中国英语教学的十大神话
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英文中国神话故事英文中国神话故事:神龙传说Once upon a time, there were no rivers and lakes on earth, but only the Eastern Sea, in which lived four dragons: the Long Dragon, the Yellow Dragon, the Black Dragon and the Pearl Dragon.One day the four dragons flew from the sea into the sky. They soared and dived, playing at hide-and-seek in the clouds."Come over here quickly!" the Pearl Dragon cried out suddenly. "What's up?" asked the other three, looking down in the direction where the Pearl Dragon pointed. On the earth they saw many people putting out fruits and cakes, and burning incense sticks. They were praying! A white-haired woman, kneeling on the ground with a thin boy on her back, murmured:"Please send rain quickly, God of Heaven, to give our children rice to eat.."For there had been no rain for a long time. The crops withered, the grass turned yellow and fields cracked under the scorching sun. "How poor the people are!" said the Yellow Dragon. "And they will die if it doesn't rain soon."The Long Dragon nodded. Then he suggested, "Let's go and beg the Jade Emperor for rain."So saying, he leapt into the clouds. The others followed closely and flew towards the Heavenly Palace.Being in charge of all the affairs in heaven, on earth and in the sea, the Jade Emperor was very powerful. He was not pleased to see the dragons rushing in. "Why do you come here instead of staying in the sea and behaving yourselves?"The Long Dragon stepped forward and said, "The crops on earth are withering and dying, Your Majesty. I beg you to send rain downquickly!""All right. You go back first, I'll send some rain down tomorrow." The Jade Emperor pretended to agree while listening to the songs of the fairies."Thanks, Your Majesty!" The four dragons went happily back.But ten days passed, and not a drop of rain came down.The people suffered more, some eating bark, some grass roots, some forced to eat white clay when they ran out of bark and grass roots.Seeing all this, the four dragons felt very sorry, for they knew the Jade Emperor only cared about pleasure, and never took the people to heart. They could only rely on themselves to relieve the people of their miseries. But how to do it?Seeing the vast sea, the Long Dragon said that he had an idea. "What is it? Out with it, quickly!" the other three demanded."Look, is there not plenty of water in the sea where we live? We should scoop it up and spray it towards the sky. The water will be like rain drops and come down to save the people and their crops." "Good idea!" The others clapped their hands."But," said the Long Dragon after thinking a bit, "We will be blamed if the Jade Emperor learns of this."I will do anything to save the people," the Yellow Dragon said resolutely."Let's begin. We will never regret it." The Black Dragon and the Pearl Dragon were not to be outdone.They flew to the sea, scooped up water in their mouths, and thenflew back into the sky, where they sprayed the water out over the earth. The four dragons flew back and forth, making the sky dark all around. Before long the seawater became rain pouring down from the sky."It's raining! It's raining!""The crops will be saved!"The people cried and leaped with joy. On the ground the wheat stalks raised their heads and the sorghum stalks straightened up.The god of the sea discovered these events and reported to the Jade Emperor."How dare the four dragons bring rain without my permission!" The Jade Emperor was enraged, and ordered the heavenly generals and their troops to arrest the four dragons. Being far outnumbered, the four dragons could not defend themselves, and they were soon arrested and brought back to the heavenly palace."Go and get four mountains to lay upon them so that they can never escape!" The Jade Emperor ordered the Mountain God.The Mountain God used his magic power to make four mountains fly there, whistling in the wind from afar, and pressed them down upon the four dragons.Imprisoned as they were, they never regretted their actions. Determined to do good for the people forever, they turned themselves into four rivers, which flowed past high mountains and deep valleys, crossing the land from the west to the east and finally emptying into the sea. And so China's four great rivers were formed -- the Heilongjian (Black Dragon) in the far north, the Huanghe (Yellow River) in central China, the Changjiang (Yangtze, or Long River)farther south, and the Zhujiang (Pearl) in the very far south.英文中国神话故事:愚公移山The Taihang and Wangwu Mountains, which had a periphery of seven hundred li and were a hundred thousand feet high, originally lay south of Jizhou and north of Heyang.The Foolish Old Man of the North Mountain, nearly ninety years of age, lived behind these mountains. He was unhappy about the fact that the mountains blocked his way to the south and he had to walk round them whenever he went our or came back, so he called the whole family together to talk about the matter. " What would you say," he said to them,"if I suggest that all of us work hard to level the two mountains, so as to open a way to places south of Yu Prefecture and the Han River?" Many voices said they agreed to the idea.But his wife had her doubts. "With your strength," she said, "you could hardly remove a small hill like Kuifu. What could you do with the Taihang and Wangwu Mountains? Besides, where could you deposit the earth and rocks.?""Carry them to the shores of the Bohai Sea and north of Yintu," said several people.The old man, helped by his son and grandson who could carry things, began to break rocks and dig earth, which they carried in baskets and dustbins to the shores of the Bohai Sea. The seven-year-old son of a widow named Jingcheng, one of the old man's neighbours, came running up to offer his help. One trip to the sea took them a long time: they left in winter and came back in summer.The Wise Old Man at the River Bend stopped the old man. He laughed and said, "How unwise you are! At your age, old and feeble asyou are, you cannot even remove one hair on the mountain, let alone so much earth and so many rocks!"The Foolish Old Man of the North Mountain heaved a long sign and said, "You are so conceited that you are blind to reason. Even a widow and a child know better than you. When I die, there will be my sons, who will have their sons and grandsons. Those grandsons will have their sons and grandsons, and so on to infinity. But the mountains will not grow. Why is it impossible to level them?" The Wise Old Man at the River Bend could not answer him.The Old Man's words were heard by a god with snakes in his hands. He was afraid that the old man would really level the two mountains, and reported the whole thing to the Heavenly God. Moved by the old man's determination, the Heavenly God ordered the two sons ofKua'ershi to carry the two mountains on their backs and put one east of Shuo and the other south of Yong. After this, there were no more mountains between Jizhou and the Han River.