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lacrimal duct occlusion for the treatment of dry eye

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Seminars in Ophthalmology,20:71–74,2005 Copyright c Taylor&Francis Inc.ISSN:0882-0538DOI:10.1080/08820530590931133Lacrimal Duct Occlusion for the Treatmentof Dry Eye Takashi HamanoHamano Eye Clinic, Osaka,Japan ABSTRACT The most widespread treatment for dry eyes in clinical practice is an instillation containing artificial tearfluid.When an instillation does not ameliorate dry eye,we use punctal plugs.The insertion of punctal plugs is an eminent curative that positively improves the corneal and conjunctival ep-ithelial disorders and the amount of lacrimalfluid accumulated in the con-junctival sac.W e shall introduce the lacrimal duct occlusion utilizing atelo-collagen solutions,which solves many of the issues induced by conventional methods.KEYWORDS atelocollagen,dry eye,fluorecein staining,lacrimal duct occlusion,phenol red thread test,punctal plug,rose bengal stainingINTRODUCTIONMany new therapeutic methods and curative medicines for dry eyes are under development.The most widespread method in clinical practice is an instillation containing artificial tearfluid.When an instillation does not ameliorate dry eye, lacrimal duct occlusion is carried out.This report explains mostly the punctal plug,which is the most typical method used,as well as a new method for lacrimal duct occlusion utilizing atelocollagen.PUNCTAL PLUGSCharacteristicsThe most well used method these days is the insertion of punctal plugs.Those with various materials have already been developed while most of them are made of silicone.However,the hardness of the silicone varies depending on each product.The basicfiguration is of a cone-shaped head with which it is inserted from the lacrimal punctum,the shaft in the middle,and the brim(caudal area) to prevent the plug from getting lost in the lacrimal passage.The sizes of plugs are called differently depending on each product,and the range of sizes provided also varies;generally those with a diameter of0.5–1.0mm are used.In Japan, Bernard-Fayet Plug(FCI Ophthalmics,Inc.,Paris,France)(Figure1a),Eagle Flex Plug(Figure1b)and Eagle Plug(Eagle Vision,Inc.,Memphis,TN)are being used in clinical practices.Address correspondence to Dr.TakashiHamano,Hamano Eye Clinic,2–4Komatsubara,Kita-ku,Osaka530-0018,Japan.Tel:+81-6-6315-8282;Fax:+81-6-6315-9504;E-mail:hamano cl@yahoo.co.jp71FIGURE1Plugs clinically used in Japan. a.Bernard-Fayet Plug;b.Eagle Flex Plug.Methods of InsertionMethods of insertion vary slightly depending on each individual product while they are roughly the same. First of all,you measure the size of the lacrimal punc-tum using the special gauge and select the size of the plug in accordance with it.The selection of the plug size is the most crucial point.If a bad choice is made, the effects of the treatment cannot be obtained,and it can be the cause of after-mentioned complications. When the preparations for plugs of the appropriate size are completed,you should slightly extend the lacrimal punctum with the needle for lacrimal punctum exten-sion,and then insert the punctal plug.At this time,you should pay attention so as not to tuck the plug into the lacrimal passage.Effects of TreatmentW e indicate the effects of treatment using punctal plugs with the score of rose bengal staining1ranging from0to9,which is commonly used as an index mark of corneal and conjunctival epithelial disorders,and phenol red thread tear test,2,3which reflect the tear volume accumulated in the inferior conjunctival sac. The mean value of the score of rose bengal staining of 38dry eyes decreased from5.2to2.1(n=26,P<0.01) and the mean value of phenol red thread tear test in-creased from8.7mm to15.7mm(n=31,P<0.01), as a result of inserting punctal plugs.4In the group of another40dry eyes,the score decreased from5.8to 2.4(n=30,P<0.01)and the mean value of phenol red thread tear test increased from6.6mm to15.6mm (n=38,P<0.01).5Paired t test was employed for these statisticalanalyses.FIGURE2Punctal plug extrusion because of granulation formed inside the canaliculus.As shown above,the insertion of a punctal plug is an eminent curative that positively improves the corneal and conjunctival epithelial disorders and the amount of lacrimalfluid accumulated in the conjunctival sac.ComplicationsAlthough the insertion of punctal plugs is an eminent curative for dry eyes,some issues have been pointed out. Granulation6−8is the most frequently observed com-plication of punctal plugs(Figure2).The cause of this is considered to be the local stimulation by the plug. Generally,plugs made of hard materials tend to trigger complications.Even if the material is soft,complica-tions tend to occur if thefinishing of the edge is not satisfactory or thefiguration tends to stimulate tissues. As a countermeasure for granulation you should,first of all,remove the punctal plug and wait for it to disap-pear(Figure3).When inserting a plug once again,use one that causes leaststimulation.FIGURE3Granulation after the punctal plug was removed.T.Hamano72The issue of a plug migration tends to rise when the plug is pushed in to the point that is deeper than the lacrimal punctum.Some cases have been reported in which the plug migration inside the lacrimal passage caused peripheral inflammations and infections.6,9In order to prevent this from happening,due care must be taken so as not to let the plug become lost and in case this has happened,follow-ups must be made without fail.Although the design of the plug has been improved, epithelial disorders caused by the caudal part of the plug coming into contact with the cornea and conjunctiva are still frequently observed.In these cases,patients do not experience discomfort in frontal vision while they do in lateral vision.Removing the causal plug,and in-serting another plug of a differentfiguration,or a plug into a different lacrimal punctum,must deal with this. Punctal plug extrusion10is another issue,which has not yet been solved.The plug is supported structurally by the lacrimal punctum while its elasticity has an in-dividual difference.Therefore,even if the size of the punctal plug inserted was appropriate,there is an indi-vidual difference in the frequency of plug extrusion.As a countermeasure,you should insert a plug the size of which is larger by one scale compared to the one used previously.What is expected of punctal plugs as products now is that they are easy to insert,tend not to migrate in the lacrimal passage,and tend not to bring about epithelial disorders of cornea and conjunctiva.LACRIMAL DUCT OCCLUSIONUSING ATELOCOLLAGENAt the present time,insoluble lacrimal canaliculus plugs and soluble lacrimal canaliculus collagen plugs are used as a substitute for punctal plugs.However,in-soluble lacrimal canaliculus plugs are reported to be associated with complications such as infections and inflammations.11,12No serious complications are re-ported to be associated with lacrimal canaliculus col-lagen plugs;however,it is difficult to select the colla-gen plugs with an appropriate size.When the diameter of the plug is too small,there would be no effects of closure of the lacrimal duct,and when it is too large, the insertion would be difficult.In order to solve such problems,using a material that is in a liquid form at the time of insertion and is later solidified in the lacrimal canaliculus,13,14has been attempted.Next,we shall introduce lacrimal duct occlusion us-ing atelocollagen solution.15CharacteristicsThe substance that is generally called atelocollagen14 is a type I collagen in which the telopeptide with a high antigenicity is excised by pepsinating it.Therefore,the antigenicity of it is significantly low compared to other collagens.At4◦C and under,atelocollagen dissolves in a neutral phosphate buffer solution.When heated up to37◦C,the atelocollagen forms a core,and the en-tire solution turns into a white-colored gel,and obtains enough intensity to be retained with forceps.15It has been confirmed in experiments using rabbits15 and dogs16that atelocollagen solution becomes gel after beingfilled in the lacrimal canaliculus from the lacrimal punctum using a lacrimal irrigation needle,and con-trols the excretion of lacrimalfluid.Furthermore,clin-ical application of it for human eyes has already been attempted.17Method of InjectionThe technique of lacrimal duct occlusion using ate-locollagen is the same procedure as for a diagnostic test of the lacrimal duct using saline and easier than the insertion of punctal plugs.Atelocollagen solutions are packed in the cartridge syringe for exclusive use, and are injected in the lacrimal duct of patients’eyes using the lacrimal duct irrigation needle.After being filled,the patients should not blink and keep their eyes closed for approximately15minutes.This is to prevent thefilled solution from leaking out of lacrimal duct by means of its pumping behavior.After several minutes, the lacrimal duct isfilled with gelated atelocollagen and lacrimal duct occlusion is completed.Figure4shows the lower lacrimal punctum that have been occluded with gelated atelocollagen.The amount of atelocollagen to be used is approximately170µl per eye.18Effects of TreatmentClinical tests of this atelocollagen used for136dry eyes(69cases)showed that the score of rose bengal staining was reduced compared to before the treatment (p<0.0001for thefirst,the fourth,and the eighth week).In addition,the score offluorescein staining de-creased(p<0.0001for thefirst,the fourth,and the eighth week)and tear volume measured by phenol red73Lacrimal Duct Occlusion Treatment of Dry EyeFIGURE4Inferior lacrimal punctum occluded with gelated atelocollagen.thread increased(p<0.005for thefirst week,P<0.05 for the fourth and the eights week).Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was employed for these statistical analyses. Eight weeks after the treatment,physicians made4-scale objective evaluations(“Significantly improved,”“Im-proved,”“Unchanged,”and“W orsened”)of the score of rose bengal staining,the score offluorescein stain-ing,and tear volume measured by phenol red thread. At the same time,subjects made4-scale subjective eval-uations(“Significantly improved,”“Improved,”“Un-changed,”and“W orsened”).Objective evaluations of “Significantly improved”or“Improved”were obtained in57cases and subjective evaluations of“Significantly improved”or“Improved”in60cases.In both objec-tive and subjective evaluations,effects confirmed in56 cases.Moreover,no physicians or subjects were evalu-ated as“W orsened.”Experimentally,the intensity of gelation atelocolla-gen reaches a maximum in approximately70hours and attains equilibrium.On the other hand,the duration of the effectiveness of the gelation atelocollagen in inhibit-ing tear drainage is considered to vary from individual to individual depending on the tear volume,frequency of blinking,and functions of the nasolacrimal duct; the effectiveness is expected to last for about8weeks in human eyes,judging from the results of our clinical tests.Lacrimal duct occlusion using atelocollagen solu-tions has not been reported to cause such serious com-plications as those caused by insoluble plugs.As shown above,lacrimal duct occlusion using ate-locollagen solutions solves many of the issues induced by conventional methods.Moreover,as it is a cure that can be carried out safely and easily,our expectations for it to be one of the most widespread methods for lacrimal duct occlusion are high for the future.REFERENCES[1]Van Bijsterveld OP.Diagnostic tests in the sicca syndrome.Arch Oph-thalmol1969;82:10–14.[2]Hamano H,Hori M,Kojima S,Mitsunaga S,Maesima J.Contactlens wear and tear secretion test—second report:clinical test using phenol-red thread.J Jpn Contact Lens Soc1982;24:292–296. [3]Hamano T.The clinical significance of the phenol red thread teartest.Folia Ophthalmol Jpn1991;42:719–727.[4]Hamano T,Ohashi Y,Cho Y,Kim S,Matsuda M,Shimomura Y,Manabe R.Design of a lacrimal punctum plug and its value in dry eye patients.Rinsho Ganka1986;40:1063–1067.[5]Hamano T.New treatment and diagnosis for dry eye.Folia Ophthal-mol Jpn1988;39:938–946.[6]Soparkar CN,Patrinely JR,Hunts J,Lindberg JV,Kersten RC,Anderson R.The perils of permanent punctal plugs.Am J Oph-thalmol1997;123:120–121.[7]Fayet B,Assouline M,Hanush S,Bernard JA,D’Hermies F,RenardG.Silicone punctal plug extrusion resulting from spontaneous dis-section of canalicular mucosa.A clinical and histopathologic report.Ophthalmology2001;108:405–409.[8]Shinozaki K.Punctal plug—advantages and defects.Journal of theEye2003;20:23–27.[9]Rumelt S,Remulla H,Rubin PA.Silicone punctal plug migration re-sulting in dacryocystitis and canaliculitis.Cornea1997;16:377–379.[10]Nisii M,Yokoi N,Komuro A,Sugita J,Nakamura Y,Kojima K,Ki-noshita parison of extrusion rate for two different design of punctal plugs.J Jpn Ophthalmol Soc2003;107:322–325.[11]White WL,Bartley GB,Hawes MJ,Linberg JV,Leventer DB.Iatro-genic complications related to the use of Herrick Lacrimal Plugs.Ophthalmology2001;108:1835–1837.[12]Lee J,Flanagan plications associated with silicone intra-canalicular plugs.Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg2001;17:465–469.[13]Patten JT.Punctal occlusion with n-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue ashe-sive.Ophthalmic Surg1976;7:24–26.[14]Stenzel KH,Miyata T,Rubin AL.Collagen as a biomaterial.AnnualReview of Biophysics and Bioengineering1974;3:231–253. [15]Onodera J,Iwasaki T,Saito A,Ito H,Hamano T,Kanai A,Nagai Y.Theapplication of atelocollagen solution to a lacrimal duct occlusion.Jpn J Artif Organs1999;28:225–229.[16]Onodera J,Saito A,George J,Iwasaki T,Ito H,Aso Y,Hamano T,Kanai A,Miyata T,Nagai Y.In:Sullivan D et al.,editors.Applica-tion of atelocollagen solution for lacrimal duct crimal Grand,Tear Film,and Dry Eye Syndromes3New York:Kluwer Aca-demic/Plenum Publishers,2002;1277–1281.[17]Hamano T.In:Sullivan D et al.,editors.Atelocollagen punctum oc-clusion for the treatment of the dry crimal Grand,Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes3New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub-lishers,2002;1283–1284.[18]Hamano T,Hayasi K,Miyata K,Nakayasu crimal duct occlusionby atelocollagen—clinical test on69cases of dry eye.Rinsho Ganka 2004;58:2289–2294.T.Hamano74。

