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Lesson 6 Ammonia氨A1 Dinitrogen makes up more than three-quarters of the air we breathe , but it is not readily available for further chemical use.在我们呼吸的空气中，有超过3/4是氮气，但是要进一步的化学应用并不简单。
2 Biological transformation of nitrogen into useful chemicals is embarrassing for the chemical industry, since all the effort of all the industry’s technologists has been unable to find an easy alternative to this.对于化学工业来说，利用生物转化法将氮气转化为有用的化学产品是很困难的，因为所有工厂的技术专家做了很多努力也没有找到一个容易的方法。
3 Leguminous plants can take nitrogen from the air and convert it into ammonia and ammonium-containing products at atmosphere pressure and ambient temperature;豆科植物可以在大气压和常温下将空气中的氮转化为氨和含有铵基的物质。
4 despite a hundred years of effort ,the chemical industry still needs high temperatures and pressures of hundreds of atmospheres to do the same job.但是对于化学工业，尽管经过了一百多年的努力，要完成相同的工作，仍需要高温和高出大气压几百倍的高压。
化工专业英语Volatile:挥发性的 Semipermeable membrane:半透膜 immiscible：不相混的 Debit:把….记入借方 Credit:记入贷方Electrical potential:电势 Leaching:浸提 Extraction：萃取 Direct current:直流 Instantaneous:瞬间的 Successive：连续的 Collision：碰撞 Impeller：叶轮 Wavelet analysis:微元分析 Entrainment：夹带 Breakage：破坏Attrition：磨损 Indispensable：不可缺少的 Trajectory:轨道 Acrylic：丙烯酸 Baffle：挡板 Ruffle：滋扰 Discharge:释放 circulation flow:环流attrition：磨损 nucleation：成核 Catalytic：催化 frequency：频率shutter：快门 inertia：惯性 Pitched：倾斜的 histogram：柱状图breakdown：破坏 Unit 14 Distillation Dumped or ordered packings:乱堆或整齐堆放填料 Plate:板 Tray:塔盘 Hold-down and support plates:固定和支撑板 Fraction:馏分 Cascading:成瀑布落下，分多级进行 Reboiler：再沸器Overhead condenser: 塔顶冷凝器 Reflux:回流 Distillate：馏出物Countercurrent:逆流 Relative volatility：相对挥发度 Rectifying section:精馏段 Stripping section:提留段 Sidestream：侧线馏分 Circumvent:回避Hypothetical:假设的 Equilibrium-stage：平衡级（理论板） Tray efficiency:塔板效率 The number of hypothetical equilibrium stages required is then converted to a number actual trays by means of tray efficiencies, which describe the extent to which the performance of actual contact tray duplicates the performance of an equilibrium stage 然后理论塔板数通过塔板效率被转换成实际塔板数；塔板效率是实际塔板表现和理论塔板表现的比值。
仅供参考Iｎｔｒoduction to Oｒganｉc Ｃheｍiｓt ｒy1．Ｓources of Orｇaｎic ＣompｏunｄsTｈe major sourｃes of orｇanic cheｍｉｃａｌs ａre coal, petｒole ｕm, ａnd agriculturａｌprｏｄucｔｓ．Both coal and pｅtrｏlｅu ｍweｒe formｅd througｈthe gｅologic prｏcesseｓof ｃhanging aｎimal anｄpｌant rｅmains iｎto ｃarbｏn-contaｉniｎg reｓiｄues. Aboutｏｎe-thiｒｄof all oｒgａnic chemicａｌｓar ｅderived from coａlａndａbouｔonｅ－haｌf ｆrom thｅｐetrｏｌｅum inｄｕstｒy有机化合物的来源有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。
动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。
三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的,一般来自于石油工业。
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Unit 1 General Chemistry Lesson 1Inorganic Chemistry 无机化学是一门涉及化学性质和无机化合物反应的化学学科分支。
无机化学包括了所有除了那些基于链或环的碳原子的被称为有机化合物，并在有机化合物的独立标题下研究有机化学的化合物。
两学科之间的区别并不是绝对的,两者之间有许多重叠,最重要的是在有机金属化学的分支学科上。
1．主要概念无机化合物主要是盐，它是通过阴、阳离子通过离子键键合形成。
例如：阳离子钠Na+和镁Mg2+分别与阴离子氧O2—-和氯Cl-形成化合物。
盐都是电中性的,如离子化合物氧化钠Na2O或氯化镁MgCl2。
这些离子的电性可以由他们的氧化态和易于形成可以从他们母体元素中的电离电位和电子亲和力推断出来的来描述。
一类重要的无机化合物是氧化物,碳酸盐、硫酸盐和卤化物。
许多无机化合物都具有很高的熔点。
固态无机盐是典型的不良导体。
另一个重要性质是他们在水中的溶解度和容易结晶。
有些盐(例如NaCl)极易溶于水,另一些(例如二氧化硅)是不易溶于水的。
最简单的无机反应是复分解反应，即在两种盐的混合物中，离子相互交换但不发生电荷及化合价的改变。
在氧化还原反应中，氧化剂的化合价降低，还原剂的化合价升高，最终的结果是发生了。
交换电子也可以间接发生，例如电池——电化学中一个很重要的概念。
在酸碱化学中，反应物包含氢原子的反应可以通过交换质子发生。
更广泛的定义就是：在任何化学种类里能结合电子对的被称为路易斯酸,相反的，任何提供电子对的分子被称为路易斯碱。
在精细酸碱反应中,软硬酸碱理论考虑到离子的极化性和离子大小。
无机化合物存在于天然矿物质中。
例如土壤和黄铁矿中含有硫化亚铁，石膏中含有硫酸钙。
无机化合物应用于多个方面：作为生物大分子，作为电解液(氯化钠)，作为储能物(ATP)或作为结构骨架（DNA 骨架中的多磷酸盐)。