英文中国神话故事:女娲补天it is said that there were no men when the sky and the earth were separated. it was nuwa who made men by moulding yellow clay. nthe work was so ta某ing that her strength was not equal to it. so she dipped a rope into the mud and then lifted it. the mud that dripped from the rope also became men. those made by moulding yellow clay were rich and noble, while those made by lifting the rope were poor and low.in a ancient times, the four corners of the sky collapsed and the world with its nine regions split open. the sky could not cover all the things under it, nor could the earth carry all the things on it.a great fire raged and would not die out; a fierce flood raced about and could not be checked. savage beasts devoured innocent people; vicious birds preyed on the weak and old.then nuwa melted rocks of five colours and used them to mend the cracks in the sky. she supported the four corners of the sky with the legs she had cut off from a giant turtle. she killed the black dragon to save the people of j1zhou(1), and blocked the flood with the ashes of reeds.thus the sky was mended, its four corners lifted, the flood tamed, jizhou pacified, and harmful birds and beasts killed, and the innocent people were able to live on the square earth under the dome of the sky. it was a time when birds, beasts, insects and snakes no longer used their claws or teeth or poisonous stings, for they did not want to catch or eat weaker things.nuwa's deeds benefited the heavens above and the earth below. her name was remembered by later generations and her light shone on every creation. now she was traveling on a thunder-chariot drawn by a two-winged dragon and two green hornless dragons, with auspicious objects in her hands and a special mattress underneath, surrounded by golden clouds, a white dragon leading the way and a flying snake following behind. floating freely over the clouds, she took ghosts and gods to the ninth heaven and had an audience with the heavenly emperor at lin men(2) where she rested in peace and dignity under the emperor. she never boasted of her achievements, nor did she try to win any renown; she wanted to conceal her virtues, in line with the ways of the universe.英文中国神话故事:董永和七仙女in the han dynasty in qiancheng lived a man by the name of dongyong. his mother died when he was a child. while living with his father, he worked hard in the fields. each time they went out, he would put his old father on a small cart and follow it on foot. when his father died, he was willing to sell himself into slavery for a little money for the funeral. knowing that he was a virtuous man, his master gave him ten thousand coins and allowed him to go home.dong was in mourning for three years. when it was over, he decided to return to his master to work as a slave. on his way he met a woman who said to him, "i am willing to marry you." so they went together to his master. "i have given you money," the master said to him. "thanks to your generous help," dong said, "i was able to bury my father. although i am a man of low birth, i know i ought to work for you to repay your kindness." then the master asked, "what is your wife good at?" "she can weave," dong answered. "if you insist on doing something for me," said the master. "please ask your wife to weave a hundred bolts of fine silk for me." dong's wife set to work in the master's house. ten days later the hundred bolts were ready. when she came out, she said to dong, "i am a weaver in heaven. the emperor of heaven ordered me to help you pay your debt because he was moved by your filial piety." after saying these words she flew into the sky and vanished.。
【导语】民间故事是从古⾄今⼀直流传下来的故事传说,从中我们可读到中国古代流传于民间那些⼈和事。
下⾯是®⽆忧考⽹分享的中国民间英语神话故事⽂字版。
欢迎阅读参考!【精卫填海】 One day, the little princess got a boat behind her father's back, sailing to the Eastern Sea. When she was away from the shore, unfortunately, a strong wind rose and overthrew her boat. She was buried by the surging waves, being drowned quickly. 这⼀天,⼥娃没告诉⽗亲,便⼀个⼈驾着⼀只⼩船向东海太阳升起的地⽅划去。
不幸的是,海上突然起了狂风⼤浪,像⼭⼀样的海浪把⼥娃的⼩船打翻了,⼥娃不幸落⼊海中,终被⽆情的⼤海吞没了。
After her death, her spirit turned into a beautiful bird with white beak and red claws. Since it often stood on a branch, mourning herself sadly in the sound "jing wei, jing wei", people called it "Jing Wei". ⼥娃死了,她的精魂化作了⼀只⼩鸟,花脑袋,⽩嘴壳,红⾊的⽖⼦,⼗分可爱,可发出的,却是“精卫、精卫”的悲鸣,所以,⼈们便叫此鸟为“精卫”。
Jing Wei hated the sea very much for taking her life. In order to revenge and keep other kids from being drown, the small bird decided to fill up the roaring sea. 精卫痛恨⽆情的⼤海夺去了⾃⼰年轻的⽣命,她要报仇雪恨。
英文中国传统故事英文中国传统故事Introduction中国是一个历史悠久、文化丰富的国家,许多中国传统故事被翻译成英文,深受国际读者喜爱。
在这篇文章中,我们将介绍几个广为人知的英文中国传统故事。
1. The Monkey King《西游记》是中国四大名著之一,由吴承恩所著。
故事中的孙悟空是一个受到灵石孕育而成的神猴,他拥有众多的神通异能,如能飞行、分身、化形等等。
在《The Monkey King》中,翻译者将这个惊奇的故事翻译成了英文,深受海外读者的喜欢。
2. The Legend of the White Snake《白蛇传》是中国著名的爱情传说之一。
这个故事主要讲述了白娘子因爱情与仙女绿蛇之间的纠葛。
在这个故事中,人形蛇的神秘身份、江南水乡风情、以及耐人寻味的情感故事深受读者追捧。
近年来,许多英文版的《The Legend of the White Snake》被译者所推出,在国际上广受欢迎。
3. The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl牛郎织女是一个传统的爱情故事,讲述了两个有缘人的感人故事,他们虽远隔千山万水,但最终在鹊桥相会,结为夫妻。
现在,在许多国家已有英文版的《The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl》,可以供新一代读者阅读欣赏。
4. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter《竹取物语》是一部著名的日本长篇小说,即中国传统故事的变体。
它讲述了一个叫竹取的老人在竹林中发现了一个神奇的小宝贝,并将它抚养成人。
在北宋朝,一个美丽的仙子被抛弃而降临凡间,与竹取一家结缘,并在故事中发生着许多奇妙的事情。
很多英文版本的《The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter》被广泛的翻译出版,也受到全球读者的欢迎和赞誉。
Conclusion中华传统文化深厚,其经典故事在国内外流传甚广。
近年来,越来越多的英文译者致力于将中国传统故事翻译成英文,并在国际上推广,取得了巨大的成功。
中国神话人物英语介绍1. Pangu The groundbreaking giant in the creation myth of the Han Nationality. However, the position in the Chinese myth system cannot be compared with the abated gods such as Nuwa Fuxi, the early ancient god, because the opening of heaven and earth appeared after the Han Dynasty, it can be determined that this is an ancient god who accepted the influence of the foreign creation myth. In his works, Wu Xujing of The Three Kingdoms put forward the "Pangu Egg" and "immortal", describing the chaos of heaven and earth like chicken Pangu, growing together with heaven and earth, and finally giving birth to all things. Ming people travel "open up an stream of popular biography" added a very magnificent pangu with tools to create the world of the story, formed the current popular in the world pangu said. According to the book, Pangu's tomb, located in the South China Sea, is considered to be the place where the soul of Pangu was buried. Whether the sleeping Pangu god encountered in thetrace of the sky is the soul of Pangu buried in the South China Sea?1、盘古汉族创世神话中开天辟地的巨人。
