拟试卷一注意:1.试卷保密,考生不得将试卷带出考场或撕页,否则成绩作废。
请监考老师负责监督。
2.请各位考生注意考试纪律,考试作弊全部成绩以零分计算。
3.本试卷满分100分,答题时间为90分钟。
4.本试卷分为试题卷和答题卷,所有答案必须答在答题卷上,答在试题卷上不给分。
一、【单词翻译】(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)请将正确答案填在答题卷相应题号处。
1. 教科书()11. 朋友()2. 大象()12. 文具()3. 人()13. 绿茶()4. 医生()14. 考试()5. 椅子()15. 牛奶()6. 老师()16. 市内()7. 教室()17. 姓名()8. 图书馆()18. 留学生()9. 外国语()19. 故乡()10. 家()20. 弟弟()二、【标出下列单词的发音】(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)请将正确答案填在答题卷相应题号处。
21. 한국인[ ] 26. 못하다[ ]22. 사람을[ ] 27. 좋다[ ]23. 없습니다[ ] 28. 이렇다[ ]24. 마음속[ ] 29. 싫고[ ]25. 외국어[ ] 30. 먹다[ ]三、【用适当的助词填空】(本大题共9小题,每空格1分,共15分)请将正确答案填在答题卷相应题号处。
31. 오늘()일요일()아닙니다.32. 왕호씨는태권도()배웁니다.철수씨()태권도()배웁니다.33.제( ) 학생입니다.34.저는사과( ) 배( ) 좋아합니다.35.겨울( ) 눈( ) 옵니다.36.우리는한국( ) 여행을합니다.37.왕단씨( ) 철수씨는친구입니다.38.민주씨는어디( ) 한국어를배웁니까?39.왕단씨는고양이를좋아합니다. 민주씨( ) 고양이를좋아합니다.왕단씨와민주씨( ) 친구입니다.四、【根据上句和括号里面的提示完成对话】(本大题共5小题,每小题4分,共20分)请将正确答案填在答题卷相应题号处。
语言学概论模拟题(一)一、填空题。
1、研究语言的结构,主要是研究()、()、()三个部分。
2、()被称为现代语言学之父,其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。
3、语言系统的秩序,体现了其内部的各种关系和法则,其中最重要的是()关系、()关系、()关系。
4、转换生成语言学派的代表性人物是()。
5、中国传统的“小学”由()、()、()组成。
二、举例解释下列名词1.聚合关系2.条件变体3.附加色彩4.音素文字5.地域方言三、综合分析题。
1. 指出下列各组音素在音质上的区别。
①u-o ②T-D ③m-n2. 分析下面词组的结构层次关系人人都非常热爱自己的故乡四、论述题。
1、请简述语言学的分类。
2、“语言”和“言语”具有怎样的区别?区别“语言”和“言语”对语言学和现代汉语研究有什么意义?语言学概论模拟题(二)一、填空题。
1、一种方言能成为共同语的基础方言,主要取决于客观的_______________、_______________、文化等各方面的条件。
2、中国、印度、________________是语言学的三大发源地。
3、词义包括理性意义和_______________、_______________ 。
4、______________指的是人们对某种语言的具体应用。
5、______________是按照音色的不同划分出来的最小的语音单位。
二、判断正误,正确的打钩,错误的打叉。
1、语言的发展都具有渐变性。
2、语言里语音、词汇、语法的发展是齐头并进的。
3、推广民族共同语的目的是消灭方言。
4、义素是语义的宏观层次。
5、“山”、“吃”、“水”属于一般词汇。
三、分析题。
1、试从词语的构造方式的角度对下列合成词进行分类,分别填入相应的各项中。
修辞阿姨瓜子燕子女儿马儿作者司仪刚刚第三作为忘记窗户木头开头后现代后年(1)词根和词根组合的合成词(2)词根和词缀组合的合成词(3)前加式派生词(4)后加式派生词2、指出下列各组音素的区别特征。
北京语言大学832普通语言学科目模拟试题(一)北京语言大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业832普通语言学科目模拟试题(一)Part 1. Answer the following questions and write down your answers on your answer sheet. (共50分)1.write down the correct sound segments according to the sounddescriptions.(1)voiced bilabial plosive sound:——(2)voiceless alveolar fricative:——(3)high front tense unrounded vowel:——(4)mid central lax unrounded vowel:——(5)mid central vowel to high back vowel:——2.write down the correct phonetic detail about the underlining part. (1) help:______(2) play:———(3) tenth:———(4) button:_______(5) button:________3.write down the word formation process on your answer sheet.(1)smog:______(2)bike:______(3)WTO:______(4)Editor:______(5)Sputnik:_______4.Make sure the sense relations between different words(1)word & universe:_______(2)warm & cool:--------(3)alive & dead:______(4)buy & sell:_______(5)animal & cow:______5.please write down the meanings of meaning i n G. Leech’s opinion.(1)what is communicated through association with another sense ofthe same expression.________(2)what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes ofthe speaker or writer.________(3)what is communicated by virtue of what languages refersto._______(4)logical, cognitive, or denotative content______(5)what is communicated of the social circumstances oflanguage use._______Part 2. Fill the blanks with the correct answers.(50分)1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________./doc/2e2104673.html,nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.4.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.5.Linguistics is the __________ study of language.6.Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down somerules for people to observe.7.----refers to the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.9.Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members ofa speech community.10.Linguist ic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.11.The process involving an alternation in the sequence of sunds is ------.12.The relation between “dog” and “animal”is that of -------.13.In English the theme and theme are expressed by ____and______.14.The language knowledge of UG related to a particular language is known as_____.15.A relation holding between elements replacement with each other at a particular place in a structure is called_______.Part3 Definitions.(20分)(1)Duarity(2)Phoneme(3)Morphology(4)Concord(5)Connotative meaningPart 4. answer the following questions (30分)(1) what are the main concerns of semantics?(2)In what ways do people cooperate in theirconversations?北京语言大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业832普通语言学科目模拟试题(一)参考答案Part1.1.[b][s][i:][?][ei]2.velarization, Devoicing, Nasalaization, Glottalization, Syllabification3.Blending, Abbreviation, Acronymy, Back-formation, Borrowing4.Synonymy. Gradable antonymy, Complementary Antonymy, Converse Antonymy.Hyponymy.5. Reflected meaning,Affective meaning, Connotative meaning, Conceptual meaning, social meaning.Part21.human2.recusive3. metalingual4. yo-he-ho5.scientific6. descriptive7.phoneme 8. diachronic 9. langue 10. competence 11.metathesis 12.hyponymy13. subject predicate 14.parameters 15. paradigmatic relation.Part31.Duarity: It means the property of having two levels of structures, sucn thatunits of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels there is a structure of sounds , which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds oflanguage can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meanig, which are found at higher level of the system. To talk about duarity we must notice that langusage is heirarchical.2.Phoneme:it is a basic unit of phonological study, which refers to the explicitsound contrast:the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.3.Morphology: it is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structureof words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology mainly concerns the inflectional and derivational reseaching fields.4.concord:it is also called agreement; it is a syntactic relation between wordsand phrases which are compatible, in a given construction, by virture of inflections carried by at least one of them. There are two types of concord:notional agreement and grammatical agreement.5.connotative meaning:it means what is communicated by virtue of what languagerefers to, which was firstly put forward by G. Leech.Part4.1.Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concernedwith meaning of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it, e.g.meaning of morphemes and sentences.The following are waht the key concepets look like:semantic components, denotation of words, sense relations between words such as atonomu anssynonymy,sense relations betwwen sentences such as entailment and presupposition.2.Herbert Paul Grice noticed that in daily conversations people do not ususallysay things directly but tend to imply them.we follow the cooperative principle:Quantity; Quality;Relation:Manner.。
语言学概论模拟试题1-5第一篇:语言学概论模拟试题1-5语言学概论(本)模拟试题 1一、举例解释下列名词(每词4分,共20分)1、聚合关系2、语流音变3、基本词汇4、形声字5、借词二、填空(每空1分,共10分)1、()内部又分布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三大学派。
2、中国、()和希腊——罗马是语言学的三大发源地。
3、口腔、鼻腔和咽腔在发音中的主要功能是起()的作用。
4、各个音位的变体,如果其出现条件要受环境的制约,那么就是这个音位的()。
5、基本词汇在使用上不分地域,不分阶层,因而具有()特点。
6、同义词“鼓励——怂恿”的区别是()不同。
7、腓尼基字母向西发展产生了(),拉丁字母是在它的基础上产生的。
8、文字造字方法发展的总趋向是()。
9、现代汉语有七大方言,例如(),以长沙话为代表。
10、古代汉语中的单音节词在现代汉语中大多变成了双音节词,例如“龟、蝇”变成了“乌龟、苍蝇”。
这种变化是词语的()。
三、选择题(每小题2分,共10分)说明:每题只有一个正确答案,请将正确答案的字母序号填到题中括号内。
1、下列说法只有()是正确的。
A.语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具B.语言就是说话,说话就是语言C.抽象的语言是不存在的,都以如汉语、英语这样一些个体形式存在着D.语言具有地方色彩,说明语言不具有社会性2、有甲乙两个声波图,甲声波比乙声波振动次数少,乙声波比甲声波振幅小,因此()。
