气候学知识在城市规划中的应用大学毕业论文外文文献翻译

气象学在城市规划中的应用研究气象学作为研究和预测天气现象的学科，在城市规划中扮演着重要的角色。

城市规划旨在合理安排城市建设，提高城市的可持续发展和居民的生活质量。

而气象学能够提供关于气候、天气等方面的数据和预测，为城市规划者提供科学依据。

本文将探讨气象学在城市规划中的应用研究。

一、气候适应性规划城市规划中的气象学应用首先体现在气候适应性规划方面。

气象学通过分析城市的气候特征，提供了解气温、降水、风向和风速等参数的能力。

这些数据有助于规划者了解城市气候的年际和季度变化趋势，从而制定可持续的城市发展策略。

例如，根据气候数据，规划者可以在城市中合理配置绿地，提供降温、减少雨水径流的效果；调整建筑的朝向和高度，以改善建筑的热舒适性。

二、城市热岛效应减缓城市热岛效应是城市因为人类活动而产生的热量积聚，导致城市气温相对周边地区升高的现象。

而气象学可以通过测量城市的气候参数，并对城市热岛效应进行分析和评估。

通过了解城市中不同地区的热岛强度和形成机制，规划者可以采取相应的措施来减缓该现象。

例如，增加绿地覆盖率、改善建筑材料保温性能、合理规划建筑布局等，都是通过气象学数据分析为基础的热岛效应减缓的措施。

三、极端天气事件应对气象学还可以为城市规划提供与极端天气事件应对相关的数据和预测。

城市规划者可以通过气象学研究来预测和评估城市面临的极端天气风险，如暴雨、台风、大风等。

这些数据对城市的基础设施和建筑规划至关重要。

规划者可以在城市设计中考虑排水系统的建设、风防设施的设置，以及建筑的抗震能力和风险管理等。

通过气象学的数据支持，城市规划可以更加科学地应对极端天气事件的影响。

四、能源规划与利用气象学在城市的能源规划与利用方面也有着重要的应用。

城市能源的规划与管理需要考虑气候条件和天气变化对能源需求和供应的影响。

通过利用气象学提供的数据，规划者可以更好地评估城市能源需求的季节变化以及能源潜力。

例如，根据气象学的数据预测，可以确定太阳能、风能等可再生能源的适宜发展区域，并结合城市用地规划，合理利用可再生能源，降低城市的碳排放。

气候变化与城市规划随着全球气候变化问题的加剧，城市规划日益成为解决气候变化挑战的重要途径。

城市规划在保护环境、提高居民生活质量和建设可持续发展的城市方面发挥着重要作用。

本文将探讨气候变化对城市规划的影响，以及如何通过城市规划来适应和应对气候变化。

一、气候变化对城市规划的影响1.极端气候事件的增加：气候变化导致了极端气候事件频率和强度的增加，如暴雨、干旱、洪水、飓风等。

这些极端气候事件对城市基础设施和居民安全造成了严重威胁，城市规划需要考虑如何缓解和适应这些影响。

2.海平面上升的风险：随着全球气温上升，冰川融化和海水膨胀导致海平面上升，沿海城市面临着被淹没的风险。

城市规划需要考虑海平面上升的风险，合理规划城市布局和建筑物位置，保护沿海地区的生态系统和居民生活。

3.能源消耗和碳排放：城市是能源消耗和碳排放的主要来源。

气候变化要求减少碳排放，转向可再生能源和能源效率更高的解决方案。

城市规划可以通过布局绿色建筑、鼓励公共交通和非机动交通，减少能源消耗和碳排放。