中国古代神话英语版Chinese Mythology In Ancient ChinaIn ancient China, mythology played a significant role in shaping the beliefs and culture of the Chinese people. Chinese mythologyis a collection of stories and folklore that involve gods, goddesses, and mythical creatures. These legends are passed down from generation to generation and are still a prominent part of Chinese culture today. Here are some prominent figures from Chinese mythology:1. Pangu: According to mythology, Pangu was the first living being and the creator of the universe. It is said that he emerged from an egg and separated Yin and Yang, creating the earth and sky. He then stood in between and held them apart for 18,000 years until his death.2. Nuwa: Nuwa is often seen as the sister and wife of Pangu. She is revered as the creator of humanity and is depicted as having the body of a serpent and the head of a human. When disaster struck, causing the heavens and earth to collapse, Nuwa melted colored stones to repair the sky and used mud to create humans, thus restoring order.3. Zhu Rong: Zhu Rong is the god of fire in Chinese mythology. He is depicted as a red-faced man holding a spear and riding a tiger. Zhu Rong has the power to control flames and is often invoked during fire-related rituals. He is also associated with war and is regarded as the protector of soldiers.4. Nüwa: Nüwa, also known as the mother goddess, is portrayed asa beautiful woman with the body of a snake. She is believed to have created humans out of clay and breathed life into them. Nüwa is also credited with repairing the pillars of heaven after they were damaged, preventing the sky from collapsing.5. Houyi: Houyi is a legendary archer who saved humanity from the ten suns that threatened to scorch the earth. He shot down nine suns, leaving only one in the sky, bringing relief to the people. Houyi is also associated with the myth of Chang'e, the goddess of the moon.These are just a few examples of the many gods, goddesses, and mythical beings from Chinese mythology. Each of these figures has their own unique stories and characteristics that have been ingrained in Chinese culture for centuries. The mythology continues to be a source of inspiration and fascination for people around the world who seek to learn more about ancient Chinese beliefs and folklore.。
英文版中国古代神话故事目录英文版中国古代神话故事 (1)1、精卫填海(版本一) (2)2、精卫填海(版本二) (3)3、精卫填海(版本三) (3)4、愚公移山 (4)5、夸父追日(版本一) (6)6、夸父追日(版本二) (7)7、女娲补天 (9)8、玉兔捣药 (11)9、牛郎织女 (12)、精卫填海(版本一)The bird Jingwei trying to fill the seaOnce upon a time, the youngest daughter of Emperor Yan, legendary ruler of primitive China, went boating on the Eastern Sea. While she was enjoying herself, a strong wind rose on the sea and her boat capsized. Just before she was buried by the surging waves, her spirit turned into a beautiful bird. As it flew over the roaring sea, it cried sadly in the sound "jinwei, jingwei". That was why people called it "Jingwei".The bird lived on a mountain near the sea. It hated the sea so much that it decided to fill it up. Every day, it flew to and fro between the mountain and the sea, carrying in a twig or a pebble from the mountain and dropping it into the sea.One day, the roaring sea said to Jingwei, "Poor little bird, stop doing that meaningless thing! You'll never fill me up." Jingwei replied, "I'll fill you up no doubt! I will, even if it'll take me thousands of years! I'll fight on until doomsday!"The brave little bird kept carrying twigs and pebbles from the mountain to the Eastern Sea without taking a rest.From this fable comes the idiom "The bird Jingwei trying to fill the sea". We use it to describe people who are firm and indomitable and will not stop until they reach their goal.2、精卫填海(版本二)英文:Once upon a time, Yan has a small daughter, Her name is baby girl, he loved his little daughter, Yan often play with the girls, but the terrible thing happened, girls playing in the sea, unfortunately, dead water, and then She turned into a bird, named Jingwei, Yan sad day Jade Bird watching it, and finally decided to make this Jingwei filled the sea, so that he no longer claimed more lives!中文:从前,有1 个女孩叫做精卫,她很爱自己的父亲炎帝,他们经常在一起玩,每天都很开心。
中国传统神话故事英语中国传统神话故事:嫦娥奔月中文版:嫦娥奔月是中国古代著名的神话故事,讲述了嫦娥因为误食仙丹而飞升月亮的故事。
嫦娥是后羿的妻子,后羿是一名出色的弓箭手,射下了九个太阳,为人民除害。
嫦娥美丽善良,深得人们的喜爱。
她误食了仙丹,身体变得越来越轻,最终飞向了月亮。
她成为了月宫的女神,守护着月亮和她的丈夫后羿。
这个故事表达了人们对美丽、爱情和忠贞的向往,以及对自然的神秘和敬畏。
英文版:Chang'e Flies to the Moon is a well-known ancient Chinese mythological story, which tells the story of Chang'e ascending to the moon because she accidentally ate the elixir of immortality. Chang'e, the wife of Hou Yi, was an excellent archer who shot down nine太阳s and eliminated the harm to the people. Chang'e was beautiful and kind, and was deeply loved by people. She accidentally ate the elixir, and her body became lighter and lighter, eventually flying to the moon. She became the goddess of the Moon Palace, guarding the moon and her husband Hou Yi. This story expresses people's yearning for beauty, love and loyalty, as well as their awe and mysticism towards nature.。
各位老师,大家好,很高兴来到了江西井冈山,这里是老革命根据地,是我党武装斗争的发源地,是我们中国的中心地带。
我的家乡是在长白山地区,属于中朝边境地区的深山老林里,到现在还没有火车,只有汽车开通,就是在那里我开始了英语教学生涯。
我在乡下从事中学教学十年,和我一起来的李永大是我81年教的学生。
后来到了通化师范学院,这所70年代成立的本科院校比井冈山学院成立时间长一些,规模大一些。
我从助教、讲师、副教授、教授开始做起,又担任了八年副院长、院长。
一直到前年下半年从院长的位置上退了下来。
我在通化师范学院主要给外语系上专业课和大学英语课,各种课型和课本都上过。
90年我在吉林省通化市白手起家,创立了《英语辅导报》,已经有18年的历史了。
通化地区原来居住的主要是满族人和朝鲜族人,我是满族人,在座的李永大是朝鲜族人,都是少数民族。
到50年代,山东人、河北人到那里开发,汉族人逐渐多了起来。
《英语辅导报》创立伊始,结合以前的教学经验,对中国的外语教学,尤其是教学理念、教法、教材、测试等方面作了更深入的研究。
最近15年来我一直国内国外奔波,一年大概有三分之一的时间是在国外,主要是在英语是母语的国家。
这几年又常到英语是二语和外语的国家去考察并参加国际学术会议,在一些国际组织里担当领导,参与组织工作。
这样就对中国的外语教学和国外的语言教学有了更宏观的、更深入的了解,从而对很多理念和教学实际进行反思。
六年前我就竞选成为国际英语外语教师协会(iatefl) 管理委员会(共13人)的常务理事兼会务委员会委员(共3人),连续六年一直是亚洲的唯一代表,有了国际专业学术组织的参与权、规则制定权和话语权。
这个机构总部在英国的肯特大学,所以去英国的次数多一些,连续10年来差不多一个月要去一次。
我在考虑全世界的英语教学怎样才能省时省力的同时,还在考虑英语和其他学科的和谐发展,因为英语只是基础教育学科之一。
除了《英语辅导报》等英语产品风靡全国外,我们的《语文学习报》每一期发行量达到了300万份,形势喜人。
中国神话故事英语版人类先祖借助幻想和想象将自然界万事万物形象化,进行艺术再加工,因此神话故事是远古人类对客观世界的认识和想象,下面这些是小编为大家推荐的几篇中国神话故事英语版中国神话故事英语版:The doors and worshipped mother According to legend, one day, the south China sea goddess of mercy driving xiangyun came to jiangnan, local land father-in-law to meet. Buddha asked: "have the unruly evil here?" Land father-in-law report back said: "little god know, clock home has a man by the name of the doors, the mother is very unfilial. Light scold, or play, the adults are hard to forgive, bodhisattva give attunements at him." Guanyin nodded, driving the xiangyun flew away.Doors of a young child, his father died, is mother put him up. He looks like very ugly, big skull, red hair, protruding eyes, fish mouth, whiskers, the body is thick and strong, like a cow a brighter. He is white a knife into the red knife out of the butcher, said he was "see a fear of ghosts". Doors of over 40, haven't marry the daughter-in-law. Therefore, he often complain that his mother would he was so ugly. Mother age, hands and feet not flexible, and attended the doors slightly, not for fierce drink abuse, is kicking. Though is his own son, mother or am very afraid of him.The fifth year, it was the time when the village temple worship goddess of mercy. The doors stood on the roadside, to worship goddess of mercy temple, with a glassy stare could not say what it is like in my heart. View sound into an old man, walked to the front doors and smiling asked: "little brother, standing here to stay? Why don't you go to worship Buddha?"The doors to see old good-natured, hurriedly replied: "I also want to go to worship goddess of mercy, but every day people kill pig, go not!" Old man said: "the good sincere, don't have to care about, as you called jai since today. As long as the intention to, goddess of mercy is not blame you." Used to listen to the elders say a lot of sense, he wanted to pursue a pilgrimage, on second thought, difficult to say: "can...... have no place to put my butcher's knife." Old man advised: "his knife into shan not have over there." Used to listen to the old man, drop