专业英语4

专四考试大纲一、考试概述专四考试（全称：全国英语专业四级考试）是由中国教育部主管的一项考试，旨在考察考生对英语语言能力、阅读理解、写作能力以及口语表达的综合水平。

该考试广泛应用于高等院校、企事业单位招聘以及个人英语能力证明等方面。

二、考试内容1. 听力理解（25%）专四考试听力部分主要测试考生对英语听力的理解能力。

主要包括多项选择题、填空题和判断题等多种题型。

考生需要通过听力材料，准确把握关键信息，理解对话或演讲的主旨和细节内容。

2. 阅读理解（30%）专四考试阅读理解部分主要测试考生对英语阅读材料的理解能力。

考生需要通过阅读文章，理解文章的主旨、观点以及细节信息。

题型包括多项选择题、填空题和匹配题等。

3. 完形填空（25%）专四考试完形填空部分主要考察考生对语篇的理解和语法词汇的掌握能力。

考生需要通过上下文的提示和语法规则的运用，填入正确的词或短语，使整个短文的语意连贯。

4. 英译汉（10%）专四考试英译汉部分主要测试考生对英语表达的理解和翻译能力。

考生需根据所给的英文句子，准确翻译成汉语。

5. 写作（10%）专四考试写作部分主要考察考生对英语写作的能力。

要求考生基于所给的指导信息，写一篇短文或作文，满足要求并具有逻辑性，包括语法、拼写和标点等方面的正确使用。

6. 口语（定量评分）专四考试口语部分主要测试考生对英语口语的表达能力。

口语考试采用对话或演讲的形式，考生需自信、流利地使用英语进行表达，并能够根据考官的提问作出合理的回答。

三、考试准备1. 对考试内容有全面的了解，了解各部分题型和评分要求。

2. 多收集相关的英语学习材料，充分训练听力、阅读、写作和口语能力。

3. 配备一份专四考试真题集，实践做题，熟悉考试流程和题型。

4. 注重单词、短语和语法的积累，加强对英语语言知识的掌握。

5. 参加专四模拟考试，了解自己在各个部分的实际水平，找到不足之处并针对性提高。

四、备考技巧1. 阅读理解和完形填空部分，要注意掌握文章的总体信息，辨别文章的重点和推理信息。

pacific a.和平的n.太平洋pack vt.捆扎；挤满n.包package n.包裹，包，捆packet n.小包(裹)，小捆pad n.垫；本子vt.填塞page n.页pail n.桶，提桶pain n.痛，痛苦悲伤；辛劳painful a.使痛的；费力的paint vt.画；油漆vi.绘画painter n.漆工，画家，绘画者painting n.油画；绘画；着色pair n.一对vi.成对，配对palace n.宫，宫殿pale a.苍白的；浅的palm n.手掌，手心；掌状物pan n.平底锅，盘子panda n.小猫熊；猫熊pane n.窗格玻璃panel n.专门小组；面，板pant n.气喘；心跳paper n.纸；官方文件；文章parade n.游行；检阅vi.游行paradise n.伊甸乐园；天堂paragraph n.(文章的)段，节parallel a.平行的；相同的parcel n.包裹，小包，邮包pardon n.原谅；赦免vt.原谅parent n.父亲，母亲，双亲park n.公园；停车场parliament n.议会，国会part n.一部分；零件；本份partial a.部分的；不公平的partially ad.部分地participate vi.参与，参加；分享particle n.粒子，微粒particular a.特殊的；特定的particularly ad.特别，尤其，格外partly ad.部分地，不完全地partner n.伙伴；搭挡；配偶party n.党，党派；聚会pass vt.经过；通过；度过passage n.通过；通路，通道passenger n.乘客，旅客，过路人passion n.激情，热情；爱好passive a.被动的；消极的passport n.护照past a.过去的n.过去paste n.糊，酱；浆湖pastime n.消遣，娱乐pat n.&vt.&n.轻拍patch n.补钉；碎片vt.补缀path n.路，小道；道路patience n.忍耐，容忍，耐心patient a.忍耐的n.病人pattern n.型，式样，模，模型pause n.&vi.中止，暂停pave vt.铺，筑(路等)pavement n.(英)人行道paw n.脚爪，爪子pay vt.支付；付给；给予payment n.支付，支付的款项pea n.豌豆；豌豆属植物peace n.和平；和睦；平静peaceful a.和平的；安静的peach n.桃子，桃树peak n.山顶，巅 a.最高的pear n.梨子，梨树pearl n.珍珠；珍珠母peasant n.农夫pebble n.卵石，细砾peculiar a.特有的；特别的peel vt.剥(皮)，削(皮)peep vi.(从缝隙中)偷看pen n.钢笔，自来水笔pencil n.铅笔penetrate vt.穿过vi.穿渗入渗出peninsula n.半岛penny n.(英)便士；(美)分pension n.抚恤金，年金people n.人民，民族；人pepper n.胡椒，胡椒粉per prep.每perceive vt.察觉，发觉；理解percent n.百分之…percentage n.百分比，百分率perfect a.完美的；完全的perfectly ad.很，完全perform vt.履行，执行；演出performance n.履行；演出；行为perfume n.香味，芳香；香料perhaps ad.也许，可能，多半period n.时期；学时；句号permanent a.永久的，持久的permanently ad.永久地，持久地permission n.允许，许可，同意permit vt.允许n.执照persist vi.坚持，固执；持续person n.人；人身；本人personal a.个人的；本人的personnel n.全体人员，全体职员perspective n.透视；遥景；观点persuade vt.说服vi.被说服pessimistic a.悲看的；厌世的pet n.爱畜；宠儿a.宠爱的petrol n.(英)汽油petroleum n.石油phase n.阶段；方面；相位phenomenon n.现象philosopher n.哲学家philosophy n.哲学；哲理；人生看phone n.电话，电话机；耳机photograph n.照片，相片photographic a.摄影的，摄影用的phrase n.短语；习惯用语physical a.物质的；物理的physician n.医生，内科医生physicist n.物理学家physics n.物理学piano n.钢琴pick n.镐，鹤嘴锄pick vt.拾，摘vi.采摘picnic n.郊游，野餐vi.野餐picture n.画，图片vt.画pie n.(西点)馅饼piece n.碎片，块vt.拼合pierce vt.剌穿vi.穿渗入渗出pig n.猪，小猪，野猪pigeon n.鸽子pile n.堆vt.堆叠，累积pill n.药丸，丸剂pillar n.柱，柱子；栋梁pillow n.枕头pilot n.领航员；飞行员pin n.针，饰针n.别住pinch vt.捏，拧，掐掉pine n.松树，松木pink n.粉红色a.粉红色的pint n.品脱pioneer n.拓荒者；先驱者pipe n.管子，导管；烟斗pipeline n.管道，管线pistol n.手枪pit n.坑，地坑；煤矿pitch n.沥青pitch vt.投，掷vi.投掷pity n.怜悯；遗憾vt.同情place n.地方，地点；住所plain n.平原 a.清楚的plan n.&vt.计划，打算plane n.平面；飞机planet n.行星plant n.植物；工厂vt.栽种plantation n.种植园；栽植plaster n.灰泥；硬膏；熟石膏plastic a.可塑的n.塑料plate n.板，片，盘vt.电镀platform n.平台；站台；讲台play vi.玩，游戏；演奏player n.游戏的人；比赛者playground n.操场，运动场pleasant a.令人愉快的，舒适的please vt.使高兴，请vi.满足pleasure n.舒畅，快乐；乐事plentiful a.丰富的，富裕的plenty n.丰富，充足，大量plot n.小块土地vt.密谋plough n.犁vt.&vi.犁，耕pluck vt.采，摘；拉下n.拉plug n.塞子；插头vt.塞plunge vt.使投入；使陷渗透plural a.复数的n.复数plus prep.加，加上 a.正的P.M. n.下午，午后pocket n.衣袋n.袖珍的poem n.诗，韵文，诗体文poet n.诗人poetry n.诗，诗歌，诗作point n.点；要点；细目；分poison n.毒，毒药vt.毒害poisonous a.有毒的，有害的pole n.杆，柱pole n.极(点)，磁极，电极police n.警察；警察当局policeman n.警察policy n.政策，方针polish vt.磨光；使优美polite a.有礼貌的；有教养的political a.政治的，政治上的politician n.政治家；政客politics n.政治，政治学；政纲pollute vt.弄脏，污染，沾污pollution n.污染pond n.池塘pool n.水塘，游泳池，水池pool n.共用物vt.共有poor a.贫穷的；贫乏的pop n.流行音乐，流行歌曲pop n.砰的一声，爆破声popular a.民众的；流行的population n.人口；全体居民porch n.门廊，渗入渗出口处pork n.猪肉porridge n.粥，麦片粥port n.港，港口portable a.轻巧的；手提的porter n.搬运工人portion n.一部分；一分portrait n.消像，画像Portuguese n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语position n.位置；职位；姿势positive a.确定的；积极的possess vt.占用，拥有(财产) possession n.有，所有；占有物possibility n.可能；可能的事possible a.可能的；可能存在的possibly ad.可能地；也许post n.柱，桩，杆vt.贴出post n.邮政，邮寄；邮件post n.岗位，哨所；职位postage n.邮费，邮资postman n.邮递员postpone vt.延迟，推迟，延缓pot n.锅，壶，罐，盆potato n.马铃薯，土豆potential a.潜在的n.潜力pound n.磅；英磅pound vt.捣碎；舂烂；猛击pour vt.灌，倒vi.倾泻poverty n.贫穷，贫困powder n.粉末；药粉；火药power n.能力；力；权；幂powerful a.强有力的；有权威的practical a.实践的；实用的practically ad.实际上；几乎practice n.实践；练习；业务practise vt.练习，实习，训练praise n.赞扬，赞美vi.赞扬pray vt.&vi.请求；祈祷prayer n.祈祷，祈求precaution n.预防；警惕preceding a.在前的；在先的precious a.珍贵的，宝贵的precise a.精确的，准确的precision n.精确，精密，精密度predict v.预言，预报，预测preface n.序言，前言，引语prefer vt.宁可，宁愿preferable a.更可取的，更好的preference n.偏爱，优先；优先权prejudice n.偏见，成见preliminary a.预备的，初步的premier n.总理，首相preparation n.准备，预备；制备prepare vt.&vi.准备，预备preposition n.前置词，介词prescribe vt.命令；处(方) presence n.出席，到场；在present a.现在的n.目前present vt.赠送; 介绍; 提出present n.礼物，赠送物presently ad.一会儿；目前preserve vt.保护；保存；腌渍president n.总统；校长；会长press vt.压，按，揿；催促pressure n.压力；压力；压，按pretend vt.假托，借口vi.假装pretty a.漂亮的，标致的prevail vi.胜，优胜；流行prevent vt.预防，防止；阻止previous a.先的；前的ad.在前previously ad.先前，预先price n.价格，价钱；代价pride n.骄傲；自豪vt.自夸priest n.教士，牧师，神父primarily ad.首先；主要地primary a.最初的；基本的prime a.首要的n.春，青春primitive a.原始的；粗糙的prince n.王子，亲王princess n.公主，王妃principal a.主要的n.负责人principle n.原则，原理；主义print vt.印刷n.印刷；正片prior a.在先的；优先的prison n.监狱，监禁prisoner n.囚犯private a.私人的；私下的privilege n.特权，优惠prize n.奖赏，奖金vt.珍视probability n.可能性；概率probable a.或有的；大概的probably ad.或许，大概problem n.问题；习题，问题procedure n.程序；手续；过程proceed vi.入行；继续入行process n.过程；工序vt.加工procession n.队伍，行列proclaim vt.宣告，宣布；表明produce vt.生产；产生；展现product n.产品，产物；(乘)积production n.生产；产品；总产量productive a.生产的；丰饶的profession n.职业professional a.职业的n.专业人员professor n.教授profit n.益处；利润vi.得益program n.节目单；大纲；程序progress n.前入，进展；入步progressive a.入步的；向前入的prohibit vt.禁止，阻止project n.方案，工程vi.伸出prominent a.实起的；突出的promise n.诺言；指望vt.允诺promising a.有希望的；有前途的promote vt.促入，发扬；提升prompt a.及时的vt.敦促pronoun n.代名词pronounce vt.发…的音；宣布pronunciation n.发音，发音法proof n.证据；证实；校样proper a.适合的；合乎体统的properly ad.适当地；彻底地property n.财产，资产；性质proportion n.比，比率，部分proportional a.比例的；相称的proposal n.提议，建议；求婚propose vt.提议vi.求婚prospect n.展望；前景，前程prosperity n.繁荣；昌盛，兴旺prosperous a.繁荣的，昌盛的protect vt.保护，保卫，警戒protection n.保护，警戒protective a.保护的，防护的protein n.蛋白质，朊protest vt.&vi.&n.抗议proud a.骄傲的；自豪的prove vt.证实vi.结果是provide vt.提供；装备，供给provided conj.以…为条件province n.省；领域，部门provision n.供应；预备；存粮psychological a.心理的，心理学的public a.公众的n.公众publication n.公布；出版；出版物publish vt.公布；发表；出版pudding n.布丁puff n.(一)喷，(一)吹pull vt.拉，拖；拉，拉力pulse n.脉搏；脉冲，脉动pump n.泵vt.用抽机抽punch vt.冲出n.冲压机punch vt.用拳猛击n.拳打punctual a.严守时刻的；准时的punish vt.罚，惩罚，处罚punishment n.罚，惩罚，处罚pupil n.学生，小学生pupil n.瞳孔puppet n.木偶，玩偶；傀儡purchase n.买，购买vt.买pure a.纯粹的；纯洁的purely ad.纯粹地，完全地purify vt.使纯净，使洁净purity n.纯净；纯洁；纯度purple n.紫色 a.紫的purpose n.目的；意图；效果purse n.钱包，小钱袋，手袋pursue vt.追赶，追踪；入行pursuit n.追赶；追求；事务push vt.推，逼迫vi.推put vt.放，摆；使处于puzzle n.难题；谜vi.使迷惑Q qualify vt.使具有资格quality n.质量；品质，特性quantity n.量，数量，分量quarrel n.争吵，吵架，口角quart n.夸脱(=2品脱)quarter n.四分之一；一刻钟quarterly a.季度的ad.季度地queen n.王后；女王queer a.奇怪的，古怪的question n.发问；问题；疑问queue n.行列vi.排队等候quick a.快的；敏捷的quicken vt.加快vi.加快quickly ad.快，迅速quiet a.寂静的；安静的quilt n.被(子)quit vt.离开，退出；停止quite ad.完全；相当；的确quiz n.小型考试，测验quotation n.引用；引文；报价单quote vt.引用，引证；报价R rabbit n.兔子，野兔race n.比赛，竞赛，竞争race n.人种，种族，民族racial a.种族的，人种的rack n.搁物架；行李架rack vt.使苦痛，折磨racket n.球拍radar n.雷达，无线电探测器radiate vi.发射光线；辐射radiation n.放射，发射；辐射能radio n.无线电；收音机radioactive a.放射性的radioactivity n.放射性，放射(现象) radish n.小萝卜radium n.镭radius n.半径rag n.破布，碎布，抹布rage n.(一阵)狂怒，盛怒raid n.袭击；突然搜查rail n.横条，横杆；铁轨railroad n.铁路vi.由铁路运输railway n.铁路，铁道rain n.雨，雨水vi.下雨rainbow n.虹，彩虹rainy a.下雨的，多雨的raise vt.举起；引起；提高rake n.耙子vi.耙；搜索range n.排，行；山脉；范围rank n.排，横行；社会阶层rapid a.快的n.急流rapidly ad.迅速地rare a.稀薄的；稀有的rarely ad.很少，难得rat n.老鼠，耗子rate n.比率；速度；价格rather ad.宁可，宁愿；相当ratio n.比，比率rational a.理性的；出于理性的raw a.未煮过的；未加工的ray n.光线，射线，辐射线razor n.剃刀reach vt.抵达；伸出vi.达到react vi.起反应；有影响reaction n.反应；反作用read vt.读，观懂vi.读reader n.读者；读物，读本readily ad.乐意地；无困难地reading n.读，阅读；读书ready a.准备好的；愿意的real a.真的；现实的reality n.现实；真实realize vt.实现；熟悉到really ad.真正地；实在realm n.王国，国土；领域reap vt.&vi.收割，收获rear n.后部，后面；背面rear vt.抚养，培养；栽种reason n.理由；理性vi.推理reasonable a.合情合理的；公道的rebel vi.造反n.造反者rebellion n.造反；叛乱；反抗recall vt.往返想；叫来回；收来回receipt n.收到；收条，收据receive vt.收到；得到；接待receiver n.收受者，收件人recent a.新近的，最近的recently ad.最近，新近reception a.接待；招待会；接受recite vt.&vi.背诵，朗诵recognition n.认出，识别；承认recognize vt.认识，认出；承认recollect vt.往返忆，追忆，想起recommend vt.推荐，介绍；劝告recommendation n.推荐，介绍；劝告record n.记录；履历vt.记录recorder n.记录者；录音机recover vt.重新获得；挽来回recovery n.重获；痊愈，恢复red a.红色的n.红色reduce vt.减少，减小；简化reduction n.减少，减小，缩减reed n.芦苇，芦杆，芦丛reel n.卷轴，卷筒refer vt.使求助于vi.谈到reference n.参考；出处；提及refine vt.&vi.精炼，提纯reflect vt.反射；反映；思考reflection n.反射；映象；反映reflexion n.反射；映象；反映reform vt.&n.改革，改良refresh vt.使清新vi.恢复精神refreshment n.茶点，点心，便餐refrigerator n.冰箱，冷藏库refuge n.避难，庇护；庇护者refusal n.拒绝refuse vt.拒绝vt.拒绝refute vt.驳斥，反驳，驳倒regard vt.把…观作；尊敬regarding prep.关于regardless ad.不顾一切地region n.地区，地带；领域register n.&vt.登记，注册regret vt.懊悔；抱歉n.懊悔regular a.规则的；整洁的regularly ad.有规律地regulate vt.管理，控制；调整regulation n.规则，规章；管理rehearsal n.排练，排演；练习reign n.君主统治；支配rein n.缰绳vi.驾驭，控制reinforce vt.增援，支援；加强reject vt.拒绝；丢掉；驳回rejoice vi.欣喜，高兴relate vt.叙述；使联系relation n.关系，联系；家属relationship n.关系，联系relative a.有关系的；相对的relatively ad.相对地，比较地relativity n.相关性；相对性relax vt.使松弛vi.松弛release vt.释放；放松；发表relevant a.有关的，贴切的reliability n.可靠性reliable a.可靠的，可信赖的reliance n.信任，信赖，信心relief n.减轻；救济；援救relieve vt.减轻，解除；救济religion n.宗教；宗教信仰religious a.宗教的；虔诚的reluctant a.不愿的，勉强的rely vi.依赖，依靠；信赖remain vi.剩下，余留；保持remains n.残余，余额；废墟remark vt.&vi.&n.评论，谈论remarkable a.异常的，非凡的remedy n.&vt.治疗；补救remember vt.记得，想起；记住remind vt.提醒，使想起remote a.相隔很远的；心灰意冷淡的removal n.移动；迁移；除掉remove vt.移动，搬开；脱掉render vt.表示，给予；使得renew vt.使更新vi.更新rent n.租金，租vi.出租repair vt.&n.修理，修补repeat vt.重说，重做n.重复repeatedly ad.重复地；一再repent vi.悔悟，悔改vt.后悔repetition n.重复，反复replace vt.把…放往返；取代reply vi.&n.来回答，答复report vt.&vi.报告；汇报reporter n.记者，通讯员represent vt.描绘；代表；象征representative a.代表性的n.代表reproach vt.&n.责备，指责reproduce vt.&vi.繁殖，生殖republic n.共和国，共和政体republican a.共和国的reputation n.名誉，名声；好名声request n.&v.请求，要求require vt.需要；要求，命令requirement n.需要；要求rescue vt.&n.援救，营救research n.&vi.调查，探究researcher n.调查者；探究者resemble vt.像，类似reserve vt.储备，保留；预定reservior n.水库；蓄水池residence n.居住；驻扎；住处resident a.居住的n.居民resign vt.放弃vi.辞职resignation n.放弃，辞职，反抗resist vt.&vi.抵抗，抵制resistance n.抵抗；抵制；抵抗力resistant a.抵抗的，反抗的resolution n.坚决，坚定；决定resolve vt.解决；决心n.决心resort vi.&n.求助，凭借resource n.资源，物力；办法respect n.&vt.尊敬，尊重respectful a.恭敬的，尊重的respective 各自的，各个的respectively ad.各自地，分别地respond vi.作答；响应response n.作答，回答；响应responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责responsible a.有责任的；尽责的rest n.休息；安静；静止rest n.剩余部分；其余的人restaurant n.餐馆，饭店，菜馆restless a.不安定的，焦虑的restore vt.恢复；回还；修补restrain vt.抑制，遏制；限制restraint n.抑制；遏制；克制restrict vt限制，限定，约束restriction n.限制，限定，约束result n.成果vi.发生，结果resume vt.恢复；重新开始retain vt.保持，保留，保有retell vt.再讲，重述，复述retire vi.退下；引退；就寝retreat vi.(被迫)退却，后退return vi.&n.往返来，返来回reveal vt.展现；揭示，揭露revenge vt.替…报仇n.报仇reverse vt.颠倒，翻转n.背面review vt.再检查n.复习revise vt.修订，校订；修改revolt vi.&n.反抗，造反revolution n.革命；旋转，绕转revolutionary a.革命的n.革命者reward n.报答；报酬vt.报答rhythm n.韵律，格律；节奏rib n.肋，肋骨ribbon n.缎带，丝带；带rice n.稻，米，饭rich a.富的，丰富的rid vt.使摆脱，使去掉riddle n.谜，谜语ride vi.&n.骑马，乘车rider n.骑马的人；乘车的人ridge n.脊；岭，山脉；垄ridiculous a.荒谬的，可笑的rifle n.步枪，来复枪right a.正确的ad.对，正好rigid a.刚硬的；僵硬的ring n.环形物(如圈、环等) ring vi.叫；按铃n.铃声ripe a.熟的；时机成熟的ripen vt.使熟vi.成熟rise vi.起立；升起；上涨risk n.风险，危险，冒险rival n.竞争者a.竞争的river n.江，河，水道road n.路，道路，公路roar vi.吼鸣；呼喊n.吼roast vt.&vi.烤，炙，烘rob vt.&vi.抢劫；劫掠robber n.强盗，盗贼robbery n.抢劫，劫掠，盗取robe n.长袍，长衣，浴衣robot n.机器人；自动机rock vt.摇，使动摇vi.摇rock n.岩，岩石；石头rocket n.火箭，火箭发动机rod n.杆，竿，棒role n.角色，作用，任务roll vi.&vt.滚动；转动roller n.滚柱，滚筒，滚轴Roman n.古罗马人a.罗马的romantic a.浪漫的；传奇的roof n.屋顶，车顶；顶room n.房间；地位；余地root n.根，根子vi.生根rope n.绳，索rose n.蔷薇花，蔷薇科植物rot vt.烂，腐坏n.腐烂rotary a.旋转的，转动的rotate vi.旋转vt.使旋转rotation n.旋转，转动；循环rotten a.腐烂的，发臭的rough a.表面不平的；粗略的roughly ad.粗糙地，粗略地round a.圆的n.兜圈；一轮rouse vt.唤醒，唤起；惊起route n.路，路线，路程routine n.例行公事 a.日常的row n.(一)排，(一)行row vt.划(舟等) vi.划舟royal a.王的；皇家的rub vt.摩擦，擦vi.摩擦rubber n.橡皮(擦子)；橡胶rubbish n.垃圾，废物；废话rude a.加工粗糙的；粗野的rug n.小地毯；毛毯ruin n.毁灭；废墟vt.毁坏rule n.统治；规定；习惯ruler n.统治者；尺，直尺rumour n.谣言，谣传，传闻run vi.跑，奔；行驶；流runner n.赛跑的人rural a.农村的，田园的rush vi.冲，奔vt.催促Russian a.俄罗斯的n.俄国人rust n.锈vi.生锈，氧化rusty a.生锈的；变迟钝的。

英语专业四级真题及答案(4)TEXT B(1) Travelling through the country a couple of weeks ago on business,I was listening to the talk of the late UK writer Douglas Adams’master work “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” on the radio and thought-I know,I’ll pick up the next hitchhikers I see and ask them wahat the state of real hitching is today in Britain.(2)I drove and drove on main roads and side roads for the next few days and never saw a single one.(3)When I was in my teens and 20s ,hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport.The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe,North America,Asiaand southern Africa,Some of the lift-givers became friends ,many provided hospitality on the road.(4)Not only did you find out much more about a country than when traveling by train or plane ,but there was that lelement of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture.It has books and songs about it .So what has happened to it?(5)A few years ago ,I was asked the same question about hitching in a column of a newspaper.Hundreds of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking .(6)Rural Ireland was recommended as f friendly place forhitching,as was Quebec,Canada-“if you don’t mind being criticized for not speaking French”.(7)But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in some places ,the general feeling was that throughtout much of the west it was doomed.(8)With so much news about crime in the media,people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger.But do we need to be so wary both to hitch and to give a lift?(9)In Poland in the 1960s,according to a Polish woman who e-mail me ,＂the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker’s Booklet.The booklet contained coupons for drivers,so each time a driver picked somebody ,he or she received a coupon.At the end of the season,drivers who had picked up the most hikers were rewarded with various prizes.Everyone was hitchhiking then”.(10)Surely this is a good idea for society.Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down barriers between strangers.It would help fight global warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels.It would also improveeducational standards by delivering instant lessons in geography ,history,politics and sociology.(11)A century before Douglas Adams wrote his “Hitchhiker’sGuide”,another advent ure story writer,Robert Louis Stevenson, gave us that what should be the hitchhiker’s motto:＂To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive.” What better time than putting a holiday weekend into practice. Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with thumb outstreched.84. In which paragraph(s) does the writer comment on his experience of hitchhiking?A. (3)B. (4)C. (3) and (4)D. (4) and (5)85. What is the current situation of hitchhiking?A. It is popular in some parts of the world.B. It is popular throughout the west.C. It is popular in Poland.86. What is the writer’s attitude towards the practice in Poland?A. Critical.B. Unclear.C. Somewhat favourable.D. Strongly favourable.87. The writer has mentioned all the following benefits of hitchhiking EXCEPTA. promoting mutual respect between strangers.B. increasing one’s confidence in strangers.C. protecting enviroment.D. enrich one’s knowledge.88.＂Either put it to the test yourself…”in Paragraph (11) meansA. to experience the hopefulness.B. to read Adams’book.C. to offer someone a lift.。

英语专业四级考试（TEM-4，Test for English Majors-4），全称为全国高校英语专业四级考试。

自1991年起由中国大陆教育部实行，考察全国综合性大学英语专业学生。

考试内容涵盖英语听、读、写、译各方面。

笔试形式考核，无口试。

考试大纲
一.考试目的
本考试的目的是全面检查已学完英语专业四级课程的学生是否达到教学大纲所规定的各项要求，考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力以及学生对语法结构和词语用法的掌握程度，既测试学生的综合能力，也测试学生的单项技能。

同时，也是评估教学质量，推动校际交流的一种手段。

二.考试的性质与范围
本考试属于尺度参照性标准化考试。

考试的范围包括基础阶段教学大纲所规定的一至四级除读音和说的技能以外的全部内容。

由于目前尚未具备口试的条件，暂且只进行笔试。

三.考试时间与命题
每个四月份的第三个周六。

2010年考试时间为4月17日，2011年的考试时间为4月16日。

四.考试形式
为了较好地考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力，既照顾到科学性，客观性，又照顾到可行性以及基础阶段英语水平测试的特点，同时为确保试卷的信度，本考试除写作及听写部分为主观试题外，其余都采取多项选择题形式。