二、城市规划应对气候变化的策略1.绿色基础设施建设：城市规划应促进绿色基础设施建设，包括生态公园、湿地保护、雨水收集系统等。

这些绿色基础设施有助于调节城市气候，减缓洪水、暴雨等极端气候事件的影响。

2.低碳城市规划：城市规划应推动低碳城市建设，包括鼓励可再生能源使用、减少汽车使用、提高建筑能效等。

通过合理规划城市布局和交通系统，降低碳排放，减少对气候变化的负面影响。

3.弹性城市规划：城市规划应注重增强城市的弹性和适应能力，以应对极端气候事件带来的风险。

这包括提升城市抗灾能力、规划避灾场所、制定紧急响应计划等。

4.社区参与和公众意识提升：城市规划应促进社区居民的参与和意识提升，增强公众对气候变化和城市规划的理解和支持。

公众参与可以提供更多的想法和反馈，帮助规划者制定更具可行性和适应性的城市规划。

三、案例分析：可持续城市规划的典范以哥本哈根为例，该城市成功实施了一系列可持续发展的城市规划措施。

城市规划外文翻译文献综述(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)绿地，城市持续发展最重要的指标：城市规划效用研究摘要：本篇文章总结了在西班牙城市巴伦西亚开展的一次非常广泛的研究，即绿地在城市舒适度中起到的作用。

之前，已经研究出了组成城市环境的环境参数。

根据这些值，一系列的舒适指数被分析并被证实，这些指数证明了之前作出的决定中的最佳的行为。

同样被研究的还有绿地在公共城市空间中的作用：对太阳辐射的保留度和污染滞留容量。

根据绿地的总量，这在公式上达到了舒适指数的极限值，即通过统计相关性，测定出城市达到理论上的舒适所需的绿地的表面积。

本篇文章对城市量度的公式进行了更宽泛的分析，通过对空间和环境以更广泛的视角和更丰富的多样性的研究。

这三个舒适指数已经被巴伦西亚以最佳的运作状态表现出来了，即达到了统计学上的最确定性。

这篇文章最后研究了早前在巴伦西亚进行的绿色规划实验。

最终结果考虑到巴伦西亚的学术权威提出的保护许尔塔的建议，正是这个天然商品花园开始了巴伦西亚的形成，接着形成了欧洲地区的战略哲学和欧洲景观风俗。

DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000060. © 2011 美国土木工程师协会关键词：城市规划，植物，树木，应用研究，可持续规划引言：全球人口城市化速度的增长在最近几年值得注意，这一现象的发生根本上是由于城市为居民提供了更优的基本生活条件，极大地增加了他们的自由度。

现实情况是，城市地区表现出越来越多的矛盾、不健康、难管理，其中最主要的是巨大的压力在环境方面。

因此，在城市首先思考环境问题并将它从根本上的处理和解决掉才是合乎情理的。

最近几年，数以千计的人们每当周末便涌向城市周边，探索还未被发现的动物栖息地和自然空间。

这在根本上是因为现代文明，尤其是在西方社会，对“基本生活条件”进行了清楚的定义，涉及到的基本生活条件是幸福的一项复杂的参数，根据世界卫生组织的建议，这一可靠结果有着和健康同等的定义：“不仅仅是没有疾病和病痛，而且要在身体、心理和社交方面都是幸福的。

