lecture8-Meaning and Context

The meaning of make is affected by the grammatical structures. This is called grammatical context. Grammatical context is the grammatical structures in which a particular linguistic item is used.



[47] The ball was good. 1) dancing party 2) round object Revised: The ball was good. I never danced like this before. The ball was good. I used it for a long time.
8.1.2 Linguistic Context


figure 1) a half-length figure （像） 2) a historical figure （人物） 3) double figure （数字） 4) figure of speech （词格）
8.1.2 Linguistic Context
8.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context



广场（square） 1) a large flat area without buildings 2) a large building (亚贸广场；武广) 城（city） 1) a large town with more than 300,000 residents 2) 家俱城；书城

8.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context

Lecture Eight
Language and Society
I. 1.
Introduction Definitions Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. (Dai and He, 2002, p. 111) Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviours, some of which are linguistic. (Spolsky, 2000, p. 3) Sociolinguistics: the study of linguistic behavior as determined by sociocultural factors. (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: /cgibin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=sociolinguistics)

TEM-8翻译必备，英语专业的顶起来哦~作者：邱妍（1）把握大局：grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratch (4)拜年：pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧：teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiter ate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones about(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralis m(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad asnot going far enough(53)函授大学：correspondence university(54)好莱坞大片：Hollywood blockbuster(55)核心竞争力：core competitiveness(56)虎父无犬子：A wise goose never lays a tam e leg(57)基本国情：fundamental realities of the country(58)激烈竞争：cut-throat competition(59)极限运动：maximal exerci se/X-games(60)集中精力把经济建设搞上去：go all out for econom ic development(61)加班：work extra shifts(62)嘉宾:distingui shed/honored guest(63)加快市场步伐：quicken the pace of mark etization(64)假冒伪劣产品：counterfeit and shoddy products(65)减负：alleviate burdens on sb(66)江南水乡：the south o f the lower reaches of the Yangtze River(67)教书育人：impart knowledge and educate people(68)脚踏实地：be down-to-earth(69)解除劳动关系：sever labor relations(70)扩大内需：expan d domestic demand(71)拉拉队：cheering squad(72)论文答辩：(t hesis)oral defence(73)马到成功：achieve immediate victory(7 4)三维电影/动画片：three-dimensional movie/animation(75)森林覆盖率：forest coverage(76)社会保险机构：social security ins titutions(77)社会热点问题：hot spots of society(78)社会治安情况:law-and-order situation(79)申办城市：the bidding citie s(80):身体素质：physical constitution（81）生计问题：bread-and-butter issue(82)生意兴隆：business flourishes(82)市场疲软：sluggish market(83)市政工程：municipal works/engineeri ng(84)事业单位：public institution（85）试用期：probationar y period(86)首创精神：pioneering spirit(87)手机充值：cellul ar phone replenishing(88)台湾同胞：Taiwan compatriots(89)脱贫致富：cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity(90)西部大开发：Development of the West Regions(91)新秀：u p-and-coming star（92）学生处：students' affairs division(9 3)舆论导向：direction of public opinion(94)招生就业指导办公事：enrolment and vocation guidance office(95)支柱产业：pill ar conerstone industry(96)中专生：secondary specialized or t echnical school student(97)专题报道：special coverage(98)《阿Q正传》:The True Story of Ah Q(99)《春秋》:Spring and A utumn Annals(100)知识产权：intellectual property rights重要概念梳理CNU 张旭 ZX第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）1.任意性 Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds andmeaning）3.多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）4.移位性 Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）1. 1. 传达信息功能 Informative：最主要功能The main function2. 2. 人际功能 Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establishand maintain their identity3. 3. 行事功能 performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses4. 4. 表情功能 Emotive：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5. 5. 寒暄功能 Phatic：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！” 等等6. 6. 元语言功能 Metalingual：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguisticl 语音学 Phonetics：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。

Introduction to the Theory of Computation
5
Context-Free Grammars
Nov. 11
Example
A context-free grammar
G:
S → aSb S →λ
A derivation:
S ⇒ aSb ⇒ aaSbb ⇒ aabb
Introduction to the Theory of Computation
19
Derivation Trees
Nov. 11
S → AB A → aaA | λ B → Bb | λ
A
S ⇒ AB
S
B
Introduction to the Theory of Computation
21
S → AB A → aaA | λ B → Bb | λ
() ((( ))) (( ))
Introduction to the Theory of Computation
15
Definition: Context-Free Grammars
Grammar Variables
G = (V , T , S , P )
Terminal symbols Start variable
L is context-free
if and only if there is a grammar
G with L = L(G )
Introduction to the Theory of Computation
17
Derivation Order
1. S → AB
2. A → aaA 3. A → λ