主观试题部分旨在较好地测试学生灵活运用语言的能力，从而提高试卷的效度。

五.考试内容
本考试共有六个部分：一. 写作二. 听写三. 听力理解四. 完形填空五. 语法及词汇六. 阅读理解。

前两部分需时60分钟。

后四部分需时80分钟，整个考试需时140分钟。

六.及格标准。

英语专业4级词汇[一年级下学期掌握]absent-mindeadj. 4心不在焉的absorb v. 41.吸收（水、热、光等）2.吸引（注意），使关心，使全神贯注abstract adj. 4抽象的n. 4摘要，概括v. 41.提取，抽取 2.摘录…的要点 3.转移…（注意等）absurd adj. 4不合理的，荒谬的，可笑的accent n. 41.音调，腔调，口音 2.重音 3.重音符号 4.重要性，重点accompany v. 41.伴随，陪同 2.为…伴奏accurate adj. 4准确的，精确的accuse v. 41.指责，谴责 2.控诉，控告accustom v. 4使习惯acquaint v. 4使认识，使了解acquaintancen. 41.相识，了解 2.相识的人，熟人acquire v. 41.取得，获得，习得 2.学到（知识等）acre n. 4英亩addition n. 4加，加法‖in addtion (to)另外，除…之外additional adj. 4附加的，追加的，另外的adequate adj. 4适当的，充分的，足够的adjust v 41.整顿，整理，安排 2.使适应于（新环境等）admission n. 41.进入的许可 2.入会费，入场费 3.承认，供认adopt v. 41.采用，采纳，采取（态度等）2.收养 3.接受某种习俗 4.正是通过adventurous adj. 41.大胆的，富于冒险精神的 2.充满危险的advertise v 4登广告adviser advin. 41.顾问，指导教授 2.affection n. 4慈爱，友爱agency n. 41.经办，代理，代理权 2.代理处 3.机构aggravate v. 4加重（病情、负担等）*agreeable adj. 41.惬意的，爽快的 2.易相处的 3.事宜的，适合的ailment n. 4轻微的病痛 *aimless adj. 4漫无目标的alchohol n. 4乙醇，酒精alphabet n. 4字母表ambulance n. 4救护车amusement n. 41.喜乐，兴趣 2.娱乐 3.文娱活动angle1 n. 41.角 2.角度，观点（= point of view）angle2 v. 4垂钓，钓鱼announcer n. 41.(无线电)广播员 2.(戏剧)报幕员annoyance n. 4烦恼,烦恼事anxiety n. 41.忧虑,担心,焦虑 2.渴望,热望apart adv. 41.相隔,相距 2.离开,离去 3.拆开‖apart from…且莫说,撇开…不说apparently adv. 4显然,明显的appetite n. 4食欲,胃口appoint v. 4任命，委派appointment n. 41.约会 2.职务,职位appreciationn. 41.欣赏,赏识 2.感谢apprentice n. 4徒弟,学徒,徒工approve v. 41.批准,通过 2.赞成,称许approximate adj. 4大约,将近arithmetic n. 4算术arouse v. 41.唤醒 2.换气,激起,引起(注意、同情、嫉妒、怀疑等) arrow n. 41.箭2.箭头ashore adv. 4在岸上，在陆上，上岸，上陆aspirin n. 4阿司匹林assemble v. 41.聚集,集合 2.装配(机器等)assign v. 41.分配（房屋、土地、工作、任务等）2.指定（时间、地点等）3.委派，指派assignment n. 41.分配，委派 2.（分派）的任务，指定的（课外）作业assist v. 4援助，帮助assistance n. 4援助，帮助association n. 41.l联合，联盟 2.联想 3.协会，社团astonish v. 4使吃惊，使惊愕astonishmentn. 4惊讶atomic adv. 41.原子的 2.原子能的 3.原子武器的attach v. 41.缚,系,贴 2.参加(党派) 3.把(重点等)放在attendant n. 41.侍者,服务员 2.护理员attraction n. 41.吸引力,诱惑力 2.吸引物,喜闻乐见的事物authority n. 41.权,权力 2.权威 3.(pl art)当局，官方 4.职权,权限automatic adj. 41.自动的 2.无意识的available adj. 4可用的,可用到的avenge v. 4为…报仇，为…进行报仇‖avenge oneself on 对…进行报仇avenue n. 41.林荫道,道路 2.(AmE)(城市中的)大街 3.途径,手段awaken v. 41.叫醒,闹醒 2.醒来,觉醒‖awaken to 使认识到award v. 4授予，给与奖励n. 4奖品aware adj. 4知晓,察觉,意识到awkward adj. 41.笨拙的,不熟练的 2.使用不方便的 3.尴尬的 4.难应付的,难处理的axe ax n. 4斧(子)background n. 41.背景 2.个人的背景资料backwards adv. 41.向后走,倒退着 2.(顺序)倒,逆‖ backwards andforwards 来回地badge n. 41.徽章,像章 2.象征,标志badminton n. 4羽毛球（运动）bang v. 41.猛撞,猛敲 2.砰的关上(门等) 3.发出砰的一生n. 4猛击 2.砰的一响banker n. 4银行家,银行高级职员barely adv. 4勉强，好容易才barrel n. 41.桶 2.炮管,枪管baseball n. 41.棒球(运动) 2.垒球(运动)basement n. 4地下室basis(pl basv 4基础,根据‖on the basis of 根据bat n. 4(棒球或板球)球棒,(乒乓球）球拍bat n. 4蝙蝠bay n. 4海湾,湾beam n. 41.梁 2.(日光、灯光等）（一）道，（一）束v. 41.微笑 2.发光bean n 4豆(子),菜豆‖full of beans(infml)精力充沛的beforehand adv. 4预先,事先behalf n. 4利益(只用于下例词组中)‖on behalf of,on sb’s behalf a. 为了…的(利益)b.代表…,替代behave v. 4举动,表现,见电(自己的行为)‖Be-have yourself！放规矩点!being n. 41.存在物 2.生物,人‖*beloved adj. 41.为…所爱的 2.被热爱的,敬爱的 n.心爱的人，爱人benefit n. 41.利益,好处 2.恩惠 3.津贴,救济金,保险赔偿费 v.有益于bet v. 4赌,打赌,赌钱‖You bet.（slang)当然,一定n. 4堵住，赌钱betray v. 41.背叛,出卖 2.辜负,不忠于 3.泄露(秘密等)Bible n. 4圣经‖The Bible 圣经billion num. 41.十亿(美制)2.万亿,兆(英制)biography n. 41.传记 2.传记文学bloody adj. 41.有血的,出血的 2.非常恶劣的,使人感到极不愉快的 adv. 4很，非常bloom n. 41.华,开花 2.青春 3.香味v. 41.开花 2.繁盛,茂盛blosslm n. 4花,开花的状态v. 41.开花 2.发展,繁荣,成长boast v. 4夸，自夸，夸口n. 4大话，自夸的话booth n. 41.(有蓬的)货摊 2.(AmE)公用电话亭 3.(隔开的)小间bosom n. 41.胸(=breast）2.胸襟，胸怀，内心bound n. 4界限,范围bound v. 41.跳动,跳跃 2.跳回,弹回bound adj. 4开往…的boundary n. 4界限,边界bow n. 4船头,舰首boxer n. 4拳击家，拳击员，拳击师boxing n. 4全集，拳术，打拳brake n. 4机(闸),刹车v. 4刹(车)breast n. 41.胸(脯),胸膛 2.乳房brighten v. 41.(使)发光,(使)发亮 2.(使）快活,(使）活跃brilliant adj. 41.光辉,辉煌 2.卓越的,聪颖的broaden v. 4放宽，加阔，（使）扩大brother-in-ln. 4姐夫,妹夫brow n. 4眉,眉毛(=eyebrow）bubble n. 4泡,水泡,气泡v. 4吹泡，起泡bunch n. 4(一)球,(一)束,(一)串v. 4使成一束(一捆等)bureau n. 41.办公署,局,司,处 2.(附有镜子的)五斗橱,写字台butterfly n. 4蝴蝶cable n. 41.缆，索，钢丝绳 2.电缆，海底电缆，海底电报v. 4拍（海底）电报camel n. 4骆驼cancer n. 4癌，癌症carbon n. 41.碳 2.复写纸career n. 41.生涯，经历 2.专业，职业carpenter n. 4木工，木匠carriage n. 41.（四轮）马车 2.客车车厢carve v. 41.雕刻 2.切（熟肉），切开catalogue can. 4（图书或商品等的）目录v. 4为…编目录，把…编入目录caution n. 41.当心，谨慎 2.告诫，警告v. 4警告，告诫cease v. 4停止，结束centigrade adj. 41.百分度的 2.摄氏温度计的certainty n. 41.确实性 2.确实的事challenge n. 41.挑战，要求决斗，邀请比赛 2.异议，质问怀疑v. 41.向…挑战 2.对…表示异议，非难，怀疑champion n. 41.冠军，优胜者 2.拥护者，战士，斗士v. 4拥护，支持chap n. 4家伙，小伙子chart n. 41.海图，航（线）图 2.图表，表，曲线图v. 41.制…的海图，把（航线等）绘入海图 2用图像表示（或说明）chase v. 4追逐追赶，追击n. 4追逐，追赶，追击chemist n. 41.化学家,化学师 2.(BrE)药剂师=(AmE)druggist chew v. 41.咀嚼,嚼碎 2.深思,回味,体味(某事物)childish adj. 41.孩子的,孩子所特有的 2.幼稚的,傻气的chorus n. 4合唱,合唱队,歌舞团‖in chorus齐声,一齐v. 4合唱,异口同声地说circular adj. 4圆形的,环形的circumstancen. 41.(pl)情况,情形,环境 2.（pl)境况,境遇‖under the cirumstances在那种情况下/under no circumstance无论如何circus n. 41.(圆形的)马戏场,杂技团 2.马戏(杂技)的表演 3.马戏团civilisationn. 4文明,文化claim v. 41.(根据权利)要求,认领,索取 2.声称,主张n. 41.(根据权利而提出的)要求 2.(对某事物的)权利,所有权clasp v. 41.扣住,扣紧,钩住 2.拥抱,抱紧 3.紧握n. 41.扣子,钩子 2.拥抱,紧握classify v. 41.把…分类,把(货物等)分等级 3.确定…为机密clench v. 41.握紧（拳头等），咬紧（牙关） 2.捏紧，抓牢coach n. 41.四轮大马车 2.长途公共汽车 3.（铁路上的）客车4.教练，指导v. 41.训练，指导，辅导 2.当教练coarse adj. 41.粗的，粗糙的，粗劣的 2.（举动等）粗鲁的，粗暴的，粗俗的collective adj. 4集体的,共同的,集体主义的n. 4集体,集体事业,全体人员commerce n. 4商业,贸易commercial adj. 4商业(上)的,商务的n. 4电台(电视)中的广告节目committee n. 4委员会communication. 41.通信,通讯 2.传达的信息 3.(pl)通讯系统 4.交通,交通工具comparative adj. 4比较的,比较上的,相当的n. 4比较级comparativeladv. 4比较地compass n. 41.罗盘,指南针 2.(pl)圆规compete v. 41.比赛 2.竞争,对抗complaint n. 41.怨言,不满,牢骚 2.投诉,抱怨,诉苦 3.疾病complex adj. 4复杂的,综合的n. 41.综合企业 2.一组建筑群complicate v. 4使复杂,变复杂complicated adj. 4结构复杂的,难懂的,难解的compose v. 41.组成,构成 2.创作,作曲 3.使安定,使平静composer n. 41.作曲家,创造者compound n. 41.混合物,复合词 2.用围墙围起的建筑地(场地)adj. 4混合的,复合的concentration. 4集中,注意力concept n. 4概念,观念,思想conclude v. 41.结束 2.推断出,断定conclusion n. 41.结束,结尾 2.结论,推论 3.(条约等的)缔结concrete adj. 41.具体的,有形的 2.明确的n. 41.具体物 2.混凝土,凝结物v. 4用混凝土修筑conditional adj. 4附有条件的confess v. 41.供认,坦白,承认 2.忏悔(罪恶等)conflict n. 41.斗争,战斗 2.抵触,冲突confusion n. 4混乱,混乱状态,骚乱congess n. 41.(代表)大会 2.(cap)国会，议会 3.聚会,会议conquer v. 41.征服,攻克,战胜,占领 2.克服(困难等),破除(坏习惯等)conscienousladv. 4认真地,诚心诚意地consciousnesn. 4意识,知觉,觉悟,自觉consequence n. 41.结果,后果 2.重要(性)consequentlyadv. 4因而,所以consideration. 41.考虑,思考 2.需要考虑的事,所考虑的事 3.体谅,照顾consistent adj. 41.坚固的,坚实的 2.一致的,连贯的,始终如一的consonant n. 4辅音,辅音字母adj. 4一致的,和谐的constant n. 41.坚定的,坚贞的,永恒的 2.经常的,不断的constantly adv. 41.经久不变的,永恒的 2.经常地,不断地consult v. 41.找…商议 2.找(医生)诊治 3.翻阅,查考(书籍、地图等)‖consult with和…商议container n. 41.容器 2.集装箱‖container ship集装箱船contemporaryadj. 41.当代的 2.同时代的,同年龄的n. 4同期的人,同辈contempt n. 4轻视,轻蔑contest v. 4争夺,竞争n. 41.争夺 2.竞争,比赛continual adj. 41.多次重复的,频繁的 2.持续的,不间断的contract n. 4契约,合同v. 41.订立和约,签约合同 2.使缩小,(使)收缩 3.得病,感染疾病contrary adj. 4相反的,相对的,对抗的‖on the contray相反contrast n. 4对比,比照v. 4使对比,形成对照cooker n. 4炊事用具（炉、锅等）correspond v. 41.符合,一致 2.相当,相应 3.通信correspondenn. 41.符合,一致 2.相当,相应 3.通信(联系) correspondenn. 4通信者,(新闻)通信员,记者costly adj. 41.昂贵的,代价高的 2.价值高的,豪华的council n. 41.理事会,委员会 2.地方议会courageous adj. 4勇敢的,有胆量的,无畏coward n. 4怯懦,胆怯者cowardly adj. 4怯懦的,胆小的crab n. 4螃蟹cracker n. 41.爆竹(=firecracker) 2.(AmE)一种薄脆饼干cradle n. 41.摇篮 2.策源地,发源地crawl v. 41.爬,爬行,匍匐前进 2.缓慢的移动,徐徐前进n. 41.爬,爬行,匍匐前进 2.缓慢的行进creative adj. 4有创造性的,创作的credit n. 41.信任 2.信用,信用往来,赊欠 3.信誉,声望,威信 4.荣誉,光荣 5.学分 6.(银行)存款,债权v. 4相信,信任‖be a credit to为…增光crisis n. 41.危机 2.危急存亡之际,决定性时刻,转折点critical adj. 41.批评(性)的,评论(性)的 2.对…表示谴责的,对…感到不满的 3.紧要的,关键性的,危害的crow n. 41.鸦,乌鸦 2.鸡啼v. 41.(雄鸡)啼 2.吹嘘,得意洋洋crush v. 41.压碎 2.压服，压倒n. 41.压碎 2.（水果的）汁cube n. 41.立方体，正六面体 2.立方cunning adj.& n. 4狡猾（的），狡诈（的）curse n. 4诅骂，咒骂，骂人话v. 4诅咒，咒骂cycle n. 41.周期，循环 2.（无线电）周（波）v. 41.循环，轮转 2.骑自行车（三轮脚踏车，机器脚踏车）dairy n. 4牛奶公司，乳品店，牛奶场adj. 4牛奶的，乳品的damn int. 4（表示愤怒、厌烦、失望等）该死的，他妈的v. 41.指责，谴责 2.咒骂n. 41.咒骂 2.丝毫，一点点darling n. 4心爱的人（动物），亲爱的，宠儿adj. 4心爱的，喜爱的，宠爱的dash v. 41.猛冲，猛掷 2.砸碎n. 41.飞奔，短跑 2.少许 3.破折号deadly adj. 4致命的，势不两立的，死气沉沉的adv. 4死一般地，非常，极度debate v 41.辩论，讨论 2.考虑，盘算n. 4辩论，争论，辩论比赛debt n. 4债，债务，欠债decent adj. 41.体面的，得体的，正当的 2.严肃的，高雅的，正派的 3.和气的，过得去的，宽容的decisive adj. 41.坚决的，果断的，有决定作用的 2.确定的，明确的deck n. 4甲板，桥面，（公共汽车、飞机机舱、大楼等）层面v. 4给…装甲板decline v 41.衰退，下降，减少 2.拒绝，婉辞n. 41.下降，减少 2.衰退，衰落期decrease v. 4（使）减少，减弱，减轻n. 4减少，减少额definite adj. 4清楚的，肯定的，明显的definitely adv. 41.当然，一定，确定 2.（和否定词连用）对，绝对definition n. 4定义，限定，清晰delegate n. 4代表，代表团团员v. 4授权，委托，委派…为代表delegation n. 4代表团，委派delicate adj. 41.易碎的，娇弱的 2.精密的，精致的 3.微妙的 4.清香的，清淡的delightful adj. 4令人愉快的delivery n. 41.交付，投递，交出 2.分娩 3.演讲的风格（方式）democracy n. 41.民主政体，民主政府，民主国家 2.民主作风，民主精神democratic adj. 4民主的，民主国家的，民主主义的demonstrate v. 4证明，示范，参加示威游行demonstration. 4论证，示范，示威游行（集会）dense adj. 4密集的，稠密的，不易看透的departure n. 41.离开，起程，开始 2.背离dependent adj. 41.依赖的，取决于…德，丛属的 2. 有瘾的depress v. 41.使消沉，使抑郁，使萧条 2.压下，按下 3.削弱，降低desirable adj. 4理想的，值得拥有的，可取的desperate adj. 41.绝望的，孤注一掷的 2.亡命的，不顾一切的despise v. 4鄙视，蔑视，轻视destination n. 4终点，目的地，目标destruction n. 4毁坏，毁灭，消灭destructive adj. 4破坏（性）的，毁灭（性）的，非建设性的device n. 41.装置,器具,仪器 2.手段,策略,诡计 3.手法, e's own devices 听任…自便,让…自行发展dew n. 4露,露水,小水珠dial n. 41.(仪表等)刻度盘,钟面,表盘 2.(电话机的)拨号盘,转盘v. 41.调频道,收听(看) 2.拨电话号码,与…通电话dialect n. 4方言,土话,行话dictator n. 41.独裁者,专制者 2.口授者 3.(左右风尚时装等的)权威digest v. 41.消化(食物) 2.(经反复思考)吸收,领悟,理解 3.整理,压缩,节略n. 4摘要,文摘,汇编disaster n. 41.灾难，大祸，大不幸 2.彻底的失败 3.祸患discipline n. 41.训练，纪律，行为准则 2.克制，规章制度，管教 3.处罚，惩罚 4.学科，科目v. 4训练，控制，惩罚discriminatev. 4区别，辨别，有差别的对待adj. 4有区别的，有差别的，有识别力的disgrace n. 41.丢脸，耻辱 2.失宠，失势v. 4使丢脸，使受耻辱，使失去地位disgust n. 4厌恶，恶心，作呕v. 4使讨厌，使厌恶，使作呕dismissal n. 41.解散，打发走 2.解雇，撤职 3.不予考虑disobey v. 4不服从，违抗，漠视disorder n. 41.杂乱，混乱 2.散乱，骚动 3.失调，不适v. 41.使零乱，扰乱 2.使失调，使不适displeasure n. 4不满，不悦，生气dissatisfy v. 4使不满意，使不高兴distinction n. 41.区分，不同，特征 2.卓越，著名，优良 3.荣誉（称号），殊勋，奖赏distress n. 41.（精神上的）痛苦，忧虑，悲伤 2.不适，疼痛 3.贫困，灾难 4.危难，困境v. 4使痛苦，使苦恼，使紧张distribute v. 41.分发，分配，配给物 2.散布，分布 3.销售（量）distributionn. 4区，行政区，区域disturbance n. 41.打扰，妨碍 2.心神不安，烦恼43.混乱，骚乱ditch n. 4沟，壕沟，渠（道）diver n. 4跳水者，潜水者，潜水艇dock n. 41.码头，船坞2.（法庭中的）被告席，犯人栏v. 41使（船）靠码头，领（船）进港2.（宇宙飞行器）在外层空间对接domestic adj. 41.家的，家庭的，家用的 2.（动物）非野生的，驯养的3.国内的，国产的，自制的dot n. 41.点，小圆点2.少量，一点儿v. 4加点，点缀，散布于//on the dot准时地doubtful adj. 41.疑惑的，（可）怀疑的2.含糊不轻的，未定的，有问题的drain v. 41.（使）慢慢流走，排出，把…弄干2.喝干3.使精疲力竭n. 41.排水沟（管）2.消耗，（人才等）外流//down the drain 被浪费掉，化为乌有dramatic adj. 41.戏剧（性）的，刺激的，激动人心的2.引人注目的，印象深刻的，突然的dread v.&n. 4畏惧，厌恶，担忧dreadful adj. 41.可怕的，令人敬畏的2.厉害的，讨厌的，极端的drive-in n.&adj, 4（顾客无须下车即可得到服务的）“*drought n. 4旱灾，干旱drunkard n. 4醉汉，酒徒durable adj. 4持久的，耐用的，耐穿的n. 4(pl) 耐用品dusk n. 4黄昏，傍晚，幽暗earnest adj. 4认真的，诚挚的，热切的n. 4/in earnest a.有决心和精力 b.认真（地），一本正经地earthquake n. 4地震echo v. 41.发出回声，引起回想，共鸣 2.随声附和，重复（他人的话等），模仿n. 4回声，反响，共鸣editor n. 4编辑，编者，校订者eggplant n. 4茄子electronic adj. 4电子的，电子仪器elementary adj. 41. 基本的，基础的，初级的 2.容易的，简易的embarrass v. 41.使窘迫，使困扰，使为难 2.妨碍，牵累embarrassingadj. 4使人尴尬的，使人为难的embrace v. 41.拥抱，抱，环绕 2.包含，包括 3.接受，利用 4.信奉n. 41.拥抱，怀抱，包围 2.接受，信奉emergence n. 4出现，露出emperor n. 4皇帝enclose v. 41.围住，圈起，关闭住 2.封入，附入endure v. 41.忍受，忍耐（常与否定词连用）容忍 2.持续，持久enlarge v. 4扩大，放大（照片），扩展entertain v. 41.招待，款待 2.使欢乐，给…娱乐 3.接受，容纳enthusiasm n. 4热情，热心，热诚enthusiasticadj. 4热情的，热心的，热烈的envy v.&n. 4妒忌，羡慕equality n. 4平等，同等，相同equally adv. 4相等地，平等地，平均地estimate v. 4估计，估计…的意义（价值），评价n. 4估计，估算，评价，评估eve n. 4（节日等的）前夜，（重大事件发生的）前夕eventually adv. 4最后，终于evidence n. 41.根据，证据，证明 2.证词evidently adv. 4明显地，显然，根据现有证据来看exchange v. 41.交换，调换，把…换成，2.互换，兑换n. 41.交换，互换，交流 2.交火，争吵 3.交换所，交易所excite v. 41.刺激，使兴奋，使激动 2.激发，唤起，引起exhaust v. 41.用完，耗尽，花光 2.排空，抽完 3.使筋疲力尽 4.详尽论述n. 41.排气管，排气装置 2.排出，放出 3.废气，废液exhibit v. 41.展览，展出，陈列 2.表现，显出，显示n. 4陈列品，展览，展览品expense n. 41.费用，消费，支出 2.（精力、时间等的）消耗，耗费 3.（pl）开支，花费 || at the expense of 以…为代价，由…付费explore v. 41.探究，探索 2.勘探，探险，探测exposure n. 41.暴露，揭露，显露 2.曝光，曝光时间extent n. 41.范围，广度，长度2.程度，限度|| to some extent 在某种程度上extraordinaradj. 41.非常的，特别的，破例的 2.离奇的，使人惊奇的，非凡的extreme adj. 41.末端的，极端的，尽头的 2.极度的，偏激的，过分的n. 4极端，极度（状态），过分facility n. 41.（pl）设备，工具2.简易，方便，便利3.技能，熟练fairy n. 4小妖精，仙人faithful adj. 4守信的，忠诚的，忠实的fame n. 4名声，名望，声誉fare n. 4车费，路程费v. 4进展, 过活fascinate v. 4迷住，使神魂颠倒，强烈地吸引feast n. 4盛宴，宴会v. 4大吃大喝，尽情地吃//feast one's eyes on尽情地欣赏，饱眼福feature n. 41.面貌的一部分，脸形2.(pl)面貌，相貌3.特征，特点，特色4.（电影）正片，故事片（报纸等的）特写v 4是…的特色，以…为特色fee n. 4费，酬金，会费fell v 4击倒，砍伐，坎倒female n. 4女子，雌性动物（植物）adj. 41.女（性）的，雌（性）的，生产果实的2.阴的，凹的festival n. 4节日，喜庆日，纪念活动日adj. 4节日的，喜庆的feudal adj. 4封建的，封建制度的fisherman n. 4捕鱼人，渔船fit2 n. 41.（病的）发作，痉挛2.（感情等的）突发flame n. 4火焰，火舌，闪光//in flames燃烧着v. 4焚烧，发光，闪耀flavour flavn. 41.味，味道，风味2.风韵，特色，特点fleet n. 41.舰队2.船队，机群，（汽）车队flesh n. 4肉，肉体，果肉fleshyflexible adj. 41.柔韧的，易弯曲的2.可变通的，灵活的，易适应的flexibly adv. 4灵活地flight1 n. 41.飞翔，飞行2.飞机的航程，空中旅行，班机3.楼梯的一段float v. 41.漂浮，浮动，漂2.成立3.建议n. 41.漂浮，漂浮物，浮标2.游行花车flourish v.&n. 41.茂盛，繁荣，兴旺2.挥舞，挥动，炫耀focus n. 41.焦点，焦距，聚焦2.中心，集中点v. 4调节…的焦距folk n. 41.人们2.(pl)家人，亲属adj. 4民间的，平民的footstep n. 41.脚步，脚步声2.足迹，踏板forbid v. 41.禁止，不许2.阻止，妨碍foresee v. 4预见，预知founder1 n. 4奠基者，创立者，缔造者frame n. 41.构架，骨架，结构2.框架，框子3.体格，身体v. 41.给…装框，构筑2.构想出，设计，表达framework n. 4框架，骨架，架构frequency n. 41.次数，重复发生率2.频繁，频率，周率frontier n. 41.边界，边境，边疆2.边缘，边远地区，(pl)（知识等）未开发的领域frost n. 41.冰冻，严寒（期）2.霜v. 4结霜，受冻frosty adj. 4霜冻的，结霜的，严寒的2.冷淡的，冷若冰霜的frying-pan n. 4煎锅，长柄平锅fund n. 41.(pl)资金，存款，公债2.基金，专款，储备v. 4为…提供资金，资助，积累fundamental adj. 41.基础的，基本的，重要的 2.起始的，主要的，固有的n. 4(pl)基本原则（原理），根本法则（规律），纲要furious adj. 41.狂怒的，暴怒的2.狂暴的，猛烈的，强烈的gallon n. 4加仑gamble v. 4赌博，打赌n. 4赌博，投机，冒险gang n. 4（囚犯等的）一群，（歹徒等的）一帮，（青少年等的）一伙gap n. 41.豁缝，裂口，缺口2.山峡，隘口3.间隙garment n. 41.（一件）衣服（指长袍，外套）2.(pl)服装，衣着3.外衣gasoline n. 4(AmE)汽油=(BrE)petrolgenius n. 4天才，天资，天赋gesture n. 41.姿势，手势2.（外交等方面的）姿态，表示v. 4用手势表示，用动作示意glare v. 41. 瞪眼，怒视 2. 令人眩目地照射，闪耀glide v. & n. 41. 滑动，滑行 2. 滑翔glory n. 41. 光荣，荣誉 2. 壮丽，壮观governor n. 41. 统治者，管辖者 2. 地方长官 ( 如省长 )，( BrE ) 总督，( AmE ) 州长gown n. 4长袍，长外衣v. 4使穿长袍，使穿礼服grab v. 41. 攫取，抓取 2. 强夺；霸占 3. ( 急速地 ) 抓住，抓牢n. 4掠夺，攫取，( 急速 ) 抓住graceful adj. 4优美的，雅致的gracious adj. 41. 宽厚的，仁慈的，和蔼的 2. 优美的，雅致的gramme gram n. 4克 ( 重量单位 )gramophone n. 4留声机grand adj. 41. 壮大的，堂皇的 2. 主要的，重要的，伟大的grant v. 4同意，准予 ( 补助等 )，授予 ( 权利等 ) || take sth for granted 认为某事当然n. 4同意，准许，授予greed n. 4贪心，贪婪greenhouse n. 4玻璃暖房，温室grip n. 41. 紧握，紧咬，紧夹 2. 掌握，支配，控制v. 41. 握 ( 咬、夹 ) 牢 2. 掌握，支配，控制groan v. 4哼，呻吟n. 4呻吟声，哼声guarantee n. 4保证，保证书v. 4保证，担保guitar n. 4吉他，六弦琴v. 4弹吉他gunpowder n. 4火药guy n. 4家伙，人gymnasium n. 4体育馆，健身房hairpin n. 41. 发钗，发夹 2. U字形急转弯halt n. 4暂停前进，中止，停止 || bring to a halt; bring a halt to ( 使 ) 停止，终止，制止 / call a halt ( 命令 ) 停止，途中休息v. 4停止前进，停止，停住hardship n. 4受苦，苦难，困苦harm n. & v. 4损害，伤害，危害 || do sb ( sth ) harm 损害某人( 某物) / Harm set; harm get. 害人反害己haste n. 41. 急速，紧迫，仓促 2. 草率，急迫 || in haste 急速地，匆忙，草率地 / make haste 赶紧 / Haste makes waste; more haste, less speed. 欲速则不达。