城市气候(urban climates)书籍城市气候（urban climates）是指在城市内部的空间范围内形成的一种特殊的气候现象。

随着全球城市化进程的加快，越来越多的人口聚居在城市中，城市气候的研究也越来越受到关注。

本文将向大家推荐几本关于城市气候的书籍，供大家更好地了解城市气候现象。

首先，推荐《气候变化与城市》这本书。

该书由美国著名气候学家W. G. Pitman和R. E. Dickinson合著。

书中深入探讨了城市化对气候的影响，包括气温、风速、降水、辐射等方面。

通过对全球各大城市的案例研究，作者揭示了城市气候的特点和原因，并提出了减缓城市气候变化的对策。

这本书既适合专业气候学研究者，也适合普通读者阅读，增加对城市气候的认识。

其次，推荐《城市气候学导论》这本书。

该书是英国气象学家Kevin Hennessy所编写。

本书以可读性较强的方式介绍了城市气候学的基本概念和理论。

从城市气候的形成机理到城市气候的调查方法和预测模型，作者详细讲解了城市气候学的各个方面。

此外，该书还对全球主要城市的气候特点进行了综合分析，为读者提供了更直观的认识城市气候的途径。

第三本推荐书籍是《城市气候与室外舒适性研究》。

该书由杨明和周改云合著，是一本国内关于城市气候的较为详细的著作。

这本书首先介绍了城市气候与人体舒适之间的关系，并对城市气候对人体健康的影响进行了探讨。

接着，作者详细解读了城市气候研究的方法和技术手段，以及城市气候的调查与分析方法。

最后，书中还提出了城市气候改善的对策和方法，为城市规划者和环境工程师提供了参考。

最后，推荐《城市气候学导论》这本书。

该书是中国气象学家刘志华编写。

该书系统地介绍了城市气候学的基本概念、主要内外部影响因素、城市气候与环境的关系、城市气候与人的适应性等内容。

通过丰富的案例和数据分析，书中深入剖析了城市气候变化的规律和城市气候与人类活动的相互作用，对城市规划和环境改善提供了指导和依据。

大学生毕业论文范文研究气候变化对城市规划和建设的影响和对策近年来，全球气候变化日益引起人们的关注。

气候变暖、极端天气事件的增加等问题，对城市规划和建设带来了前所未有的挑战。

本文将分析气候变化对城市规划和建设的影响，并提出相应的对策。

一、气候变化对城市规划的影响1. 城市防洪能力减弱：随着全球气候变暖，降雨量增加，城市防洪能力面临巨大挑战。

许多城市由于防洪设施的不完善，频繁发生洪水，给市民的生活和财产安全造成了威胁。

2. 城市热岛效应加剧：气候变化导致城市温度升高，特别是高密度建筑和水泥地面的增加，引发了城市热岛效应的加剧。

这种现象不仅令城市居民夏季的生活不适，还对能源消耗和环境污染产生了消极影响。

3. 自然资源利用不合理：气候变化使得水资源短缺和土地退化等问题日益突出，城市规划中对自然资源的合理利用面临挑战。

不合理的土地利用和水资源过度开发不仅导致环境恶化，也给城市的可持续发展带来了阻碍。

二、气候变化对城市建设的影响1. 城市基础设施受损：气候变化带来的极端天气事件（如台风、龙卷风等）给城市基础设施造成了巨大的压力。

建筑物倒塌、道路损毁以及电力供应中断等问题威胁着城市的正常运转。

2. 生态环境破坏：气候变化加剧了生态环境的恶化，城市建设对生态系统的破坏进一步削弱了城市的适应能力。

城市建设中过度砍伐树木、填埋湿地等行为，导致生态系统服务能力下降，增加了自然灾害的风险。

三、应对气候变化的对策1. 加强城市防洪措施：城市规划应注重洪水的防范和排水系统的建设。

规划中应考虑到自然河道的保护和疏散通道的设置，增加洪水的容纳能力，减少城市的淹没风险。

2. 提升城市绿化水平：增加城市的绿地覆盖率，减少高密度建筑的热岛效应。

建立城市公园、绿化带以及垂直绿化等，可以有效吸收二氧化碳，改善城市气候环境。

3. 优化土地利用方式：合理规划土地的多功能利用，减少资源的浪费和生态系统的破坏。

发展低碳经济和生态农业，推动城市规划向可持续发展方向转变。

Riverfro nt Lan dscape Desig n for London 2012 Olympic ParkClie nt: Olympic Delivery AuthorityLocati on: London, UKProject Credit: Atk insText: Mike McNicholas, Project Director, Atk insHow do you pla nt along a river's edge, knowing that millio ns of people could be pass ing through thesite in the n ear future? How do you desig n, create and maintain the surrounding wetla nds, knowing that man-made wet woodla nd is very rare and tran siti on alby n ature? How do you en surethat the habitat being created remai ns viable and susta in able in the Ion g-term? Atk ins engin eers of the wetla nds and river edges on the London 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questi ons.Coveri ng more tha n 246 hectares of formerly derelict in dustrial la nd, London' s new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one of Europe's biggest-ever urba n gree ning projects. Rivers and wetla nds are at the heart of the visi on for the new park, which lies in east London' s Lower Lee Valley. Th e Iandscape that' s now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of theLo ndon 2012 Games.As river edge and wetla nd engin eers for the project, Atk ins has played a critical role in turni ng the visio n in to reality. Atk ins ' remit in cludes desig n of the soft river edges and wetla nds, in cludi ng riverba nk restoratio n and bioe ngin eeri ng.The tran sformati on is un precede nted.More tha n 8km of riverba nks have bee n restored as part of the project; in tan dem with this, 2 hectares of reed beds and ponds have bee n created, along with 9,000 square meters of rare wet woodla nd(Fig.01).The challe nge was about gett ing people both visual and physical access dow n to the river-to actually make the rivers more accessible and more ope n, and therefore the cen terpiece of the Park.Mike Vaughan heads up Atkins' multidisciplinary design team, which includes river engineers, geomorphologists and ecologists. “The idea was to open up the river corridor by making the steep slopes that line the river fl att e” explains Mike. “ By dropp ing the slopes, we' ve brought the river into the park and made it much more accessible-people can get close to the river and see whats going on there”Gett ing the riverba nk geometry just right was a delicate bala ncing act. Too steep, and the banks would n eed costly artifi cial rein forceme nt; too shallow, and they would start to eat into valuable space on the site. An optimum slope of 1 in 2.5-about 22 degrees- was chose n. The space occupied by river bank was restricted by the n eed toconvey fl oodwater