最重要的人工合成的无机化合物是通过哈伯合成氨法合成的，用于土壤施肥的亚硝酸盐铵。
化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学General Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry谱学导论Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry现在基础化学The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry 合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis环境化学Environmental Chemistry环境监测Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry 化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验Computer and Chemical Measurement 化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题Special Topicsin Applied Chemistry一、化工装置常用词汇一概论introduction方案(建议书) proposal可行性研究feasibility study方案设计concept design工艺设计process design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design开工会议kick-off meeting审核会议review meeting 外商投资foreign investment中外合资joint venture中外合营joint venture补偿贸易compensation trade合同合同附件contract卖方vendor买方buyer顾客client承包商contractor工程公司company供应范围scope of supply生产范围production scope生产能力production capacity项目project界区battery limit装置plant公用工程utilities工艺流程图process flow diagram工艺流程方块图process block diagram管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balance d iagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balance d iagram 设备布置图equipment layout设备表equipment list成品(产品) product(final product)副产品by-product原料raw-material设计基础数据basic data for design技术数据technical data数据表data sheet设计文件design document设计规定design regulation现场服务site service项目变更project change用户变更client change消耗定额consumption quota技术转让technical transfer技术知识technical know-howtechnical knowledge技术保证technical guarantee咨询服务consultative services技术服务technical services工作地点location施工现场construction field报价quotation标书bidding book公司利润company profit固定价合同fixed price contract固定单价合同fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同cost plus award fee contract 定金mobilization银行保证书bank guarantee letter保留金retention所得税income taxes特别承包人税special contractor's taxes城市和市政税city and municipal taxes工作手册work manual工作流程图work flow diagram质量保证程序QA/QC procedures采购计划procurement plan施工计划construction plan施工进度construction schedule项目实施计划project execution plan项目协调程序project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划project master schedule设计网络计划engineering network logic项目质量保证project quality assurance项目质量控制project quality control采购procurement采购周期procurement period会签the squad check计算书calculation sheets询价inquiry检验inspection运输transportation开车start up / commission验收inspection & acceptance校核check审核review审定approve版次version部门department专业specialty项目号project number图号drawing number目录contents序言foreword章chapter节section项itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specificationDATA SHEET（技术表）technical data sheetTBA(技术评标）technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design packagePM (项目经理) project managerLDE( 专业负责人) lead discipline engineerMRQ( 材料询价单) Material requisition for quotationMRP(材料采购单) material requisition for purchaseBEP( 基础工程设计包) basic engineering packageP&ID( 管道及仪表流程图) piping and instrument d rawing(diagram) PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP （详细设计阶段）detail design phase二、工艺流程连续过程continuous process间歇过程batch process工艺叙述process description工艺特点process feature操作operation反应reaction副反应side reaction絮凝flocculation浮洗flotation倾析decantation催化反应catalytical reaction萃取extraction中和neutralization水解hydrolysis过滤filtration干燥drying还原reduction氧化oxidation氢化hydrogenation分解decomposition离解dissociation合成synthetics吸收absorption吸附adsorption解吸desorption结晶crystallization溶解solution调节modulate控制control悬浮suspension循环circulation再生regeneration再活化reactivation沥取leaching破碎crushing煅烧caloination沉降sedimentation沉淀precipitation气化gasification冷冻refrigeration固化、结晶solidification 