英语专业4、8级词汇表abandon [əˈbændən] vt. 放弃；抛弃；放纵 n. 放任；狂热。

ability [əˈbɪləti] n. 能力；才能。

able [ˈeɪbl] adj. 能；[经管] 有能力的；能干的。

abnormal [æbˈnɔːml] adj. 反常的，不规则的；变态的。

aboard [əˈbɔːd] prep. 在（船、飞机、车）上；上（船、飞机、车）adv. 在船（或飞机、车）上；上船（或飞机、车）abolish [əˈbɒlɪʃ] vt. 废除，废止；取消，革除。

abortion [əˈbɔːʃn] n. 流产，堕胎，小产；流产的胎儿；（计划等）失败，夭折。

abound [əˈbaʊnd] vi. 富于；充满。

about [əˈbaʊt] prep. 关于；大约adj. 在附近的；四处走动的；在起作用的adv. 大约；周围；到处n. 大致；粗枝大叶；不拘小节的人。

above [əˈbʌv] prep. 超过；在……上面；在……之上adv. 在上面；在上文adj. 上文的n. 上文。

aberration [ˌæbəˈreɪʃn] n. 反常现象，异常行为；偏离；色差；精神失常。

abeyance [əˈbeɪəns] n. 中止，停顿；归属待定，暂搁。

abhor [əbˈhɔː(r)] vt. 痛恨，憎恶。

abide [əˈbaɪd] vt. 忍受，容忍；停留；遵守vi. 持续；忍受；停留。

ability [əˈbɪləti] n. 能力；能耐；才能。

abject [ˈæbdʒekt] adj. 卑鄙的；可怜的；不幸的；（境况）凄惨的，绝望的。

ablaze [əˈbleɪz] adj. 着火的，猛火燃烧；闪耀的，光亮的；激昂的，愤怒的adv. 着火；闪耀。

able [ˈeɪbl] adj. 能；[经管] 有能力的；能干的。

Chapter 4 The Evolution of Management Thought[本章学时]：2学时[本章内容概要]：4.1 Classical management perspective4.2 Behavioral Management Perspective4.3 Quantitative Management Perspective[本章教学目的与要求]： describe the background of managerial theory; know something about of Taylor; define scientific management and administrative management; discuss the open system and closed system; master the contingency approach.[本章重点与难点]：the definition of scientific management, contingency approach; background of management theory.4.1 Classical management perspective1 Precursors of Management TheoryThe practice of management can be traced back thousands of years, such as pyramids in Egypt, the Great Wall in China, and floating warship assembly lines in Venice.Adam Smith—“The Wealth of Nations” advocated the division oflabor to increase the productivity of workers.Industrial Revolution—large organizations were created in need ofmanagement and machine power was substituted for human labor.2 The definition(1) Scientific ManagementScientific management concerned with improving the performance of individual workers and grew out of the industrial revaluation’s labor shortage at the beginning of the twentieth century.(2) Administration ManagementAdministrative management theory focuses on managing the total organization.3 Fredrick Winslow TaylorFredrick Winslow Taylor who published principle of scientific management in 1911,and was considered the father of scientific management, who replaced old rule-of-thumb methods of how to do work with scientifically-based work methods.4 Important viewsHow do today’s managers use scientific management? They use timeand motion studies to increase productivity. Hire the best qualifiedemployees, and design incentive systems based on output.Administrative management theory focus on managing the wholeorganization rather than individuals.4.2 Behavioral Management Perspective1 what is behavioral managementBehavioral management theory emphasized individual attitudes and behaviors, group processes, and recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace. It was stimulated by a number of writers and theoretical movement.2 Organizational behaviorsOrganizational behavior is the study of the actions of people at work, and people are most important asset of an organization. It is a contemporary field,which draws on psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine, focus on behavioral perspectives on management.4.3 Quantitative Management Perspective1 Quantitative ManagementQuantitative management, also called operations research or management science, focus on improving managerial decision making by applying statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer stimulations.2 Operations ManagementOperation management is the practical application of management science to efficiently manage the production and distribution of products and services.3 Systems PerspectiveA system is an interrelated and interdependent set of elements functioning as a whole.There are two basic types of systemsOpen systems are organizations that dynamically interacts with theirexternal environment by taking in inputs and transforming them intooutputs that are distributed into their environment.Closed system are organizations that are not influenced by and donot interact their environment (all system input and output ininternal).4 Synergy and Entropy(1) Synergy is the notion that the whole system (subsystem working togetheras one system) is more productive and efficient than the sum of its parts.(2) Entropy is a normal process in which an organizational system declines due to failing to adjust to change in its environment.5 The Contingency PerspectiveThe contingency perspective, sometimes called the situational approach, is the appropriate managerial behavior for managing an organization which depends on the current situation in the organization.It suggests that each organization be unique, organizations be individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. There is no one universally applicable set of management principles by which to manage organizations.本章小结Scientific management concerned with improving the performance of individual workers and grew out of the industrial revaluation’s labor shortage at the beginning of the twentieth century.Administrative management theory focuses on managing the total organization.Behavioral management theory emphasized individual attitudes and behaviors, group processes, and recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace. It was stimulated by a number of writers and theoretical movement.Quantitative management, also called operations research or management science, focus on improving managerial decision making by applying statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer stimulations.Operation management is the practical application of management science to efficiently manage the production and distribution of products and services.Systems Approach called a system is an interrelated and interdependent set of elements functioning as a whole.The contingency perspective, sometimes called the situational approach, is the appropriatemanagerial behavior for managing an organization which depends on the current situation in the organization.复习思考题a. Can you set examples of early examples of management?b. What’s the historical background of management theories?c. What are the open system and closed system?d. What is the situational approach?。