and the location of terrestrial Iandscape and infrastructure. As such, the banks were over-steepe nedus ing two approaches.Firstly, where possible, the riverbanks were terraced using coir rolls and timber stakes. In other locations, where only a 70 degree bank was possible, a rein forced detail was used, provid ing layers of geo-grid and steel mesh cages, faced with a riverside turf.Today, with the new Iandscape rapidly taking shape, it s easy to forget how the Lee Valley used to look. Un til the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) took possessi on of the site in 2006, many of the river cha nn els that criss-cross the site were clogged with invasive weeds, along with the predictable detritus of urban decay: aba ndoned shopp ing trolleys and car tires.Th e Lee Valley' s neglected river network wasn t only an eyesore, but also an obstacle-a gulf separating Hackney and Tower Hamlets in the west from Waltham Forest and Newham in the east.Now, the revitalized waterways-and the new crossings spanning them-will be vital not only duri ng the Games, but also aft er 2012. Th ey are an in tegral part of the legacy solutio n, stitchi ng the new Park and its waterways into the wider fabric of east London.1 Bringing Habitats back to LifeMaki ng the most of the site ' s rivers and n atural features to create susta in able habitats is a key part of the Olympic Delivery Authority ' s vision for the Olympic Park. But the process of transforming the park' s rivers from weed and rubbish-i nfested gulches into prist ine watercourses has bee n long and tough.For Atk ins, that process started with develop ing an in timate un dersta nding of the labyri nth of waterways and cha nn els that wind their way through the site. Flows and velocities were measured at diff erent points over a period of time, with data used to con struct a detailed hydraulic model to predict flood risk. That' s of critical importa nee, because Atk ins had resp on sibility for everyth ing up to a con tour of 4 meters above ordnance datum (sea level) on the site.A full flood risk assessme nt was un dertake n at en vir onmen tal impact assessme nt stage. Atk ins un dertook an alyses of the risk of fl ood ing caused by freque nt rain fall, taking into acco unt the automated regulati on of water levels in the impo un ded reaches and the impact of tidal lockout. The modeli ng exercise was made con siderably more complicated by the impo un dme nt of the river system duri ng the course of 2008; in effect, this elim in ated the direct tidal infl uence of the Th ames. But its in direct infl uence is still felt. “ Whe n the tide comes in on the Th ames, it stops water fl owing out of the River Lee ” explains Mike Vaughan. “ So the river levels fl uctuate by an average of 400mm a day.Atki ns' modeli ng calculati ons correctly predicted this phe nomenon, and also the in creased risk of flood ing. “ These discoveries led to some cha nges in the Ian dscap ing profile,” says Mike. “ The riverside paths have bee n raised by up to a meter and the profile of the wetla nds was also raised, as main tai ning correct water levels is critical to their survival. ”Susta in able drain age tech niq ues have also bee n used across the Park. In theIan dscape areas, porous strips have bee n used in the con course, feedi ng into bioswales which drain dow n into the riverside pon ds. Surface conv eya nee, un dergro und pipes and storage features have also bee n utilized(Fig.O2).The first step in the river restoration process was to“ lay back” the banks, many of which were precipitously steep. This re-profili ng was n ecessary because much of the surrounding land was “made” ground, the result of centuries of tipping that had raised the ground level by as much as 10 meters in places. The cocktail of materials on the banks included rubble, glass, animal bones and, more recently, wartime demoliti on materials from London' s east end.Ano ther challe nge facing the Atk ins team was the prevale nee of in vasive weeds. These in cluded Himalaya n balsam, Japa nesek no tweed and gia nt hogweed. All are fast-growing non-native plants introduced to Britain in the 19th century as garde ncuriosities; all have prospered on the wrong side of the garde n wall.Invasive species are bad news for riverbanks. They