A.甲声音高,乙声音弱 B.甲声音低,乙声音弱C.甲声音低,乙声音强D.甲声音弱,乙声音低3、下列说法只有()是正确的。
A.“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词B.“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词C.“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系D.反义词“冷”和“热”是相对反义词4、下列说法只有()不正确。
A.实物记事是文字的源头B.表意文字能记录语言的语音C.表音文字能记录语言的语音D.日文中夹杂有汉字,但日文是拼音文字5、下列词义的变化,()属于词义的缩小。
北京语言大学外语语言文学及应用语言学考研真题一.普通语言学(我用的是胡的第三版)题型:1.回答问题。
10题,每题有五个小题,每个小题一分,共五十分。
问题不难,比如判断一下词组是属于complementary antonymy,gradable antonymy还是converse antonymy 等,但也有不会的,关键在于看书要全。
2.填空题。
25题每题2分,也有不会的,基础的一定要看,有基本概念,另外胡的那本书后面的章节也有涉及,比如FSP,Firth的the context of situation。
3.简答题。
(1)定义题,4题,每题5分,有:duality,invariable words,reflected meaning, assimilation(2)论述题,2题,每题15分,有:A:论英语中的determiners B:How are phonemes and their allophones identified?(原表述比这长)二.基英题型:1十个选择题每题1分关于词汇的平时积累即可2六篇阅读理解我感觉做的不大好犹豫了不少但是比专八容易时间也够3翻译汉译英和英译汉各一篇每篇30分不难4写作Should the Rich People Share Their Wealth?Why or why not?三.二外德语题型:1选择题35题35分很基础词汇也不是问题2完形填空每题一分很简单3情态动词填空是整张试卷的难点了吧不好填而且是十几分4介词填空不难但肯定是要平时积累的5阅读两篇第一篇判断对错第二篇用德语回答问题绝对不难关于德语,由于在论坛上找到的资料很少,所以我就把德四的一本词汇书都背下来了,结果词汇方面绰绰有余,结论是不用背那么多,但是我为了德四就顺便在考研前背了。
关于语法,就相当于初学英语时最简单的那种。
研究生优势原因一:人才市场竞争加剧满大街都是大专生、本科生,对于一个刚刚本科毕业的大学生而言,工资甚至不如农民工,并且在职场打拼几年之后,依然无法脱颖而出,甚至原本的激情都被消磨殆尽。
普通语言学复习题与答案普通语言学复习题与答案语言学是一门研究语言的科学,它探究语言的结构、语言的演化、语言的使用等方面。
对于学习语言学的学生来说,复习是必不可少的一部分。
下面将为大家提供一些普通语言学的复习题及答案,希望能够帮助大家巩固知识。
1. 什么是语言的层次结构?答:语言的层次结构是指语言的不同层次之间的关系。
一般来说,语言可以分为音位、词汇、句法和语义四个层次。
音位层次是语言的最基本单位,是由不同的音素组成的。
词汇层次是由不同的词汇组成的,词汇是语言的基本单位,是表达意义的最小单位。
句法层次是由不同的句子组成的,句法研究句子的结构和组织。
语义层次是研究语言的意义,包括词义、句义和篇章意义等。
2. 什么是语音学?答:语音学是研究语言的音位层次的学科。
它主要关注语言中的音素、音节、音变等问题。
语音学研究的内容包括语音的产生、传播、接收和认知等方面。
在语音学中,还有一些基本概念需要了解,比如元音、辅音、音节结构等。
3. 什么是语义学?答:语义学是研究语言的语义层次的学科。
它主要关注语言中的词义、句义和篇章意义等问题。
语义学研究的内容包括词义的构成和变化、句义的逻辑结构和推理、篇章意义的组织和表达等。
在语义学中,还有一些基本概念需要了解,比如词义的多义性和歧义性、句义的合成和推理等。
4. 什么是语法?答:语法是研究语言的句法层次的学科。
它主要关注语言中的句子结构和句子的组织规律。
语法研究的内容包括句子的成分和句子的结构、句子的语序和句子的语法关系等。
在语法中,还有一些基本概念需要了解,比如句子的主谓宾结构、句子的修饰成分等。
5. 什么是语用学?答:语用学是研究语言的使用层次的学科。
它主要关注语言在交际中的使用和理解。
语用学研究的内容包括语言的言外之意、语言的意图和目的、语言的交际规则等。
在语用学中,还有一些基本概念需要了解,比如言外之意的推理、语言的指称和指代等。
以上是一些普通语言学的复习题及答案,希望能够帮助大家复习语言学知识。
北京语言大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业832普通语言学科目模拟试题(三)Part 1. Answer the following questions and write down your answers on your answer sheet. (共50分)1. write down the correct sound segments according to the sound descriptions.1 voiced labiodental fricative sound:——2 voiceless alveolar fricative:——3 high front tense unrounded vowel:——4.mid central lax unrounded vowel:——5.mid central vowel to high back vowel:——2.the description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements:_____,_______,_______,_________.3.to define the lexical proper or word formation(1)worker:_____(2)blackboard:______(3)telly:______(4)calm:_______(5)tea:________4.John P.Firth put forward and develop the theory of context of situation,which can be summarized as the following three aspects:A._________(i)_______(ii)_______B.__________C.__________5.the design features of language:______,______,_______,________.Part2. Fill in the blanks.1.A kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form is called_______.2.______doesn’t study meaning in isolation, but in context.3.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an ______.4.______is a neutral term, and it can be used instead od regional dialect, social dialect, or pidgin.5.______is the technical name for the sameness relation.6.______logic, also called predicate calculus, studies the internal structure of simple propositions.7.The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist_________.8.The relation between “dog” and “animal” is that of ______.9.The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment are called ______.10._________refers to the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors.Part3.Definitions(20分)(1) distinctive features(2) Inflection(3) Assimilation(4) Paradigmatic relationPart4.