英语专四(专业四级)词汇表XXX (Part A)Abdomen: the part of the body een the chest and the pelvis.Abolish: to officially end a law。

system。

custom。

etc.Aboriginal: XXX.Aborigine: a person who is a member of the original XXX.Abound: to exist in large numbers or quantities。

to be full of something.Abridge: to make a book。

play。

etc。

XXX.Abrupt: XXX。

steep.Absolve: XXX.Abundant: existing in large amounts。

plentiful.Abuse: the use of something in a way that is XXX。

XXX.Accessory: an extra piece of equipment that can be added to a machine。

etc。

a person who helps someone commit a crime.modate: XXX with a place to stay。

etc。

to adjust to something。

to make an agreement.paniment: something that is added to another thing to make it better or more attractive。

music that is played to support a XXX.plished: skilled and successful。

XXX.Accord: agreement or harmony。

英语专四(专业四级)词汇表英语专四词汇表(A)abdomen n. 腹，腹部abolish vt. 废止，废除(法律、制度、习俗等)aboriginal adj. 土著的，原来的 n. 土著居民aborigine n. (澳洲的)土著;土人abound vi. 多，大量存在，富于，充满abridge v. 删节，削减，精简abrupt adj. 突然的，陡峭的，生硬的absolve v. 宣布免除(承诺、责任等);赦免，免受惩处，宣告无罪abundant adj. 丰富的，充裕的，丰富，盛产，富于abuse n. 滥用，虐待，辱骂，陋习，弊端 v. 滥用，虐待，辱骂accessory n. 附件，零件，附加物，从犯，同谋者 adj. 附属的，补充的，同谋的，副的accommodate vt. 供应，供给，使适应，调节，和解，向……提供，容纳，调和 vi. 适应accompaniment n. 陪伴物，伴奏accomplished adj. 完成的，熟练的，多才多艺的accord n. 一致，符合，调和，协定vt. 一致，给与vi. 符合? of o ne’s own accord 自愿地，自动地accordingly adv. 因此，从而accordion n. 手风琴adj. 可折叠的ace n. (纸牌或骰子)幺点，一流人才，高手，佼佼者acknowledge vt. 承认，答谢，报偿acquaint vt. 使熟知，通知acquaintance n. 相识，熟人crobat n. (走钢丝的)杂技演员，随机应变者，翻云覆雨者 a acronym n. 首字母的缩写词acupuncture n. 针刺疗法acute adj. 敏锐的，激烈的，严重的 [医]急性的，剧烈adapter n. 适配器，改编者addict n. 入迷的人，有瘾的人adhere vi. 粘附，胶着，坚持 v. 坚持 ?adhere to坚持;坚信;忠于adherence n. 粘着，忠诚，坚持adjacent adj. 邻近的，接近的 ?be adjacent to接近1admiral n. 海军上将，舰队司令，旗舰adolescent adj. 青春期的，青春的n. 青少年advantageous adj. 有利的adventurism n. (外交，政治等方面的)冒险主义adversary n. 敌手，对手advisory adj. 顾问的，咨询的，劝告的aerial adj. 航空的，生活在空气中的，空气的，高耸的aeronautics n. 航空学，航空术aesthetics n. 美学，美术理论，审美学，美的哲学affectionate adj. 亲爱的，挚爱的affix vt. 使附于，粘贴aftereffect n. 余波，后果aftermath n. (不幸事件的)后果aggressor n. 侵略者，攻击者agony n. 苦恼，极大的痛苦airtight adj. 密封的，无懈可击的aisle n. 走廊，过道alga n. 藻类，海藻algebra n. 代数学alien adj. 外国的，相异的，不同，背道而驰alienate v. 离间;使疏远alligator n. 产于美洲的鳄鱼allocate vt. 分派，分配allot vt.(按份额)分配，分派alloy n. 合金 vt. 使成合金，减低成色almighty adj. 全能的almond n. [植] 杏树，杏仁，杏仁壮物aloof adj. 疏远的，冷淡的altar n. 祭坛，(基督教教堂alumna n. 女毕业生，女校友alumnus n. 男毕业生，男校友amber n. 琥珀 adj. 琥珀制的，琥珀色(黄色)的ambiguity n. 含糊，不明确ambiguous adj. 暧昧的，不明确的amenable adj. 应服从的，有服从义务的，有责任的amend v. 修正，改进，改正amendment n. 改善，改正amid prep. 在……中amiss adj. 有毛病的，出差错的ammunition n. 军火，弹药ample adj. 充足的，丰富的amplifier n. 扩音器，放大器amplify vt. 放大，增强，详述 v. 扩大analogy n. 类似，类推anatomy n. 剖析，解剖学ancestral adj. 祖先的，祖传的ancestry n. 祖先(集合称)，家系，血统anchor n. 锚 v. 抛锚，锚定anchorage n. 停泊地点，抛锚地点anchorman n. 新闻节目主持人anchorwoman n. 新闻节目主持人anecdote n. 轶事，奇闻angular adj. 有角的;成角的;含角的;关于角的;尖角的;瘦骨嶙峋的annals n. 编年史，年报annex n. 附件 vt. 并吞，附加anode n. [电] 阳极，正极anonymous adj. 匿名的antagonism n. 对抗(状态)，对抗性antagonist n. 敌手，对手antecedent n. 先辈 adj. 先行的antenna n. 天线，触角anthem n. 圣诗;赞美诗;国歌3antibiotic n. 抗生素 adj. 抗生的antic adj. 奇特的，滑稽可笑的anticipate vt. 预期，期望，过早使用，先人一着，占先 v. 预订，预见，可以预料 antiquityn. 古代，古老，古代的遗物aperture n. 孔，穴，缝隙，(照相机，望远镜等的)光圈，孔径apologetic adj. 道歉的，认错的，辩护的apostrophe n. 省略符号，呼语appalling adj. 令人震惊的，骇人听闻的apparatus n. 器械，设备，仪器applicable adj. 可适用的，可应用的appointee n. 被任命者，[律] 指定的财产受益人apprentice n. 学徒aptitude n. 恰当，智能，聪明，自然倾向arbitrary adj. 任意的，武断的，独裁的，专断的arch n. 拱门，弓形结构，拱形 v.(使)弯成弓形 adj. 主要archaeologist n. 考古学家archbishop n. [宗] 大教主arid adj. 干旱的，贫瘠的(土地等)，无趣的，沉闷的aristocracy n. 贵族，贵族政府，贵族统治aristocrat n. 贵族aristocratic adj. 贵族的，贵族化的，贵族政治的arithmetic n. 算术，算法armament n. 军备，武器armour n. 盔甲，装甲钢板，装甲部队armpit n. 腋窝array n. 排列，编队，军队，衣服，大批 vt. 部署，穿着，排列artery n. 动脉，要道artillery n. 炮的总称，炮兵的总称ashore adv. 向岸地，在岸上地asphalt n. 沥青assassin n. 暗杀者，刺客assassinate vt. 暗杀，行刺assault n. 攻击，袭击 v. 袭击assert v. 断言，声称assertion n. 主张，断言，声明assess vt. 估定，评定assessment n. 估计，估算;评估，评价asset n. [usu. Pl.] 资产;财产;有用的资源，宝贵的人 [物];优点，益处;贡献 assuredlyadv. 确实地，确信地astound vt. 使惊骇，使大吃一惊atlas n. 地图，地图集attaché vt. 缚上，系上，贴上 v. 配属，隶属于attorney n. < 美 > 律师，(业务或法律事务上的)代理人auction n. 拍卖 vt. 拍卖audiovisuals n. 视听教具auditor n. 计员，核数师auditorium n. 听众席，观众席，< 美 > 会堂，礼堂aural adj. 听觉的authentic adj. 可信的;可靠的，权威性的;真正的，确实的;有根据的autobiographic (al)adj. 自传的，自传式的，自传作家的automate v. 使自动化，自动操作autonomous adj. 自治的autonomy n. 自治auxiliary adj. 辅助的，补助的avenge vt. 为……报复，报仇aviation n. 飞行，航空，航空学，航空术awe n. 敬畏 vt. 敬畏axiom n. [数] 公理axis n. 轴axle n. 轮轴，车轴英语专四词汇表(B)backbone n. 脊椎，中枢，骨干，支柱，意志力，勇气，毅力，决心backup n. 后援，支持，阻塞vt. 做备份adj. 候补的，支持性的 [计] 文件备份 badge n. 徽章，证章;标志，象征bald adj. 光秃的，单调的，枯燥的5bale n. 大包，大捆，货物vt. 打包，捆包，包装，灾难，痛苦，悲哀ballot n. 选举票，投票，票数vi. 投票bandit n. 强盗bang n. 重击，突然巨响v. 发巨响，重击;砰地一声关上(门等)banister n. 栏杆的支柱，楼梯的扶栏baptism n. 浸洗，[喻]洗礼，严峻考验baptize vt. 给人施洗礼，洗炼，命名(作为洗礼仪式的一部分)barbarian n. 粗鲁无礼的人，野蛮人adj. 野蛮的，粗鲁的barbaric adj. 野蛮的，粗野的，毫无约束的，肆无忌惮的barbarous adj. 野蛮的，残暴的，粗野的，(声音)刺耳的，沙哑的bare adj. 赤裸的，无遮蔽的，空的，仅有的vt. 使赤裸，露出barge n. 驳船，游艇barley n. 大麦barn n. [农]谷仓，畜棚，畜舍，机器房barometer n. 气压计baron n. 男爵 [美口] 巨商;工业巨头，大王barracks n. 兵营，许多人居住的简陋房舍barrel n. 桶;枪管;炮管barren adj. 不生育的，不孕的，贫瘠的，没有结果的，无益的，单调的，无聊的，空洞的bastard n. 私生子，讨厌鬼，家伙，劣等货;假冒品battlefield n. 战场，沙场beacon n. 烟火，灯塔 v. 照亮bead n. 珠子，水珠beak n. 鸟嘴，喙beaker n. 大口杯，有倾口的烧杯beam n. 梁，桁条，(光线的)束，柱，电波，横梁 v. 播送ben-sprout v. 萌芽 n. 苗芽beast n. 兽，畜牲，人面兽心的人beat n. 敲打，拍子，巡逻区域 v. 打，打败 beat off 打退 /beat time 打拍子 /beat up sb. 痛打某人beet n. 甜菜，甜菜根 vt. 生火，修理，改过beforehand adv. 预先bellow v. 大声呼叫;怒吼;咆哮beloved adj. 心爱的 n. 所爱的人，爱人belt n. 腰带，传动带;(机器)皮带，特殊的地带bench n. 长椅子bend v. 弯曲，专心于，屈服 n. 弯曲benevolence n. 仁爱心，善行;捐款benevolent adj. 慈善的berry n. 浆果berth n. 停泊处，卧铺(口语)职业bestow vt. 给予;赐赠betray vt. 出卖，背叛，泄露(秘密)，露出……迹象bewilder vt. 使迷惑，使不知所措，使昏乱bias n. 偏见，偏爱，斜线 vt. 使存偏见bibliography n. 书目，参考书目binary adj. 二进位的，二元的bind v. 绑，镶边，装订，凝固，约束binder n. 装订工，包扎者，包扎工具，活页封面binding n. 书籍的封皮binoculars n. 双筒望远镜biochemistry n. 生物化学biographic (al) adj. 传记的，传记体的biotechnology n. 生物工艺学birch n. 桦树，白桦bishop n. 主教bishop n. 主教blacksmith n. 锻工，铁匠bladder n. 膀胱，囊袋bland adj. 温和的，柔和的，乏味的，冷漠的，刺激性少的blast n. 一阵(风)，一股(气流)，爆炸，冲击波 vt. 爆炸，，毁灭，使枯萎，损害 blaze n. 火焰，光辉，情感爆发 vi. 燃烧，照耀，激发bleach v. 漂白，变白bleak adj. 寒冷的，阴冷的，荒凉的，凄凉的，黯淡的bleat n. (羊)叫声 v. 低声诉说7bleed v. 出血，流血;悲痛，同情blend vt. 混和 n. 混和blessed adj. 受祝福的blessing n. 祝福blink v. 眨眼，闪亮，无视bliss n. 无上幸福;极乐blister n. 水泡，气泡blockade n. 堵塞，(交通的)阻断;障碍物，阻碍物bloody adj. 血腥的，嗜杀的，有血的，< 英鄙 > 该死的，非常的blot n. 污渍，污点，瑕疵 v. 弄污bluff n. 断崖，绝壁，诈骗 adj. 绝壁的，直率的 vt. vi. 诈骗blunder n. 大错，失误blunt adj. 钝的，生硬的;直言不讳的;迟钝的 vt. 使变钝blurt vt. 未加思索地冲口说出，突然说出blush v. 脸红，羞愧，呈现红色，使成红色 n. 脸红，红色，红光bodily adj. 身体的 adv. 肉体上，亲自地，全部bodyguard n. 保镖，护卫bold adj. 大胆的;勇敢的;冒险的;醒目的?as bold as brass 鲁莽;擅自;厚颜 bolt n. 门闩，螺钉，闪电，跑掉 v. 上门闩，囫囵吞下，逃跑bomber n. 轰炸机，轰炸员bond n. 结合(物)，粘结(剂)，联结，公债，债券，合同v. 结合bondage n. 奴役，束缚boo n. 喝倒彩，虚声v. 出嘘声booby trap n. 放物在微开的门上以惊打来人的恶作剧;陷阱，阴谋bookish adj. 与书籍有关的;好读书的;咬文嚼字的;迂腐的;拘泥的;书生气的bookkeepingn. 簿记booklet n. 小册子bookmark n. 书签boom n. 繁荣，隆隆声v. 发隆隆声，兴隆，大事宣传vi. 迅速增长;趋于繁荣;景气 boothn. 货摊;摊位;隔开的小间;电话亭borough n. 自治的市镇，区bossy adj. 喜欢发号施令的，作威作福的botanical adj. 植物学的botanist n. 植物学家botany n. 植物学bottleneck n. 瓶颈;困难;障碍;隘路;狭道;难关bough n. 大树枝，主枝boulevard n. <美>林荫大道bound n. 跃进，跳，范围，限度adj. 开往……去的，被束缚的，装订的v. 跳跃，限制boundless adj. 无限的，无边无际的bountiful adj. 慷慨的，宽大的bounty n. 慷慨，宽大，施舍，奖励金bouquet n. 花束bourgeois n. 中产阶级，商人，资产阶级adj. 中产阶级的，平庸的bourgeoisie n. 中产阶级;资产阶级bowels n. 肠，内脏，内部boycott n. vt. 联合抵制，联合排斥某国货物或与某国绝交bracelet n. 手镯bracket n. 墙上凸出的托架，括弧，支架brag n. v. 吹牛，吹嘘branch n. 枝，分枝，分部，分店，(学科)分科，部门，支流，支脉v. 出现分歧brass n. 黄铜，黄铜制品，厚脸皮breach n. 违背，破坏，破裂，裂口vt. 打破，突破break away from 与……脱离/break forth突然迸发/break off中断/break up分裂，结束;解散;(学校)开始放假breathtaking adj. 激动人心的;惊人的，惊险的breed v. (使)繁殖，教养，抚养n. 品种，种类brew v. 酿造，酝酿;冲(茶或咖啡)brewery n. 酿酒厂bribe n. 贿赂vt. 贿赂，向……行贿bribery n. 行贿，受贿，贿赂bridle n. 马勒，缰绳 v. 上笼头，昂首(表傲慢. 愤怒等)，抑制(欲望) brigade n. 旅，队brim n. (杯，碗等)边，边缘，(河)边vt. 注满，使满溢vi. 满溢brink n. (峭岸、崖的)边缘?on the brink of将要，濒于，在…的边缘9brisk adj. 敏锐的，凛冽的，轻快的，活泼的vt. 使活泼vi. 活跃起来bristle n. 硬而粗的毛发bronze n. 青铜(铜与锡合金)，铜像adj. 青铜色的brooch n. 胸针，领针brood n. (动物中鸟或家禽的)一窝，(同种或同类的)一伙vt. 孵，沉思brook n. 小溪vt. 容忍broom n. 扫帚，[植]金雀花vt. 扫除brotherhood n. 手足情谊，兄弟关系brotherly adj. 兄弟的，亲兄弟般的，亲切的，充满情谊的 bruise n. 瘀伤，擦伤v. 打伤，撞伤brunch n. 早午餐brusque adj. 唐突的，直率的，粗暴的，无礼的brutal adj. 残忍的，兽性的brute adj. 残忍的，畜生般的n. 残忍的人，畜生buckle n. 带扣v. 扣住，变弯曲bud n. 芽，蓓蕾vi. 发芽，萌芽buffet n. 餐具柜，小卖部，殴打，打击v. 打击，搏斗bug n. 小虫，病菌，窃听器，臭虫v. 装置窃听器，打扰bugle n. 喇叭，军号(from )bulb n. 植物的球茎，球茎状物;电灯泡bulge n. 凸出部分 v. 凸出，膨胀bulky adj. 大的，容量大的，体积大的bullish adj. 似公牛的，看涨的，上扬的bully n. 欺凌弱小者 vt. 威吓，威逼bumper n. (汽车前后的)保险杠bun n. 小圆面包，曲卷(或结)状的头发bunch n. 串，束 v. 捆成一束bundle n. 捆，束，包 v. 捆扎bungalow n.(带走廊的)平房buoy n.(湖，河等中的)浮标，浮筒，救生圈 vt. 使浮起，支撑，鼓励bureaucracy n. 官僚，官僚作风，官僚机构bureaucrat n. 官僚主义者burial n. 埋葬，葬礼bust n. 半身像，胸像，(妇女的)胸部 adj. 破产，倒闭 ?go bust 破产butler n. 男管家butt n. 