波士顿矩阵与GE矩阵的优缺点
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企业经营结构分析常用的三种g矩阵分析法一、企业战略分析模型:ROSRMS矩阵矩阵也称做销售回报和相对市场份额矩阵,主要是用来分析企业的不同业务单元或产品的发展战略。
该分析模型定义,企业某个业务单元或产品在市场上的销售额应该与其在市场中的相对份额成正比,并且该业务单元或产品的销售额越高,该业务单元或产品为企业所提供的销售回报就应该越高。
数据分析人员根据上图,可了解企业的某种业务单元或产品的销售额在由低向高不断增加,其相对市场份额和销售回报也在一个“通道”内由低向高不断增加。
如果该业务单元或产品的销售额增加,而其对企业的销售回报或相对市场份额降低,那么企业就不应该在这个时候进入其他领域,应该着重改善这个业务单元或产品的经营状况。
二、公司战略价值分析模型:价值链模型为了提升企业战略,美国战略管理学家Porter第一次提出价值链分析的方法。
企业的竞争优势来源于企业在设计、生产、营销、交货等过程及辅助过程中所进行的许多相互分离的活动,这些活动中的每一种都对企业的相对成本地位有所贡献,并奠定了企业竞争优势的基础。
价值链模型将一个企业的行为分解为战略性相关的许多活动,企业正是通过比其竞争对手更廉价或更出色地开展这些重要的战略活动来赢得竞争优势的。
在数据分析中,价值链模型目的在于帮助企业分析公司运行的哪个环节可以提高客户价值或降低生产成本。
三、成熟市场企业地位分析:三四矩阵三四矩阵是由波士顿咨询集团提出的。
这个模型用于分析一个成熟市场中企业的竞争地位。
在一个稳定的竞争市场中,参与市场竞争的参与者一般分为三类,领先者、参与者、生存者。
领先者一般是指市场占有率在15%以上,可以对市场变化产生重大影响的企业,如在价格、产量等方面;参与者一般是指市场占有率介于5%~15%之间的企业,这些企业虽然不能对市场产生重大的影响,但是它们是市场竞争的有效参与者;生存者一般是局部细分市场填补者,这些企业的市场份额都非常低,通常小于5%。
通用矩阵和波士顿矩阵是在不同领域具有重要应用的两种矩阵模型。
本文将探讨这两种矩阵的异同点,并分析它们在实际应用中的特点。
1. 异同点1.1. 定义和用途•通用矩阵(General Matrix)是数学中一种基础的矩阵模型,用于描述数据之间的线性关系。
它可以用于解决线性方程组、矩阵运算、向量空间等问题。
通用矩阵的元素可以是实数、复数或其他数学对象。
•波士顿矩阵(Boston Matrix)是一种市场营销中常用的产品组合分析工具。
它通过将产品按照市场份额和市场增长率划分为不同的类别,帮助企业决定产品组合的战略定位。
1.2. 构成要素•通用矩阵由行和列组成,行和列的数量可以是任意的。
每个元素都可以用行和列的索引来表示。
•波士顿矩阵由四个象限组成,横轴代表市场增长率,纵轴代表市场份额。
每个产品在矩阵中的位置由其市场份额和市场增长率决定。
1.3. 数据类型•通用矩阵的元素可以是任意类型的数据,如数字、字符、对象等。
•波士顿矩阵的元素通常是产品或产品类别。
1.4. 分析方法•通用矩阵可以使用线性代数的方法进行分析,如矩阵的加法、乘法、求逆等运算。
通过矩阵运算可以得到矩阵的秩、特征值等重要信息。
•波士顿矩阵通过将产品划分为不同的象限,可以帮助企业做出战略决策。
通常将象限分为“明星”、“问题儿童”、“金牛”和“瘦狗”四个区域,分别对应不同的经营策略。
1.5. 应用领域•通用矩阵广泛应用于数学、物理、经济学、统计学等领域,是这些领域的基础工具之一。
它可以用于解决线性方程组、矩阵分解、最小二乘法等问题。
•波士顿矩阵主要应用于市场营销和战略管理领域。
它可以帮助企业评估产品组合的竞争力和潜在发展方向。
2. 通用矩阵的特点•通用矩阵具有线性关系,可以通过矩阵运算来描述和分析数据之间的关系。
•通用矩阵的运算规则严格,包括加法、乘法、求逆等操作。
这些运算规则有助于在实际问题中求解和优化。
•通用矩阵可以表示向量空间和线性变换,具有重要的几何意义和物理意义。
GE矩阵模型简介 (1)如何用模型来分析 (2)GE矩阵应用技巧[1] (6)GE矩阵应用应该注意的问题[1] (7)模型应用举例 (7)GE矩阵与BCG矩阵的比较 (9)影响竞争实力/市场吸引力的内部因素/外部因素 (9)GE矩阵的局限 (11)GE矩阵案例分析 (11)案例一:GE矩阵在纺织企业产品战略选择中的应用研究[2] (11)案例二:基于GE矩阵的IT行业CRM客户分类方法的研究[3] (16)案例三:GE矩阵在建筑企业目标市场选择中的应用研究[4] (22)案例四:基于GE矩阵的环保企业技术创新战略选择[6] (27)GE矩阵模型简介GE矩阵法又称通用电器公司法、麦肯锡矩阵、九盒矩阵法、行业吸引力矩阵是美国通用电气公司(GE)于70年代开发了新的投资组合分析方法。
对企业进行业务选择和定位具有重要的价值和意义。
GE矩阵可以用来根据事业单位在市场上的实力和所在市场的吸引力对这些事业单位进行评估,也可以表述一个公司的事业单位组合判断其强项和弱点。
在需要对产业吸引力和业务实力作广义而灵活的定义时,可以以GE矩阵为基础进行战略规划。
按市场吸引力和业务自身实v1.0 可编辑可修改力两个维度评估现有业务(或事业单位),每个维度分三级,分成九个格以表示两个维度上不同级别的组合。
两个维度上可以根据不同情况确定评价指标。
如何用模型来分析GE矩阵可以用来根据事业单位在市场上的实力和所在市场的吸引力对这些事业单位进行评估,也可以表述一个公司的事业单位组合判断其强项和弱点。
在需要对产业吸引力和业务实力作广义而灵活的定义时,可以以GE矩阵为基础进行战略规划。
按市场吸引力和业务自身实力两个维度评估现有业务(或事业单位),每个维度分三级,分成九个格以表示两个维度上不同级别的组合。
两个维度上可以根据不同情况确定评价指标。
绘制GE矩阵,需要找出外部(行业吸引力)和内部(企业竞争力)因素,然后对各因素加权,得出衡量内部因素和市场吸引力外部因素的标准。
浅谈业务战略工具——波士顿矩阵与GE矩阵作者:正略咨询顾问雷震宇在枪炮轰鸣的战争年代,战略决定着一场战役的胜负、一支军队的生死甚至整个战争的成败;在商场如战场的和平年代,战略也关系着一个产品的立废、一项业务的兴衰乃至一个企业的存亡。
战略对于企业的重要性毋庸置疑,而业务组合战略是企业战略管理中重要的组成部分。
本文将对制定业务组合战略的2个工具“波士顿矩阵”及“GE矩阵”进行分析、探讨。
首先,我们来看看波士顿矩阵的创立背景及具体内容。
波士顿矩阵(BCG Matrix),又称市场增长率-相对市场份额矩阵,是由美国著名的管理学家、波士顿咨询公司创始人布鲁斯·亨德森于20世纪60年代末期首创的。
布鲁斯当时使用这个工具帮助他的客户在几个业务单元之间寻求最优的资源分配方案。
这是一个企业用来分析和规划产品组合的工具,它的核心在于使产品/业务更符合市场需求发展的变化,以及将企业有限的资源有效地分配到合理的产品/业务结构中去,以保证企业收益。
布鲁斯认为决定产品/业务结构的要素可分为2类,市场吸引力与企业实力。
在反映市场引力的众多指标(销售增长率、目标市场容量、竞争对手强弱及利润高低)中,销售增长率是最具代表性的综合指标;而在反映企业实力的指标,如市场占有率,技术、设备、资金利用能力中,市场占有率是最能直接显示出企业竞争实力的指标。