包装package升华sublimation燃烧combustion引烧ignition蒸馏distillation碳化carbonization压缩compression三、化学物质及特性固体solid液体liquid气体gas化合物compound混合物mixture粉powder片状粉未flake小粒granule结晶crystal乳化物emulsion氧化物oxidizing agent还原剂reducing agent有机物organic material真空vacuum母液master liquor富液rich liquor贫液lean liquor萃出物extract萃余物raffinate絮凝剂flocculants冷冻盐水brine酸度acidity浓度concentration碱度alkalinity溶解度solubility凝固点solidificalion point 沸点boiling point熔点melting point蒸发率evaporation rate 粘度viscosity吸水的water absorbent(a) 无水的anhydrous(a)外观appearance无色的colorless(a)透明的transparent(a)半透明的translucent密度density比重specific gravity催化剂catalyst燃烧combustion引燃ignition自然点self-ignition temperature可燃气体combustible gas可燃液体inflammable liquid易燃液体volatile liquid爆炸混合物explosive mixture爆炸性环境explosive atmosphere(environment) 爆炸极限explosive concentration limit废水waste water废液waste liquid废气off-gas噪声noise pollution成分composition挠度deflection力和力矩force and moment弯矩bending moment应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram百分比percentage环境温度ambient temperature工作温度operating设计温度design temperature(pressure)相对湿度RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥sludge杂质impurity四、化工设备泵pump轴流泵axial flow pump真空泵vacuum pump屏蔽泵canned pump柱塞泵plunger pump涡轮泵turbine pump涡流泵vortex pump离心泵centrifugal pump喷射泵jet pump转子泵rotary pump管道泵inline pump双作用往复泵double action reciprocating pump计量泵metering pump深井泵deep well pump齿轮泵gear pump手摇泵hand(wobble) pump螺杆泵screw (spiral) pump潜水泵submersible pump斜转子泵inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵air-lift-pump轴承bearing叶轮impeller虹吸管siphon高压容器high pressure vessel焚化炉incinerator火焰清除器flame arrester工业炉furnace烧嘴burner锅炉boiler回转窑rotary kiln加热器heater电加热器electric heater 冷却器cooler冷凝器condenser换热器heat exchanger反应器reactor蒸馏釜still搅拌器agitator混合器mixer静态混合器static mixers 管道混合器line mixers 混合槽mixing tanks破碎机crusher磨碎机grinder研磨机pulverizer球磨机ballmill过滤器filter分离器separator干燥器drier翅片fins烟囱stack火炬flare筛子screen煅烧窑calciner倾析器decanter蒸发器evaporator再沸器reboiler萃取器extractor离心机centrifuger吸附（收）器adsorber结晶器crystallizer电解槽electrolyzer电除尘器electric precipitator洗涤器scrubber消石灰器slaker料仓bin料斗hopper加料器feeder增稠器thickener澄清器clarifier分级器classifier浮洗器flocculator废液池sump喷射器ejector喷头sprayer成套设备package unit仪器设备apparatus附属设备accessory旋转式压缩机rotary compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机nash compressor螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor 多级压缩机mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor管式反应器tubular reactor列管式换热器tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔extraction column板式塔plate column填料塔packed column洗涤塔scrubber吸收塔absorber冷却塔cooling tower精馏塔fractionating tower汽提塔stripper再生塔regenerator造粒塔prill tower塔附件tower accessories液体分配（布）器liquid distributor填料支持板support plate定距管spacer降液管downcomer升气管chimney顶(底)层塔盘top (bottom) tray挡板baffle抽出口draw nozzle溢流堰weir泡罩bubble cap筛板sieve plate浮阀float valve除沫器demister pad塔裙座skirt椭圆封头elliptical head高位槽head tank中间槽intermediate tank加料槽feed tank补给槽make-up tank计量槽measuring tank电解槽cell溜槽chute收集槽collecting tank液滴分离器knockout drum稀释罐thinning tank缓冲罐surge drum回流罐reflux drum闪蒸罐flash drum浮顶罐floating roof tank内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid气柜gas holder湿式气柜wet gas-holder干式气柜dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜helical gas-holder星型放料器,旋转阀rotary valve抽滤器mutche filter压滤器filter press压滤机pressure filter板框压滤器plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter带式过滤器belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter旋风分离器cyclone