the knife would go with a group of believers worship goddess of mercy.About walked ten miles, used to think that to worship the bodhisattva is fault of penance, merit good, and I threw the knife in the shan, if there are cattle pond water, a butcher's knife cut cattle, cattle injured not plow, not to harm the farmer? Also, if there are children under the pond fishing to catch shrimp, is the knife cut the hands and feet, the child's parents how sad? It is sin.So the doors hurried back to the butcher's knife in the discarded in shan pulled up, take off the blood-stained apron, the bag is back in his own butcher's knife back, again in a hurry to catch people worship.Doors of hungry to day fading, also did not catch up with the crowd on the pilgrimage. Looking after his former jams, the fields dusk, the middle, the middle of nowhere. He can't help but dread in my heart, to speed up the pace. Go less than half an hour, suddenly see there is a cottage, slopes upwards from the inside the light. As he came closer, he saw the door of bamboo weaving a door left unlocked. Gently pushed open the door, he saw a frumpy, behaved middle-aged woman sitting in the square bamboo table, the lamp light is absorbed in sewing.Doors of a look, the woman in the whole body emits apeaceful qi, also embarrassed as before to speak gruffly, this is for the first time in his life so whispered: "madame, can I come in to walk, for water to drink?"The woman doesn't stop, don't look up, slowly asked him: "what are you from?"Used to say: "I'm going to the goddess of mercy temple to worship bodhisattva, don't want to delay on the way, can't catch up with the crowd on the pilgrimage. I don't know my way around the mountain here, did not dare to move on. If sister-in-law can do it, let me spend the night night, at the first light tomorrow I immediately hit the road."The woman slowly raised his head and saw the doors that should see a fear of "ghost" shape was not a bit afraid, but very kindly said: "ah, the original is the pilgrims worship guanyin bodhisattva, please come on in. The teapot tea, there are rice in rice steamer, have dishes in the cupboard, you may eat and drink." Hearing this, the doors of joy, repeatedly looking, thanks.Such as doors to eat and drink, the woman stood up and said: "the nu house men away business, back in the evening, you will in the bamboo resting on the table." Say that finish, into the inner room lights and rest. Used to listen to the command of the woman, fell on the table will fall asleep in a minute.Sleep till midnight, the woman suddenly between, groaning loudly, like a sick. The doors woke to moan, favour ask: "eldest sister-in-law, what's wrong with you?" Woman said: "I have an old, often upset stomach, don't want to the illness and attack today." Used to ask: "what do you usually eat that medicine, I can help you?" Usual "the woman said," my husband is at home, with the hand rub my belly can pain."Doors of a listen to, embarrassed, "eldest sister-in-law, doyou know where your husband is? I went to see him back." Woman said: "he doesn't have a fixed place, who knows where he lives in tonight." Say and kept moaning again, listen to the voice, she must be very ill. Doors of nasty doesn't know what to do in the outside, stood at the door, hesitated, thinking: this late at night, only the two of us, how can I enter her room rubbing her belly? Alas! How to do? If she so pain to the morning, or pain is dead? The tao, save a life, than building seven pagoda. Thought of here, he used his quick wits, favour way: "eldest sister-in-law, I have an idea." Said he pushed the door and went in, in his pocket, and took thence worship with Huang Biaozhi said: "I mat on your belly Huang Biaozhi seven layer, and then give you knead abdomen pain. In this way, it won't offend you." The woman see the doors a face of sincere, then nodded in agreement. Used in place of paper, with the hand gently knead. The rubbing, the woman immediately quiet down, slowly close my eyes and fell asleep. Used for a long journey, the body tired, imperceptible flopping in her bed, and fell asleep.Wake up, the day has big bright. Used up a look, a woman last night, hut, bamboo bed and stuff... All gone, only their hands holding a Huang Biaozhi, there are words on paper. But he was illiterate, don't know what is written. At this time, just to a scholar like passers-by. The doors upon, to tell the man what happened last night again, and pass him the paper. Show just took the Huang Biaozhi, read aloud a way: "you've come before true Buddha, don't have to be the goddess of mercy temple, or go home worship home that Buddha statue pour shoes."I heard that, the doors to know this is a guanyin bodhisattva in enlightenment, and he bowed down to the four winds, KouXie bodhisattva.At dusk, heading home doors of nerves, wish: my family in addition to the old mother, bodhisattva for any fall in shoes? Don't guanyin bodhisattva to my house? He thought of his past unfilial to the mother, the in the mind have some regret. If mother said everything, guanyin a angry, oneself do not to be punished? He went to the door and treats muster up courage.Saying his mother yesterday to hear people say, the doors also worship goddess of mercy, to three or four days to go home, hear son outside call yourself at the moment, thinking how to come back in two days? It must be him halfway back, the bodhisattva heart honesty.At the moment, it was already dark, clock mother just take off their shoes to go to bed going to sleep, son a call outside, scared she are rolled out of bed, my shoes are wearing down. The door opened and the doors bend over to look, mother wearing shoes, know the yellow framed paper written by wearing shoes "bodhisattva" is his mother. So the doors plop 1 kneel in front of mother, repeatedly kowtow, beg for mother's forgiveness.From then on, he filial piety mother, did not dare to have any mistakes. To support the old, he still kill pig to make money, but with previous temper. So after the mother in one hundred, the doors to lay down their butcher's knife, another way to earn a living.The moment heaven and earth for years. Guanyin in heaven played a nap, woke up suddenly found by her attunements doors have put down the knife, right. So she get Zhong Gushan driving xiangyun, shout woke up the doors, to his forehead. Due to the doors of the plain, and the send is not willing to work with him. Guanyin had to send him back to earth, he was in charge of the monsters, bless the world peace, and the doors become real"ghost see fear".