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益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻的临床效果

益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻的临床效果

中国当代医药2020年8月第27卷第24期CHINA MODERN MEDICINE Vol.27No.24August 2020·妇幼医学·婴幼儿腹泻是临床上一种较为常见的肠道疾病,主要表现为腹泻、呕吐等症状,其中腹泻分为急性腹泻和慢性腹泻。

急性腹泻一般多以感染性为主,慢性腹泻的常见原因为乳糖不耐受。

因为婴幼儿的主要能量来源为乳糖,乳糖酶的缺乏使母乳或奶制品中的乳糖不能被分解吸收,随后引起肠腔渗透压增高导致渗透性腹泻;乳糖不耐受为未水解的乳糖被结肠吸收后经细菌分解产生大量的气体,易引发腹胀、腹泻等症状[1]。

因乳糖不耐受易导致婴幼儿营养不良、能量摄入不足、贫血,从而影响体格发育和智能发育。

因此,婴幼儿慢性腹泻治疗的关键在于解决乳糖不耐受。

但是有部分诊断为乳糖不耐受的婴幼儿,使用乳糖酶后腹益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻的临床效果张莹黄鸣剑张凯真广州市海珠区妇幼保健院儿科,广东广州510000[摘要]目的探讨益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻的临床效果。

方法选取2019年8月~2020年1月我院收治的36例乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组各18例。

对照组采用乳糖酶治疗,观察组采用益生菌(酪酸梭菌二联活菌散)+乳糖酶治疗。

比较两组患儿的治疗效果、腹泻次数、吐奶次数、体重变化。

结果观察组患儿的临床治疗总有效率(94.44%)高于对照组(83.33%),差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);治疗后,观察组患儿的腹泻次数、吐奶次数少于对照组,体重高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。

结论益生菌联合乳糖酶治疗婴幼儿乳糖不耐受引起的慢性腹泻效果显著,可以有效减少患儿的腹泻次数和吐奶次数,增加患儿的体重,值得临床推广应用。

[关键词]益生菌;乳糖酶;乳糖不耐受;婴幼儿;慢性腹泻[中图分类号]R725.7[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1674-4721(2020)8(c)-0151-03Clinical effect of probiotics combined with Lactase in the treatment of chronic diarrhea caused by lactose intolerance in infants and young chil⁃drenZHANG Ying HUANG Ming-Jian ZHANG Kai-Zhen Department of Pediatrics,Haizhu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital,Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510000,China[Abstract]Objective To explore the clinical effect of probiotics combined with Lactase in the treatment of chronic di⁃arrhea caused by lactose intolerance in infants and young children.Methods A total of 36children with chronic diar⁃rhea caused by lactose intolerance admitted to our hospital from August 2019to January 2020were selected as the re⁃search objects,and they were divided into the control group and the observation group according to the random number table method,with 18cases in each group.The control group was treated with Lactase,and the observation group wastreated with probiotics (Clostridium Caseate Bivalent Viable Powder)combined Lactase.Treatment effect,number of di⁃arrhea,number of vomiting and weight changes were compared between two groups of children.Results The total effec⁃tive rate of treatment of children in the observation group was 94.44%,which was higher than that of the control group of 83.33%,the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).After treatment,the numbers of diarrhea and milking in the observation group were fewer than those in the control group,and the weight was higher than that in the control group,the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion The combination of probiotics and Lactase is effective in treating chronic diarrhea caused by lactose intolerance in infants and young children.It can effectively re⁃ducing the frequency of diarrhea and vomiting in children,increasing the weight of children,and is worthy of clinical application.[Key words]Probiotics;Lactase;Lactose intolerance;Infants and young children;Chronic diarrhea[基金项目]广东省广州市海珠区科技计划项目(海科工商信计2018-31)151·妇幼医学·中国当代医药2020年8月第27卷第24期CHINA MODERN MEDICINE Vol.27No.24August 2020泻症状改善不明显,因此考虑是否有部分婴幼儿同时存在肠道菌群失调加重其腹泻症状[2]。

口腔组织病理学单词整理

口腔组织病理学单词整理

bifid tongue分叉舌，也称舌裂（cleft tongue，split tongue）branchial arch 鳃弓branchial groove 鳃沟cervical sinus 颈窦cleft jaw 颌裂cleft lip 唇裂cleft palate 腭裂conotruncal 主动脉的copula 联合突DiGeorge 综合征细胞遗传学异常（22q11.2缺失）或酒精中毒引起的发育异常ectomesenchyme 外胚间叶，外间充质。

