武汉大学2019年博士入学考试英语真题

2019武汉大学博士学位英语考试重点复习一、段落分析第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizatio ns from tiny companies to entire第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incanmonuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent第八课的第二段Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,”then this is an第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides——first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize——was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.”For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and二、文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sop histicated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Eventually, as the island’s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoesreduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each other’s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier, were heirs to a once-greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and cannibalism.It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.附：武汉大学博士研究生英语试题Part I Documental Analysis 20%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those ofour generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not, far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its metho d. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 25%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g.in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class ExperiencePart I. Documental Analysis 20% Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________Perspective(s): ____________________________________________________Method(s): ______________________________________________________Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________Questions: ________________________________________________________Part II. Article Analysis 15%。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。

博士生英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. PhenomenonD. Fact2. Which of the following is the correct usage of "affect"?A. The weather will affect tomorrow.B. The weather will be affected by tomorrow.C. The weather will affect tomorrow's plans.D. The weather will be affected to tomorrow's plans. ...10. In the sentence "He is one of the most talented students in the class," the word "talented" refers to:A. GiftedB. EducatedC. SkilledD. Trained答案：1. C2. C...10. A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The _______ of the new policy has caused a lot of controversy.A. implementationB. introductionC. executionD. application2. Despite his _______, he managed to finish the project on time.A. illnessB. healthC. sicknessD. disease...10. The _______ of the experiment was to determine the effects of different variables.A. purposeB. goalC. aimD. target答案：1. B2. A...10. C三、阅读理解（每篇5分，共20分）阅读以下文章，回答后面的问题。

博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。

The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

武大博士英语考试真题In recent years, the English proficiency test for doctoral candidates at Wuhan University has gained significant attention and importance. This comprehensive examination serves as a crucial benchmark for evaluating the English language skills of aspiring doctoral scholars. The test is meticulously designed to assess various aspects of language proficiency, including reading comprehension, writing abilities, listening skills, and oral communication.The reading comprehension section presents candidates with a diverse range of academic texts, encompassing various disciplines and genres. These passages are carefully curated to challenge the candidates' ability to comprehend complex ideas, grasp nuances, and synthesize information from multiple sources. The questions accompanying these texts delve into the candidates' critical thinking skills, requiring them to analyze, interpret, and draw inferences from the provided material.The writing component of the examination is a true test of the candidates' ability to articulate their thoughts coherently and persuasively. Typically, candidates are asked to compose a well-structured essay on a given topic, demonstrating their command oflanguage, organization, and argumentative skills. This section not only evaluates their ability to convey ideas effectively but also their mastery of grammar, vocabulary, and overall writing proficiency.The listening section is designed to assess the candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in various contexts. This may include academic lectures, discussions, or dialogues on a wide range of topics. The questions accompanying these audio materials test the candidates' ability to grasp main ideas, follow intricate arguments, and identify relevant details. Furthermore, this section often evaluates their note-taking abilities, a crucial skill for effective learning and research.The oral communication component of the examination measures the candidates' ability to express themselves clearly and confidently in spoken English. This may involve individual presentations, group discussions, or one-on-one interviews with examiners. Candidates are evaluated on their fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary usage, and ability to engage in substantive academic discourse. This section also assesses their ability to think critically and articulate their ideas in a coherent and persuasive manner.Preparing for the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test requires dedication, extensive practice, and a solid foundation in the English language. Candidates often seek guidance from experiencedinstructors, engage in mock tests, and immerse themselves in a variety of English language resources to hone their skills. The examination not only serves as a gateway to doctoral studies but also prepares candidates for the rigorous demands of academic research and international collaboration in their respective fields.Ultimately, the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test stands as a testament to the institution's commitment to excellence and its recognition of the pivotal role of English language proficiency in the pursuit of advanced research and scholarly endeavors. By successfully navigating this comprehensive examination, candidates demonstrate their readiness to contribute to the global academic community and embark on a journey of intellectual exploration and discovery.。