中国神话故事英语版:The story of the ravagedYellow emperor when a fire was officer, whose name was ravaged by, his name is li as a child, is the son of a clan leader, generated a pair of red faces and mighty and strong, clever. But he was hot, meet what goes wrong will fire emit three zhangs. At that time, humans have learned to simulated flight, but also can't save the fire and the use of fire. Li special like to close to the fire, so a teenager became a tube of fire, the fire in his hand, as long as it's not a long distance transmission, can be preserved for a long time. Li also use fire to cook meat, lighting a fire to keep warm, expel the beast mosquito with fire. These abilities, at that time was not a thing, so he was respected by everyone.Once, li's father took the entire clan long distance migration, li felt with fire walking is not convenient, just bring the simulated flight with sharp stones in the side, when you settle down, sharp stones, li was taken for a big wood, sitting on a rock drill fire, "snorts" below drill, drill, drill for three hours, no smoking, li was very angry, and his mouth panting, very unhappy. But not without fire, he had to drill, drill, drill, drill again for three hours, smoke is out, is not on fire, his face red with anger, "call" to stand up, put the tip of stone stone mountain to severely hit. Who know already drill very hot tip a rock on the stone mountain, "MAO zha", from a few bright planet. Li saw, quickly come up with new methods of fire. He picked some dry reed catkins, with two sharp stone by photo "boom boom boom" knocked a few times, spill Mars on the photo above, "squeak, smoking, and then blowing gently blows, the flame went up.Since li found stone gave way, won't have much time to make fire, also don't have one thousand ways to save the fire. Yellowemperor know li have so much work, please go to him, the letter when he was a special tube is fire officer to the fire. Yellow emperor very esteem him, said: "li ah, let me give you a name, call ravaged. May you always bring light to the world." Li listened to very happy, hurriedly kowtow. From then on, he was ravaged by just change.At that time, the yellow emperor in the central plains, the south has a clan leader named human-god, often invaded the central plains, the central plains people can't live. Emperor dictated to the central plains people together, the wish harmony several other will tie, go against human-god. Human-god dint, especially his 998 eleven brothers, one by one with skins, wore a horn, the mouth can spray fog, proficiency. Forces began to fight, the yellow emperor, a run into the fog was disoriented, lost connection between forces, care for each other. Human-god forces swoops down trend is going to come over, played the yellow emperor forces defeat, has fled to the north integration involved problems.the zhuolu didn't stop. Yellow emperor was around integration involved problems.the zhuolu human-god, did not dare to play for a long time, then, created the south, is never afraid of the heavy fog. Ravaged see human-god, men are covered with fur, and offered a plan to teach his men, each dozen torches, set fires, burning the human-god forces, mess and flee. Huangdi was driving the south, with the force to push their chase to the south, from the Yellow River, Yangtze river, has been rushed to the Li Shan, finally kill human-god. Liledagong invented fire ravaged because of tactics, and the yellow emperor is heavily raised him.Pass by when huangdi troops BanShiHuiChao yunmeng ze mountains, south of the yellow emperor called ravaged to front,deliberately asks: "what is the name of this mountain?" Ravaged replied: "this is called hengshan." The yellow emperor asked. "you can know the origin of this mountain?" Ravaged replied: "the ancient time, a chaos of heaven and earth, like an egg. Then out of the pan gu's, visit, just had creatures. He lived eighteen thousand years, after the death of lie on on top of the central plains of China, head toward the east, into taishan; toes in the west, into huashan; abdominal bulge, became the songshan; his right hand toward the north, into a mount heng, left hand facing south, became the eyes of hengshan." Just say that finish, the yellow emperor immediately and ask: "why, then, is called hengshan?" Ravaged by immediately replied: "the mountain exists between dream and the nine goddess cloud, like a steelyard, can according to the weight of the heaven and earth, the test of the morality of the imperial, so called hengshan."Yellow emperor saw him answer up, very happy, walked over to say: "good! You are so familiar with the affairs of the south, I'd like to appoint you burden!" But doesn't tell what is the yellow emperor.Settled in hengshan. The yellow emperor boarded peak accept worship in the southern tribes. Many clan leaders gathered together at that time, everyone was happy and ravaged by a whim, played the emperor made up of their own music to salty pools. The yellow emperor's concubines wishing to stepping beat, also began to dance. You see, surrounded by yellow emperor jumped up.Jumped after a ball, the yellow emperor called everyone to calm down, said: "since I'm in position, ping yu bourbons, kill human-god, calendar, invented words, create music, districting textbooks, and wishing to yukon silk, the system of clothes, nowthe world is united, I laid yue: tai mountain, west huashan, mount hengshan, hen, zhong songshan. Henceforth, fire ravaged by guarding the south is officer." Ravaged by then just know, entrusts with an important task for the yellow emperor said, is the way it is.After the yellow emperor left, ravaged by stay in hengshan, formal management affairs in the south. He lives on the highest peak of hengshan, often visited people everywhere. He saw people often eat raw things here, just tell them make fire, teach them the things properly cooked to eat again. He saw the people here are felt around in the dark at night to go to, just tell them to use a torch and pine torches. He saw this miasma, mosquito, people often sick, and tell them the ignition smoke, repel mosquitoes and malaria. People all respect him very much, a year after the autumn harvest, have flocked to worship him. Everyone said: "oh, ravaged our prosperous, have a good life, are you bring us so many benefits, we thank you, to you for emperor. You with the fire, the fire is red, we will call you red emperor!" From then on, ravaged is known as the red emperor.As we live, but to a disaster. There was a man called gong gong, and others for mercy, play up, his head towards the island not hit in the past, only heard "rumble" a loud noise, hold the pillars of heaven are broken, snap fastened the rope of the earth. Since then, the sky to the north, moon and stars fell down to the northwest direction. The earth tilt to the southeast, the water of the rivers and lakes are the southeast direction flow in the past. Mount hengshan on this day, to see is to break down, the land also flash flash, like to climb over. People frighten impending, one holding the tree, the rock climbing, began to cry. Ravaged hurriedly chucking his whole body, like a big pillar shored up thesky, the highest peak also hold steady. Shored up because there are ravaged by day, the genius of the place not collapse, hengshan mountain didn't fall. Then there was a poet write "pour one show, high support south chutian" verse, is to write it.Ravaged in nanyue mountain to live for a long time to die. People buried him in the mount on a peak of the mountain, the mountain is known as the red emperor peak. He lived, the highest peak is called ravaged by bees. On top of the ZhuRongFeng, people also built a ravaged by the temple, is to commemorate him forever meritorious deeds.。