是来自于神经嵴外胚层的结缔组织的总称。

facial cleft面裂foramen cecum舌盲孔frontonasal process 额鼻突fuse 融合ganglionic placode 神经节原基globular process球状突holoprosencephaly 前脑单脑室畸形incisive canal切牙管，鼻腭管（naso-palatal canal）lateral lingual prominence/swelling 侧舌隆突lateral nasal process 侧鼻突lateral palatal process 侧腭突，也称继发腭（second palate）、腭突（palatine shelf）maxillary process 上颌突Meckel's cartilage 第一鳃弓软骨，下颌软骨medial nasal process中鼻突merge联合nasal fin 鼻鳍nasal pit 鼻凹，嗅窝nasal placode鼻板naso-palatal canal鼻腭管，切牙管（incisive canal）neural crest 神经嵴olfactory placode嗅板oral pit口凹orapharyngeal membrane 口咽膜，也称颊咽膜（orapharyngeal membrane）patterning 模式发育pharyngeal pouch 咽囊，鳃囊primary palate 原发腭，前腭突（median palatine process）Rathke's pouch拉特克囊，也称神经颊囊（craniobuccal pouch），颅颊囊（craniopharyngeal pouch）Reichert软骨第2鳃弓软骨retinoic acid syndrome（RAS）维甲酸综合征，妊娠早期服用过量13-顺-维甲酸引起的发育异常Schwann细胞亦称雪旺细胞，为神经鞘膜细胞secondary palate 继发腭，侧腭突（lateral palatal process），腭突（palatine shelf）stomadeum 原口sulcus terminalis 界沟thyroglossal duct甲状舌管Treacher Collins 综合征（外、中耳轻度发育异常，颧骨对称性发育不全或缺失，上、下颌骨后部发育缺陷，约35％的患者可出现腭裂，以软腭裂为主）tuberculum impar 奇结节返回页首第二章牙的发育ameloblast成釉细胞ameloblastin 成釉蛋白amelogenesis釉质形成bell stage钟状期bud stage蕾状期cap stage帽状期cervical loop颈环dental lamina 牙板dental papilla 牙乳头dental sac牙囊enamel cord釉索enamel knot釉结enamel niche釉龛enamel organ成釉器eruption萌出glycosaminoglycans 氨基葡萄糖、糖氨聚糖gubernacular canal引导管Hertwing epithelial root sheath赫特威上皮根鞘inner enamal epithelium内釉上皮层junctional complex连接复合体Malassez epithelial rest马拉瑟上皮剩余mantle dentin罩牙本质matrix vesicle基质小泡non-collagenous protein NSPs 非胶原蛋白odontoblast成牙本质细胞outer enamal epithelium 外釉上皮层predentin前期牙本质preodontoblast前成牙本质细胞primary epithelial band 原发性上皮带reduced dental epithelium 缩余釉上皮resting odontoblast 静止型成牙本质细胞secretory odontoblast分泌型成牙本质细胞Serre's上皮剩余残留的牙板上皮shedding 脱落，交替stellate reticulum星网状层stratum intermedium 中间层terminal web终棒Tomes processes托姆斯突tuftelin釉丛蛋白返回页首第三章牙体组织abrasion, attrition 磨损acellular afibrillar cementum, AAC 无细胞无纤维牙骨质acellular cementum 无细胞牙骨质acellular extrinsic fiber cementum, AEFC 无细胞外源性纤维牙骨质acellular intrinsic fiber cementum, AIFC 无细胞固有纤维牙骨质ameloblastin 成釉蛋白amelogenins 釉原蛋白appearance of doughnut 油炸圈样biglycan 双糖链蛋白聚糖cariostatic potential 耐龋潜能cell-free zone 乏细胞层、Weil层cell-rich zone 多细胞层cellular cementum 细胞牙骨质cellular intrinsic fiber cementum, CIFC 有细胞固有纤维牙骨质cellular mixed stratified cementum, CMSC 有细胞混合性分层牙骨质cementoid 类牙骨质cementum adhesion protein 牙骨质粘附蛋白cementum growth factor 牙骨质生长因子cementum 牙骨质circumpulpal dentin 髓周牙本质cross striations 横纹dead tract 死区decorin 核心蛋白聚糖dendritic cells 树突状细胞dental pulp 牙髓dentin phosphophoryn 牙本质磷蛋白dentin phosphoproteins，DPP 牙本质磷蛋白dentin sialophosphoproteins 牙本质涎磷蛋白dentin sialoprotein，DSP 牙本质涎蛋白dentin 牙本质dentinal tubule 牙本质小管dentino-cemental junction 牙本质牙骨质界desmosome 桥粒direct innervation theory 神经传导学说enamel cap 釉帽enamel cuticle 釉小皮enamel lamellae 釉板enamel rod sheath 釉柱鞘enamel rod 釉柱enamel spindle 釉梭enamel tufts 釉丛enamel 牙釉质enamel-dentinal junction,EDJ 牙釉质牙本质界、釉牙本质界enamelin 釉蛋白enamelo-cemental junction 牙釉质牙骨质界enamelysin 牙釉质溶解蛋白、基质金属蛋白酶20（matrix metalloproteinases 20，MMP20）enkephalin 脑啡肽fibroblast 成纤维细胞fibronectin 纤维粘连蛋白focal hole, FH 灶性孔gap junction 缝隙连接glycosaminoglycans 糖胺聚糖gnarled enamel 绞釉histiocyte 组织细胞hyaline layer 透明层hydrodynamic theory 流体动力学说incremental lines 生长线、芮氏线（lines of Retzius）interglobular dentin 球间牙本质intermediate cementum 中间牙骨质intermediate junction 中间连接intertubular dentin 管间牙本质intratubular dentin 管内牙本质Korff's fiber 科尔夫纤维, 最先形成的牙本质纤维lamina limitans 限制板mantle dentin 罩牙本质micropore 微孔nanospheres 纳米球neonatal line 新生线Neumann sheath 诺伊曼鞘non-amelogenins 非釉原蛋白odontoblast 成牙本质细胞odontoblastic process 成牙本质细胞突起，也称"Tomes' fiber"osteocalcin 骨钙素osteodentin 骨样牙本质osteonectin 骨连接素osteopontin 骨桥蛋白Owen line 欧文线（加重的生长线），也称"contour line of Owen"parietal layer of nerves 神经壁层，Raschkow 丛perforating fiber 穿通纤维perikymata 牙面平行线、釉面横纹periodontoblastic space 成牙本质细胞突周间隙peritubular dentin 管周牙本质predentin 前期牙本质primary dentin 原发性牙本质，牙发育时期形成的牙本质proteinases 蛋白酶pulp core 髓核pulp proper 固有牙髓pulpo-dentinal complex 牙髓牙本质复合体reaction dentin 反应性牙本质remodeling 重塑reparative dentin 修复性牙本质reversal line 反转线rodless enamel 无釉柱牙釉质Schreger line 施雷格线sclerotic dentin 透明牙本质secondary dentin 继发性牙本质，牙发育完成之后形成的牙本质serine proteinases 丝氨酸蛋白酶（kallikrein-4）Sharpey's fiber 沙比纤维，穿通纤维somatostatin 生长激素抑制素tenascin 腱蛋白tertiary dentin 第三期牙本质the zone of Weil Weil层、乏细胞层tight junction 紧密连接Tomes' granular layer 托姆斯颗粒层Tomes processes pit，TPP 托姆斯突凹transduction theory 转导学说transparent dentin 透明牙本质tropocollagen 原胶原tuftelin 釉丛蛋白undifferentiated mesenchymal cell 未分化间充质细胞vitronectin 玻璃粘连蛋白，细胞外粘附蛋白，副纤维粘连蛋白von Ebner 1ine 牙本质生长线wedge shaped defect 楔状缺损返回页首第四章牙周组织alveolar bone proper固有牙槽骨alveolar bone 牙槽骨alveolar crest group 牙槽嵴组alveolar process 牙槽突alveologingival group 牙槽龈组apical group 根尖组apoptosis 凋亡attached gingiva 附着龈bundle bone 束骨circular group 环行组dentogingival group 龈牙组dentogingival junction 牙龈结合dentoperiosteal group 牙骨膜组elastin fibers 弹力纤维Eluanin纤维牙周膜中两种不成熟的弹力纤维之一free gingiva 游离龈free gingival groove 游离龈沟gingiva 牙龈gingival col 龈谷gingival sulcus龈沟gingval epithelium 牙龈上皮horizontal group 水平组Howship 陷窝骨吸收陷窝interdental papilla 牙间乳头interradicular group 根间组junctional epithelium 结合上皮Malassez 上皮剩余，牙周膜中上皮根鞘的残余细胞oblique group 斜行组oxytalan fibers 不成熟的弹力纤维periodontal membrance 牙周膜salcular epithelium 龈沟上皮stippling 点彩transseptal group 越隔组返回页首第五章口腔粘膜anchoring fibril 锚纤维attachment plaque 附着斑basement membrane zone 基底膜区basement membrane 基底膜cornified envelope 角化包膜cytokeratin细胞角蛋白desmocollins 桥粒胶蛋白desmogleins 桥粒芯蛋白desmoplakins 桥粒斑蛋白epithelial pegs（rete pegs，epithelial ridges）上皮钉突，上皮嵴epithelial ridges（epithelial pegs, rete pegs）上皮嵴，也称上皮钉突fibulin 锚定素filiform papilla 丝状乳头foliate papilla 叶状乳头Fordyce spot 福代斯斑fungiform papilla 菌状乳头involucrin 总苞蛋白keratiocyte角质细胞lamina densa 密板lamina lucida 透明板lamina propria 固有层lamina reticularis 网板Langerhans cell 郎格汉斯细胞linea alba白线lingual crypt 舌隐窝lingual follicle 舌滤泡lining mucosa 被覆粘膜loricrin 兜甲蛋白masticatory mucosa 咀嚼粘膜melanocyte 黑色素细胞Merkel cell 梅克尔细胞nidogen 巢蛋白oral mucosa 口腔粘膜oral mucous membrane口腔粘膜orthokeratinization 正角化parakeratinization 不全角化perlecan 基底膜聚糖，珍珠素plakoglobin 桥粒斑珠蛋白plectin 网蛋白profilagrin 纤丝聚集蛋白原small proline-rich proteins 小富脯蛋白specialized mucosa 特殊粘膜stratum basale基底层，也称"basal layer"stratum corneum 角化层stratum germinativum 生发层stratum granulosum 颗粒层stratum spinosum 棘层submucosa 粘膜下层taste bud 味蕾tonofilament 张力细丝vallate papilla 轮廓乳头返回页首第六章涎腺acinus 腺泡actin 肌动蛋白antiproteolytic protein 抗蛋白溶解蛋白basket cell 篮细胞crystalloids 晶样体demilune 半月板dense body 致密小体excretory duct 排泄管exocytosis 胞吐glucogon-like protein 高血糖素样蛋白goblet cell 杯状细胞gustin 味觉素histidine 富组氨酸holocrine-type secretion全浆分泌intercalated duct 闰管junctional complex 连接复合体lactoferrin 乳铁蛋白merocrine局浆分泌minor salivary gland 小涎腺mixed acinus 混合性腺泡mucin 粘多糖mucous acinus 粘液性腺泡myoepithelial cell 肌上皮细胞myofilament 肌微丝myosin 肌球蛋白oncocyte 嗜酸细胞oncocytoma 嗜酸粒细胞瘤osmic acid 锇酸oxiphilic adenoma 嗜酸性腺瘤parotid gland 腮腺parotin 腮腺素primitive pluripotential salivary duct cells原始多潜能涎腺导管细胞proline-rich protein 富脯氨酸蛋白ptyatin 涎液素rennin 肾素reserve cell 储备细胞salivary gland 唾液腺saliva唾液secretory duct 分泌管secretory unit 分泌单位seromucous cell 浆粘液细胞serous acinus 浆液性腺泡Sjǒgren syndrome 舍格伦综合征stem cell 干细胞Stensen duct 腮腺导管striated duct 纹管sublingual gland 舌下腺submandibular gland 颌下腺tyrosine-rich protein 富酪氨酸蛋白zymogen granule 酶原颗粒返回页首第七章颞下颌关节capsule 关节囊condyle 髁突cellularrich zone多细胞带disc 关节盘fibrocartilaginous zone纤维软骨带fibrous articular surface纤维性关节表面带synovial membrane 滑膜temporo-mandibular joint，TMJ 颞下颌关节zone of calcified cartilage钙化软骨带第八章牙发育异常adontia 无牙amelogenesis imperfecta 牙釉质形成缺陷症brandywine isolate白兰地型，牙本质形成缺陷的一种central cusp deformity 畸形中央尖cervical enamel extension 牙釉质延伸cleidocranial dysplasia 锁骨头颅发育不良，锁骨颅骨发育不全征concrescence 结合牙congenital syphilis 先天性梅毒牙dens evaginatus of anterior teeth 前牙的牙外突dens in dente 牙中牙dens invaginatus 牙内陷dental fluorosis 氟牙症dentin dysplasia type I I型牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia type II II型牙本质结构不良、冠部牙本质结构不良dentin dysplasia 牙本质结构不良dentin matrix protein 1, DMP1 牙本质基质蛋白1dentin sialoprotein, DSP 牙本质涎蛋白dentinogenesis imperfecta type II 牙本质形成缺陷症II型dilacerations 弯曲牙discoloration of teeth 牙变色distomolar 远中磨牙enamel hypoplasia 牙釉质形成不全enamel opacities 牙釉质混浊症enamel pearl 釉珠fusion 融合牙gemination双生牙ghost teeth 阴影牙、区域性牙发育不良hemifacial hyperplasia 半面过度增生hereditary opalescent dentin 遗传性乳光牙本质hypercementosis 牙骨质过度增生hyperdontia 多生牙hypocalcified type 钙化不全型hypocementosis 牙骨质发育不全hypodontia 少牙hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 少汗外胚层发育不良hypomatuaration type 成熟不全型hypomineralized enamel 牙釉质矿化不全hypomineralized type 矿化不全型hypophosphatasia 