reproduce and grow with prodigious speed, driving out native plant species. And they' re highly resilient. Knotweed can force its way through solid concrete, while giant hogweed contains furocoumari ns, sun-activated tox ins that can cause ski n ulcerati on. Elimi natio n was a priority —soil was treated throughout the site and the banks stripped of all rema ining vegetatio n.In additi on, Atk ins was resp on sible for en suri ng the protect ion of the existi ng fl ora and fauna on the site. Phase one habitat surveys were un dertake n as part of the en vir onmen tal impact assessme nt in 2006, in clud ing bird and fi sh surveys. A major translocation of species was undertaken to suitable receptor sites including a specially-created 1 hectare site just outside the Park. Atki ns translocated 330 com mon lizards, 100 toads and 4,000 smooth n ewts. In order to protect the flora on the site, Atki ns mai ntai ned a ‘ permit to clear' system for con tractors, and specifi ed safeguarded habitat areas that were not to be touched including areas of sycamore trees.2 Choosi ng Pla nts to Pla ntAtkins is responsible for the final look of the riverbanks and wetlands-and decid ing what to re- pla nt prese nted a challe nge. With banks now bare, new pla nting would have to fulfi ll not only ecological and aesthetic dema nds-they' d be expected to be in bloom for the Olympic Games-but engin eeri ng imperatives too.The Atk ins desig n team chose bioe ngin eeri ng tech niq ues, rather tha n culvert ing and hard engineering, for the project. That means protecting and consolidating riverba nks by using vegetatio n and n atural products in stead of con crete. Choos ing the right species with the right root systems would be critical to protect the banks from erosi on.An added challe nge was that the river n etwork is semi-tidal. The twice-daily rise and fall of around 400mm had the pote ntial to play havoc with new pla nti ng, and the river' s high sedime nt loads threate ned to smother anything pla nted from seed or plugs. “ We don' t actually have a n atural river system” no tes Mike. “ Pla nts don' t cop well in those con diti on s.”To fi nd out which plants would fare best-and to establish the most eff ective planting methods -Atkins conducted a unique riverbank planting trial along a 50-metre stretch of the Lee in the Olympic Park.“We trialled plants of different elevations and different installation techniques. These were monitored over a year,” says Ian Morrissey, senior environmental scientist with Atkins. “ That's really helped to inform exactly what species we should plant and where”.The trial revealed that plug plants would be just too vulnerable. But plants pre-grown in coir -coconut fibre matting-resisted being washed away or swamped. Coir has other benefi ts too-it 's easy and quick to install in rolls and pallets two meters long and a meter wide(Fig.03).“Th e mat itself acts like a mulch, so you prevent any weeds growing up through it that might already be within the bank material. But more importantly, when the banks become inundated, you get fine sediment trapped within the coir. Th at helps to bind the roots and feed the plant”s, says Ian.3 Banking on Tomorrow' s SeedlingsCreating a sustainable riverbank ecosystem means using native species. So before the banks were scraped back, seed was collected from suitable native aquatic species-a process managed by Atkins -and stored in a seed bank. Some of this seed was then used by bioengineering and nursery specialists, Salix, who were appointed by the Olympic Delivery Authority to cultivate plants off site in what 's believed to be one of Britain's biggest-ever nursery contracts.The offsite growing operation was huge and sowing for the project commenced in June 2009, as plants must be a year old and well established in their coir pallets before encountering the tough riverbank environment.Plants for the wet woodlands, including sedges, were raised in more than 7,000 pots at Salix' s nursery on the Gower peninsula, near Swansea. And in Norfolk, the company created a new 16-acre nursery dedicated to the 2012 project(Fig.04). Here, more than 300,000 plants representing some 28 different species, including sedges, common reed, marsh marigolds and yellow fl ag irises, were grown on