英文版中国古代神话故事目录英文版中国古代神话故事 (1)1、精卫填海(版本一) (2)2、精卫填海(版本二) (3)3、精卫填海(版本三) (3)4、愚公移山 (4)5、夸父追日(版本一) (6)6、夸父追日(版本二) (7)7、女娲补天 (9)8、玉兔捣药 (11)9、牛郎织女 (12)The bird Jingwei trying to fill the seaOnce upon a time, the youngest daughter of Emperor Yan, legendary ruler of primitive China, went boating on the Eastern Sea. While she was enjoying herself, a strong wind rose on the sea and her boat capsized. Just before she was buried by the surging waves, her spirit turned into a beautiful bird. As it flew over the roaring sea, it cried sadly in the sound "jinwei, jingwei". That was why people called it "Jingwei".The bird lived on a mountain near the sea. It hated the sea so much that it decided to fill it up. Every day, it flew to and fro between the mountain and the sea, carrying in a twig or a pebble from the mountain and dropping it into the sea.One day, the roaring sea said to Jingwei, "Poor little bird, stop doing that meaningless thing! You'll never fill me up." Jingwei replied, "I'll fill you up no doubt! I will, even if it'll take me thousands of years! I'll fight on until doomsday!"The brave little bird kept carrying twigs and pebbles from the mountain to the Eastern Sea without taking a rest.From this fable comes the idiom "The bird Jingwei trying to fill the sea". We use it to describe people who are firm and indomitable and will not stop until they reach their goal.英文:Once upon a time, Yan has a small daughter, Her name is baby girl, he loved his little daughter, Yan often play with the girls, but the terrible thing happened, girls playing in the sea, unfortunately, dead water, and then She turned into a bird, named Jingwei, Yan sad day Jade Bird watching it, and finally decided to make this Jingwei filled the sea, so that he no longer claimed more lives!中文:从前,有1个女孩叫做精卫,她很爱自己的父亲炎帝,他们经常在一起玩,每天都很开心。
中国神话故事英文版神话故事是人类最早的艺术文学作品,是人类文学的先河,下面这些是小编为大家推荐的几篇中国神话故事英文版中国神话故事英文版:Boil the sea dragon king cureDon't know is which in which generation, zhoushan southwest of other delectable was buried in all the land on an island of gold, so people call it "gold hidden island".Later, this island full of hide gold message is insatiable in the east China sea dragon king. He want to take this island full of hidden gold treasure, unexpectedly deploy Long Zilong sun, lieutenants, flood tide, wave drum drum wave, straight to the hidden gold island. Blink of an eye, sea monstrous, blustery, hidden gold tree falls on the island house collapse, people call dad, crying a sad spectacle.Hidden gold island on a spinning DongShou huashan, the mountain lived a spinning little fairy female, she witnessed the east China sea dragon king groundless evil, cruel and incensed. So she god broom in hand, gently towards the sea breeze, overflow up the hill to the rolling waves, surging waves, breakdown of a step backward. Gold hidden survive on the island of men and women, old and young, all fled spinning huashan asylum.Spinning little fairy girl has turned into a white-haired old woman, on crutches to everybody said: "the dragon king watered-out gold hiding, oh the people suffer for it. If you want to keep hidden gold, as I put the flowers to spinning. The flower weave nets, sea fight defeat the dragon king!"You hear the word of the hundred - year - old woman, men and women, old and young to spinning spinning a web. Spinningweaving ah! Weave ah spinning ah! Busy forty-nine days, weave a JiuJiuBaShiYi catties of gold wire nets.Nets and Brooks, who will be sent into fights the dragon king? The crowd out of a child, clap breast said."I'll go!"Hometowns is a look at the sea, can't help heart cool ardor. Marine is a seven or eight years old children, breast gas has yet to take off, in open file pants, how can the sea dragon king fights? Spinning but little fairy female cheerfully said:"In the sea dragon king, have the courage, let sea go!"Then she took out a gold sweaters and put them on sea, on and the Marine the secret of a dragon.Marine wear gold sweaters, feel whole body itch a cake, he act according to instruct spinning little fairy girl said: "great!" The muscles of the body a knot in one's pieces of drum up immediately, more and more big, suddenly turned into a giant strength, indomitable spirit. ZhongXiangQin the dumbfounded. At this time, the sea without fee still took the top JiuJiuBaShiYi catties of gold wire nets, farewell spinning little fairy female and ZhongXiangQin, holding big step, running down a spinning huashan, plop 1 jumped into the sea.Who also strange, where Marine tourism, where the tide waves to make way for him. The original Marine wear gold sweaters little fairy woman have come to make sure he is spinning weaving of preventing water treasure!Not in a few minutes, the sea to the sea, to take out the gold wire net of a thrown down, said: "great!" The net?? To cover on the sea. Intending to, pack up the first network, easily over the east China sea dragon king guard treasure general?? The dog eel extract. Marine heard spinning little fairy lady say, as long as thedog grabbed eel, can be boiled sea pot; A boiling sea pot, can preserve gold island. He is so happy, commands the dog eel pure hand over boiling sea pan quickly!Gold wire mesh, the more the smaller shrinkage, quilt in the dog eel essence from the extreme pain in the net, in order to survive, had to darling strip of the sea to the east China sea dragon palace halls to fetch the pot boiling sea.Halls of the golden road, 18 row house nine cylinder, cylinder, cylinder filled with precious treasures. Marine does eye, everything just picked up a black pot boiling sea, came hurrying back to the spinning huashan.Marine and everybody a little fairy woman, according to the spinning set up by the sea boiling sea pan, scoop a spoonful of the east China sea water, burns a heap of dry firewood, sea miles I cooked up. Cook! Cook! A wick sweet past, boiled water steaming; The second wick sweet past, boiled water on white bubble; Three wick sweet past, boiled in the east China sea dragon king honestly surfaced, followed by a bunch of asthma hush Long Zilong sun, lieutenants, shouted to forgive!"Wave tide of breath, I also gold hidden. Otherwise, I will bring you the besides!"The east China sea dragon king repeatedly playing yi, quickly ordered the ebb three feet, waves of breath three zhangs.Hidden gold island finally again above the water.Behold, such as sea water boiled, extinguish the fire, besides suddenly flood wave drum, a sea of wave will boil pot volume."What?" Marine out in a straight stamp. The feet are serious, stamping to shake! All gold, buried in the ground by Marine stamping out, have to fly to coast, on the beaches. Blink of an eye, Became a big seawall to glittering, and let the tidalsurge, jintang stand tall, stagnated but.Since then, besides never to lift the wind ZuoLang, plebeian inhabitants can also enjoys a peaceful, and "hide gold island" has been renamed "jintang island".