separator盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier真空干燥器vacuum drier隧道式干燥器tunnel drier回转干燥器rotary drier穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器spray drier气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier圆盘式加料器dish feeder螺旋式加料器screw feeder颚式破碎机jaw crusher回转破碎机gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机roll crusher锤式破碎机hammer crusher冲击破碎机rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer棍磨机rod mill雷蒙机raymond mill锤磨机hammer mill辊磨机roller mill振动筛vibrating screen回转筛rotary screen风机fan罗茨鼓风机root's blower起重机crane桥式起重机bridge crane电动葫芦motor hoist发电机generator电动机motor汽轮机steam turbine五、管道工程piping engineering1阀门valve阀杆stem内螺纹阀杆inside screw阀座valve seat (body seat)阀座环、密封圈sealing ring阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等) trim阀盘disc阀体body阀盖bonnet手轮hand wheel手柄hand level (handle)压盖gland闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板split wedge截止阀globe valve节流阀throttle valve针阀needle valve角阀(角式截止阀) angle valveY 型阀(截止阀) Y-valve(Y-body globe valve) 球阀ball valve三通球阀3-way ball valve蝶阀butterfly valve对夹式(薄片型) wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀combined non-return butterfly valve 柱塞阀piston type valve旋塞阀plug valve三通旋塞阀three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀four-way plug valve旋塞cock衬套旋塞sleeve cock隔膜阀diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve止回阀check valve升降式止回阀lift check valve旋启式止回阀swing check valve落球式止回阀ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve底阀foot valve切断式止回阀stop check valve活塞式止回阀piston check valve翻板止回阀flap check valve蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve安全泄气阀safety[SV]安全泄放阀relief v alve[RV]安全泄压阀safety relief valve杠杆重锤式lever and weight type罐底排污阀flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve电磁阀solenoid (operated) valve电动阀electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀pneumatic operated valve低温用阀cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀steam trap机械式疏水阀mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀open (top) bucket trap浮球式疏水阀float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve换向阀diverting (reversing) valve呼吸阀breather valve减压阀pressure reducing valve控制阀control valve执行机构actuator差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve切断阀block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀regulating valve快开阀quick opening valve快闭阀quick closing valve隔断阀isolating valve三通阀three way valve夹套阀jacketed valve非旋转式阀non-rotary valve2管子,管件,法兰管子pipe( 按标准制造的配管用管)tube( 不按标准规格制造的其它用管)钢管steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe衬里管lined pipe复合管clad pipe碳钢管carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe不锈钢管stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管wrought-steel pipe锻铁管wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe排污阀blowdown valve集液排放阀drip valve排液阀drain valve放空阀vent valve卸载阀unloading valve排出阀discharge valve吸入阀suction valve取样阀sampling valve手动阀hand operated(manually-operated) valve(水)龙头bibb;bib;faucet抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve旁路阀by-pass valve软管阀hose valve混合阀mixing valve破真空阀vacuum breaker冲洗阀flush valve根部阀root (primary, header) valve水煤气钢管water-gas steel p ipe塑料管plastic pipe玻璃管glass tube橡胶管rubber tube壁厚wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的,加强的extra heavy (strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的double extra heavy (strong) 弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow长半径弯头long radius elbow短半径弯头short radius elbow长半径180°弯头long radius