more than a thousand coir pallets, ready to be transported to London in the following months.During the summer of 2010, the 18,000 square metres of planting were then pieced together like a giant jigsaw. This was a massive logistical challenge. To make it easier, each of the pallets and rolls was tagged. It was vitally important that each one went in exactly the right space so as to avoid cutting and trimming the roots and rhizomes of the plants. The team laid them out in blocks, to a plan, to make sure this didn't happen.4 Ponds and Wet Woodlands from ScratchWhile the riverbanks of the “Old River Lee” occupied much of the attention of the Atkins team, there were also entirely new bodies of water to consider. A fundamental part of the biodiversity of the river edges in the north of the Park lies in three new triangular ponds, off the east bank. Two of these were designed to dry up in the summer, forming moist grassy hollows. Th e third pond was created to retain water, en abli ngspecies such as water lilies and marsh marigold to thrive(Fig.O5).Preve nting that third pond from dryi ng out -while also en suri ng that it did not fl ood along with the River Lee-was a conun drum. Atk ins resp on ded by desig ning a conn ecti on betwee n the pond and the river to act as both overfl ow and feed. Flows could be regulated: whe n the pond level rose too high, water could be drained back into the river; whe n it started to dry out, a valve could be ope ned to release river water back into the pon d. It sounds simple, but it is believed to be the fi rst of its kind for a habitat feature of this scale.As well as the improved waterways and riverba nks, new wet woodla nds will be a no table feature of the Olympic Park. They' re now a rare habitat in the UK, and the ones in the Park are being created from scratch.“ It was quite a novel thing to be asked to do” recalls Atkins' Ian Morrissey. “ The challenge was to make sure we had the right water levels within the wetwoodla nd areas. Atk ins was resp on sible for work ing out the topographies and the cha nn els, and how they would in teract with the river”Wetla nds have a tendency to become dry land eve ntually, a process that can be slowed dow n through select ing the right vegetatio n, careful water level man ageme nt and maintenan ce.“ The sedge species we selected were chose n because they are quite vigorous so are able to compete well with terrestrial species, says Ian.Tree species for the wet woodla nd in clude willow, alder, birch and the now rare black poplar, points out Atkins' Mike Vaughan: “It' s fantastic for wildlife. You get a lot of in vertebrates in there, as well as n esti ng birds.Birds, though, can present a challenge, particularly on the freshly planted riverba nks.“There' s a risk of wildfowl grazing our plants when they get on site, ” says Mike. To prevent that happening, hundreds of meters of deterrent fencing were erected around new vegetati on. That stayed there un til spri ng 2O12(Fig.O6).5 Beyond the Finishing LineThe transformation of the lower Lee Valley and the creation of the new park, now n eari ng completio n, is remarkable by any sta ndards. Visitors to the Olympic Park - up to 250,000 every day at the peak of the Games - will encounter one of the gree nest and most en viro nmen tally frie ndly parks ever to be created for the Olympics.And the ben efits will be felt lo ng after 2012. “ We' re pulli ng that really difficult trick of putting in infrastructure that' s good for the Games, but will work in legacy” said the ODA's John Hopkins. “This will be a great place to live and work, with rivers and parkla nds at the heart. Socially, econo mically and en vir onmen tally, there will be a terrifi c legacy-it ' s a new Iandscape powering a new piece of city.伦敦2012奥林匹克公园滨水景观设计与营造业主委托：伦敦奥运交付管理局项目位置：英国伦敦项目设计：阿特金斯撰文：迈克•麦克尼古拉斯/阿特金斯项目经理如果在不久的未来，将有数百万人途经这块滨水区域，沿河该如何种植？如果了解到自然界中人造湿林地已十分罕见，该如何设计、创造并维护周边这种湿地环境？该如何长期保持栖息地的活力和可持续性？在伦敦2012奥林匹克公园项目中，来自阿特金斯的工程师们受托负责湿地和河滨地区设计及建设，将会找到所有这些问题的答案。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：气候学知识在城市规划中的应用文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14气候学知识在城市规划中的应用埃利亚松IngegaÈ编写哥德堡大学气候学在自然地理学、地球科学研究中心瑞典哥德堡Box 460，S-405,30收稿于1999年7月19日，修稿于1999年11月1日，发行于1999年11月23日摘要城市景观创造的气候会反过来影响城市，这是一既成事实；例如：人类的舒适性，空气质量以及能量消耗。