中国神话故事英文版:Ox demon king was born Monkey King big heavenDemon after the daylights out of words beginning day, celestial has entered a peak period, shift, demons live up dark hide all, this kind of situation lasted until the rise of the legendary ox demon king. Ox demon king's life, is not known, as ever, only know that he arrives buddhist paradise sumeru, buddhist paradise sect brahminism was his biggest dozen FengMen closed door, talk about cattle. He, nice to make friends, kwan tai, the world has half of the lich king with his grace.One day, the ox demon king send invitation, called in each of the lich king held a big party in the valley of thousands of magic, at the conference, but the king bull successfully built diabolism alliance, is called flat day, another top leader.At the time of evil in the world, is not satisfied with the ox demon king when leader or a lot, especially known as dumpling Lord the king of the river, known as mountain emperor king lion camel and give the king called day south dominance, they don't put the ox demon king's eyes. Ox demon king think only the power of the demon world together, just may have to negotiate with celestial's strength, so he personally, first with the dumpling Lord righteousness "gold orchid, then ShouFu lion camel king, then give the initiative to seek to challenge the king, they after a product the thunder mountain war elephant king slightly smaller, lose take orally, willing to serve him from now on for honour, but the king bull is still with the brothers of the stay. Dapengmacaque with six ears coming soon to hero as a hero, six Lord freemasonry, a concerted effort to strive to promote the development of the demon world business, soon after this evil way to begin to enter the real period of prosperity. Ox demon king because you leave me, I don't mess with your strategy, emei qingcheng mountain two fairy although still often used to destroy, but the results instead become like ox demon king to help remove heterogeneous.In the accumulation of slowly to strengthen his evil way, on the ox demon king hesitated whether led a group of demon walked out of the mountain forest, formal demand equal survival power from heaven, a heroes was born, he is the Monkey King. Sun wukong character is surely not afraid, bold, down the dragon temple have great first, then sweep the underworld off death book. Monsters in the jade emperor had never seen anything so arrogant, so please go to heaven, sun wukong to give a sesame green beans big small officer when he. Monkey King found cheated, under great anger against the heaven, before the huaguo mountain beat hundreds of mountain, whole qiankun were his shock at the time, including a flat of the day the risk. But the king bull. Six big devil king came to huaguo mountain to see the diabolism hero, seven big king on the huaguo mountain worship the traverse to the child. Shortly thereafter, and the thousand magic valley when the lich king party, sun wukong tournament at thousands of magic valley conference, a sublime side again, and get the bone lady's admiration, but sun wukong puzzled amorous feelings, let the lady white bone broken heart.Soon after, the Monkey King was once again please do Monkey King on forehead, because the king brainpower-computer palace, princess met brainpower-computer. Then fourdiabolism appeared, captured at that time have no powerful magic fairy, sun wukong's heroic chasing down, war in empty island, to rescue the princess brainpower-computer. Four master three smile emperor suddenly appeared countered, the Monkey King found that has been involved in a big conspiracy. The Monkey King is determined to find out behind, only to find the enemy unusually strong, fortunately the dumpling Lord rushed to rescue be besieged the Monkey King. Monkey King found himself fell in love with magic fairy, decided to do something for the temple. All seven brothers together, and three in the fog bank ping smile the emperor and duron honour person decisive battle, in the process of the magic fairy body connotation hidden already a long time of the jade emperor nine successful force were triggered, in their common efforts, eventually destroyed the two big devil, but in the process of the evil spirits, give the king lost lovers day princess.Sun wukong, propose back to heaven, the jade emperor but is limited to day rules, the Monkey King and the magic fairy '. Sun wukong RenSiLi must aboveboard marry magic fairy, stirred the tiangong chaos, it's a pity that the gods could not to change the jade emperor's mind. Sun wukong cold heart, magic fairy has decided to lower bound to elope with him. Ox demon king to help the Monkey King held a grand wedding, and lady Russian women in place under the good things come to an end in eight hundred built leishan, and when the Monkey King and the magic fairy formally salute, collection release need millions of fairies, halls of night rush shoot spirit, purpose purely for out fully. Jade emperor frightened, busy too white Venus are sent to built leishan, "said changed his mind, sun wukong with magic fairy, please first back to the heavenly palace, sun wukong with magicfairy, return to heaven, in 橎 taoyuan played a fairy's life.Shortly after the heavenly queen hair invitation, to invite to the jade pool ZhuXian, is to discuss in addition to the demon, the conference will certainly not invited to the Monkey King. Considered their official seal Monkey King sun wukong has not invited, and she with magic fairy back into heaven, the jade emperor has not willing to meet each other again, resentment in the heart, then make 橎 peach, also ate the too old gentleman on nine turn elixir. The jade emperor was just killing duron honour person such as Lord, for heaven 's, sending troops captured him for nothing, this time with this excuse, then sent to force, also has been inward-looking invincible, please will spearhead of Yang Jian, after some time, her because care huaguo mountain monkey soldiers monkey will life and death and distracted sneak in the Monkey King is too old gentleman and escape back to the heavenly palace. But think of the Monkey King had nine after then, the invulnerability, is can't kill him, finally too old gentleman had to enable the gossip on the stove, hope him with samadhi true fire refining.At the same time of the Monkey King is tackled, too old gentleman on samadhi is fire, the fire product built leishan eight hundred, fairy lich two world war ii. Ox demon king leads the brothers killed on the forehead, after forty-nine days of bloody battle, dumpling Lord who died in the worse, celestial beings began to prevail, but at this time the Monkey King from the escape of the blast furnace, six brothers inside, finally defeat the mountain, the jade emperor spirit around the halls of night. On the verge of death, first, the magic fairy block after the Buddha arrived, he made a bet with taunts and sun wukong, after the famous bet, sun wukong to throw in the towel, magic fairycommit suicide, but the king bull and other brothers also returned to the earth.中国神话故事英语版。