因此,波士顿矩阵选取的纵坐标与横坐标分别是“销售增长率”及“市场占有率”。
由以上2个因素相互作用,产生4个不同的象限,划分出4类性质的产品/业务:销售增长率和市场占有率都较高的产品/业务(简称“明星”);销售增长率和市场占有率都较低的产品/业务(简称“瘦狗”);销售增长率高而市场占有率低的产品/业务(简称“问号”);销售增长率低而市场占有率高的产品/业务(简“现金牛”)。
波士顿矩阵模型如图1所示。
注:相对市场占有率 = 企业该业务市场占有率 / 行业领导者(竞争对手)的市场占有率图1 波士顿矩阵分析模型若以某制造企业为例,该企业的波士顿矩阵分析结果如图2所示。
BCG MatrixAdvant ages:Enable s manage mentassess es the organi zatio n’spresen t/future potent ialEnable s manage mentto assess the streng th of a compan yProvid es a good basisfor the formul ation of market ing object ivesfor specif ic intern ation al market sDisadv antag es:Can not give guidan ce on the relati ve merits of any claimon resour ces.Is a rigidframew ork and has no adapta bilit yThe relati on betwee n market shareand profit abili ty is questi onabl e.GE MatrixAdvant agesIt used 9 cellsinstea d of 4 cellsof BCGIt consid ers many variab les and does not lead to simpli sticconclu sionsIt uses multip le factor s to assess indust ry attrac tiven ess and busine ss streng th, whichallowusersto select criter ia approp riate to theirsituat ionDisadv antag esIt can get quitecompli cated and cumber somewith the increa se in busine ssesIt cannot effect ively depict the positi on of new busine ss unitsin develo pingindust ryIt only provid es broadstrate gic prescr iptio ns rather than specif ics of busine ss policyHow is corpor ate parent ing differ ent from portfo lio analys is? How is it alike?The basicdiffer encebetwee n thesetwo approa chesto corpor ate strate gy lies in the questi ons they attemp t to answer. Accord ing to the text, portfo lio analys is attemp ts to answer the follow ing two questi ons:•How much of our time and moneyshould we spendon our best produc ts and busine ss unitsin orderto ensure that they contin ue to be succes sful?•How much of our time and moneyshould we spenddevelo pingnew costly produc ts, most of whichwill neverbe succes sful?The basicthemeof portfo lio analys is its emphas is on cash flow. Portfo lio analys is puts corpor ate headqu arter s into the role of an intern al banker. In portfo lio analys is, top manage mentviewsits produc t linesand busine ss unitsas a series of invest ments from whichit expect s to get a profit ablereturn. The produc t lines/busine ss unitsform a portfo lio of invest ments whichtop manage mentmust consta ntlyjuggle to ensure the best return on the corpor ation's invest ed money.Corpor ate parent ing attemp ts to answer two simila r, b ut differ ent questi ons: •What busine ssesshould this compan y own and why?•What organi zatio nal struct ure, manage mentproces ses, and philos ophywill foster superi or perfor mance from the compan y's busine ss units?Portfo lio analys is attemp ts to answer thesequesti ons by examin ing the attrac tiven ess ofvariou s indust riesand by managi ng busine ss unitsfor cash flow, that is, by usingcash genera ted from mature unitsto buildnew produc t lines.Unfort unate ly, portfo lio analys is failsto deal with the questi on of what indust riesa corpor ation should enteror with how a corpor ation can attain synerg y amongits produc t linesand busine ss units. As sugges ted by its name, portfo lio analys is tendsto primar ily take a financ ial pointof view and viewsbusine ss unitsand produc t linesas if they were separa te and indepe ndent invest ments. Corpor ate parent ing, in contra st, viewsthe corpor ation in termsof resour ces and capabi litie s that can be used to buildbusine ss unit valueas well as genera te synerg ies across busine ss units.The centra l job of corpor ate headqu arter s is not to be a banker, but to coordi natedivers e unitsto achiev e synerg y. This is especi allyimport ant in a global indust ry in whicha corpor ation must manage interr elate d busine ss unitsfor global advant age. Corpor ate parent ing is simila r to portfo lio analys is in that it attemp ts to manage a set of divers e produc t lines/busine ss unitsto achiev e better overal l corpor ate perfor mance.。
BCG MatrixAdvantages:Enables management assesses the organization’s present/future potentialEnables management to assess the strength of a companyProvides a good basis for the formulation of marketing objectives for specific international marketsDisadvantages:Can not give guidance on the relative merits of any claim on resources.Is a rigid framework and has no adaptabilityThe relation between market share and profitability is questionable.GE MatrixAdvantagesIt used 9 cells instead of 4 cells of BCGIt considers many variables and does not lead to simplistic conclusionsIt uses multiple factors to assess industry attractiveness and business strength, which allow users to select criteria appropriate to their situationDisadvantagesIt can get quite complicated and cumbersome with the increase in businessesIt cannot effectively depict the position of new business units in developing industryIt only provides broad strategic prescriptions rather than specifics of business policyHow is corporate parenting different from portfolio analysis? How is it alike?The basic difference between these two approaches to corporate strategy lies in the questions they attempt to answer. According to the text, portfolio analysis attempts to answer the following two questions:•How much of our time and money should we spend on our best products and business units in order to ensure that they continue to be successful?•How much of our time and money should we spend developing new costly products, most of which will never be successful?The basic theme of portfolio analysis its emphasis on cash flow. Portfolio analysis puts corporate headquarters into the role of an internal banker. In portfolio analysis, top management views its product lines and business units as a series of investments from which it expects to get a profitable return. The product lines/business units form a portfolio of investments which top management must constantly juggle to ensure the best return on the corporation's invested money.Corporate parenting attempts to answer two similar, but different questions: •What businesses should this company own and why?