博士学位英语考试真题及答案题目1：Which of the following statements is true about academic writing?A. It often uses informal language.B. It avoids using citations from other sources.C. It emphasizes clarity and precision.D. It does not require careful planning.答案：C题目2：The main purpose of a research paper is to ____.A. entertain the readerB. persuade the readerC. present new ideas or findingsD. describe personal experiences答案：C题目3：In academic writing, a citation is used to ____.A. add humor to the textB. support an argument with evidenceC. increase the word countD. make the text more creative答案：B题目4：When writing an abstract for a research paper, it is important to ____.A. include detailed experimental proceduresB. provide a summary of the main pointsC. discuss the limitations of the studyD. present personal opinions about the topic答案：B题目5：Plagiarism refers to the act of ____.A. copying someone else's work without proper citationB. using complex vocabulary to impress readersC. avoiding using citations in academic writingD. discussing personal opinions in a research paper答案：A题目6：In academic writing, a thesis statement is a sentence that ____.A. entertains the reader with a jokeB. presents the main argument or purpose of the paperC. provides background information about the topicD. discusses the limitations of previous research答案：B题目7：The passive voice is often used in academic writing to ____.A. sound more informalB. emphasize the actions of the subjectC. avoid mentioning who performed an actionD. make the text more creative答案：C题目8：Effective academic writing should be ____.A. vague and ambiguousB. concise and focusedC. full of unnecessary detailsD. written in a conversational style答案：B请注意，这些题目只是示例，并不代表真实的博士学位英语考试题目。

博士考试试题及答案英语PhD Exam Questions and Answers: EnglishIntroduction:For individuals pursuing a doctoral degree, the PhD exam is a critical milestone that tests their knowledge and competency in their chosen field. In this article, we will explore selected PhD exam questions and provide comprehensive answers in English. The questions cover a range of topics and aim to assess the candidate's understanding and analytical skills.Question 1:Discuss the impact of technology on global communication.Answer 1:Technology has revolutionized global communication, breaking down barriers and creating new opportunities. The widespread availability of the internet and social media platforms has enabled instantaneous connection across continents. This has facilitated the exchange of information and ideas, fostering collaboration and innovation on a global scale. Additionally, technology has made communication more accessible and affordable, bridging the gap between individuals and cultures. However, there are challenges, such as language barriers and the digital divide, that need to be addressed to ensure equal access to communication technologies worldwide.Question 2:Explain the concept of sustainable development and its significance in today's world.Sustainable development refers to the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It emphasizes the integration of economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection. In today's world, sustainable development is of utmost importance due to various reasons. The increasing population and consumption patterns have put significant pressure on natural resources and ecosystems. Sustainable development offers a framework to balance economic development with environmental conservation, ensuring the well-being of current and future generations. It is crucial for addressing climate change, poverty, and inequality, creating a more equitable and resilient society.Question 3:Discuss the impact of globalization on cultural diversity.Answer 3:Globalization has both positive and negative impacts on cultural diversity. On one hand, globalization promotes the sharing and exchange of diverse cultures, leading to increased awareness and appreciation of different traditions and practices. It allows individuals to explore and celebrate cultural diversity, fostering tolerance and understanding. On the other hand, globalization can also lead to cultural homogenization, where dominant cultures overshadow and erode unique local traditions. The influx of global media and consumerism has the potential to dilute indigenous cultures. It is essential to strike a balance, preserving cultural heritage while embracing the benefits of global interconnectedness.Examine the role of ethics in scientific research.Answer 4:Ethics plays a fundamental role in scientific research, ensuring the integrity, validity, and societal impact of scientific endeavors. Researchers have a responsibility to conduct their work with honesty, transparency, and respect for participants and subjects. Ethical considerations include obtaining informed consent, protecting confidentiality, and minimizing harm to individuals and the environment. Additionally, ethical research practices involve avoiding plagiarism, fraudulent data manipulation, and conflicts of interest. Upholding ethical standards promotes the credibility and trustworthiness of scientific findings, contributing to the advancement of knowledge for the betterment of society.Conclusion:The PhD exam questions presented above provide a glimpse into the diverse topics that candidates may encounter during their doctoral journey. These questions necessitate critical thinking, extensive knowledge, and effective communication skills. By thoroughly understanding and successfully answering such questions, individuals demonstrate their readiness to contribute to their respective fields of study. The pursuit of a PhD is not only an academic endeavor but also a commitment to expanding knowledge and making a positive impact on society.。