return短半径180°弯头short radius return三通tee异径三通reducing tee等径三通straight tee带支座三通base tee45°斜三通45° lateralY 型三通true"Y"四通cross异径管reducer同心异径管concentric reducer偏心异径管eccentric reducer管接头coupling;full coupling活接头union短管nipple预制弯管fabricated pipe bendU 型弯管"U"bend法兰端flanged end万向接头universal joint对焊的butt welded[BW]螺纹的threaded[THD]承插焊的socket welded[SW]法兰flange[FLG]整体管法兰integral pipe flange钢管法兰steel pipe flange螺纹法兰threaded flange滑套法兰slip-on flange平焊法兰slip-on-welding flange承插焊法兰socket welding flange松套法兰lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰weld neck flange[WNF]法兰盖blind flange;blind异径法兰reducing flange压力级pressure rating(class)突面raised face[RF]凸面male face凹面female face全平面;满平面flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件piping speciality粗滤器strainer过滤器filter临时过滤器temporary strainer(cone type) Y 型过滤器Y-type strainerT 型过滤器T-type strainer永久过滤器permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower 视镜sight glass阻火器flame arrester喷咀;喷头spray nozzle喷射器ejector取样冷却器sample cooler消音器silencer膨胀节expansion joint波纹膨胀节bellow补偿器compensator软管接头hose connection[HC] 快速接头quick coupling金属软管metal hose橡胶管rubber hose挠性管flexible tube特殊法兰special flange漏斗funnel 8 字盲板spectacle (figure 8) blind 爆破板rupture disk4,其它材料碳素钢carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁cast iron[C.I.]铝aluminum铜,紫铜copper钛titanium抗拉强度tensile strength非金属材料non-metallic material 塑料plastic陶瓷ceramic搪瓷porcelain enamel玻璃glass橡胶rubber垫片gasket[GSKT]平垫片flat gasket填料packing型钢shaped steel角钢angle steel槽钢channel工字钢I-beam宽缘工字钢或H 钢wide flanged beam扁钢flat bar圆钢round steel; rod钢带strap steel网络钢板checkered plate材料表bill of material[BOM]材料统计material take-off[MTO]散装材料bulk material综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS]汇总表summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线center line装置边界boundary limit[BL]区界area limit设备布置equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan标高,立面elevation[EL]支撑点point of support[POS]工厂北向plant north方位orientation危险区hazardous area classification净正吸入压头net positive suction head绝对标高absolute elevation坐标coordinate管道研究piping study管道布置平面piping arrangement p lan[PAP]管道布置piping assembly; layout详图detail"X"视图view "X""A-A" 剖视section "A-A"轴测图isometric drawing索引图key plan管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument diagram[P&ID] 管口表list of nozzles地上管道above ground piping地下管道under ground piping管线号line number总管header; manifold旁路by pass常开normally open常闭normally closed取样接口sampling connection伴热管tracing pipe蒸汽伴热steam tracing热水伴热hot-water tracing电伴热electrical tracing夹套管jacketed line全夹套管full jacketed比例scale图figure草图sketch 图例legend 符号symbol 件号part n。
Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes氯碱工业与相关过程Historically the bulk chemical industry was built on chlor-alkali and related processes.纵观历史，大部分化学工业是建立在氯碱工业及其相关过程之上。
The segment is normally taken to include the production of chlorine gas, caustic soda（sodium hydroxide）, soda-ash（derivatives of sodium carbonate in various forms）and, for convenience, lime-based products.该部分通常包括氯气、苛性钠（氢氧化钠）、无水碳酸钠（以各种形式存在的碳酸钠的衍生物），以及以石灰为基础的产品。
Soda-ash and sodium hydroxide have competed with each other as the major source of alkali ever since viable processes were discovered for both.作为碱的主要来源，自从发现很多过程对于纯碱和火碱都是可行的，它们就相互竞争。
The peculiar economics of electrolytic processes mean that you have to make chlorine and caustic soda together in a fixed ratio whatever the relative demand for the two totally different types of product, and this causes swings in the price of caustic soda which can render soda-ash more or less favorable as an alkali.电解过程的特殊经济性意味着，不管对氯气和氢氧化钠这两种不同类型的产品的相对需求量如何，你只有以固定的比例同时制备氯气和氢氧化钠。
