第九章 翻译
- 格式：doc
- 大小：247.00 KB
- 文档页数：17
第九章课文翻译THE INSTRUMENTS OF TRADE POLICY贸易政策的工具Previous chapters have answered the question, ―Why do nations trade?‖ by describing the causes and effects of international trade and the functioning of a trading world economy. While this question is interesting in itself, its answer is much more interesting if it helps answer the question.―What should a nation’s trade policy be?‖Should the United States use a tariff or an import quote to protect its automobile industry against competition from Japan and South Korea? Who will benefit and who will lose from an import quota? Will the benefits outweigh the costs?前面几章已经回答了这个问题，“为什么国家做贸易？”通过描述国际贸易和贸易世界经济运行影响的原因。
而这个问题本身是有趣的，如果它有助于回答这个问题的答案就更有趣。
一个国家的贸易政策应该是什么样的？“美国应该使用关税或进口配额保护其汽车工业对来自日本和韩国的竞争？谁将受益，谁将从进口配额失去？将利大于弊？This chapter examines the policies that governments adopt toward international trade, policies that involve a number of different actions. These actions include taxes on some international transactions, subsidies for other transactions, legal limits on the value or volume of particular imports, and many other measures. The chapter provides a framework for understanding the effects of the most important instruments of trade policy.本章探讨了政府采取对国际贸易的政策，政策涉及到许多不同的行动。
这些措施包括一些国际交易税，其他交易补贴，对进口量值或特定的法律限制，以及许多其他的措施。
本章提供了一个框架，了解贸易政策最重要的工具的影响。
BASIC TARIFF ANALYSIS关税的基本分析A tariff, the simplest of trade policies, is a tax levied when a good is imported. Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported (for example, $3 per barrel of oil).Ad valorem tariffs are taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods (for example, a 25 percent U.S. tariff on imported trucks). In either case the effect of the tariff is to raise the cost of shipping goods to a country.关税，最简单的贸易政策，是当进口商品时征收的税。
具体的关税作为一个固定的费用为每单位进口商品征收（例如，每桶石油3美元）。
从价税是作为进口货物的价值的一小部分（例如，契税征收百分之25关税的卡车）。
在任何情况下，关税的作用是提高一个国家的货物的运输费用。
Tariffs are the oldest form of trade policy and have traditionally been used as a source of government income. Until the introduction of the income tax, for instance, the U.S. government raised most of its revenue from tariffs. Their true purpose,however, has usually been not only to provide revenue but to protect particular domestic sectors. In the early nineteenth century the United Kingdom used tariffs (the famous Corn Laws) to protect its agriculture from import competition. In the late nineteenth century both Germany and the United State protected their new industrial sectors by imposing tariffs on imports of manufactured goods. The importance of tariffs has declined in modern times, because modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries through a variety of nontariff barriers.such as import quotas (limitations on the quantity of imports) and export restraints (limitations on the quantity of exports—usually imposed by the exporting country at the importing country’s request). Nonetheless, an understanding of the effects of a tariff remains a vital basis for understanding other trade policies.关税是贸易政策形成的最古老的，传统上被用来作为一个政府的收入来源。
直到引入所得税，例如，美国政府提出的大部分收入来自关税。
他们真正的目的，然而，通常是不仅提供收入，但为了保护国内特定行业。
早在第十九世纪的英国使用关税（著名的谷物法）来保护其农业进口竞争。
在第十九世纪末德国和美国的保护，他们的新的工业部门实施对制造产品的进口关税。
关税的重要性在现代已经下降，因为现代政府通常更愿意通过各种非关税。
如进口配额保护国内产业（对进口数量限制）和出口限制（在出口通常由出口国在进口国的请求数量限制）。
然而，关税的影响的理解是理解其他贸易政策的重要依据。
In developing the theory of trade in Chapter 2 through 7 we adopted a general equilibrium perspective. That is, we were keenly aware that events in one part of the economy have repercussions elsewhere. However, in many (though not all) cases trade policies toward one sector can be reasonably well understand without going into detail about the repercussions of that policy in the rest of the economy. For the most part, then, trade policy can be examined in a partial equilibrium framework. When the effects on the economy as a whole become crucial, we will refer back to general equilibrium analysis.在发展贸易理论中的第2章到第7章我们通过一个一般均衡的视角。
那就是，我们清醒地认识到，在经济活动有影响世界的一部分。
然而，在许多（但不是全部）情况下的贸易政策对一个部门可以合理地理解没有细述在其余的经济政策的影响。
对于大多数的一部分，那么，贸易政策可以在一个局部均衡框架研究。
当对经济的影响作为一个整体变得至关重要，我们将回到一般均衡分析。
Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry供给、需求以及单一行业内的贸易Let’s suppose there are two countries, Home and Foreign, both of which consume and produce wheat, which can be costlessly transported between the countries. In each country wheat is a simple competitive industry in which the supply and demand curves are functions of the market price. Normally Home supply and demand will depend on the price in terms of Home currency, and Foreign supply and demand will depend on the price in terms of Foreign currency,but we assume that the exchange rate between the currencies is not affected by whatever trade policy is undertaken inthis market. Thus we quote prices in both markets in terms of Home currency.让我们假设有两个国家，国内和国外，这两个国家都生产和消费小麦，它可以无成本地在国家之间运输。
