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An Application Framework and Intelligent Graphic User Interface for Multiple Accelerator Co

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AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORKAND INTELLIGENT GRAPHIC USER INTERFACEFOR MULTIPLE ACCELERATOR CODESBarrey W. Hill, Hendy Martono, John M. Moore and James S. Gillespie*G. H. Gillespie Associates, Inc., P. O. Box 2961, Del Mar, CA 92014, USA* Permanent address: Intuit, Inc., 6265 Greenwich Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. AbstractA multi-platform application framework is being developed for the implementation of a variety of particle physics simulation and analysis codes under a single graphic user interface (GUI) shell. The framework architecture supports plug-in tools such as an interactive particle trajectory module, external data interface tools and hypertext tutorials which interface with installed physics codes. A variety of physics programs are integrated into the framework by separating the computational code, which is implemented as a platform-independent Computational Module, from the I/O requirements, which are replaced by an Interface Module developed with the multi-platform GUI framework. The object-oriented framework provides a sophisticated beamline object model and a rich library of GUI components. Application-dependent components can be derived from the more abstract framework components to support specific requirements of different simulation codes. An overview of the Multi-Platform Shell for Particle Accelerator Related Codes (S.P.A.R.C.-MP) application framework is presented here with illustrations from a Windows 95/NT implementation.1 INTRODUCTIONThe Multi-Platform Shell for Particle Accelerator Related Codes (S.P.A.R.C.-MP) is an object-oriented framework which provides the underlying infrastructure for the development of software applications focused on improving the accessibility and ease of use for a variety of particle optics programs used in the accelerator community. Particle physics simulation and analysis programs are made accessible on multiple platforms as Computational Modules in an intelligent graphic user interface shell developed with the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework. The framework provides a sophisticated beamline object model and an extensive collection of GUI components in order to support a variety of computational codes within a single user interface shell. This provides an environment for the graphical setup of beamline models and execution of multiple optics programs from a single user-friendly interface, without requiring any specific knowledge of the various input formats and syntax required by the different computational programs.2 GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE SHELL The S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework provides a sophisticated beamline object model and a rich library of GUI components for the development of a unique user interface shell for particle accelerator related codes. Figure 1 illustrates the main document window for the Particle Beam Optics Laboratory (PBO Lab™) [1,2,3,4] which was developed with the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework. Beamlines are graphically constructed in the user interface by selecting and dragging beamline Piece icons from the Palette Bar and dropping them onto the Model Space. Individual Pieces or groups of Pieces may be selected for use in other beamline construction tasks, such as dragging a copy to the Work Space, converting between hierarchical and flat representations, creating Aliases or copying between different Documents. Selections from the Work Space may be inserted into the beamline by dragging the selection to an insertion point between beamline Pieces or to the end of the beamline model. Selections of Pieces may also be grouped as Sublines, encapsulating a series of accelerator elements into a single Piece in the beamline model. Sublines may contain nested Sublines, as well as individual Pieces. Sublines can be flattened to expand encapsulated Pieces back to individual icons in the beamline. However, individual Pieces within a Subline can be accessed without flattening the Subline.Input parameters for beamline elements are accessed by double-clicking Piece icons in the Work Space or Model Space of the Document window. Figure 1 illustrates Piece Windows for the Initial Beam and Quadrupole element. Many beamline elements provide different parameter sets that can be used to specify inputs for the element. For example, a quadrupole may be minimally defined by length and quad coefficient value, or by length, aperture and pole tip magnetic field, or by length and magnetic field gradient. Automatic calculations are made between the different parameters sets, allowing the user to select the parameters for specifying an element independent of the native inputs used by specific simulations. The user interface indicates which parameters are used as native input for theFigure 1. S.P.A.R.C.-MP based PBO Lab for Windows.selected simulation. A variety of different units options may be selected for each parameter independent of the units required by the different simulations. Expert system type rules provide guidance for editing input parameters, and additional displays, such as effective focal lengths and phase space plots, provide useful feedback to the user. The framework also provides data visualization components which are used to generate a variety of ellipse plots, scatter plots, line plots, bar graphs, etc. from the raw data generated by the different simulation applications. In addition, the framework architecture supports plug-in tools such as an interactive particle trajectory module, optimization algorithms, an external data interface and hypertext tutorials which interface with and enhance the functionality of installed simulations. Central to the infrastructure of the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework is the persistent beamline object model [5]. Fundamentally, the object model is the basis for describing accelerator beamlines at different levels of abstraction and providing the foundation for implementing a host of optics codes