粗大的一端，靶垛，笑柄 v. 以头抵撞，碰撞buzz n. 嗡嗡声 v. 作嗡嗡声，嗡嗡作响，逼近buzzword n. 时髦词语;漂亮口号bypass n. 旁路 vt. 设旁路，迂回by-product n. 副产品英语专四词汇表(C)cabinet n. 橱柜，(美)内阁cable n. 电缆，海底电报，缆，索v. 打(海底)电报cactus n. 仙人掌cadet n. 军官学校学生cadre n. 基础结构，骨骼，干部cage n. 笼子;鸟笼;兽笼vt. 关入笼中;放到笼里calcium n. 钙calculus n. 微积分学calf n. 小牛，小牛皮，小腿caliber n. 口径;才干;人品calligraphy n. 书法canary n. 金丝雀，淡黄色cane n. 细长的茎，藤条canine adj. 犬的，似犬的，犬科的cannery n. 罐头工厂cannon n. 大炮，加农炮canvas n. 粗帆布，帆布;一块画布，一幅油画cap n. 帽子，军帽，(瓶)帽，(笔)帽vt. 戴帽子，盖在……顶上 capacity n. 容量，才能，能力，地位capsule n. 胶囊，太空舱caption n. 标题，说明，字幕capture n. 捕获，战利品vt. 俘获，捕获，夺取caravan n. (沙漠地带的)商队;旅行队;大篷车11carbon n. 碳;复写纸carcase n. (动物)尸体cardboard n. 纸板cardigan n. 开襟羊毛衫cardinal adj. 主要的;基本的;深红色的 n. 红衣主教 carefree adj. 无忧无虑的，轻松愉快的caretaker n. 管理者cargo n. 船货，货物carpenter n. 木匠carrier n. 运送者，邮递员，带菌者，航空母舰 carry away使神魂颠倒，受感动，使失去自制力 carry off夺走，拐走，抢走carry through贯彻，完成，进行到底;维持，使渡过难关 carry weight (说话)有分量put the cart before the horse 本末倒置carton n. 硬纸盒，纸板箱carve v. 雕刻，切开cashier (=teller) n. (商店等的)出纳员cask n. 桶，木桶casualty n. 伤亡catalogue n. 目录catalyst n. 催化剂cataract n. 大瀑布，奔流，白内障catastrophe n. 大灾难，大祸catch on变得风行catchword n. 口号，流行语catchy adj. 易记住的，易使人上当的，诡诈的categorize v. 加以类别，分类caterpillar n. 毛虫cauliflower n. [植]花椰菜cavalry n. 骑兵cease v. &n. 停止，终了celebrated adj. 著名的celery n. 芹菜cell n. 单元，细胞，蜂房，单人牢房，电池cellar n. 地窖，地下室，酒窖cello n. 大提琴cellular adj. 细胞的;多孔的celsius adj. 摄氏的cement n. 水泥，接合剂cemetery n. 墓地，公墓census n. 人口普查centenary n. 一百年adj. 一百年的ceramic adj. 陶器的n. 陶瓷制品cereal n. 谷类食品，谷类chair n. 椅子，教授职位，主席位，讲座vt. 使入座;使就任[职] ? take the chair做主席，主持会议，开会challenging adj. 引起挑战性兴趣的，挑逗的chamber n. 室，房间，议院，会所chancellor n. 首相;大臣;首席法官;大学校长For a change 换换环境chaotic adj. 混乱的，无秩序的chap n. 伙伴，家伙，小伙子chapel n. 小礼拜堂charcoal n. 炭，木炭，;炭笔chargeable adj. (税)可征收的(罪) 应指控的;可充电的chariot n. 战车charisma n. 超凡魅力，感召力chartered adj. 受特许的chasm n. 裂口;(感情等的)分歧，隔阂chatter n. (鸟类)唠叨，啁啾声，(小溪的)潺潺流水声;(牙齿)打战vi. 喋喋不休的谈chatterbox n. 喋喋不休者，唠叨的人chauffeur n. 私人(汽车)司机check n. 阻止，制止，控制，阻止物，支票vt. 检查，制止?check (up) on 调查，核对，检查/check over核对，检查13checklist清单;名单checkout收款处，付款处checkpoint n. 关卡cheek n. 颊，厚颜，无礼;傲慢;没礼貌的话(或行为) cherish vt. 珍爱;爱惜;怀念;怀有(感情);抱有(希望) chestnut n. 栗子chew vt. 咀爵(食物等)v. 咀嚼，认真考虑be with child怀孕/ be child’s play 容易之极chilly adj. 凉飕飕的chivalry n. 骑士精神，骑士制度;彬彬有礼，男士风度 choir n. 唱诗班，唱诗班的席位choke v. 窒息，哽住，使呼吸困难，阻塞chop n. 砍，排骨vt. 剁碎，砍choppy adj. 波涛汹涌的chore n. 家务杂事;烦锁之事chorus n. 合唱，合唱队，齐声?in chorus异口同声 chromosome n. [生物]染色体chronic adj. 慢性的，延续很长的;坏的;极恶劣的;可怕的 chronicle n. 编年史v. 编入编年史chuckle vi. 吃吃的笑，咯咯叫cider n. 苹果汁;苹果酒cite vt. 引述;引用;引证civilian n. 平民，公务员，文官adj. 民间的，民用的 clam n. 蛤;蚌;蚶clamour n. 喧闹v. 吵闹，叫喊clamp n. 夹子，夹具，夹钳vt. 夹住，夹紧clan n. 部落，氏族，宗族，党派clang v. (使)叮当地响clarify v. 澄清，阐明clarity n. 清楚，透明clash n. 冲突，不一致v. (使)发出撞击声，猛撞，冲突 clasp n. 扣子，钩，紧握，抱住v. 扣紧，紧握，搂抱 classify vt. 分类，分等;列为机密Do a clean job干得很出色Keep clear of避开/make clear表明，讲清楚/clear up(天)放晴;澄清clearance n. 清除，清理;许可(证)，批准 ? a clearance sale清仓大贱卖clench v. 紧握，(拳头)牢牢地抓住，确定，敲弯clergy n. 神职人员be clever at擅长于/ be clever with善于使用cliché n. 老生常谈，陈词滥调cliff n. 悬崖，绝壁clip n. 夹子vt. 夹住，剪短，修剪cloak n. 斗蓬，宽大外衣;掩饰，籍口Turn the clock back把时针拨回，复旧/ work against the clock拼命赶时间，抢在时间前面(做某项工作)closure n. 关闭，终止，结束clout n. 敲打，轻叩;影响力，权势vt. 敲击，掌击clumsy adj. 笨拙的cluster n. 串，丛vi. 丛生，成群clutch v. 抓住，攫住n. (pl.)爪子，毒手，控制;(一把)抓住，攫住coarse adj. 粗糙的，粗劣的;粗鲁的，鲁莽的，不礼貌的cobbler n. 皮匠，补鞋匠，工匠cod n. 鳕coffin n. 棺材coil v. 盘绕，卷coinage n. 造币，创造新词，新造的字及其语等Give sb the cold shoulder冷淡地对待某人/in cold blood残酷无情地/pour cold water on浇冷水使某人泄气collaborate vi. 合作，通敌collegiate adj. 学院的，大学的，大学生的n. 高等学校学生collide v. 猛撞;冲突colloquial adj. 口语的，通俗的colossal adj. 巨大的，庞大的coma n. 昏迷15combatant n. 战士，战斗员combustion n. 燃烧come about发生，形成/come by得到/come forward站出来/come off成功/come out出版;开花，发芽;结果/come round恢复知觉;再度来/come up引起注意，考虑到;发生;走近/comeup against遭到/come up to及得上，不亚于comet n. 彗星commandment n. 戒律commemorate vt. 纪念commence v. 开始，着手commendation n. 赞扬，称赞;奖状commentary n. 注释，评注;(编者的)按语;评论;实况报导commentator n. 评论员，讲解员commitment n. 委托事项，许诺，承担义务committed adj. 效忠的;忠于…的commonplace adj. 平凡的commonwealth n. 国民整体，共和国，联邦commune n. 公社vi. (常与with连用)交换思想、意见communicative adj. 无隐讳交谈的，爱说话的，畅谈的commute vt.，vi. 定期往返于两地间;减刑;改变(付款)方式companionship n. 交谊，友谊compartment n. 间隔间，车厢compassion n. 同情，怜悯compensate v. 偿还，补偿，付报酬compile vt. 编译，编辑，汇编complacency n. 满足，安心;自满，自得，自鸣得意complacent adj. 自满的，得意的comply vi. 顺从，答应，遵守compliance n. 依从，顺从complicity n. 同谋，共犯complementary adj. 补充的，补足的complement n. 补足物vt. 补助，补足complimentary adj. 问候的，称赞的，夸奖的，免费赠送的compliment n. 称赞，恭维，致意，问候，道贺vt. 称赞，褒扬，恭维compress vt. 压缩;浓缩comprise v. 包含，由……组成compromise n. 妥协，折衷v. 妥协，折衷;危及……的安全 compute v. 计算，估计conceal vt. 隐藏，隐蔽，隐瞒conceit n. 自负，骄傲自满conceited adj. 自以为是的，逞能的，狂想的conceivable adj. 可能的，想得到的，可想像的conceive vt. 构思，以为，持有;vi. 怀孕，考虑，设想 conception n. 观念，概念conceptual adj. 概念上的concerning prep. 关于concert n. 音乐会，一致?in concert 异口同声地，齐声 concession n. 让步concise adj. 简明的，简练的conclusive adj. 确实的，最后的，决定性的concrete adj. 具体的，有形的concubine n. 妾;小老婆;condense v. (使)浓缩，精简On condition that adv. 如果conditional adj. 有条件的，引起条件反应的conditioner n. 调节者，调节装置condolence n. 哀悼，吊唁conducive n. 有益于cone n. 锥形物，圆锥体，(松树的)球果vt. 使成锥形confidential adj. 秘密的，机密的confirmation n. 证实，确认，批准confiscate vt. 没收，充公，查抄，征用conform vt. 使一致，使遵守，使顺从conformity n. 一致，符合confront vt. 使面临，对抗17confrontation n. 面对，面对面，对质congestion n. 拥塞，充血congregate v. 聚集congregation n. 集合，集会congruence n. 适合，一致，叠合，全等，相合性congruent adj. 适合的conquest n. 征服;战利品conscientious adj. 尽责的;凭良心的;谨慎的;尽责的 consecutive adj. 连续的，联贯的consensus n. 一致同意，多数人的意见，舆论consent vi. 同意，赞成，答应consequent adj. 作为结果的，随之发生的consequently adv. 从而，因此conservation n. 保存，保持，守恒conservatism n. 保守主义，守旧性conservative adj. 保守的，守旧的conserve vt. 保存，保藏considering prep. 鉴于，考虑到，顾及consolidate v. 巩固;统一，合并consonant adj. 协调一致的conspicuous adj. 显著的constable n. (brE)警官constituency n. (选区的)选民;选区constitute vt. 组成constitutional adj. 构成的，增强体质的，宪法的，符合宪法的 consul n. 领事consulate n. 领事馆consultation n. 请教，咨询，磋商contagious adj. 传染性的contaminate v. 污染contemplate v. 凝视，沉思，预期，企图contemporary n. 同时代的人adj. 当代的，同时代的 contempt n. 轻视，轻蔑，耻辱，不尊敬contemptuous adj. 轻蔑的，侮辱的contention n. 争夺，争论，争辩，论点contestant n. 竞争者，争论者context n. 上下文，文章的前后关系;(事物等发生的)来龙去脉contract n. 合同，契约，婚约v. 使缩短，感染，订约contraction n. 收缩，缩写式，紧缩contractor n. 承包者;承建者contradict vt. 否认;同……矛盾，同……抵触contradiction n. 反驳，矛盾contradictory adj. 反驳的，反对的，抗辩的conventional adj. 惯例的，常规的，习俗的，传统的converse adj. 相反的，颠倒的vi. 交谈convex adj. 凸圆的，凸面的convict vt. 证明……有罪，宣告……有罪n. 罪犯conviction n. 定罪;信念，坚信convincing adj. 令人信服的，有力的，令人心悦诚服的cook vt. 烹饪，煮;窜改(帐目)，捏造n. 厨子cookery n. 烹调术cookie n. 甜饼干;家伙coordinate vt. 调整，整理copier n. 复印机copyright n. 版权，著作权coral n. 珊瑚cord n. 绳索，束缚cordial adj. 热忱的，诚恳的，兴奋的corduroy n. 灯芯绒，灯芯绒裤子core n. 果核，中心，核心cork n. 软木塞cornea n. 角膜corner vt. 使陷入绝境;囤积，垄断?be in a tight corner陷入困境/round the corner不远，就在眼前cornerstone n. 墙角石，基础19corporate adj. 全体的;公司的corporation n. 社团，法人;有限公司corps n. 特种部队，军团;共同工作、活动的一群人corpse n. 尸体correspond vi. 符合，协调，通信，相当，相应correspondence n. 符合，一致;相应;通信(联系) correspondent n. 通讯记者，通信者corridor n. 走廊cosmic adj. 宇宙的cosmopolitan n. 世界主义者adj. 世界性的，全球(各地)的cosmos n. 宇宙costly adj. 昂贵的，贵重的cosy, cozy adj. 舒适的，安逸的cot n. 幼儿床;简易床cottage n. 村舍，小屋council n. 理事会，委员会;地方会议councilor n. 议员，评议员counsel n. 讨论，商议;辩护律师vt. 劝告，忠告counselor n. 顾问，律师counterattack v. 反攻，反击counterdrug n. 解瘾药counterpart n. 相对应的人(物)coupon n. 赠券，优惠券courageous adj. 勇敢的，有胆量的courier n. 信使;旅行团的服务员court n. 法院;球场vi. 求爱cow vt. 威吓coward n. 懦弱的人，胆小的人cowardly adj. 胆小的，怯懦的crack n. 裂缝，噼啪声v. (使)破裂，裂纹，(使)爆裂?crack down镇压，取缔，扫荡 cradlen. 摇篮，发源地craft n. 工艺，手艺craftsman n. 工匠，手艺精巧的人，艺术家crafty adj. 狡诈的crag n. 峭壁cram v. 填满;临时死记硬背功课crane n. 起重机;鹤crate n. 板条箱，柳条箱crawl vi. 爬行，匍匐前进，徐徐行进n. 爬行，匍匐前进，缓慢的行进crayon n. 有色粉笔，蜡笔，粉笔画craze n. 时尚，时髦的东西;狂热creditor n. 债权人credulous adj. 轻信的，易受骗的creed n. 信条creek n. 小溪，小河creep vi. 爬，蹑手蹑脚，蔓延crest n. 鸟冠，盔上的装饰(如羽毛)，顶部，顶峰，浪头crib n. 饲料槽;马厩图cricket n. 蟋蟀;板球，曲棍球crimson adj. 深红色的n. 深红色vt. (使)变成深红色cripple n. 残废的人，跛子vt. 使残废;使…受损害crisis n. 决定性时刻;crisp adj. 易碎的，脆的;清新的，爽快的;干脆明确的(态度等)criterion n. (批评判断的)标准，准据，规范crop n. 农作物，产量;一批，大量vt. 收割，修剪，种植;收获;突然发生，出现? cropup意外地发生和出现cross n. 十字，交叉，十字架，十字形物;杂交，杂种v. 越过，穿过;交叉?cross out划掉 crosscheck n. 反复查对crouch vi. 蜷缩，蹲伏crow n. 乌鸦;鸡蹄vi. 啼叫;吹嘘，得意洋洋crown n. 王冠，花冠，顶vt. 加冕;使圆满完成crucial adj. 至关紧要的crude adj. 天然的，未加工的;粗糙的，简陋的;粗野的，未加修饰的，n. 原油cruise vi. 巡游，巡航cruiser n. 巡洋舰21crumb n. 面包屑crumble v. 弄碎，粉碎;崩溃，瓦解crusade n. 十字军东侵v. 介入，参与(运动)crust n. 外壳，硬壳，面包皮crutch n. 拐杖;支柱，支架cube n. 立方体，立方cubic adj. 立方体的，立方的cuff n. 袖口 vt. 掌击，轻拍cuisine n. 烹饪cultivated adj. 有教养的，文雅的cunning adj. 狡猾的curable adj. 可医治的，医得好的curb n. 马勒;控制，约束，抑制vt. 抑制;控制;勒住(马);给(马)装上马勒链curl n. 卷发，卷毛;卷曲物，螺旋状v. 蜷缩;(烟)缭绕curriculum n. 课程curry n. 咖哩粉，咖哩饭菜vt. 用咖哩调制cursed adj. 可憎的，可恶的，讨厌的cursor n. (电脑屏幕上的)光标curve n. 曲线，弯曲vt. 弯，使弯曲custody n. 监护权，监管;扣留，监禁customary adj. 习惯的，惯例的，通常的cut v. 分割，切开;削减，缩短n. 伤口;减少?cut across走捷径/cut down 削减，压缩/cutin插嘴/cut off删去;停止，戒掉(吸烟)/cut up切碎;使受苦cyclone n. 旋风，飓风cylinder n. 圆筒，圆柱体，汽缸，旋转枪膛cynical adj. 愤世嫉俗的czar n. (俄国)沙皇。