然而尽管理论上如此，人们往往认为气象因素对于城市规划实施的实际操作影响很小。

其原因是一重要的课题，因为答案要求之于气候学家，规划者和规划过程中。

目前研究的主要目标旨在探讨如何以及何时使用气候变化知识在城市化过程中。

该研究策略是由跨学科研究团体及气候学家和规划者策划的。

案例研究包括不同的采访技巧以及历史数据，这是由在瑞典的三个直辖市从事城市规划工作的各种参与者提供的。

研究表明，城市规划者对气候方面较感兴趣，但对气象信息的使用却是杂乱无章，从而结果得出气候学对城市规划影响较低。

低冲击是由于几个可能与五个解释变量：概念和基于知识、技术、政策、组织和市场有关。

这次讨论提出了某些方面的一些关键的结论,旨在解决这些限制。

城市气候学家满足规划者需求驱动的需要提供好的参数,合适的方法和工具是很重要的。

城市气候学家也鼓励规划者、决策者和公众提高对城市气候重要性的认识。

然而,随着规划是一项政治活动并非总是基于甚至关系到科学知识,一些确定的约束只能通过中和在社会环境的规划制度能力的改善。

关键词:城市气候;城市结构;土地利用;环境规划1、介绍1.1、城市气候——简短背景城市景观为当地创造了一个不同于周围的乡村景观的气候。

最证据确凿的是城市热岛效应，研究表明城乡在晴朗和平静的夜晚存在12℃的温差（奥科；1981）。

气候适应与城市规划随着全球气候变化的加剧，气候适应成为城市规划中不可忽视的关键因素。

城市规划应该以适应未来气候的方式来设计和建设，以确保城市的可持续发展和人民的生活质量。

本文将探讨气候适应与城市规划之间的关系，并提出几个城市规划中重要的气候适应措施。

首先，气候适应与城市规划的联系在于城市发展的可持续性。

城市规划师需要考虑如何适应气候变化的影响，从而确保城市的长期可持续性。

例如，城市规划可以将绿色基础设施纳入城市规划中，以减少城市内的洪涝风险和城市热岛效应。

绿色基础设施包括公园、湿地、树木和绿色屋顶等，这些可以吸收雨水，减少洪水，并提供阴凉的避暑场所，改善城市的宜居性。

其次，城市规划应该通过提高城市的自适应能力来应对气候变化的挑战。

城市规划师应该考虑到当地气候变化的趋势，并采取相应的措施来应对极端天气事件的风险。

例如，在容易受洪涝影响的地区，城市规划可以鼓励建设抗洪的基础设施，如抬高建筑物的地基，修建雨水收集系统等，以减轻洪涝带来的损失。

此外，城市规划也需要考虑到社会经济方面的气候适应。

气候变化可能会给贫困人口和弱势群体带来更大的影响。

因此，城市规划师需要确保城市规划的公平性和包容性。

例如，在城市规划过程中，应该考虑到教育医疗设施的合理分布，确保贫困人口能够获得适应气候变化的资源和服务。

最后，城市规划还需要注重灾后重建和持续发展。

气候变化可能导致更多的自然灾害，如暴雨、干旱和风暴潮。

为了应对这些灾害，城市规划师需要采取措施来防范和应对自然灾害，并确保城市在灾后能够快速恢复和发展。

这包括开展灾害风险评估，建立应急响应机制，以及制定灾后重建政策等。

综上所述，气候适应与城市规划密切相关，城市规划应该以可持续性和适应性为导向，以应对气候变化的挑战。

通过纳入绿色基础设施，提高城市的自适应能力，重视社会经济方面的气候适应，以及注重灾后重建和持续发展，城市规划可以为创造一个适应气候变化的可持续城市做出重要贡献。

单词：Urban form 城市形态Individual buildings 单体建筑Open spaces 开敞空间Sense of belonging 归属感Cityscape 城市景观developing landscape policies 发展景观规划green space system 绿色空间系统landscape framework 景观框架Climate change and the greenhouse effect （气候变化和温室效应）Wastewater treatment （废水处理）Low-carbon economy 低碳经济段落：1.From a a