•What organizational structure, management processes, and philosophy will foster superior performance from the company's business units?Portfolio analysis attempts to answer these questions by examining the attractiveness ofvarious industries and by managing business units for cash flow, that is, by using cash generated from mature units to build new product lines. Unfortunately, portfolio analysis fails to deal with the question of what industries a corporation should enter or with how a corporation can attain synergy among its product lines and business units. As suggested by its name, portfolio analysis tends to primarily take a financial point of view and views business units and product lines as if they were separate and independent investments. Corporate parenting, in contrast, views the corporation in terms of resources and capabilities that can be used to build business unit value as well as generate synergies across business units. The central job of corporate headquarters is not to be a banker, but to coordinate diverse units to achieve synergy. This is especially important in a global industry in which a corporation must manage interrelated business units for global advantage. Corporate parenting is similar to portfolio analysis in that it attempts to manage a set of diverse product lines/business units to achieve better overall corporate performance.。
浅谈业务战略工具——波士顿矩阵与GE矩阵作者:雷震宇来源:《新材料产业》 2013年第6期■文/雷震宇北京正略钧策管理顾问有限公司在枪炮轰鸣的战争年代,战略决定着一场战役的胜负、一支军队的生死甚至整个战争的成败;在商场如战场的和平年代,战略也关系着一个产品的立废、一项业务的兴衰乃至一个企业的存亡。
战略对于企业的重要性毋庸置疑,而业务组合战略是企业战略管理中重要的组成部分。
本文将对制定业务组合战略的2个工具“波士顿矩阵”和“GE矩阵”进行分析、探讨。
首先,来看看波士顿矩阵(BCGMatrix)的创立背景及具体内容。
波士顿矩阵,又称市场增长率-相对市场份额矩阵,是由美国著名的管理学家、波士顿咨询公司创始人布鲁斯·亨德森于20世纪60年代末期首创的。
布鲁斯当时使用这个工具帮助他的客户在几个业务单元之间寻求最优的资源分配方案。
这是一个企业用来分析和规划产品组合的工具,它的核心在于使产品/业务更符合市场需求发展的变化,以及将企业有限的资源有效地分配到合理的产品/业务结构中去,以保证企业收益。
布鲁斯认为决定产品/业务结构的要素可分为2类,市场吸引力与企业实力。
在反映市场引力的众多指标(销售增长率、目标市场容量、竞争对手强弱及利润高低)中,销售增长率是最具代表性的综合指标;而在反映企业实力的指标,如市场占有率,技术、设备、资金利用能力中,市场占有率是最能直接显示出企业竞争实力的指标。
因此,波士顿矩阵选取的纵坐标与横坐标分别是“销售增长率”及“市场占有率”。
由以上2个因素相互作用,产生4个不同的象限,划分出4类性质的产品/业务:销售增长率和市场占有率都较高的产品/业务(简称“明星”);销售增长率和市场占有率都较低的产品/业务(简称“瘦狗”);销售增长率高而市场占有率低的产品/业务(简称“问号”);销售增长率低而市场占有率高的产品/业务(简称“现金牛”)。
波士顿矩阵模型如图1所示。
若以某制造企业为例,该企业的波士顿矩阵分析结果如图2所示。
福特汽车公司战略——-—波士顿矩阵和通用矩阵分析报告———--—---—Boston Matrix与GE Matrix 的异同关键词:分析波士顿矩阵、通用矩阵、福特汽车公司背景:分别用分析波士顿矩阵(Boston Matrix)与通用矩阵(GE Matrix)分析1988年福特公司的投资组合,采用波士顿矩阵的分析方法得出的结论是福特公司是瘦狗类经营单位,就是它会使人有这样的看法,就是认为福特的汽车业务经营单位应被抽资而转向清算;而用通用矩阵进行分析时得到如下结论:美国汽车行业的吸引力属于中下等水平,而福特汽车公司的竞争力是高的,这两种方法都是企业投资组合分析方法,但是分析得出的结论截然不同,这事由于这两种分析方法存在着差异,但是他们之间也有很多相同之处。
这两个工具都很有价值。
一、福特公司背景:福特汽车公司是世界第三大汽车工业公司。
它是一个以生产汽车为主,业务范围涉及电子、航空、钢铁和军工等领域的综合性跨国垄断工业集团.它于1901年成立于美国的底特律,目前公司总部设在美国密执安州的迪尔伯恩市,拥有职工总数达37万人。
旗下品牌:在当时,1988年,福特公司收益达到历史最高水平(53亿美元,即每股10。
96美元),也是所有汽车公司中最高的。
福特公司实施纵向一体化战略,集团中如福特玻璃公司生产了福特在北美的小汽车和卡车所用的全部玻璃,福特信贷公司在1988年为160万辆车提供资金并为分销商和大众消费者提供信贷,这对福特公司的发展有着相当大的帮。
二、波士顿矩阵(BCG Matrix) :BCG 矩阵是制定公司层战略最流行的方法之一.该方法是由波士顿咨询集团(Boston Consulting Group , BCG)在上世纪70福特公司旗下品牌:福特汽车公司 水星汽车公司 阿斯顿马丁汽车公司 林肯汽车公司 沃尔沃汽车公司 捷豹汽车公司 路虎汽车公司 马自达汽车公司 福特金融公司 赫兹汽车租赁公司年代初开发的。
BCG Matrix
Advantages:
Enables management assesses the organization’s present/future potential
Enables management to assess the strength of a company
Provides a good basis for the formulation of marketing objectives for specific international markets
Disadvantages:
Can not give guidance on the relative merits of any claim on resources.
Is a rigid framework and has no adaptability