武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。

Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。

Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)略Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.According to the Geneva no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A.CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32.Environmental officials insist that something be done to acid rain.A.CurbB. sureC. detoxifyD. condemn33.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen , and it will not be along process.A.spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34.Diabetes is one of the most and potentially dangerous disease in the World.A.CrucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help tothe problem.A.AffiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36.How is it possible that such deception has come to take place right under our noses?A.obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from onearth rather than bacteria on Mars.A.ConfigurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A h as been shown to have effects on bones.A.adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39.Generally,vaccine makers the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving_ to our anger.A.ventB. impulseC. temperD. Offence Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A.improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up.A.decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for thiscase can be rather difficult.A.sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A.deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46.He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A.successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47.It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops,an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A.ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48.When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49.The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergencyroom of doctors and nurses.A.preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50.The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleaguesaccused him of inconsistency.A.waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.We spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person's emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adultsavoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study,"Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Learning", was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.“Looking at someone's eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But,we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning," Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women's faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1.All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2.Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3.The more children avoided eye contact; the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a faces when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60 important social information.This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C. at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part, there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question, there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the Sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents formed in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby's analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable forinfants.61.According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation .A.still needs more statistical studiesB.has been found negative is more seriousC.is obviousD.in modern times62.The author thinks that John Bowlby's concern .A.is relevant and justifiableB.is too strong to believeC.is utterly groundlessD.has something that deserve our attention63.What's the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A.The children's unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B.The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children's development.D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it's practiced by so any people nowadays.64.According to the passage,which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send theirchildren under three to day care?A.They don't know about day care's negative effect.B.They are too busy to care for their children.C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65.What's the author's attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowl-by's workthat children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's preposition is well-grounded.B.He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C.He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs furtherstudy.D.He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term,international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea. from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain;phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom." 'Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years," says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. "A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they're easier to deploy," he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will .A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the e arth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study .A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he ways,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly," what does Moore mean bythat quickly ?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author, to carry our proper human activities in the Arctic .A.becomes more difficult than ever beforeB.is likely to build a novel Economy in the regionC.will surely lower the average world temperatureD.needs the research-based supporting information70.With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will .A.involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB.get more data to be required for their researche more novel technologies in researchD.conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby' liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high doses (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats,on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower level of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor(IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterized by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says,"Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases.The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity."These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments,"Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71.Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A.Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72.If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A.Her weight will get lower and lower.B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73.Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A.A better understanding of t he relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B.4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74.What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking inprenatal caffeine?A.Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B.Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C.Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D.Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75.What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A.The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems. Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music,walk through plate-glasswindows,and commit murder in their sleep.How many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep in and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he,"Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty consience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, "The eyes are open but their sense is shut."The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep? Scientists have decidedthat he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind, Dr, Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says,"Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76.The second sentence in the second paragraph means that .A.no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people's lifeC.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions,yet there are still truthfullyrecorded stories.77.was supposed to be the world’s champion sleepwalker.A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB.The man danced a minuet in his sleepC.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD.The boy walked five hours in his sleep78.Sleepwalking is the result of according to the passage.A.emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79.Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to .A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80.The writer makes it obvious that .A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD.sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives": aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud's drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain; the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Paksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new."What I was seeing," he says,"was the urge to do stuff." Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido."Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects," says Solms. Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically." Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the "seeking" emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. "Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes," says Panksepp. "Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it." Perhaps it's not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81.Freud believed that aggression and libido .A.were the only two sources of psychic energyB.could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC.affected our behavior unconsciouslyD.could appear clearly on our dreams82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A.Emotion.B. Lust.C. Seeking.D. Urge.83.Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive .A.originates in the limbic system。

1. The European Unions countries were once worried that they would not have __.A. sufficientB. efficientC. potentialD. proficient[译文]欧盟国家曾经担心他们潜力不足。

sufficient[英][səˈfiʃənt] [美][səˈfɪʃənt]adj.足够的，充足的；[逻辑学]（条件）必然的；〈古〉有能力的，能胜任的，够资格的n.足够（的量）efficient[英][iˈfiʃənt] [美][ɪˈfɪʃənt]adj.有效率的；（直接）生效的；能干的；（因省钱、省时或省力等而）收效大的potential[英][pəˈtenʃəl] [美][pəˈtɛnʃəl]adj.潜在的，有可能的；[语法学]可能语气的，表示可能性的；有能力的n.潜力，潜能；[物]电位，势能；潜能的事物；[语]可能语气proficient[英][prəˈfɪʃənt] [美][prəˈfɪʃənt]adj.精通的，熟练的n.能手，老手，专家[解析]此处需要名词，根据句意，排除A和D，选C。