低磷酸酯酶症hypoplastic type 形成不全型impaction of teeth 牙阻生lingual cusp deformity 畸形舌侧尖lingual fossa deformity 畸形舌侧窝macrodontia巨牙mesiodens 正中牙microdontia 小牙mottled enamel 斑釉mulberry molar 桑椹牙natal teeth 胎生牙，出生时即已萌出的牙noenatal teeth 新生牙，出生后30天内萌出的牙non-fluoride enamel opacities 非氟性牙釉质浑浊症paramolar 副磨牙persistence of deciduous teeth 乳牙滞留premature eruption 早萌premature loss 过早脱落regional odontodysplasia 区域性牙发育不良、阴影牙retarded eruption 延迟萌出shell-teeth 壳状牙snow-capped 雪帽型supernumerary teeth 多生牙supplemental teeth 附加牙talon cusp 鹰爪尖taurodontism 牛牙症tetracycline stained teeth 四环素牙Turner's teeth Turner 牙，与乳牙有关的感染或创伤引起继生恒牙成釉细胞的损伤，导致继生恒牙牙釉质形成不全或矿化不全water streaming round bouldings 水流围绕圆石，根部牙本质结构不良的表现返回页首第九章龋病A. naeslundii 内氏放线菌A. viscosus 粘性放线菌acidogenic theory 酸原学说acquired pellicle 获得性薄膜、唾液薄膜Actinomyces 放线菌属acute caries 急性龋arrested caries 静止性龋bacterial plaque 菌斑body of the lesion 病损体部cementum caries 牙骨质龋chemico-bacterial theory 化学细菌学说chemico-parasitic theory 化学寄生学说chronic caries 慢性龋dark zone 暗层dental caries 龋病dentin caries 牙本质龋enamel caries 牙釉质龋L. acidophilus 嗜酸乳杆菌L. casei 干酪乳杆菌L. fermentus 发酵乳杆菌Lactobacilli 乳杆菌属Mutans Streptococci 链球菌属pit and fissure caries 窝沟龋proteolysis-chelation theory 蛋白溶解－螯合学说proteolytic theory 蛋白溶解学rampant caries 猛性龋root caries 根龋S. mitis 轻链球菌S. mutans 变形链球菌S. sanguis 血链球菌S. sobrinus 远缘链球菌salivary pellicle 唾液薄膜、获得性薄膜smooth surface caries 平滑面龋smooth surface caries 平滑面龋surface zone 表层three primary factors theory 三联因素学说translucent zone 透明层translucent zone 透明层，硬化层zone of bacterial invasion 细菌侵入层zone of demineralization 脱矿层zone of destruction 坏死崩解层返回页首第十章牙髓病acute pulpitis 急性牙髓炎acute serous pulpitis 急性浆液性牙髓炎acute supurative pulpitis 急性化脓性牙髓炎chronic closed pulpitis 慢性闭锁性牙髓炎chronic hyperplastic pulpitis 慢性增生性牙髓炎chronic pulpitis 慢性牙髓炎chronic ulcerative pulpitis 慢性溃疡型牙髓炎external tooth resorption 牙外吸收idiopathic resorption 特发性吸收interleukin，IL白细胞介素internal tooth resorption 牙内吸收irreversible pulpitis不可逆性牙髓炎leukotrienes，LTs 白三烯necrobiosis 牙髓渐进性坏死prostaglandins，PGs 前列腺素pulp degeneration 牙髓变性pulp calcification 牙髓钙化pulp fibrosis 牙髓纤维性变pulp gangrene 牙髓坏疽pulp hyperemia 牙髓充血pulp necrosis 牙髓坏死pulpitis 牙髓炎residual pulpitis 残髓炎reticular atrophy of the pulp 牙髓网状萎缩retrograde pulpitis 逆行性牙髓炎reversible pulpitis 可复性牙髓炎tooth resorption 牙体吸收transfer growth factor,TGF 转化生长因子vacuolar degeneration of the odontoblastic layer 成牙本质细胞层空泡变性返回页首第十一章根尖周炎acute alveolar abscess 急性牙槽脓肿acute periapical periodontitis 急性根尖周炎cellulitis 蜂窝织炎chonic alveolar abscess 慢性牙槽脓肿chronic periapical abscess慢性根尖脓肿chronic periapical periodontitis 慢性根尖周炎condensing osteoitis 致密性骨炎lipoteichoic acids 磷脂壁酸peplidoglyans 肽葡聚糖periapical granuloma 根尖肉芽肿periapical periodontitis 根尖周炎tumor necrosis factor，TNF 肿瘤坏死因子返回页首第十二章牙周组织病abcesses of the periodontium 牙周脓肿Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans，Aa 放线共生放线杆菌Actinomyces viscosus，Av 粘性放线菌acute necrotizing gingivitis 急性坏死性龈炎acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 急性坏死性溃疡性龈炎adhesion 粘附advanced lesion 进展期aggregation 聚集aggressive periodontitis 侵袭性牙周炎atrophy萎缩Bcteroides forsythus，Bf 福赛类杆菌Cap no gingivalis 牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌cellular adhesion m olecules，CAM 细胞粘附分子chondrosulphatase 硫酸软骨素酶chronic gingivitis 慢性龈炎chronic periodontitis 慢性牙周炎coaggregation 共聚collagenase 胶原酶congenital familial fibromatosis 家族性龈纤维瘤病cytokine 细胞因子degeneration 变性dental pla que biofilm 细菌性生物膜dental plaque-induced gingival disease牙菌斑性牙龈病desquamative lesion of gingival 剥脱性龈病损developmental or acquired deformities and conditions发育性或获得性异常及其状况diffuse atrophy of alveolar bone 牙槽骨弥漫性萎缩dystrophic 营养不良性dystrophy 营养不良early lesion 早期病变established lesion 病损确立期fimbriae 菌毛fusospirochetal gingivitis 梭螺菌龈炎gingival cleft 龈裂gingival crevicular fluid,GCF龈沟液gingival diseases 牙龈病gingival enlargement associated with leukemia白血病性龈增大gingival hyperplasia 龈增生gingival pocket 龈袋gingival recession 牙龈退缩gingivitis with leukemia伴白血病性龈炎hereditary gingival fibromatosis遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病hereditary gingival hyperplasia遗传性龈增生human leucocyte antigen,HLA 人类白细胞抗原hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶idiopathic gingival hyperplasia特发性龈增生idiopathic plasma-cell gingivostomatitis 特发性浆细胞龈口炎inflammation 炎症initial stage始发期interleukins,IL 白细胞介素intrabony pocket 骨内袋lipopolysaccharedes，LPS 脂多糖marginal gingivitis 边缘性龈炎matrix metalloprotinases，MMP基质金属蛋白酶medication-influenced gingivitis 药物性龈炎metalloproteinases 金属蛋白酶mucin 唾液粘蛋白necrotizing periodontal diseases 坏死性牙周病neoplasia 肿瘤noninflammatory 非炎症性non-plaque-induced gingival lesions 非菌斑性牙龈病损occlusal trauma 咬合创伤osteoclast differentation factor,ODF 破骨细胞分化因子osteoprotegerin,OPG 护骨因子papillary gingivitis 牙龈乳头炎periodontal degeneration 牙周变性periodontal disease牙周病periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases反应全身疾病的牙周炎periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions 伴有牙髓病变的牙周炎periodontitis 牙周炎periodontosis 牙周症plasma cell gingivitis 浆细胞龈炎polymorphonuclear leukocytes,PMN 中性多形核白细胞Porphyromonas gingivalis，P.g 牙龈卟啉单胞菌pregnancy gingivitis 妊娠期龈炎presenile atrophy 早老性萎缩prostglandinE2，PGE2 前列腺素E2proteinases 蛋白酶pubertal gingivitis青春期龈炎secondary occlusal trauma 继发性咬合创伤senile atrophy 老年性萎缩steroid hormone-influenced gingivitis 激素性龈炎Stillman'S cleft 龈裂supragingival pocket骨上袋T.maltophilum 嗜麦芽糖密螺旋体T.medium 中间密螺旋体tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase，TIMP金属蛋白酶的抑制剂trauma 创伤traumatic occlusion创伤性咬合trench mouth 战壕口炎Treponema 密螺旋体属tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α肿瘤坏死因子-αVincent gingivitis 奋森龈炎vitamin C deficeint gingivitis维生素C缺乏性龈炎返回页首第十三章口腔粘膜病acantholysis 棘层松解acanthosis 棘层增生acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征amyloidosis 淀粉样变性antinuclear antibody，ANA 抗核抗体atrophy 萎缩atypia 非典型性ballooning degeneration 气球变性basophilic degeneration 嗜碱性变性Behcet syndrome 白塞综合征benign lymphoadenosis of mucosa 粘膜良性淋巴组织增生病benign migratory glossitis 良性游走性舌炎benign mucous membrane pemphigoid 良性粘膜类天疱疮bulla 大疱candida albicans 白色念珠状菌candidiasis 念珠菌病cell apoptosis 细胞凋亡cheilitis glandularis 腺性唇炎cheilitis granulomatosa 肉芽肿性唇炎chronic discoid lupus erythematosus 慢性盘状红斑狼疮colloid body 胶样小体，Civatte小体crusts 痂desmocollins 桥粒芯胶粘蛋白desmogleins 桥粒芯糖蛋白dyskeratosis 角化不良epithelial atrophy 上皮萎缩epithelial dysplasia 上皮异常增生Epstein-Barr Virus EB病毒erosion 糜烂erythema multiforme exsudativum 多形渗出性红斑erythroplakia 红斑erythroplasia 增殖性红斑erythroplastic lesion 红色增殖性病变g1ossitis areata exfoliativa 区域剥脱性舌炎geographic tongue 地图舌granular erythroplakia 颗粒型红斑herpes simplex 单纯性疱疹herpetic stomatitis 疱疹性口炎HIV-gingivitis HIV牙龈炎HIV-necrotizing gingivitis HIV坏死性龈炎HIV-periodontitis HIV牙周炎homogenous erythroplakia 均质型红斑human immunodeficiency virus，HIV 人免疫缺陷病毒hyperkeratosis 过度角化hyperorthokeratosis 过度正角化hyperparakeratosis 过度不全角化interspersed erythroplakia 间杂型红斑leukoedema 白色水肿leukoplakia 白斑lichen Planus Pemphigoides,LPP 类天疱疮样扁平苔藓lichen planus,LP 扁平苔藓lingual papillitis 舌乳头炎macule 斑melanophages 噬黑色素细胞Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome 梅一罗综合征Nikolsky征尼氏征，周缘扩展现象non-Hodgkin lymphoma 非霍奇金淋巴瘤oculo-oral-genital syndrome 眼、口、生殖器三联综合征oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病oral hairy leukoplakia，OHL 口腔毛状白斑oral Kaposi sarcoma 口腔Kaposi肉瘤oral non-Hodgkin lymphoma 口腔非霍其金淋巴瘤oral submucous fibrosis 口腔粘膜下纤维化papule 丘疹pemphigus 天疱疮periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens，PMNR 复发性坏死性粘膜腺周围炎programmed cell death程序化细胞死亡pseudomembrane 假膜，伪膜recurrent aphthous stomatitis,RAS 复发性阿弗他口炎recurrent aphthous ulcer，RAU 复发性阿弗他溃疡reticular degeneration 网状变性rhagade 皲裂sarcoidosis 结节病Schauann bodies 肖曼小体，多核巨细胞内的包涵体spongiosis 海绵形成Stevens-Johnson综合征重症多形渗出性红斑thioflavine T 硫黄素TTzanck cell 天疱疮细胞ulcer 溃疡vaculation and liquefaction of hasal cell 基底细胞空泡性变及液化vesicle 疱Wegener granulomatosis 韦格内肉芽肿white folded disease 白皱折病white sponge nevus 白色海绵状斑痣返回页首第十四章颌骨疾病actinomycosis of jaws 颌骨放线菌病acute suppurative osteomyelitis of jaws急性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎aggressive ossifying fibroma 侵袭性骨化性纤维瘤aggressive osteoblastoma 侵袭性成骨细胞瘤aneurysmal bone cyst 动脉瘤性骨囊肿benign oseoblastoma 良性成骨细胞瘤brown tumor 棕色瘤Burkitt's lymphoma 伯基特淋巴瘤cancellous osteoma 海绵型骨瘤cementifying fibroma 化牙骨质纤维瘤cemento-ossifying fibroma 牙骨质骨化性纤维瘤central type 中心型cherubism 家族性巨颌症chondroblastoma 成软骨细胞瘤chondrocranium 软骨颅chondroma 软骨瘤chondromyxoid fobroma 软骨粘液样纤维瘤chondrosarcoma 软骨肉瘤chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws 慢性弥漫性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性局灶性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis慢性骨髓炎伴增生性骨膜炎chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of