这引起了氢氧化钠的价格的摇摆不定，从而使得纯碱作为一种碱或多或少有利。
Both chlorine/caustic soda and soda-ash production are dependent on cheap readily available supplies of raw materials.氯气/氢氧化钠和纯碱的生产都依赖于廉价的现成的原材料供应。
Chlorine/caustic soda requires a ready supply of cheap brine and electricity, soda-ash requires brine, limestone and lots of energy.氯气/氢氧化钠需要廉价的现成的卤水和电力的供应，纯碱需要卤水、石灰石和大量的能量。
Soda-ash plants are only profitable if their raw materials do not have to be transported far.如果纯碱厂的原材料不需要运输的话，它们是盈利的。
The availability of such supplies is a major factor in the location of many of the chemical industry ’s great complexes.在许多化学工业的重大复合物的位置中，这种供货的可行性是一个主要因素。
1. Lime-Based Products1. 基于石灰的产品One of the key raw materials is lime.一种重要的原料是石灰。
Limestone consists mostly of calcium carbonate （CaCO 3） laid down over geological time by various marine organisms.石灰石主要由CaCO 3组成，CaCO 3是多种多样的海洋生物经过整个地质年代留下来的。
High quality limestones are often good enough to be used directly as calcium carbonate in further reactions.高质量的石灰石可以作为CaCO 3直接用于下一步反应。
Limestone is usually mined in vast open-cast quarries, many of which will also carry out some processing of the materials.石灰石通常在大型露天采石场开采，其中，许多还将进行一些材料的处理。
The two key products derived from limestone are quicklime （CaO ） and slaked lime[Ca(OH)2]. 来自于石灰石的两个主要的产品是生石灰（CaO ）和熟石灰[Ca(OH)2]。
Quicklime is manufactured by the thermal decomposition （1200~1500℃） of limestone according to the equation ：32CaCO CaO+CO →石灰石在1200~1500℃下热分解即可制得生石灰，反应方程式如下：32CaCO CaO+CO → Typically limestone is crushed and fed into the higher end of a sloping rotating kiln where the decomposition takes place and quicklime is recovered from the end.通常，将石灰石打碎，然后将它放入倾斜的旋转窑较高的末端，在那里，石灰石将会分解，从这个窑的末端将会得到生石灰。
Most frequently, however, the quicklime is not isolated for further reactions, rather, other compounds are fed in with the lime to give final products at the low end of the kiln.然而，最常见的是生石灰并不是下一步反应唯一的反应物，而是，其他的化合物也会和石灰一起放入，这样在窑的较低的末端得到最终的产品。
For example, alumina, iron ore and sand can be fed in to give Portland cement.例如，将氧化铝、铁矿石和沙子放入后，能够得到硅酸盐水泥。
Soda-ash manufacture often adds coke to the limestone which burns to give extra carbon dioxide needed for soda-ash manufacture.纯碱的生产通常是在石灰石中添加焦炭，它可以通过燃烧来提供制备纯碱所需的额外的二氧化碳。
Slaked lime which is more convenient to handle than quicklime——is manufactured by reacting quicklime with water.熟石灰的生产比生石灰的生产更方便一些，它通常是通过生石灰与水反应制得。
About 40% of the output of the lime industry goes into steel-making. where it is used to react with the refractory silica present in iron ore to give a fluid slag which floats to the surface and is easily separated from the liquid metal.大约40%的石灰工业的产品用于钢铁制造业。
在钢铁制造业中，纯碱用来与铁矿石中难溶的硅酸盐反应，生成流态矿渣，矿渣漂浮于表面上，很容易从液态金属中分离。
Smaller, but still significant, amounts are used in chemical manufacture, pollution control and water treatment. The most important chemical derived from lime is soda-ash.较少量但重要的石灰工业的产品用于化学品的制造、污染控制和水处理。
从石灰石得到的最重要的化学品是纯碱。
2. Soda Ash2. 纯碱The Solvay Process. The process, which was perfected by Ernest Solvay in 1865, is based on the precipitation of NaHCO3when an ammoniated solution of salt is carbonated with CO2from a coke-fired lime kiln.索尔维工艺。
该工艺发现于1865年由ES优化：工艺是以当氨化的盐溶液经来自于石灰窑中焦炭燃烧产物CO2碳化时，NaHCO3沉淀析出为基础。
The NaHCO3 is filtered, dried, and calcined to Na2CO3.NaHCO3经过滤、干燥和煅烧生成Na2CO3。
The filtered ammonium chloride process liquor is made alkaline with slaked lime and the ammonia is distilled out for recycle to the front end of the process.过滤后的NH4Cl溶液与熟石灰反应后，呈碱性，为了循环利用，蒸馏出的NH3放回到该过程的前端。