The relation between market share and profitability is questionable.
GE Matrix
Advantages
It used 9 cells instead of 4 cells of BCG
It considers many variables and does not lead to simplistic conclusions
It uses multiple factors to assess industry attractiveness and business strength, which allow users to select criteria appropriate to their situation
Disadvantages
It can get quite complicated and cumbersome with the increase in businesses
It cannot effectively depict the position of new business units in developing industry
It only provides broad strategic prescriptions rather than specifics of business policy
How is corporate parenting different from portfolio analysis? How is it alike?
The basic difference between these two approaches to corporate strategy lies in the questions they attempt to answer. According to the text, portfolio analysis attempts to answer the following two questions:
•How much of our time and money should we spend on our best products and business units in order to ensure that they continue to be successful?
•How much of our time and money should we spend developing new costly products, most of which will never be successful?
The basic theme of portfolio analysis its emphasis on cash flow. Portfolio analysis puts corporate headquarters into the role of an internal banker. In portfolio analysis, top management views its product lines and business units as a series of investments from which it expects to get a profitable return. The product lines/business units form a portfolio of investments which top management must constantly juggle to ensure the best return on the corporation's invested money.
Corporate parenting attempts to answer two similar, but different questions: •What businesses should this company own and why?
•What organizational structure, management processes, and philosophy will foster superior performance from the company's business units?
Portfolio analysis attempts to answer these questions by examining the attractiveness of
various industries and by managing business units for cash flow, that is, by using cash generated from mature units to build new product lines. Unfortunately, portfolio analysis fails to deal with the question of what industries a corporation should enter or with how a corporation can attain synergy among its product lines and business units. As suggested by its name, portfolio analysis tends to primarily take a financial point of view and views business units and product lines as if they were separate and independent investments. Corporate parenting, in contrast, views the corporation in terms of resources and capabilities that can be used to build business unit value as well as generate synergies across business units. The central job of corporate headquarters is not to be a banker, but to coordinate diverse units to achieve synergy. This is especially important in a global industry in which a corporation must manage interrelated business units for global advantage. Corporate parenting is similar to portfolio analysis in that it attempts to manage a set of diverse product lines/business units to achieve better overall corporate performance.。