jaws慢性硬化性颌骨骨髓炎chronic suppurative osteomyelitis of jaws慢性化脓性颌骨骨髓炎compact osteoma 致密型骨瘤condensing ostitis 致密性骨炎dendritic cell system 树突状细胞系统dermal dendrocyte表皮树突状细胞enchondroma 内生型软骨瘤eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿epithelioid cell 上皮样细胞exostosis 外生骨疣extramedullarg Ewing sarcoma 髓外性尤文肉瘤extramedullary plasmacyfoma 髓外浆细胞瘤extraosseous osteosarcoma 骨外骨肉瘤extraosseous chondrosarcoma 骨外型软骨肉瘤familial fibrous dysplasia of the jaws家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症，同家族性颌骨多囊性病（familial mulitilocular cystic disease of jaws）familial mulitilocular cystic disease of jaws家族性颌骨多囊性病，同家族性颌骨纤维异常增殖症（familial fibrous dysplasia of the jaws）fibro-osseous lesion 纤维-骨病变fibrous dysplasia of bone 骨纤维异常增殖症follicular dendritic cell 滤泡树突状细胞Garré's chronic nonsuppurative sclerosing ostitis Garre慢性非化脓性硬化性骨炎Garré's osteomyelitis Garre骨髓炎giant cell granuloma 巨细胞肉芽肿giant cell lesions of the jaws颌骨巨细胞病变giant cell reparative granuloma 巨细胞修复性肉芽肿giant cell rich lesion 富巨细胞性病变giant cell tumor of bone，GCT骨巨细胞瘤giant osteoid osteoma 巨大型骨样骨瘤granulomatous inflammation 肉芽肿性炎症groundglass appearance 磨砂玻璃样Hand-Schiiller-Christian disease 汉-许-克病hemorrhagic bone cyst出血性骨囊肿high-turnover state 转化亢进histiocytosisX 组织细胞增生症Xhyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺功能亢进indeterminate cell 不确定细胞interdigitating dendritic cell淋巴结的交错突细胞involucrum 骨壳juvenile ossifying fibroma青少年骨化性纤维瘤lamellar bone 板层骨lamina dura 硬骨板Langerhans cell disease 郎格汉斯细胞病，同郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（Langerhans cell histiocytosis）Langerhans cell histiocytosis郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症，同郎格汉斯细胞病（Langerhans cell disease）Langhans giant cell 朗汉斯巨细胞Letterer-Siwe disease 勒-雪病Maffucci's综合征多发性软骨瘤病合并血管瘤malignant osteoblastoma 恶性成骨细胞瘤mesenchymal chondrosarcoma 间叶型软骨肉瘤mineralized bone钙化骨mononuclear phagocyte system 单核巨噬细胞系统mononucleate stromal cell 单核基质细胞monostotic bibrous dysplasia 单骨性骨纤维异常增殖症moth-eaten appearance 虫蚀状multiple chondromatosis 多发性软骨瘤病multiple myeloma 多发性骨髓瘤myeloma 骨髓瘤neonatal maxillitis 新生儿上颌骨骨髓炎Ollier's病多发性软骨瘤病合并肢体发育畸形onion-skin 洋葱皮ossifying fibroma 骨化性纤维瘤osteocartilaginous exostosis 骨软骨性外生骨疣osteochondroma 骨软骨瘤osteoclastoma 破骨细胞瘤osteoid osteoma骨样骨瘤osteoma 骨瘤osteomyelitis of jaws 颌骨骨髓炎osteoradionecrosis 放射性骨坏死osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤periosteal osteosarcoma 骨膜骨肉瘤paraosteal osteosarcoma 骨旁骨肉瘤periostitis ossificans 骨化性骨膜炎peripheral giant cell granuloma 周围性巨细胞肉芽肿peripheral type 周围型peripreral chondroma 周围型软骨瘤peritrabecular fibrosis 骨小梁周围纤维化plasmacytoma 浆细胞瘤polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 多骨性骨纤维异常增殖症primary hyperparathyroidism 原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进pseudocyst 假囊肿punched-out appearance 穿凿样secondary cartilage 继发软骨secondary hyperparathyroidism 继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进sequestrum 死骨simple bone cyst 单纯性骨囊肿solitary bone cyst 孤立性骨囊肿solitary myeloma 弧立性骨髓瘤static bone cavity 静止性骨腔subperiosteal bone resorption 骨膜下骨吸收sulfur granule 硫磺颗粒，即放线菌团sun-ray 日光放射状(影像)syphilis of jaws 颌骨梅毒torus mandibularis 下颌隆突torus palatinus 腭隆突Touton giant cell图顿巨细胞traumatic bone cyst外伤性骨囊肿tuberculosis of jaws 颌骨结核tuberculous osteomyelitis of jaws结核性颌骨骨髓炎tunneling resorption or dissecting resorption穿凿性吸收unmineralized osteoid 非钙化骨样组织返回页首第十五章颞下颌关节病condylar hyperplasia 髁突增生degeneratitive joint disease 退行性关节病denudation 骨剥露eburnation （骨质）象牙化fibrillation 原纤维化fibrinoid change 纤维素样变loose body 游离小体malocclusion 错颌osteoarthritis,OA 骨关节炎osteoarthrosis 骨关节病osteophytic lipping 骨赘性唇状突出pannus 血管翳pigmented villonosdular synovitis 色素性绒毛结节性滑膜炎rheumatoid arthritis，RA 类风湿性关节炎rheumatoid nodule 类风湿性小结synovial osteochondromatosis 滑膜软骨瘤病tangential cleft 切线裂temporomandibular joint disorders 颞下颌关节紊乱病trisomy （染色体）三体vermiform bodies 蚓状小体vertical cleft 垂直裂villous projection 绒毛状突起rheumatoid granuloma 类风湿肉芽肿返回页首第十六章涎腺非肿瘤性疾病与涎腺肿瘤aberrant salivary glands 迷走涎腺accessory salivary gland 副涎腺acinic cell carcinoma 腺泡细胞癌acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征actinomycosis of salivary glands 涎腺放线菌病acute pyogenic paratitis急性化脓性腮腺炎acute sialadenitis 急性涎腺炎adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified adenocarcinoma，NOS 非特异性腺癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌adenoid cystic carcinoma 腺样囊性癌adenolymphoma 腺淋巴瘤adenomatoid hyerplasia of mucous glands 粘液腺腺瘤样增生adenosquamous carcinoma 腺鳞癌Alcian blue 奥辛兰amylase 淀粉酶aplasia of salivary gland 涎腺发育不全apocrine 顶浆分泌avidin biotin-peroxidase complex, ABC 亲和素生物素过氧化物酶复合物basal cell adenoma 基底细胞腺瘤basal reserve cell theory 基底储备细胞理论basisquamous whirling 基底鳞状的旋涡状benign lymphoepithelial lesion 良性淋巴上皮病变blood group substances 血型物质canalicular adenoma管状腺瘤carcinoembryonic antigen，CEA 癌胚抗原carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma 癌在多形性腺瘤中，多形性腺瘤癌变chronic recurrent parotitis 慢性复发性腮腺炎chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of submandibular gland 慢性硬化性颌下腺炎chronic sialadenitis 慢性涎腺炎clear cell carcinoma 透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified 非特异性透明细胞癌clear cell tumor 透明细胞瘤congenital absence of salivary gland 涎腺先天性缺失crush artifact 挤压假象cystadenocarcinoma 囊腺癌cystadenoma 囊腺瘤cytokeratin 细胞角蛋白cytomegalic inclusion disease 巨细胞包涵体病dark cells 暗细胞degenerative sialosis 变性型涎腺肿大症degenerative swelling of salivary gland 涎腺退行性肿大development anomalies of salivary gland 涎腺发育异常developmental anomalies of ducts 导管发育异常diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤ductal papilloma 导管乳头状瘤ductoacinar unit 导管腺泡单位epidemic parotitis 流行性腮腺炎epi-myoepithelial island 上皮肌上皮岛epithelial membrane antigen，EMA上皮膜抗原epithelio-myoepithelial carcinoma 上皮-肌上皮癌evelopmental lingual salivary gland depression 发育性舌侧下颌涎腺陷入extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma 结外边缘带B细胞淋巴瘤fibronectin 纤维连接蛋白haemangioma 血管瘤Hashimoto's thyroiditis 桥本甲状腺炎hetrotopic of saIivary gland 涎腺异位HIV-associated salivary gland disease 艾滋病病毒相关性涎腺疾病Hodgkin lymphoma 霍奇金淋巴瘤hunman immunodeficiency HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒immunocytochemistry 免疫细胞化学immunoglobulin A 免疫球蛋白Aimmunohistochemistry 免疫组织化学intraductal papilloma 导管内乳头状瘤inverted ductal papilloma 内翻性乳头状瘤Küttner瘤慢性硬化性颌下腺炎lactoferrin，LF乳铁蛋白large cell carcinoma 大细胞癌lectin receptors 植物血凝素受体light cells 亮细胞lobular carcinoma 小叶状癌lymphoepithelial carcinoma 淋巴上皮癌lymphoepithelial cyst 淋巴上皮囊肿lysozyme 溶菌酶malignant lymphoepithelial lesion 恶性淋巴上皮病变malignant pleomorphic adenoma 恶性多形性腺瘤metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma 转移性多形性腺瘤Mikülicz's syndrome Mikülicz 综合征mixed tumor 混合瘤mucoepidermoid carcinoma 粘液表皮样癌multicellular theory 多细胞理论mumps流行性腮腺炎myoepithelioma 肌上皮瘤necrotizing sialometaplasia 坏死性涎腺化生oncocytoma 嗜酸细胞瘤non-sebaceous lymphadenoma 非皮脂淋巴腺瘤oxyphilic adenoma 嗜酸性腺瘤papillary cystadenocarcinoma 乳头状囊腺癌papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum 乳头状淋巴囊腺瘤papillary cystadenoma 乳头状囊腺瘤PAS periodic acid schiff的缩写，PAS反应即过碘酸雪夫反应，用于对糖原的特殊染色peroxidase anti-proxidase, PAP 过氧化物酶抗过氧化物酶pleomorphic adenoma 多形性腺瘤pluripotential unicellular reserve cell theory 多能单储备细胞理论polyarteritis 多动脉周围炎polycystic parotid gland 多囊腮腺polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma 多形性低度恶性腺癌polymyositis 多发性肌炎prelymphoma 前淋巴瘤radiant impair 放射线损伤salivary duct carcinoma 涎腺导管癌salivary duct cyst 涎腺导管囊肿salivary duct stone 涎腺导管结石salivary gland cyst 涎腺囊肿salivary gland virus disease 涎腺病毒病Schirmer test 施墨试验，检查泪液分泌情况的一种试验sebaceous adenoma 皮脂腺瘤sebaceous lymphadenocarcinoma 皮脂淋巴腺癌sebaceous lymphadenoma 皮脂腺淋巴腺瘤secretory component 分泌组份semipluripotential bicellular reserve cell theory 半多能双储备细胞理论serous cell carcinoma 浆液细胞腺癌sialadenitis 涎腺炎sialadenoma papilliferum 乳头状涎腺瘤sialadenosis 涎腺症sialoblastoma 成涎细胞瘤sialolithiasis 涎石病sicca syndrome 干燥综合征Sjǒgren's syndrome 舍格伦综合征small cell carcinoma 小细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma 鳞状细胞癌static bony cavity 静止骨腔streptavidin peroxidase,S-P 链亲和素过氧化物酶streptavidin-biotin complex SABC链亲和素生物素复合物syncytium 合胞体syringoma 汗腺瘤teminal duct carcinoma 终末导管癌thyroglobulin 甲状腺球蛋白tissuce peptide antigen，TPA组织多肽抗原tubelo-acinae-complexs 小管-腺泡复合体tuberculosis of salivary gland 涎腺结核tubular adenoma 管状腺瘤undifferentiated carcimma 未分化癌undifferentiated carcinoma with lymphoid stroma 伴淋巴间质的未分化癌vimnentin 波形丝蛋白Warthin瘤腺淋巴瘤xerostomia 口腔干燥症返回页首第十七章口腔颌面部囊肿anchoring fibrils 锚纤维Bohn 结节即婴儿龈囊肿branchial cleft cyst 鳃裂囊肿cervical lymphoepithelial cyst颈部淋巴上皮囊肿dental lamina cyst of the newborn 新生儿牙板囊肿dentigerous cyst 含牙囊肿dermoid cyst 皮样囊肿enamel spur 釉突epidermoid 皮样样囊肿发epithelial plaque 上皮斑eruption cyst 萌出囊肿follicular cyst 滤泡囊肿。