visual visual and aesthetic aesthetic perspective, perspective, perspective, Lynch, Lynch, in his book The Image Image of of of the the the City City (1960), identified five types of elements. They are: (1) Paths, which may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads ¼(2) Edges, which include shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls ¼(3) Districts, which are recognizable with same common character. (4) Nodes, which may be centers of activities, like a shopping center, major junctions[a1] , places of break in transportation ¼(5) Landmarks, which are usually a rather defined physical object such as building, sign, mountain or monument. 翻译：从视觉和美学的角度来看，凯文林奇在他的著作《城市意象》中，定义了5种元素，它们是：（1）通道：是道路、人行道、车行道、水道，铁路等等；（2）边缘：包括河岸、铁路交叉口、开发区边缘、墙等；（3）区域，是具有相同性质的地区；4）节点：它也许是活动中心，像是商业中心、主要的交叉口、交通集散点等；（5）地标：它通常是一个明显的物质性的建筑物，像是大厦、标志物、山体或者纪念碑等。

气象学在城市规划与建设中的应用研究气象学是一门研究大气现象和气象变化规律的科学，它在城市规划与建设中起着重要的作用。

本文将从城市气候、城市气象灾害、城市热环境以及城市通风等方面探讨气象学在城市规划与建设中的应用。

一、城市气候城市气候是城市与周围自然环境发生相互作用后所形成的气候条件。

城市气候具有一定的特点，如城市地表温度高、热岛效应显著、湿度低等。

通过气象学的相关分析，可以为城市规划与建设提供重要的依据。

在城市规划过程中，需要考虑城市的气候特点，选择合适的建筑设计和植被配置。

例如，在城市中合理设置建筑的高度和密度，可以减缓城市热岛效应的形成；结合区域气候的特点，合理选择植被种类，增加城市的绿化覆盖面积，调节城市的气温和湿度，改善城市环境质量。

二、城市气象灾害城市气象灾害包括洪涝、风灾、高温等各种极端天气事件。

这些气象灾害对城市的规划与建设造成严重的影响，因此需要在城市规划与建设中充分考虑气象因素。

通过气象学的相关研究，可以预测和评估各种气象灾害的概率和可能影响范围，从而指导城市的规划与建设。

例如，在选择城市的建设地点时，需要考虑到可能的洪涝风险，并采取相应的防洪措施；在建设大型建筑物时，需要考虑到可能的风灾风险，并进行结构设计的加固。

三、城市热环境城市热环境是指由于城市的建设和人类活动导致的城市内部温度的提高和热岛效应的形成。

城市热环境对城市人群的生活和健康产生了重要影响，因此在城市规划与建设中需要对城市热环境进行合理的规划和设计。

气象学可以通过城市气象观测和模拟，为城市热环境的评估和规划提供必要的数据和方法。

例如，通过对城市热岛效应的研究，可以选择合适的建筑材料和种植植被，减少热岛效应的影响；通过对城市通风的研究，可以合理布局建筑物，改善城市的通风条件，降低城市的热应激。

四、城市通风城市通风是指城市内部的空气流动和交换过程，对城市的空气质量和环境舒适度具有重要影响。

良好的城市通风能够有效排除污染物和废气，减少空气污染对城市环境和人群健康的影响。