专业英语四级-4(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY(总题数：40，分数：100.00)1.Which of the following infinitives (不定式) functions as an adverbial?（分数：2.50）A.Her chief desire is toeducate her child well.B.He woke up tofind everybody gone. √C.I have nothingto say on this question.D.He asked me totalk about English study.解析：[解析] 考查不定式。

A中的不定式作表语，说明desire的具体内容；B中作状语，表结果，为本题答案；C中作后置定语修饰nothing；D中作me的宾语补足语。

2.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out in time.（分数：2.50）A.had toB.wouldC.couldD.was able to √解析：[解析] 考查could和be able to的区别。

二者都可以表示“能力”，但Can是指现在的能力，表示过去、将来的能力分别用was/were able to和will be able to，故本题选D。

3.Henry spares no effort to get two tickets for the concert held at the Sports Centre. ______. （分数：2.50）A.So he isB.So he does √C.So is heD.So does he解析：[解析] “so+主语+助动词”结构意为“可不是嘛，的确如此”，表示说话人认同对方的看法。

英语专四等级划分
英语专四是指英语专业四级考试，也称为英语四级专业考试。

它是由中国教育部主管的国家级考试，旨在测试考生在英语听、说、读、写方面的能力。

英语专四考试的等级划分主要有以下几个级别：
1. 优秀（Excellent）：这是最高级别，表示考生在各个方面都表现出色，具有流利的口语表达能力、良好的听力理解能力、广泛的词汇量以及高水平的阅读和写作能力。

2. 良好（Good）：这个级别表示考生在大部分方面都表现良好，具有较强的口语表达能力、较好的听力理解能力、较大的词汇量以及中等水平的阅读和写作能力。

3. 中等（Average）：这个级别表示考生在各个方面都具备一定的能力，但并没有达到良好的水平。

他们的口语表达能力一般，听力理解能力一般，词汇量较小，阅读和写作能力也较弱。

4. 差（Poor）：这个级别表示考生的英语能力相对较弱，口语表达能力较差，听力理解能力较差，词汇量有限，阅读和写作能力较差。

在这个四级等级划分中，优秀和良好的考生通常可以满足大部分工作和学习的需求，中等的考生可能需要继续提高英语能力，而差的考生
可能需要更多的练习和努力才能达到更高的水平。

同时，这个等级划分也可以帮助考生确定自己的英语水平，从而更好地规划自己的学习计划和目标。

无论是想要出国留学、参加国际交流、进入英语相关工作还是提升自己的英语水平，了解自己的等级划分都能帮助考生更好地制定和实现自己的计划。

专业英语四级模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. DICTATION 2. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 3. CLOZE 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY 5. READING COMPREHENSION 6. WRITINGPART I DICTATION (15 MIN)Directions: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be read at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minute 听力原文：Cheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and other mammals, including sheep, goats, buffalo, camels, and mares./Cheese is one of the world’ s oldest food products--for thousands of years,/people have raised animals for milk, turning their surplus milk into cheese./More than 400 varieties of cheese exist, making it one of the most general foods in the world./ Cheese comes in hundreds of different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways J Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, or mixed with salads and flour,/cheese is a healthy food all over the world./ Cheese is a concentrated source of almost all the valuable nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals,/as well as the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead to health problems when consumed in excess./Because of its high protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an important component of a balanced diet./ 1．正确答案：Cheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and other mammals, including sheep, goats, buffalo, camels, and mares./Cheese is one of the world’ s oldest food products--for thousands of years,/people have raised animals for milk, turning their surplus milk into cheese./More than 400 varieties of cheese exist, making it one of the most general foods in the world./ Cheese comes in hundreds of different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways J Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cooked foods, or mixed with salads and flour,/cheese is a healthy food all over the world./ Cheese is a concentrated source of almost all the valuable nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals,/as well as the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead to health problems when consumed in excess./Because of its high protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an important component of a balanced diet./ PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 MIN)Directions: In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on youranswer sheet.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSDirections: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.听力原文：M: Excuse me, I wonder if you could tell me how to find a place I can have my shoes fixed. I’m new in town.W: Well of course, you can always look in the yellow pages in the back of the telephone book under “Shoe Repair. “But I think there’s a good shop not far from here. Take the first street to the left and walk about three blocks. I can’ t remember the name of the shop, but you’ll nm into it. It’s near the police station. By the way, do you know about the “Town Guide”? It has all kinds of useful information. I think you’ll find it in any bookstore.M: Thanks a lot, you’ve been very helpful and I’ll look for that ‘Town Guide’ next time I’m in a bookstore. Let’s see, you said the repair shop was three blocks on the right?W: No, first street on the left then three blocks.M: Thanks again.2．The man is looking for______A．a bookstoreB．the telephone companyC．a map of the townD．a shoe repair shop正确答案：D3．From the way she speaks to the man, the woman seems______A．to be in a hurry to leaveB．to be curious about himC．to be happy to assist himD．to be unfamiliar with the town正确答案：C4．What can best be said about the instructions given here?A．They had to be repeated.B．They were easy for the man to remember.C．The woman made a mistake.D．The woman took them from a book.正确答案：A听力原文：W: I haven’ t seen you for a while. Have you been away?.M: Yes, I just got back from vacation. I took a tour around the Great Lakes. Have you ever been there?W: Oh yes! When I was young, I lived in Erie County, New York, and I used to go swimming in Lake Erie all the time. We also went to Lake Ontario in Canada.M:But I thought that Lake Erie was so polluted that almost everything living in it had died.W: At one time Lake Erie was almost dead. There was so many algae that the oxygen supply was practically used up.M: It was the amount of phosphates and detergents that caused this excessive growth of algae, wasn’t it?W: Yes, but since both the United States and Canada have now limited phosphates and detergents, there has been tremendous gain in the fight against water pollution. In fact, an the Great Lakes will be ninety percent improved within the next generation.M: I’m glad to hear an environmental success story at last.5．This conversation is mainly about ______A．United States-agreementB．Unlimited growth in populationC．Pollution in the Great LakesD．The limited supply of phosphates正确答案：C6．______ has been the major problem in the Great Lakes in recent years.A．Too many algaeB．Excessive recreational useC．Lack of adequate rainfallD．Too much evaporation正确答案：A7．The United States and Canada have agreed ______ in regard to the Great Lakes.A．to eliminate swimming entirelyB．to limit boating andC．to limit phosphates and detergentsD．to kill all algae正确答案：C听力原文：M: I don’t know, Janet, not matter what I do, I just can’t seem to find a job. I’ve been on interviews, I’ve called people, I’ve gone through thousands of these want ads. It’s hopeless. I’m just ready to give up.W: Look, don’t give up. No matter how long it takes, just hang in there. Keep at it! Keep going on inter- views and you’ll be hired sooner or later.M: Well, it looks like later.W: John, look here. There’s a part time position for tour leader or tour guide. It sounds like just the kind of job you’ve been looking for. See, I told you not to give up!M：Are you pulling my leg? Are you suggesting I be a tour guide? What do I know about that?W: Listen, I’ll read it to you “Part-time tour guide. Explore Tours is looking for a bilingual tour guide for escorting tour groups through Western China. Flexible working schedule. Noexperience necessary. Call 642-6161. “See, no experience necessary. Give it a shot!M: What did you say that number was again?W: 642-6161.M: I’ll call them right now. If I get hired for this job, you’ll be enjoying a wonderful evening dinner at La Grand Chow! All on me!8．The man’s effort to find a position does not include_______.A．putting up ads on newspapersB．calling various employersC．going through interviewsD．reading thousands of want ads正确答案：A9．Which of the following best describes the man at the beginning of the conversation?A．Frustrated.B．Despairing.C．Optimistic.D．Nostalgic.正确答案：A10．What does the job requirement say?A．The applicant should speak two languages.B．The applicant will work as tour guides in Eastern China.C．Relevant experience is a must.D．The working schedule is tight.正确答案：A11．The man promises that he will_______.A．call Explore Tours immediatelyB．go for the wonderful evening dinnerC．treat the woman to a fine dinnerD．not give up easily until he finds a job正确答案：CSECTION B PASSAGESDirections: In this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.听力原文：During this century, archaeologists have discovered that trees can be a valuable tool for measuring time. In scientific terms, this method is called dendrochronology. Dendrochronology is based on the scientific discovery that each year a tree grows a new layer of wood. When you cut down a tree, for example, youcan see and count the layers of concentric circles. These circles will reveal a great deal of information. The layers vary in color and in thickness. These variations are a result of differing climate conditions from year to year that affect the growth of the annual tings. Cold weather, for example, creates thinner and lighter tings while hot weather produces thicker and darker rings. All trees that grow in the same region will have roughly the same pattern of annual rings, and this can be used as a source of comparison and measurement. Early in this century, archaeologists began using the rings to date ruined structures and figures built in the southwestern United States. They did this by comparing the rings of the wood found in the ruins with the rings of recently cut trees. Slowly but surely, the system was extended backwards in time to measure older ruins. The heavy forestry of the United States, coupled with the relative youth of its history, led to a fairly uncomplicated study. Eventually, dendrochronology produced an accurate time and weather record for the American southwest that extended over 2000 years.12．What happens to trees each year?A．Their tings get thinner and thinner.B．They add a ring of wood.C．Their rings get darker in color.D．They become more valuable.正确答案：B解析：原文中有“Dendrochronology is based on the scientific discovery that each year a tree grows a new layer of wood．”一句。