2. W e’d like to __ a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. prosperityC. sustainD. retain[译文]我们想留一张五人桌今晚晚餐时用。

preserve[英][priˈzə:v] [美][prɪˈzɚv]vt.保护；保持，保存；腌制食物；防腐处理vi.保鲜；保持原状；做蜜饯；禁猎n.蜜饯；防护用品；禁猎地；独占的事物（或范围）prosperity[英][prɔsˈperiti] [美][prɑˈspɛrɪti]n.繁荣；兴旺，昌盛；成功mutual prosperity 相互繁荣; 共同繁荣; initial prosperity 初步繁荣昌盛; 初步繁荣sustain[英][səˈstein] [美][səˈsten]vt.维持；支撑，支持；遭受，忍受；供养sustainable development[səˈsteinəbl diˈveləpmənt] 可持续发展retain[英][riˈtein] [美][rɪˈten]vt.保持；留在心中，记住；雇用；付定金保留retained earnings 未分配的利润，留存收益[解析]应填入动词，根据句意，排除A和C，选D。

博士英语考试试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. CopyD. Duplicate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She don't like to go out in the rain.B. They has been working on the project for months.C. Neither of the students were prepared for the exam.D. The number of attendees is greater than expected.答案：D3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions:a) The book is _______ the shelf.b) She is _______ the committee since 2019.c) He is _______ the same opinion as his colleague.答案：a) onb) inc) of二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1[Text omitted for brevity]4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The role of communication in relationships.D. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.答案：B5. According to the passage, which of the following is not a benefit of using technology?A. Improved efficiency.B. Enhanced communication.C. Increased isolation.D. Greater accessibility.答案：C6. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem mentioned in the passage?A. Limiting the use of technology.B. Encouraging more face-to-face interactions.C. Relying solely on traditional methods.D. Ignoring the issue altogether.答案：B三、完形填空（共20分）[Text omitted for brevity]7. In the context of the passage, what does the word "alleviate" most likely mean?A. To worsen.B. To reduce.C. To ignore.D. To exaggerate.答案：B8. Why does the author believe that the issue discussed is important?A. It affects a large number of people.B. It is a new and emerging problem.C. It has been overlooked by many.D. It is a personal concern of the author.答案：A9. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Negative Effects of Stress.B. Coping Strategies for Stress.C. The Causes of Stress in Modern Life.D. The Importance of Stress Management.答案：B四、翻译（共20分）10. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese:"The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives."答案：技术快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了重大变化。

英语语言博士试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. PhenomenaB. PhenomenalC. PhenomenonD. Phenomenology2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the English language?A. FlexibilityB. Global reachC. Limited vocabularyD. Rich in idiomatic expressions3. The concept of "semantics" in linguistics refers to the:A. Study of language soundsB. Study of language meaningsC. Study of language structureD. Study of language change4. The term "morphology" is associated with the study of:A. Word formationB. Sentence structureC. Language acquisitionD. Language change over time5. In the context of sociolinguistics, "code-switching" refers to:A. Switching between different languagesB. Changing the tone of voiceC. Using different dialectsD. Alternating between formal and informal language6. The "phoneme" is the smallest unit of sound that can:A. Change the meaning of a wordB. Be heard by the human earC. Be written downD. Be pronounced by a speaker7. "Pragmatics" is the study of:A. The meaning of words in a sentenceB. The context in which language is usedC. The rules of grammarD. The physical properties of speech sounds8. The "passive voice" in English is used to:A. Emphasize the actionB. Emphasize the receiver of the actionC. Describe the action in detailD. Highlight the time of the action9. "Syntactic ambiguity" occurs when a sentence can be:A. Heard in different waysB. Written in different waysC. Interpreted in more than one wayD. Pronounced in different ways10. The term "register" in linguistics refers to:A. A specific languageB. A specific style of language useC. A specific set of vocabularyD. A specific set of grammar rules二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between "prescriptive" and "descriptive" approaches in linguistics.2. Describe the process of language acquisition in children and the role of "input" and "interaction" in this process.3. Discuss the impact of globalization on the English language, including the emergence of new varieties and the spread of English as a global lingua franca.三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. Analyze the role of language in shaping cultural identity and the challenges faced by minority languages in a globalized world.2. Discuss the principles of translation and the challenges of translating literary works from one language to another, including the issues of cultural context and idiomatic expressions.四、案例分析题（共30分）Analyze the following dialogue between two speakers, identifying the use of language, the social context, and the implications of their conversation.Speaker A: "You know, I've been thinking about moving to a new city. I hear the job opportunities are great there." Speaker B: "Oh, really? But don't you think you'll miss your family and friends? And what about the cultural differences?"答案：一、选择题1. A2. C3. B4. A5. A6. A7. B8. B9. C10. B二、简答题1. Prescriptive linguistics focuses on the "correct" use of language and often seeks to enforce rules, while descriptive linguistics aims to describe how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments about correctness.2. Language acquisition in children is a natural process that involves exposure to language (input) and interaction with caregivers and peers. Input provides the child withlinguistic data, while interaction helps the child to understand the social and communicative functions of language.3. Globalization has led to the spread of English as a global lingua franca, facilitating international communication and trade. It has also resulted in the emergence of new varieties of English, such as World Englishes, which are influenced by local languages and cultures.三、论述题1. Language is a fundamental part of cultural identity, shaping how individuals perceive themselves and their placein the world. Minority languages face challenges such as language shift, where speakers adopt the dominant languagefor economic or social reasons, and a lack of resources and recognition, which can lead to language endangerment or extinction.2. Translation。