(30分)(1)Try to say something about the two concepts “tense and aspect”, andtry to compare the nuance of the two concepts.(2)How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?北京语言大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业832普通语言学科目模拟试题(三)参考答案Part1.1.[v], [z], [i], [ə],[ei]2.the height of tongue raising, the position of the highest part of the tongue,the length or tenseness of the vowel, lip-rounding.3.Derivation, combounding, Abbreviation, Back-formation, Borrowing(Loanwords)4.A: The relevant features of the participants,persons,personalities:(i)the verbal action of thee participants(ii)the non-verbal action of the participantsB.the relevant objectsC.the effects of the verbal action.5.Duality, arbitrariness, creativity, displacement.Part2.1.direct speech2.pragmatics3.utterence4.variety5.synonymy6.predicate7.Saussure8.hyponymy9.allophones10.coarticulationPart3.1.distinctive features: they are those features which are phonologicallyrelevant properties and can distinguish meaning, for example, plosiveness, bilabiality, and voicelessness in English phonology.2.Inflection:it refers to the manifestation of grammatical relationshipsthrough the addition of inflectional affixes such as number,person, fineteness, aspect and case, which does not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.3.Assimilation: it refers to the change of a sound as a resulu of the influenceof an adjacent sound, which is more speciallu called “contact”or “contiguous”assimilation.4.Paradigmatic relation:it is a relation holding between elements repalceablewith each other at a particular place in a structure. The paradigmatic relation is also called vertical relation or choice relation.Part4.(1)tense:it refers to an inflectional category whose basic role is toindicate the time of an event in relation to the moment of speaking.Aspect:it refers to a general term for verbal category thatdistinguishes the status of events in relation to specific periodsof time as opposed to their simple location in the present, past,or future.The difference between tense and aspect is that the former isdeictic(indicating time relative to the time of utterence ),whilethe latter is not deictic.(2)illocutionary act refers to the sense in which to say something isto do something and the act performed is known as an illocutionaryact.Perlocutionary act refers to the sense in which to say something canmean to do something concerns the consequential effects of a locutionupon the hearer.The perlocutionary act involves many psychologica and social factors, of which we are still more or less in the dark. In this sense,speech act theory is in fact a theory of the illocutionary act.。
北京语言大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业832普通语言学科目模拟试题(一)Part 1. Answer the following questions and write down your answers on your answer sheet. (共50分)1.write down the correct sound segments according to the sounddescriptions.(1)voiced bilabial plosive sound:——(2)voiceless alveolar fricative:——(3)high front tense unrounded vowel:——(4)mid central lax unrounded vowel:——(5)mid central vowel to high back vowel:——2.write down the correct phonetic detail about the underlining part. (1) help:______(2) play:———(3) tenth:———(4) button:_______(5) button:________3.write down the word formation process on your answer sheet.(1)smog:______(2)bike:______(3)WTO:______(4)Editor:______(5)Sputnik:_______4.Make sure the sense relations between different words(1)word & universe:_______(2)warm & cool:--------(3)alive & dead:______(4)buy & sell:_______(5)animal & cow:______5.please write down the meanings of meaning in G. Leech’s opinion.