中国神话故事英文版In Chinese mythology, there are countless fascinating stories that have been passed down through generations. These stories are filled with gods, goddesses, mythical creatures, and epic battles, offering a glimpse into the rich and colorful culture of ancient China. Today, let's explore some of the most famous Chinese mythologicalstories and legends, and delve into their English versions to share the magic and wonder with the world.One of the most well-known Chinese myths is the story of Nüwa and Fuxi, the creators of humankind. According to the legend, Nüwa, a goddess with a human's head and a serpent's body, and her brother Fuxi, a god with a human's head and a dragon's body, were the only two beings left after a great flood. They decided to create humans to keep each other company and to populate the earth. Nüwa and Fuxi used clay to mold the first humans, and from them, the human race was born. This myth explains the origin of humanity in Chinese culture and symbolizes the harmonybetween humans and nature.Another famous Chinese myth is the tale of the Monkey King, also known as Sun Wukong, from the classic novel "Journey to the West." Sun Wukong is a mischievous and powerful monkey who acquires incredible strength and magical abilities. He accompanies the Buddhist monk Tang Sanzang on a journey to retrieve sacred scriptures from India. Throughout their adventures, Sun Wukong displays his bravery, intelligence, and loyalty, making him one of the most beloved characters in Chinese literature. The story of the Monkey King has been adapted into various forms of media, including films, TV shows, and video games, and continues to captivate audiences around the world.The legend of Chang'e and Hou Yi is a romantic and tragic tale that is often associated with the Mid-Autumn Festival. According to the myth, Hou Yi was a skilled archer who saved the earth by shooting down nine of the ten suns that were scorching the land. As a reward, the Queen Mother of the West gave him the elixir of immortality. However, Hou Yi did not consume the elixir because he didnot want to live without his beloved wife, Chang'e. One day, Hou Yi's apprentice tried to steal the elixir, and in a desperate attempt to keep it out of his hands, Chang'edrank it and flew to the moon. Hou Yi was heartbroken and offered her favorite foods and fruits as a sacrifice, which eventually became the tradition of offering mooncakesduring the Mid-Autumn Festival.These are just a few examples of the captivating and enchanting stories that make up Chinese mythology. Eachtale is filled with symbolism, moral lessons, and cultural significance, offering a window into the beliefs and values of ancient China. Through their English versions, these myths can be shared and appreciated by people from allwalks of life, bridging the gap between cultures and celebrating the timeless beauty of Chinese folklore. As we continue to explore and preserve these stories, we honorthe rich heritage and legacy of Chinese mythology, ensuring that its magic and wonder will endure for generations to come.。
中国英语教学的十大神话包天仁2006.10.28很高兴今天和大家见面。
江苏省的学术会议我参加过多次,江苏是教育大省,英语教学一直走在中国的前列。
众所周知,中国的英语教学类型是英语外语教学(TEFL),与英语母语国家和英语作为二语的国家有很大的区别,还有很多人对此认识不清。
随着课程改革的进一步深入,中国的外语界空前活跃,但也出现了一些不良的倾向。
我要讲的中国英语教学的十大神话,是一些不符合中国国情、学情和教情的错误理念。
何谓十大神话?就是那些在中国不可能实现的教育理念和教学方法。
第一个神话是交际能力是中国基础英语教育的教学目标(English communicative competence is the aim of China’s basic English teaching and learning)。
首先我们做一点考证,即交际能力的说法对不对。
我们经常提起的交际能力(communicative competence),在翻译这个术语时就出现了错误。
communicative competence指的是交流能力或沟通能力,大家查阅一下牛津辞典,看看它的定义,查到最后也没有“交际”这个含义。
我感到很奇怪的是我们中国有这么多的教授、硕导、博导,怎么连这个定义都搞错了?有人狭义地认为交际能力就是听说能力,听、说能力比读、写能力重要,而我认为读、写也是交际能力,而且是重要的交际能力。
英语各项技能是互相关联的,不能说某一技能比其他技能更重要,而是要看能否获得这个能力。
中国的英语外语教学中,翻译也是一项重要的技能。
在中国没有英语语言环境,尽管有人认为听、说比读、写容易,也是很难达到很高的水平。
中国人以学校正规形式学习英语有一百多年的历史了,至少半个世纪以来一直在强调听说领先,却一直没有达到这一目标。
我们学习英语要达到的目标是经过努力能够达到的才是好目标,我认为读写技能相对比较容易能够达到,因为读写能力的培养不像听说能力那样过多依赖语言环境,所以读写能力应该确立为我们的主要学习目的。
大家可以参考国外一些国家的外语教学大纲,还有以英语为母语国家的课程标准。
我们国家基础教育实验中心外语教育研究中心也研究了这方面的材料,最近陆续翻译了英国《国家课程标准(英语)》,分六期刊登在今年的《语文教学研究》(3-8期)杂志上。
近期将研究和翻译英国语文课程标准下的读写框架文件及相关教材和课程。
我们研究了一些国家的课程标准,绝对没有哪个国家把读写两项技能忽略掉。
刚才江苏省教育学会外语教学专业委员会秘书长就提到,美国前总统克林顿就要求孩子到八岁的时候能够阅读英文文章,而我们的外语教学为什么要忽视阅读和写作哪?这不是舍本求末吗?英国的英语课程标准专门设有一个读写框架文件,要求基础义务教育阶段必须完成扫盲任务。
我们在反对聋哑英语的同时,进行的是一种文盲教育。
读写不重视,听说达不到,等于是外语教学的完全失败。
这是帝国主义的阴谋,还是我们上了当,还是我们无知?有人说An authentic English environment can be created in China,在课堂上组织一些活动,布置一些任务,师生之间,生生之间尽可能地用英语交流,称之为authentic,这就是真实的场景吗?其实根本不可能是。
现在使用的教材也好,报刊也好,甚至包括英语音像,都不能称其为authentic,不是real-life English,基本上都是改造的,充其量是China English,和英、美国家的英语还是不一样,怎么可能是authentic?有一些报刊宣传自己的材料纯正、地道,用来培养交际能力,那又是一个可笑的神话。
为什么这种神话还在继续呢?就是在课本中和练习中出现的语言材料也不是真实的,侧重点还是在语言形式上。
第二个神话是把我们中国的英语语言教学称之为或误认为是二语教学(The type of ELT in China is TESL)。
持这一观点的人论点是,二语教学就包括外语教学,二语习得理论同样适用于外语教学。
这种观点是误导了我们,二语包括外语就是混淆了语言教学类型这个原则性和常识性的问题,学过语言学的人是不应该这样认为的。
二语教学和外语教学有本质上的区别,主要区别有语言环境,教学目的,师资和教材等。
可惜的是现在实验的新课标中,有很多理念是来源于二语习得和二语教学的做法,犯了一个非常低级的错误。
所以说这个神话是一个非常大的神话。
著名语言学家Kachru将全世界的英语区分成三个同心圆,由里向外分别叫做the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle和the Expanding Circle,对语言环境作了精辟的分析。
the Inner Circle指英语是母语的国家,the Outer Circle是二语国家,英语在这些国家里具备了社会功能,the Expanding Circle是把英语作为外来语来学习的国家,没有英语语言环境。
我们国家就是在这个最外围的the Expanding Circle圈子里,教学类型是最难的,学生的短期目标就是为了考试。
很多欧洲国家,还有印度、新加坡等二语国家的英语教学目的和我们的教学目的有所不同。
即使是英、美国家(英语母语国家)的外语教学称为TEFL,和我们外语国家的TEFL仍然有所不同。
他们是在有语言的环境下教授外国学生,并且这些学生经过了雅斯考试,英语具有了一定水平,教师是母语教师(NESTs),而我们是在中国没有英语语言环境下,由中国教师(Non-NESTs)教授中国学生的TEFL类型,是不可混淆的。
即使是在二语国家,学生们学习外语比较重视基础知识和基本能力,而我们却忽视知识,空谈能力,把知识和能力对立起来。
其实知识就是一种能力,就是知识能力(K-ability),只不过知识细分有陈述性知识(declarative knowledge)过程性知识(procedural knowledge)罢了。
国外一些教学理念我们可以借鉴(adapt),但不能是拿来主义,照抄照搬(adopt)。
我们的新课标里面很多内容都是照抄照搬的,经不起时间的推敲和实践的验证。
教学类型有问题,教学目标的定位紧跟着也要出问题。
第三个神话又是一个错误观点,认为在中国的英语教学中交际法是最好的教学法(Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is the best approach to China’s ELT)。
交际法的特点是通过组织各种活动来完成各种交际任务,是要有语言环境,需要小班教学,对教师的语言水平要求比较高,一般是母语教师更适合,大部分中国教师很难胜任。
交际法本身没有错,可以说交际法是听说法的进步,是行为主义倾向的教学法,关键是看它是否符合中国的教情和学情。
这一教学法不是不可用,只是在中国用的场合比较少,我们强调过了头,走到了极端。
任务型教学就是一种强交际法,起源于印度的Bangalore,是基于无意识学习策略的教学革新尝试,还没有成功就引进到中国来了。
一些人大力推广任务型教学法,并将此法贯穿于整个教学过程中,认为比其他教法效果更好。
实际上在中国进行外语教学,不可能有真实的任务,任务只不过是一种练习罢了,这一点在前几年的国际教师协会年会上(IATEFL)有过国际性大辩论,认为很多地方不适用。
这种任务代替不了练习,也代替不了作业,更代替不了其他形式的教学活动。
新课标也没有规定只能使用任务型教学法,而是提倡任务型教学法等各种教学法。
我们经常强调新课改,新教材,新事物,并不等于旧的就过时了,就该摒弃。
新事物往往是不完善的,我们在改革的进程上需要创新,但这种创新要在继承好的传统的基础上有所发展,有所突破,有所创意。
明明知道交际法、任务型教学不适合于中国的实际教学,费时费力,为什么还有人在推波助澜?有人认为任务型教学法是最好的,但是The best is the enemy of the good。
判断一个教学法优劣的标准应该是看它是否是省时省力,实用高效,而不是看这个教学法是否新颖、时髦。
任何一种教学法都是需要实践来检验的。
我们的外语教学总是在走弯路,例如小学重视语音却不早学音标,重视语法却淡化语法,重视知识却不主张讲知识,难道这不是诡辩吗?交际法的优点我们要吸取,比如强调语境,强调功能、话题等。
值得注意的是我们的教学特点是decontextualized,即语言和语境是分离的。
整体语言(whole language)、交际法等教学法认为语言总是伴随语境而出现。
因此我认为这些直接法,包括弱势交际法,不适用于中国的英语外语教学实际。
第四个神话认为,中国的英语教学是输出型的教学(Output-based instruction is the best teaching model in China’s English teaching),强调productive skills, 忽略receptive skills,concentrated input 被认为是浪费时间,过分强调“用中学”,新知识学完马上就用,而不是“学中用”。
这也是受到国外教学思想的影响,课堂教学背离了中国英语外语教学的实际。
课堂教学应注重学生“双基”的培养,侧重语言的理解性输入。
教师如果不讲语言点,不讲语音、词汇、语法等项目,一味地让学生表演,让学生拿什么输出?课堂教学有一个误区,就是新知识授课结束之后,马上让学生表演,这是强人所难,增加了学生的焦虑感,违背了语言学习规律,这是需要纠正的一种倾向。
为了让学生能够精确表达之前,无论是口头还是笔头,要让学生多听,多读,多模仿。
学生语言学习都有一个沉默期,要沉默一段时间才能表达出来,所以在课堂上不要急于让学生语言输出。
但在production阶段,因为大部分是在课外完成,可适当增加难度,达到举一反三。
既然是输入型教学,输入有哪些形式呢?英国著名学者Michael Swan今年四月九日在英国Harrogate举办的国际英语外语教师协会年会上做的主报告中提出语言输入的三种形式。
他的题目是:The input to language learning: two out of the three ain’t good enough,意思是:有三种形式的语言学习输入,仅靠其中的两种是不够的。
Michael Swan讲到语言环境时用了flood一词,意指语言大量地输入,不强调规则,长时间沉浸在目标语言中,如同发大水,通常是指母语和二语语言环境下儿童学习语言。
第二种形式他认为是intensive或者concentrated input。
他指出最近五十年来,全世界英语教学界都忽视了这种输入。
这种输入就是精选一些文章,一些样本,让学生不仅学习到语法,词汇,而且在文学和文化方面得到熏陶。