博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。

解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。

2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。

解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。

3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。

解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。

4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。

解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。

武汉大学考博英语-9(总分：86.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.50)The geology of the Earth"s surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs--atmosphere, continent, and ocean--we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water ______.（分数：2.00）A.precipitating onto the groundB.changing from a solid to a liquid stateC.evaporating from the oceans √D.being carried by wind解析：根据短文，云层主要是靠海洋中的水蒸发而成的。

武汉大学考博英语-4(总分：94.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Ⅱ Vocabulary(总题数：17，分数：21.50)1.The suggested causes of a given phenomenon cannot always be independently observed, and so it is hard to ______ the possibility of there being explanations alternative to the one proposed.A. account forB. rule outC. guard againstD. do with（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Can't you speak more ______ to your parents?A) respectably B) respectingly C) respectively D) respectfully（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.The technology exists to complement and______ the human mind.A. amplifyB. enrichC. stretchD. enhance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.4.Confucianism has evolved into a culture of rationalistic traditionalism, a combination of traditional ______ and group virtues with a pragmatism shaped by the conditions of a new competitive environment.A. helmB. assaultC. filialD. derivation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.5.The man went to prison, but the two boys ______ with a warning.A. took offB. got offC. kept offD. set off（分数：1.00）A.B.C.6.With its anti-terrorism campaign taking ______ over anything else, the government is extending its job and running in more affairs.A. superiorityB. priorityC. majorityD. polarity（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.7.He used to play badminton with you, ______ ?A. didn't heB. used heC. did heD. hadn't he（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.8.Some people think it's ______ to smoke with a cigarette holder,A. flexibleB. sophisticatedC. versatileD. productive（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.9.Signs of aging are unavoidable, ______ of particular interest to cosmetic companies.A. but those that can be disguised areB. but those can be disgused areC. but that can be disguised isD. but all one that can be disguised is（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.As the ______ to the general strike the management promised to increase the workers' payment.A. successionB. concessionC. permissionD. pledge（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.11.The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and ______ were often more effective than military might.A. artificeB. strengthC. wisdomD. beauty（分数：0.50）A.C.D.12.A full ______ of all the reasons for and against closing the railway has begunA. explosionB. explorationC. exploitationD. explanation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to threw around. "It's iniquitous," they say, "that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies arc making. Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it's the consumer who pays."The poor old consumer. He would have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products. It is just because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives large from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing-machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too] Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway by-laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities. We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price !Another thing we shouldn't forget is the "little ads", which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community ! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For example, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the "hatch, match and dispatch" columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or "agony" column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It's the best advertisement for advertising there is!（分数：8.00）(1).An argument made by critics of advertisers is that______A. advertising makes contribution to the pockets.B. readers claim they never read advertisements.C. advertising may entail a price rise for goods.D. little ads invariably appeal to baser instincts.（分数：2.00）B.C.D.(2).The author mentions the example of a washing-machine to justify______A. informativeness of ads.B. credulity of consumers.C. deception of companies.D. techniques of advertisers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The writer seems to think that critics' judgment on the role of advertising is______A. reasonable.B. unfair.C. superficial.D. foolish.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word "drab" (Paragraph 3) might mean______A. impressive.B. nonconformist.C. insightful.D. unappealing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.13.Because of a recent obstacle in production, sales have dropped and accordingly profits have ______.A. declinedB. increasedC. brokenD. maintained（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.14.A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene, preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.A. nutritionB. sanitationC. nurseryD. welfare（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.15.Jack was about to announce our plan but I ______.[A] put him through [B] turned him out [C] gave him up [D] cut him short（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.16.Thousands of people ______ from Greece every year to work in West Germany.A. emigrateB. leaveC. abandonD. immigrate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：7，分数：42.50)War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the earth's surface. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health, education, and other social services. Such obligations far outweigh the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethnically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of modern governments. The noneconomic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modern technology. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outweighed by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays.Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and women settled in cities and thereby became "civilized", but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In premodernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor--control over people as slaves or levies for the victor's army, and there was the productive capacity--agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power gained over others created pride and national self-esteem. War was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, leaders of premodernized society considered war to be ______.A. a valid tool of national policyB. an immoral act of aggressionC. economically wasteful and socially unfeasibleD. restricted in scope to military participants（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author most likely places the word "civilized” in quotation marks (in paragraph 2) in order to ______.A. show dissatisfaction at not having found a better wordB. acknowledge that the word was borrowed from another sourceC. express irony that war should be a part of civilizationD. raise a question about the value of war in modernized society（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going to war in a premodernized society EXCEPT ______.A. possibility of material gainB. total annihilation of the enemy and destruction of enemy territoryC. potential for increasing the security of the nationD. desire to capture productive farming lands（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The tone of the passage could best be described as ______.A. outraged and indignantB. scientific and detachedC. humorous and wryD. concerned and optimistic（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Battles are like marriages. They have a certain fundamental experience they share in common; they differ infinitely, but still they are all alike. A battle seems to me a conflict of will with death in the same way that a marriage of love is the identification of two human beings to the end of creation of life--as death is the reverse of life, and love of hate. Battles are commitments to cause death as marriages are commitments to create life. Whether, for any individual, either union results in death or in the creation of life, each risks it--and in the risk commits himself. As the servants of death, battles will always remain horrible. Those who are fascinated by them are being fascinated by death. There is no battle aim worthy of the name except that of ending all battles. Any other conception is, literally, suicidal. The fascist worship of battle is a suicidal drive; it is love of death instead of life.In the same idiom, to triumph in battle over the forces which are fighting for death is-- again literally--to triumph over death. It is a surgeon's triumph as he cuts a body and bloodies his hands in removing a cancer in order to triumph over death that is in the body.In these thoughts I have found my own peace, and I return to an army that fights death and cynicism in the name of life and hope. It is a good army. Believe in it.（分数：4.00）(1).Although the author says that battles are horrible, he also says that ______.A. most people find fascination in themB. there is no battle aim worthy of the nameC. one should love life and not deathD. fighting to end battles is justifiable（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author states that one who fights a battle toward any end other than peace is ______.A. tainted by fascismB. misguided and unworthyC. victimized by unconscious drives to killD. bent on his own destruction（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The article says that the individual, in battle and in marriage, must ______.A. make a unionB. compromise his beliefsC. take the risks he has committed himself toD. recognize that death is the reverse of life（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The article says that a surgeon can triumph when he ______.A. performs a successful operationB. triumphs over the bodyC. removes a cancerD. cuts out that which is life-destroying（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society make it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. today, hardly anybody would dare to voice the principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the law of nature or by those of society. The opinions are outdated, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility. In all western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, in other words, one can claim this substance minimum without having to have any "reason". I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let's say two years, so as to avoid the encouragement of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness. In human nature, actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would be sufficiently interesting and attractive in order to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject if; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonalrelationships in every sphere of daily life.（分数：6.00）(1).People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to ______ .A. the slow development of the economyB. the poor and jobless people's own faultsC. the lack of responsibility on the part of the societyD. the large number of people who were not well-educated（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Now it is widely accepted that ______ .A. the present system of social insurance should be improvedB. everybody should be granted a minimum of subsistence without any "reason"C. everybody has the right to share the wealth of countryD. people have to change their attitude towards the poor（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The author argues that the social insurance system should ______ .A. provide benefits for the old, sick and unemployedB. encourage people to take on more social obligationsC. guarantee everybody the right to be employedD. provide everyone/he right to a minimum subsistence for a certain period（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word "fallacy" means ______ .A. doubtB. factC. strong argumentD. wrong belief（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the author, a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum ______ .A. demands too much from societyB. makes freedom of contract impossibleC. helps people take interest in their workD. helps bring about changes in the relationship among people（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).In the fourth sentence of first passage, the word "outdated" can be best replaced by ______ .A. UnacceptableB. BannedC. Old-fashionedD. Rejected（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care atthe End of Life. It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual an forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twi problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a medicare billing code for hospital-base care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiative translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering", to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse". He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear.., that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension".（分数：7.50）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ______.A. doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' painB. it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC. the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD. patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B. Modern medicine has assisted terminally iii patients in painless recovery.C. The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D. A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is______.A. prolonged medical proceduresB. inadequate treatment of painC. systematic drug abuseD. insufficient hospital care（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive"?A. Bold.B. Harmful.C. Careless.D. Desperate.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ______.A. manage their patients incompetentlyB. give patients more medicine than neededC. reduce drug dosages for their patientsD. prolong the needless suffering of the patients（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.17.______ any advice which you can get from the interviewer and follow up suggestions for improving your presentation and qualifications.A. Take the most ofB. Keep the most ofC. Have the most ofD. Make the most of（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos. In the years following 1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century. Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of thenineteenth century. As the population grew, its makeup also changed. Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility-- downward as well as upward--touched almost everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly three-quitters of the population--in the North and South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West--changed their residence of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West--changed their residence each decade. As a consequence, historian David Donald has written, "Social atomization affected every segment of society," and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded." Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home. In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the household lost many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a haven of tranquility and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture. The intimacy of marriage that was common in earlier periods was rent, and a gulf that at times seemed unbridgeable was created between husbands and wives.（分数：8.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The economic development of the United States in the eighteenth century.B. Ways in which economic development led to social changes in the United States.C. Population growth in the western United States.D. The increasing availability of industrial jobs for women in the United States.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, the economy of the United States between 1820 and 1900 was ______.A. expandingB. in sharp declineC. stagnateD. disorganized（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, as the nineteenth century progressed, the people of the United States ______.A. emigrated to other countriesB. often settled in the WestC. tended to change the place in which they livedD. had a higher rate of birth than ever before（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following best describes the society about which David Donald wrote?A. A highly conservative society that was resistant to new ideas.B. A society that was, undergoing fundamental change.C. A society that had been gradually changing since the early 1700'sD. A nomadic society that was starting permanent settlements.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McGuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day."I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times," she said.Experts say email and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates."They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes)," said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C. "They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty."Ironically, Baron's latest book, "Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading," became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. "People used to lose their jobs over this," she said. "And now they just say 'whatever'.""Whatever" describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. "Computer has spoiled us," she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. "They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that," Henderson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit their purpose. She emphasizes that there's the informal language of an email to a friend, but there's also the well thought out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just email and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits. Society as a whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adults do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.（分数：8.00）(1).According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her students' writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.（分数：1.00）A.B.。

2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generationof vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tendeduntil it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, thevines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.It sounds nice, doesn’t it? Living in the country, our days spentin the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From thestart we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain justbefore harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business.A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a yearand every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost madeus lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk.” There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.1. The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the coupleA. thought creating a winery would be busyB. wore clothing that was too bigC. strapped their belongings together and movedD. prepared for the difficult work ahead2. The grapes are harvested on a date thatA. may vary.B. depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.C. is traditionally set.D. is determined by availability of pickers.3. According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled byA. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.B. unexpected changes in temperature.C. the sugar content of the grapes.D. the tempo of the seasons.4. The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers sheA. never got the answer.B. never got a simple answer.C. could make no sense of the answer she got.D. could not understand the answer she got.5. The writer thinks that the legal professionA. strives to protect consumers.B. does a good job of policing its members.C. is part of an incorruptible system.D. includes rapacious attorneys.Passage 2There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageousfor the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in thefar more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buywith it and do with it.。

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。