英语专四考纲以下是英语专四考纲的内容，供参考：一、语言知识语言知识是英语专业四级考试（TEM4）中的重要部分，主要考察学生对英语基础知识的掌握程度。

考试范围包括词汇、语法和习语等方面。

学生需要能够准确运用词汇和语法，理解不同语境下的语义，掌握常见的习语和表达方式。

二、听力理解听力理解部分主要测试学生理解和获取口头英语信息的能力。

考试形式为多项选择题和填空题。

学生需要能够理解不同口音和语速的英语，抓住主要信息和细节，并根据听力材料做出推理和判断。

三、完形填空完形填空主要测试学生的词汇和语法应用能力。

考试形式为在一篇短文中删除一些单词或短语，要求学生根据上下文选择合适的词汇或短语填空。

学生需要掌握一定数量的词汇和语法规则，并能够准确应用。

四、阅读理解阅读理解部分主要测试学生的阅读能力和阅读速度。

考试形式为多项选择题、简答题和填空题等。

学生需要能够快速阅读和理解不同类型的文章，抓住主要信息和细节，并根据阅读材料做出推理和判断。

五、写作技能写作技能部分主要测试学生的书面表达能力。

考试形式为命题作文、看图作答等形式。

学生需要能够根据不同的写作任务要求，用规范的英语表达方式和准确的语法、词汇写出结构清晰、表达准确、逻辑严谨的文章。

六、翻译技巧翻译技巧部分主要测试学生的英语翻译能力，包括口译和笔译。

学生需要能够将英文句子、段落或文章准确翻译成中文，同时能够将中文句子、段落或文章准确翻译成英文。

考试形式可能包括句子翻译和段落翻译等。

七、词汇量要求英语专业四级考试要求学生掌握的词汇量在4500-5500左右，其中积极词汇量为2000-2500左右。

学生需要能够理解和运用这些词汇进行听、说、读、写、译等活动。

专业四级分类真题4GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARYl^ In his plays Shakespeare ___________ his characters live through their language •A. would make B • had made C. made D. makes 2、 I ______ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother 1 s illness interfered • I hope you will excuse me.A. am to have finishedB. was to have finishedC. was to finishD. ought to finish3、 How can I ever concentrate if you questions•A• have ； interrupted C• are ； interrupting 4、 For some time now, world leaders on arms reduction.A. had been pointing C・were pointing5^constantly ________ me with sillyB. had ； interrupted D• were ；interruptingout the necessity for agreement B. have been pointing D ・ pointedseems to be there at the conference. seemed to be there at the conference. seems to have been there at the conference. seemed to being there at the conference. The committee has anticipated the problems that ________________ in the road construction project•A. arise B . will arise C. arose D. have arisen7> He would have finished his college education, but he ________________ to quit and find a job to support his family.A. had hadB. hasC. hadD. would have8、 James has just arrived, but I didn 1t know he _______________ until yesterday.A. will come B • was coming C. had been coming D. came 9、 _______ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will beC ・ I had been and always will be D. I have been and always will be10> Jack _________ from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety.A. has been missingB. has been missed C • had been missing D. was missed11> Come and see me whenever ____________ •A. you are convenientB. you will be convenientC. it is convenient to youD. it will be convenient toyou 12^ Mr• White works with a chemicals import & export company, but he for this industrial fair, since he is on leave.A. has workedB. works C • has been working D. isIt seems that she was there at the conference • n The sentence means thatA. she B ・ she C ・ she D. sheworking13> Professor Johnson is said ___________ some significant advance in his researchin the past year.A. having madeB. makingC. to have madeD. to make14、I _______ the party much more if there hadn' t been quite such a crowd ofpeople there ・A. would enjoyB. will have enjoyed C • would have enjoyed D.will be enjoying15> If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ______________ able to advise you much better than I can.A. would beB. will have beenC. wasD. were16、If you ________ in such a hurry you __________ sugar into the sauce insteadof salt.A. were not, would not putB. were, would putC.had been, would have putD. had not been, would not haveput17^ ______ their help, we would not have succeeded.A. Hadn1t been for B・ Had it not been forC. It hadn1t been forD. Had not it been for18> She asked that she ___________ allowed to see her son in police custody.A. would beB. could beC. beD. was19、It is necessary that he ___________ the assignment without delay.A. hand in B • hands in C - must hand in D. has to hand in20、It is absolutely essential that William ____________ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A. will continueB. continuedC. continueD. continues21> If only I_________ play the guitar as well as you!A. wouldB. couldC. shouldD. might22^ _______ you ________ further problems with your printer, contact your dealerfor advice•A. If, hadB. Have, hadC. Should, haveD. In case, had23> It was recommended that passengers ______________ smoke during the flight.A. not B . need not C . could not D. would not24、If you have really been studying English for so long, it * s about time you able to write letters in English.A. should beB. wereC. must be D・ are25> I was to have made a speech if ______________ •A. I was not called awayB. nobody would have calledme awayC. I had not been called awayD. nobody called me away26、 It 1s getting late, I 1d rather you A. left B •leave will leave27、 It 1 s high time we _________ cutting downA. stopped B . had to stop28、 If only the patient __________ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD.were receiving29> She seldom goes to the theatre, ______________ ?A • doesn 11 she B. does she C • would she D .wouldn 1t she30^ She would have been more agreeable f f she had changed a lit tie bit, ___________ ?A • hadn 11 sheB . hasn' t sheC • wouldn ' t sheD . didn 1t she31> I suppose that he is just joking,9■C. isn * tA• don 11 I it B. isn 1t he it D • is 32、 Do help yourself to some fruit,you?A. can 11B• don 11C.wouldn 1t D. won 1133> When you have finished with that book, don 11 forget to put it back on my desk, ?A. do youB. don 11 you C . will you D. won 11 you34、 A hibernating animal needs hardly any food all through the winter, _____________ ? A. need it B • needn 11 itC. does itD•doesn 1t it35> ______ both sides accept the agreement __________ a lastingpeace be established in this region.A. Only if, willB. If only, wouldC. Should, willD. Unless, would 36、 Only take such clothes ___________ really necessary.A. as were B . as they are C . as they were D .as are37> So badly _________ in the car accident that he had to stay in hospital for a few months•A. did he injureB. injuredhim C • was he injured D.he was injured38、 ______ he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank.A. Much asB. Much althoughC. As muchD.Though much39、 The central provinces have floods in some years, and _________________ .A. drought in othersB. droughts arenow •C. are leavingD.the rainfore sts• C • shall stopD. stopothersC. while other droughtsD.others in drought4 0、This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals ________________ in Africa.A. huntedB. hunting C• that hunted D. are huntedA. Jim did this • B • Jim did so • C . Jim did that. D . 41^ The f ollowingare all correct responses to n Who told the news to the teacher? n EXCEPT Jim did.42、Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before peopleA. do B • hear C. do them D・hearing it43、A： Mother, you promised to take me out. B: Well, _______________A. so do I.B. so did I.C. so I do!D. so I did!答案：GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY1、D［解析］本句描述的是莎翁的戏剧，虽然''使人物生动〃的行为动作发生在过去，但说的是莎翁的写作风格、特点，表示不受时间限制的客观存在，因此用一般现在时。

公共英语五级和专四
公共英语五级（PETS-5）和英语专业四级（TEM-4）是中国英语能力评估体系中的两个重要考试，它们各自具有独特的特点和适用范围。

公共英语五级，即PETS-5，是由教育部考试中心设计并负责的全国性英语水平测试体系中的一个高级别。

该级别考试主要针对非英语专业的人群，评估他们的英语听、说、读、写综合能力是否达到了高级水平。

PETS-5的考试内容广泛，涉及日常生活、工作、学习等各个领域，旨在全面考察考生的英语应用能力。

通过PETS-5考试，考生可以证明自己在非英语专业领域具备了较高的英语素养，这对于求职、晋升、留学等方面都具有积极的意义。

而英语专业四级，即TEM-4，是专为英语专业学生设立的英语水平考试。

它主要考察英语专业学生在基础阶段（通常是大学一、二年级）的英语综合运用能力，包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译等方面。

TEM-4的考试内容相对更加专业，涉及文学、语言学、文化等多个领域，旨在评估考生是否具备了英语专业基础阶段所要求的知识和能力。

对于英语专业的学生来说，通过TEM-4考试是顺利完成学业、获得毕业证书和学位证书的重要条件之一。

总的来说，公共英语五级和英语专业四级虽然都是英语水平考试，但它们的考试对象、考试内容和考试目的都有所不同。

PETS-5更侧重于评估非英语专业人群的英语应用能力，而TEM-4则更侧重于评估英语专业学生的基础知识和能力。

因此，考生在选择参加哪个考试时，应根据自己的实际情况和需求进行选择。

专业英语4级证书根据您的要求，我为您准备了一篇关于专业英语4级证书的文章。

以下是正文：专业英语4级证书对于英语专业学习者来说，是一项重要的认证。

它代表了学习者在专业英语方面的知识水平和能力。

获得该证书不仅是对学习者个人英语能力的认可，更是提升就业竞争力和职业发展的关键之一。

首先，专业英语4级证书能够展示学习者在专业英语知识方面的掌握程度。

通过考试内容的设置和评判标准的严格性，该证书验证了学习者在英语听、说、读、写等方面的实际应用能力。

无论是涉及到专业技术文献的阅读理解，还是专业实务的口头表达能力，学习者都需要展示出较高的英语水平来获得证书。

其次，专业英语4级证书还承载着学习者对专业素养和学科知识的综合运用。

专业英语往往与某一特定学科紧密结合，学习者需要具备一定的专业基础知识才能更好地完成考试任务。

比如，医学类专业英语考试要求学习者具备基本的医学常识，以便理解和应用相关的专业英语词汇和表达方式。

因此，通过获得专业英语4级证书，学习者不仅证明了自己的英语能力，还体现了其在相关专业领域的知识储备。

同时，专业英语4级证书在就业市场上具有一定的竞争优势。

在全球化的今天，大部分企业都与国外企业有着广泛的联系和交流。

拥有专业英语4级证书的候选人往往更容易在跨国公司、外企或涉外企事业单位中找到理想的工作。

这是因为该证书代表了学习者的专业英语能力得到了权威机构的认可，雇主更愿意选择这样的候选人来应对国际交往和跨文化沟通的挑战。

最后，专业英语4级证书对于学习者个人的职业发展具有重要的推动作用。

获得该证书不仅能够提升学习者的自信心和职场竞争力，还为其职业发展提供了更广阔的空间。

例如，在工作岗位晋升、海外留学或探索国际交流等方面，专业英语4级证书无疑将成为学习者的一张“敲门砖”和“通行证”。

综上所述，专业英语4级证书不仅代表了学习者在专业英语水平上的认可，也是提升竞争力和职业发展的重要因素。

获得该证书需要学习者具备英语听、说、读、写等方面的基本技能，并将其运用到专业领域。

英语专业四级大纲摘要：1.英语专业四级大纲概述2.大纲的内容构成3.各部分内容的具体要求4.大纲的作用和意义正文：【英语专业四级大纲概述】英语专业四级大纲，全名为“英语专业四级考试大纲”，是我国普通高等教育体系内一项重要的英语水平测试。

它旨在检验考生的英语听、说、读、写、译等综合语言运用能力，以满足社会对应用型英语人才的需求。

英语专业四级考试是英语专业学生的“门槛”，也是衡量学生英语水平的重要依据。

【大纲的内容构成】英语专业四级大纲分为五个部分，分别是：听力理解、阅读理解、完形填空、写作和翻译。

1.听力理解：这部分主要测试考生对英语语音、语调、速度、节奏等方面的掌握程度，以及对英语信息的捕捉和理解能力。

2.阅读理解：这部分要求考生通过阅读各种英文文章，理解文章的主旨、细节、推断、作者观点等，以检验其英语阅读能力。

3.完形填空：这部分主要测试考生对英语语法、词汇、上下文等知识的综合运用能力。

4.写作：这部分要求考生在规定时间内，根据题目要求进行创意写作，考察其英语表达能力。

5.翻译：这部分要求考生在规定时间内，将中文或英文文字翻译成英文或中文，以检验其英汉互译能力。

【各部分内容的具体要求】1.听力理解：考试时间约为25 分钟，包括短文听力、长对话、短对话和听力填空等题型。

考生需要通过听录音，完成相应的题目。

2.阅读理解：考试时间约为45 分钟，包括阅读文章和回答问题。

文章类型包括说明文、议论文、叙述文等，问题类型包括事实细节、推断判断、主旨大意等。

3.完形填空：考试时间约为15 分钟，考生需要在文章中填入合适的单词，使文章完整、通顺。

4.写作：考试时间约为35 分钟，考生需要根据题目要求进行创意写作，文章类型包括议论文、说明文、叙述文等。

5.翻译：考试时间约为25 分钟，考生需要将中英文文字互译，包括英汉翻译和汉英翻译。

【大纲的作用和意义】英语专业四级大纲具有重要的作用和意义，它为英语专业学生提供了一个统一的英语水平衡量标准，有助于学生了解自己的英语水平，为今后的学习和工作打下坚实的基础。

2023年英语专四dictationThe Dictation section of the TEM-4 exam is a crucial component that tests the examinee's proficiency in both listening and writing skills. With the ever-evolving nature of the English language, it's important to prepare for this section with a focused and strategic approach. Here are some key strategies to help you excel in the 2023 TEM-4 Dictation.**1. Understanding the Format**Familiarize yourself with the format of the dictation section. Typically, it consists of a passage read aloud by a native speaker, followed by a gap of about 15 seconds for the examinee to write down the passage. The passage is usually between 100 and 150 words long and covers a variety of topics, including narratives, descriptive texts, or arguments.**2. Practice Makes Perfect**Regular practice is essential to improve your dictation skills. Start by listening to native speakers, whether it's through podcasts, news broadcasts, or movies. This willhelp you familiarize yourself with different speaking speeds, accents, and pronunciation patterns. Additionally, transcribing these recordings will help you improve your writing speed and accuracy.**3. Active Listening**Dictation requires active listening skills. As you listen to the passage, focus on understanding the main ideas and key details. Try to identify the topic sentence, key vocabulary, and any transitional words or phrases that connect ideas. This will help you organize your writing and ensure that you capture the essence of the passage.**4. Speed and Accuracy**In dictation, speed and accuracy are crucial. Practice transcribing passages at a speed that challenges you but is not too fast to understand. As you improve, gradually increase the speed. However, accuracy should always be your priority. It's better to miss a few words than to write down incorrect information.**5. Organizing Your Notes**Organizing your notes during dictation is essential. Try to write down keywords or phrases instead of complete sentences. This will help you save time and ensure that you capture the most important information. Additionally, use abbreviations or shorthand notations where possible to speed up your writing.**6. Review and Edit**After completing the dictation, take a moment to review and edit your work. Check for any spelling or grammatical errors and ensure that your transcription accurately reflects the content of the passage. If possible, compare your transcription with the original text to identify any areas where you need to improve.**7. Stay Calm and Confident**On the day of the exam, stay calm and confident. Remember that you have practiced and prepared for this section, so trust your skills and abilities. If you encounter any difficulties, don't panic. Focus on what you can control and do your best to complete the task.In conclusion, the Dictation section of the 2023 TEM-4 exam requires a combination of listening, writing, and organizational skills. By understanding the format, practicing regularly, actively listening, prioritizing speed and accuracy, organizing your notes, reviewing and editing your work, and staying calm and confident, you can successfully master this section and achieve your desired results.**2023年英语专业四级听写技能提升**2023年英语专业四级（TEM-4）考试中的听写部分，是检验考生听力和写作能力的重要环节。

专业英语4级证书
专业英语四级证书是指通过中国教育部举办的专业英语四级考
试并取得合格成绩后颁发的证书。

这项考试旨在测试考生在专业英
语方面的听力、阅读、写作和翻译能力。

持有专业英语四级证书可
以证明个人在专业英语方面具有一定的能力和水平，有助于在求职、升学和职业发展中获得竞争优势。

首先，专业英语四级证书对于英语专业的学生来说，是一种重
要的学业成果，它证明了学生在英语专业知识和能力方面的水平。

通过考试取得证书意味着学生在专业英语方面具有一定的应用能力，这对于未来的就业和职业发展是非常有利的。

其次，对于非英语专业的学生来说，专业英语四级证书也具有
重要意义。

随着全球化的发展，英语作为一种国际通用语言，在各
个领域都具有重要地位。

持有专业英语四级证书可以增加个人的竞
争力，有助于在跨国公司、外企或者涉外部门就业。

此外，对于从事翻译、外贸、国际商务等相关行业的人来说，
专业英语四级证书更是必备的资质之一。

这些行业对于英语能力有
着较高的要求，持有专业英语四级证书可以证明个人具备相应的英
语水平，有助于在行业内获得更好的发展机会。

总的来说，专业英语四级证书不仅仅是一张纸，它代表着个人在专业英语方面的能力和水平，对于个人的学业发展和职业发展都具有重要的意义。

因此，对于有意向参加考试的人来说，充分准备并努力通过考试，取得专业英语四级证书是非常值得的。