Policies and Procedures for Students in Academic Programs at the

Policies and Procedures for Students in Academic Programs at the

Policies and Proceduresfor Students in Academic Programsat theTufts UniversitySchool of Nutrition Science and PolicyRevised August 2000iPurpose of the HandbookThis handbook provides all students at the School of Nutrition Science and Policy (SNSP) with the rules and regulations that apply between their first registration in the SNSP and the receipt of an M.S. or Ph.D. degree. It describes the procedures, requirements, expectations, and recommended timing for completion of the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees, and the consequences of non-compliance.The student is responsible for knowing and complying with these procedures. An acknowledgment of this responsibility follows this page, and must be signed and submitted to the SNSP Office for Student Services at the time of first registration into an SNSP degree program.Policies and procedures governing degree programs are changed periodically. The policies that apply at the time of the student's first registration in a degree program will be the policies that the student must follow. When a student who has received an M.S. from the SNSP is admitted to the Ph.D. program, or when a student who has withdrawn from a program is readmitted, s/he will follow the policies and procedures that are in effect at the time of first registration following the new admission. Students who take a leave of absence of 365 days or less will continue to follow the policies that were in effect when they entered the program. Students who take a leave of absence of more than 365 days will follow the policies that are in effect at the time of their first registration after the leave of absence.Revised August 2000iiRevised August 2000iii Acknowledgment of Receipt of Policy HandbookName: _________________________ Academic Advisor: ________________________ Date: _________________________I acknowledge that I have received the Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy's Handbook, "Policies and Procedures for Students in Academic Programs≅ as published, August 2000, revised. I acknowledge that I am responsible for knowing and understanding the policies and procedures governing the degree programs of the School, and I agree to follow these rules during my degree program.Signature of the Student:Student's Printed Name:Signature of the Advisor or Faculty Member:Faculty Member's Printed Name:PLEASE SUBMIT THIS FORM TO LORI ANDERSON, OFFICE FOR STUDENT SERVICES, 126 CURTIS STREET, MEDFORD CAMPUS, BEFORE THE END OF THE WEEK OF ORIENTATION.Revised August 2000ivRevised August 2000vTABLE OF CONTENTSPurpose of the Handbook (i)Acknowledgment of Receipt of Policy Handbook (iii)I. Policies and Procedures Relevant to All Students (1)A. Registration (1)1. First Registration for New Students (1)2. Registration for Continuing Students (2)3. Limitations on Total Course Credits per Semester (2)4. Cross-registration at Other Schools of Tufts and at Other Universities (2)5. Registration for Students Who Have Completed Their Coursework (3)6. Registration for Thesis Only (3)7. Registration Deadlines and Penalties (4)B. Procedures Relating to Course Requirements and Course Credit (4)1. Course Credit (4)2. Grading (4)3. Transfer of Credit for Courses Previously Taken (5)4. Exemption from Required Courses (6)a.....Exemption by Means of Transfer of Credit Based upon Course WorkTaken at Other Universities (6)b. Exemption by Exam (6)c. Exemption from Requirements Due to Professional Competence (7)5. Credit for Undergraduate Courses (7)6. Dropping and Adding Courses (7)7. Withdrawal from Courses (8)8. Taking Courses on a Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory Basis (8)9. Taking a Grade of Incomplete (8)10. Auditing Courses (9)11. Directed Study (9)a. Authorized Faculty (9)b. Directed Study Proposal Form (9)c. Grading of Directed Studies (10)12. Internships (10)C. Academic Standing (12)D. Full- and Part-Time Study (12)Revised August 2000viE. Leaves of Absence (12)F. Academic Advising (12)1. Roles and Responsibilities of the Academic Advisor (12)2. Changing an Academic Advisor (13)II.A. Masters Degree Programs in the School of Nutrition Science and Policy (15)B. Masters Degree Course Requirements (15)C. Specializations (16)D. Credit for Summer Courses (16)E. Timetable for Completion of the Masters Degree (17)F. Entering the Doctoral Program from the Masters Program (17)III. Degree Requirements: Ph.D (19)A. Summary of the Requirements for the Ph.D. Degree (19)B. Timing of the Ph.D. Degree (19)C. The Qualifying Exam for Entrance into Ph.D. Candidacy (20)1. Purpose of the Exam (20)2. Timing of the Exam (20)3. The Examining Committee (20)4. Scheduling the Exam (21)5. The Format of the Exam (21)a. Written Research Proposal Component (23)b. Oral Qualifying Examination (25)(6) Areas of Testing for the Oral Qualifying Examination (25)(7) Preparation for the Oral Qualifying Exam (26)(9) Exam Outcomes (28)D. The Doctoral Thesis (28)1. The Thesis Advisor (28)a. Roles and Responsibilities of the Thesis Advisor (29)Revised August 2000viib. Changing the Thesis Advisor (29)2. The Thesis Committee (30)a. Roles and Responsibilities of the Thesis Committee (30)b. Composition of the Thesis Committee (31)c. Changing Thesis Committee Membership (31)d. Scheduling Committee Meetings (31)e. The Thesis Committee Meeting (32)f. Authorship of Papers Arising out of Student Dissertations (32)g. Special Rules Governing Students Conducting Research outside the33Boston Area (33)3. The Thesis Proposal Process (34)a. The Letter of Intent and Preliminary Review of the Proposal (34)b. The Full Thesis Proposal (35)c. Content and Format of the Thesis Proposal (36)d. Proposal Presentation and Approval (38)4. The Written Dissertation (39)a. Content and Organization (39)b. Style and Documentation (41)5. Final Reading and Defense of the Dissertation (42)a. Scheduling and Deadlines (43)b. The Format of the Defense (43)IV. Deadlines and Procedures for Awarding of Degrees at Tufts University (46)APPENDICESAppendix 1: Course Requirements for Degree Programs and Areas ofConcentration in the SNSP (48)Appendix 2: Time Line for Completion of the Doctoral Degree (59)Appendix 3: Suggested Topics for Qualifying Examination (60)Appendix 4: Guidelines for Authorship of Papers for PublicationArising out of Student Dissertations (61)Appendix 5: Procedures for Filing a Formal Grievance with the Schoolof Nutrition Science and Policy (62)Appendix 6: Committees of the SNSP (69)Appendix 7: Application Procedure for Admission to the Ph.D. Program after Completing the SNSP M.S. Degree (72)Appendix 8: Forms Used at the SNSP (73)Revised August 2000I. Policies and Procedures Relevant to All StudentsA. Registration1. First Registration for New StudentsSNSP Orientation is scheduled for the week before the start of fall semester classes. New students register during Orientation. In addition, there may be preparatory courses at this time that all incoming students must complete.Therefore, all new students are required to attend orientation.It is the responsibility of incoming students to contact their Academic Advisors to schedule a planning meeting. Students are encouraged to meet with their Academic Advisors prior to Orientation, but in any case this meeting should occur no later than two working days prior to the start of classes, as this is the deadline for registration. There is a late registration fee if the registration form is not filed with the Registrar by the deadline, but students may add and drop courses without charge and without record of enrollment for two weeks after the start of classes. If the student's Academic Advisor is unavailable during the orientation period, and if the student has been unable to meet with his/her advisor prior to Orientation, the student should call the Office for Student Services to schedule a meeting with an alternate faculty member.The purposes of the planning meeting are as follows.(1) To create a formal course plan with the assistance of the AcademicAdvisor (two years for M.S. students, more or less for Ph.D. studentsdepending upon previous preparation and expressed interests). A copy ofthe course plan must be submitted to the Office for Student Services. Failureto do so may delay registration. The student and the Academic Advisorshould keep a copy of this plan for future reference. The course plan issubject to ongoing reevaluation and revision.(2) To sign the Acknowledgment of Receipt of the Policies and ProceduresHandbook.(3) To fill out the course registration form for the upcoming semester.Students should refer to the Academic calendar for the pre-registrationdates. The Acknowledgment of Receipt of the Policies and ProceduresHandbook and the course plans are due in the SNSP Office for StudentRevised August 2000Services prior to the start of classes. Copies of the registration form shouldbe kept by both the student and the advisor.2. Registration for Continuing StudentsDuring each semester, students must meet with their Academic Advisors to register for the courses that they wish to take in the following semester. Students are encouraged to do this as early as possible, but in any case, the meeting must occur prior to the last day of classes. During the meeting with the academic advisor, the student and advisor will choose the courses to be taken in the next semester and will update the course plan. The updated course plan (even if there are no changes from the previous plan) must be submitted to the Office for Students Services. The student and advisor should keep copies of the plan. The registration form must be submitted to the Registrar=s Office in Ballou Hall, Medford, and the updated course plan for the following semester must be submitted to the Office for Student Services, both by 5 p.m. on the last day of classes each semester.3. Limitations on Total Course Credits per SemesterStudents may register for no more than 5.5 credits in a semester. Students wishing to take more than 5.5 credits in a semester must petition the Dean for Academic Affairs for exemption.4. Cross-registration at Other Schools of Tufts and at Other UniversitiesIn addition to courses offered at the SNSP, students may take any graduate-level course offered at Tufts University, Boston University, Brandeis University, or Boston College. In rare cases, an additional fee may be charged by the school offering the course; the student is responsible for this cost. To register for courses outside the SNSP, a student must submit a Cross-Registration Form with the registration form. This form requires the signatures of both the instructor of the course and the Registrar of the school or university where the course is offered. A student may not register for a cross-registered course unless the completed Cross Registration Form is attached to the registration form. Students are encouraged to complete the cross-registration process prior to the SNSP registration deadline.However, the Cross-Registration Form may be completed on the first day of class and filed with the Registrar along with the drop/add form during the drop/add period.Students enrolled in any SNSP Masters Degree program may take no more than four courses from other academic institutions to fulfill their academic requirements at the SNSP. Courses taken at Tufts University schools (or, for students in the Nutrition Communication Program only, at Emerson College) are not counted toward this limit. Students in the Nutrition Communication Program may Revised August 2000take up to four courses at Emerson through the Tufts-Emerson program in Health Communications, in addition to the biostatistics and epidemiology courses offered in that program. They may elect additional courses in that program, but there will be an additional charge. Limits on cross-registration do not apply to students enrolled in the doctoral program. Consortium schools have the right to limit cross registration to one course per semester; they also have the right to give priority to their own students in classes with limited enrollment.PLEASE NOTE: The calendar and start dates of courses at other universities and at other schools within Tufts University are frequently different from the SNSP academic calendar. It is the responsibility of the student to obtain this information and adhere to these schedules.Students in their last semester prior to graduation should make sure that they will receive their formal course grades by the SNSP deadline. If the final grade will not be received by this date, the instructor of the course should send a written confirmation to the Office for Student Services prior to the deadline stating that, based on the student's work up to that point, the student is expected to pass the course. Otherwise, graduation may be delayed. It is the student's responsibility to request this confirmation from the instructor.Options for taking courses at institutions other than those listed above may be available upon petition by the student to the Dean for Academic Affairs of the SNSP. This is done on a case-by-case basis, and may involve additional cost for the student.5. Registration for Students Who Have Completed Their CourseworkStudents who have completed their coursework and have not yet had a Thesis Committee formally appointed because they are preparing for the Qualifying Exam or developing their Letter of Intent must register as continuing students. Continuing students pay a continuation fee of $400 each semester. Registration deadlines and late registration penalties apply.6. Registration for Thesis OnlyStudents who have completed course work and are working on their dissertations must register for NUTR 403, Ph.D. Thesis Only, each semester they are enrolled. Students working on their dissertation pay a continuation fee of $400 each semester. Registration