(1)what is communicated through association with another sense ofthe same expression.________(2)what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes ofthe speaker or writer.________(3)what is communicated by virtue of what languages refersto._______(4)logical, cognitive, or denotative content______(5)what is communicated of the social circumstances oflanguage use._______Part 2. Fill the blanks with the correct answers.(50分)1. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.4.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.5.Linguistics is the __________ study of language.6.Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.7.----refers to the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.9.Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.11.The process involving an alternation in the sequence of sunds is ------.12.The relation between “dog” and “animal”is that of -------.13.In English the theme and theme are expressed by ____and______.14.The language knowledge of UG related to a particular language is known as_____.15.A relation holding between elements replacement with each other at a particular place in a structure is called_______.Part3 Definitions.(20分)(1)Duarity(2)Phoneme(3)Morphology(4)Concord(5)Connotative meaningPart 4. answer the following questions (30分)(1) what are the main concerns of semantics?(2)In what ways do people cooperate in theirconversations?北京语言大学外国语言学及应用语言学专业832普通语言学科目模拟试题(一)参考答案Part1.1.[b][s][i:][ə][ei]2.velarization, Devoicing, Nasalaization, Glottalization, Syllabification3.Blending, Abbreviation, Acronymy, Back-formation, Borrowing4.Synonymy. Gradable antonymy, Complementary Antonymy, Converse Antonymy.Hyponymy.5. Reflected meaning,Affective meaning, Connotative meaning, Conceptual meaning, social meaning.Part21.human2.recusive3. metalingual4. yo-he-ho5.scientific6. descriptive7.phoneme 8. diachronic 9. langue 10. competence 11.metathesis 12.hyponymy13. subject predicate 14.parameters 15. paradigmatic relation.Part31.Duarity: It means the property of having two levels of structures, sucn thatunits of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels there is a structure of sounds , which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meanig, which are found at higher level of the system. To talk about duarity we must notice that langusage is heirarchical.2.Phoneme:it is a basic unit of phonological study, which refers to the explicitsound contrast:the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.3.Morphology: it is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structureof words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology mainly concerns the inflectional and derivational reseaching fields.4.concord:it is also called agreement; it is a syntactic relation between wordsand phrases which are compatible, in a given construction, by virture of inflections carried by at least one of them. There are two types of concord:notional agreement and grammatical agreement.5.connotative meaning:it means what is communicated by virtue of what languagerefers to, which was firstly put forward by G. Leech.Part4.1.Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concernedwith meaning of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it, e.g.meaning of morphemes and sentences.The following are waht the key concepets look like:semantic components, denotation of words, sense relations between words such as atonomu ans synonymy,sense relations betwwen sentences such as entailment and presupposition.2.Herbert Paul Grice noticed that in daily conversations people do not ususallysay things directly but tend to imply them.we follow the cooperative principle:Quantity; Quality;Relation:Manner.。