deadlines and late registration penalties apply.Revised August 20007. Registration Deadlines and PenaltiesStudents must file their registration forms for the upcoming semester in the Registrar=s Office no later than two days before the start of classes in the semester of first registration, and no later than the last day of classes of the previous semester for continuing students.Changes in registration may occur without penalty during the normal Drop/Add period using the Drop/Add form.There is a $200 penalty for late registration.B. Procedures Relating to Course Requirements and Course Credit1. Course CreditCourses at the SNSP are typically listed as carrying one-half, one, or one anda half credits. Full-credit courses typically meet three hours per week for 13 weeks(39 non-laboratory contact hours); half-credit courses may meet fewer hours, or forfewer weeks of the semester. Four one-credit courses constitute a full-time load for one semester, although a student registered for three or more courses is considereda full-time student.Courses outside the SNSP may use different credit systems. SNSP course credit is granted based on the number of contact hours (classroom hours) and on what fraction of a full-time load is represented by the course. In cases of ambiguity, the Curriculum and Degrees Committee decides on credit allocation for courses taken outside the School.2. GradingAt the SNSP, a grade of C or above is considered passing. Courses taken at the SNSP with a grade of C- or lower are not counted toward the fulfillment of SNSP degree requirements. However, such courses (with their grades) appear on the student's transcript and are counted in the student's grade point average (GPA). A student who takes a required course at the SNSP with a grade of C- or lower must repeat the course or take an equivalent course and pass it with a grade of B- or better to fulfill the requirement.Courses taken at schools where a grade of C- is considered a passing grade for graduate credit may count toward fulfillment of course requirements at the SNSP if a grade of C- or better is received. However, the grade received will count in the computation of the student's GPA.Revised August 2000Students who fail a course may decide to take it again. If a student retakes a course and passes it, s/he receives credit for the course; both grades are included in computation of the GPA, but credit is given only once.A student who receives more than two grades of C+ or lower may be put on academic probation by the Academic Dean and the Dean of Students, and may be subject to dismissal upon action of the Curriculum and Degrees Committee, based on the recommendations of the Advisor and the Dean for Academic Affairs.3. Transfer of Credit for Courses Previously TakenA student may receive credit toward the SNSP Masters Degree for up to four graduate-level courses previously taken at other universities or other schools of Tufts University, provided these courses were not used for credit toward another degree. Transfer of credit reduces the total number of courses a student must take to complete his/her degree requirements, but does not reduce the cost of the degree. Only courses that have been taken within the last five years at U.S. universities are routinely considered for transfer credit. Students who wish to receive credit for courses taken outside the U.S. or for courses taken more than five years prior to enrollment should discuss the possibility with the Dean for Academic Affairs. Exceptions will be made on a case-by-case basis after review by the Dean for Academic Affairs.The following materials are required for a course to be considered for transfer credit:a. An official transcript demonstrating a grade of B or better in the courseand showing the year the course was taken;b. A detailed syllabus, in English. (Note: if a syllabus is not available,students may petition the Dean for Academic Affairs to substitute coursenotes or other material);c. The name, current address, and phone number of the instructor. (Note: Ifthe instructor is no longer at the institution, the current instructor can belisted, provided the course has not changed substantially);d. The name and author of the textbook used (if any) to support the lecturematerial;e. The number of contact hours (hours per week and number of weeks theclass met);f. The amount of SNSP credit requested.These materials should be submitted to the Dean for Academic Affairs. They will be reviewed by a faculty member with expertise in the course subject matter appointed by the Dean for Academic Affairs. The faculty member who reviews theRevised August 2000request for transfer of credit will present his/her recommendation in writing to the Dean for Academic Affairs. The Dean for Academic Affairs will communicate the outcome of the review to the student, the Academic Advisor, and the Office for Student Services. The possible outcomes of the review are(1) Transfer of credit,(2) Transfer conditional upona. passing an exemption examb. filling minor deficits through directed study,(3) No transfer of credit.A student may contest the outcome of the review by petition to theCurriculum and Degrees Committee.4. Exemption from Required CoursesStudents may request exemption from any course required for the completion of an SNSP degree. Exemption without transfer of credit does not reduce the number of courses required for the degree but permits students to take different or more advanced courses. Students admitted to the Ph.D. program may fulfill all the SNSP M.S. degree requirements by means of the exemption process if they have taken equivalent courses elsewhere. Students admitted to the Ph.D. program with a previous relevant Masters Degree are encouraged to seek exemption from courses that duplicate previous work. Doctoral students must either take or be formally exempted from all courses that are required for the M.S. degree in the chosen academic program. Exemption may be obtained as follows.a. Exemption by Means of Transfer of Credit Based upon Course WorkTaken at Other Universities.Students are exempted from any required course if they have received transfer credit from the SNSP for its equivalent taken at another university.Students may be exempted from any required course, using the sameprocedure as for transfer of credit (see Sec. I B 3, page 5), if they have takenits equivalent at another university, but did not receive transfer credit fromthe SNSP because the course had been credited to another degree.byExamb. ExemptionStudents are exempted from any course for which they have passed an exemption exam. Exemption exams are given twice per year during the firstweek of classes each semester. The exemption exam must be taken no laterRevised August 2000than two weeks after the first meeting of the course in the semester in which the student would be required to take the course. Students petition the Dean for Academic Affairs for the opportunity to take an exemption exam, and, if the petition is accepted, the Dean for Academic Affairs then appoints a faculty member to administer a written exam to the student. A student may take an exemption exam no more than twice. Failure to pass an exemption exam has no negative impact on the student's academic record.c. Exemption from Requirements Due to Professional CompetenceStudents who feel they have obtained competence in the subject matter of any course due to professional experience may petition the Dean for Academic Affairs in writing for exemption. The request is usually referred to a faculty member with expertise in the area, who makes a written recommendation to the Dean for Academic Affairs. This exemption is approved only in rare cases.5. Credit for Undergraduate CoursesStudents may receive graduate credit for any Tufts University course numbered 100 or higher that is relevant to their field of study. Foreign language courses and non-academic courses may not be counted toward completion of degree requirements.In exceptional circumstances, it may be appropriate for a student in the SNSP to take an undergraduate-level course (courses numbered 99 and below). To receive graduate credit for an undergraduate course, the student must arrange with the instructor to do additional work (such as an additional term paper or project). For a student to receive graduate credit, the course must be taken as a Directed Study, which is approved by the Dean for Academic Affairs in writing. The request must contain an explanation of the reasons for taking the course, and must be accompanied by the written approval of the Academic Advisor and the course instructor. No more than one undergraduate course may be taken for graduate credit at the SNSP.6. Dropping and Adding CoursesThe Drop/Add period is the first two weeks (10 class days) in each semester. There is no penalty for dropping and adding courses during this period, and no record of enrollment will appear on the student's transcript if a course is dropped. Students are encouraged to discuss all changes with their Academic Advisor. The Drop/Add Form requires signatures of the course instructor(s) and the Academic Advisor. A completed form for each change must be submitted to the Office of the Registrar. Please refer to the academic calendar for due dates.Revised August 20007. Withdrawal from CoursesStudents may withdraw from a course by written petition to the Dean for Academic Affairs at any time prior to the date by which all course requirements are to be completed (date of final exam or due date of final paper). This must be done in the form of a letter and must include: the course name and number, the reason the student wishes to withdraw, the signature of the Academic Advisor, and the signature of the course instructor. Following approval of the petition by the Dean for Academic Affairs, the student will receive a grade of withdrawn (W) for the course.This will appear on the student's transcript. A grade of W does not affect the computation of a student's GPA.8. Taking Courses on a Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory BasisSome courses are offered that are graded on a pass/fail or satisfactory/ unsatisfactory (S/U) basis, or in which such grading is an option. Pass/fail or S/U grades determine whether a student receives course credit but are not counted in computation of the student's GPA. Internships taken for course credit are normally offered on a pass/fail basis.A student who wishes to be graded on a pass/fail basis in a course in whichletter grades are usually assigned may request such grading in writing, prior to the end of the normal Drop/Add period. The request must be accompanied by the written approval of the course instructor.Required courses may not be taken on a pass/fail basis unless this is the only way they are offered. No more than one petition to take a course pass/fail will be approved for any student. This limit applies to the entire course of study, but does not include Directed Study, Internship, or other courses for which pass/fail is the usual method of grading.9. Taking a Grade of IncompleteA student who, due to unusual circumstances, is unable to complete the workof a course by the end of the semester, may request permission from the instructor to take a grade of Incomplete. If an incomplete is taken, the work must be completed and a grade assigned by the end of the semester immediately following the semester in which the course was given. If the work is submitted after this deadline, the course grade given will be F. Students may petition to the Dean for Academic Affairs in writing, with the written agreement of the course instructor, for a waiver to this policy if exceptional circumstances justify it.Revised August 200010. Auditing CoursesStudents may audit any course with the written consent of the instructor. Audited courses appear on the student's transcript with no credit assigned and no grade given. Students registered as auditors must attend regularly and prepare for and participate in class discussion. The course instructor must submit to the Office for Student Services a note confirming that the student complied with these requirements in order for the course to appear as an audit on the student's transcript.11. Directed StudyDirected Study is a mechanism for a student to receive academic credit for work completed under the tutelage of a faculty member. This is generally done on a one-to-one basis with the student taking major responsibility for his/her progress. Research conducted in a laboratory during a Directed Study project can be either problem-oriented or technique-based. Research conducted as part of a Directed Study project may be used to generate preliminary data (but only preliminary data) for the Dissertation (for Ph.D. students). There is a separate course number for students conducting Thesis Research.Students in the Agriculture, Food and Environment program are required to take at least one Directed Study credit for a research project. Students in the Frances Stern Dietetic Internship are required to take one Directed Study credit under the tutelage of the Program Director, arranged by the Frances Stern Nutrition Center (FSNC). No more than four Directed Study credits may be applied to fulfillment of degree requirements. No more than two course credits of Directed Study may be taken with the same faculty member.Facultya. AuthorizedDirected Studies must be supervised by SNSP faculty. Students who wish to do a Directed Study project with someone other than a SNSP faculty member must have a SNSP faculty sponsor who signs the Directed Study form along with the person supervising the Directed Study. The SNSP faculty sponsor also signs the Directed Study Grade Report.b. Directed Study Proposal FormStudents who wish to do a Directed Study project must contact the appropriate faculty member well before they register. The interested studentRevised August 2000。

阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤的生理作用及可能机制

阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤的生理作用及可能机制

阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤的生理作用及可能机制阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤的生理作用及可能机制谷氨酸是一种重要的神经递质，在中枢神经系统中发挥重要作用。

然而，在某些情况下，高浓度的谷氨酸可以导致神经细胞发生受损和死亡，对神经系统功能产生不良影响。

PC12细胞是一种实验室常用的神经母细胞瘤细胞系，广泛应用于神经细胞损伤的研究中。

通过使用PC12细胞模型，可以探讨细胞毒性因子的作用机制，并研究潜在的治疗方法。

阿片类物质是一类具有镇痛和镇静作用的药物，如吗啡、海洛因等。

研究表明，阿片类物质对谷氨酸诱导的细胞损伤具有保护作用。

阿片类物质可以通过抑制谷氨酸受体的活性，减少谷氨酸的神经毒性作用，从而降低PC12细胞的损伤程度。

此外，阿片类物质还可以调节细胞内钙离子浓度，减少氧化应激反应和减轻细胞发炎反应，进一步减少细胞死亡。

天然多酚类化合物是一类广泛存在于植物中的化合物，如类黄酮、儿茶素等。

天然多酚类化合物被广泛认为具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗肿瘤等多种生理活性。

研究发现，天然多酚类化合物对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤也具有保护作用。

天然多酚类化合物可以通过清除自由基、抑制氧化应激反应和调节细胞凋亡途径，减轻细胞损伤。

阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤的作用机制有许多相似之处。

阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物都可以通过提高抗氧化能力，减轻谷氨酸引起的细胞氧化应激；抑制细胞凋亡途径，减少谷氨酸诱导的细胞死亡。

此外，阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物还可以通过调节钙离子平衡，减少PC12细胞内钙离子浓度的增加，从而减轻谷氨酸对细胞的毒性作用。

综上所述，阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有明显的保护作用，并且这一保护作用可能通过多种机制发挥。

这些研究成果为进一步探索神经细胞保护的新途径和药物开发提供了新的思路。

然而，还需要进一步研究阐明阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物的具体作用机制，并评估它们的安全性和有效性，为临床应用提供可靠的依据综合研究表明，阿片类物质和天然多酚类化合物对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有保护作用，可能通过提高抗氧化能力、抑制细胞凋亡途径和调节钙离子平衡等多种机制发挥其作用。