that use a variety of different beamline model descriptions. The beamline object model forms the basis for the interactive graphic functionality and the persistent beamline model description. It is also used to generate the native input required by the individual simulations supported in the framework. The beamline object model describes hierarchical, flat and mixed beamline representations. This model is especially suited to representing beamlines with a large number of repetitive components using Sublines and Aliases. Aliases can be created for any Piece or Subline in the beamline model. Aliases are implemented in the beamline object model with a persistent link to another Piece or Subline and are capable of storing deviations from the original Piece parameters without any duplication of redundant data. A hierarchical organization of the beamline, using Sublines in combination with the ability to create Aliases, allows the user to configure the beamline in any representation that suits their problem.A number of benefits can be realized with this model including more efficient problem setup, compact views of very large models and elimination of redundant data storage within highly symmetrical beamlines.3 SIMULATION APPLICATION MODULES Different optics programs are implemented as Application Modules in the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework. A simulation code is selected with a pop-up menu in the Document window button bar as illustrated in Figure 1. This selection is referred to as the application context. The application context is used to provide the user withPalette Bar of Beamline Elements Build BeamlinesUsing Graphical Construction KitGlobal BeamlineParametersDocument WindowWork SpaceParameter Input windows provide multiple parameter options, auto-calculated dependent parameters, smart units, expert limits andinteractive displaysvarious application-specific feedback such as the native inputs for an application. An Application Module has two primary components: an Interface Module and a Computational Module. The Interface Module is the application-specific graphic user interface and data interface code for implementing the input and output requirements of the application. The Computational Module is the computational physics code from the application (with the I/O functionality replaced by the Interface Module). The Computation Module is implemented as a dynamic link library (DLL) that is loaded at run time. Legacy FORTRAN codes, as well as the latest object-oriented codes, can be incorporated into the framework as independent simulation Application Modules. The core graphic user interface components and beamline object model are independent of the installed Simulations. However, application-dependent GUI components can be derived from the more abstract framework components to support any application-specific GUI requirements for the different simulations. The user interface and data interface requirements for an Application Module are also implemented as independent application-specific components that leverage the functionality of the more abstract framework components. The Interface Modules generate different application-specific beamline descriptions (native input) for executing the Computational Modules, which are treated as black-box computational engines. The framework will support a variety of particle physics simulation and analysis codes such as TRANSPORT [6], TURTLE [7], TRACE 3-D [8] and MARYLIE [9]. Selected characteristics and uses for these applications are listed in Table 1. Additional particle optics applications, as well as system level and facility modeling codes, are also under development for integration with the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework.Table 1. Selected Simulation Application Codes. Code Selected Characteristics TRANSPORT Third-Order Matrix Code. MagneticOptics, Fitting, Optimization,Aberation Control.TURTLE Third-Order Ray Tracing Code.Multi-Particle Simulator. BeamAperture Control.TRACE 3-D First-Order Matrix and Space Charge.Magnetic, RF and ElectrostaticOptics. Fitting, Optimization,Envelopes.MARYLIE Lie Algebraic Beam Transport. Linearand Non-Linear Optics. Multi-TurnTracking, Fitting, Optimization.4 FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTUREThe architecture that has been developed for the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework allows modular software components to be added to, and removed from, the underlying user interface shell. This provides great flexibility for incorporating multiple optics programs as simulation Application Modules in the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework. The development effort is greatly reduced by reusing verified software components and constructing new components based on more abstract software modules. The S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework provides an abstraction layer with an extensive collection of tested and verified components developed specifically for implementing accelerator design and analysis programs. Figure 2 illustrates the modular architecture that has been developed to support multiple Application Modules in the framework. The Interface Modules and Computational Modules are pictured in the upper right of the Figure, enclosed by a gray outline. The architecture provides the capability to determine what Application Modules are installed and to tailor the user interface for each particular application environment. Simulation Application Modules are registered with the shell so that the user interface can add application-specific menu items, tool bar buttons, tab panels, etc. where and when appropriate based on which simulations have been detected. Framework components and data interface objects can be dynamically modified to support the native requirements and capabilities of specific applications. Framework components that provide GUI features are shared between the different Application Modules. These include the main document window and beamline construction toolkit, as well as the underlying beamline object model, the palette bar of accelerator elements, piece windows with multiple parameter sets, smart units, expert limits and auto-calculated user feedback of dependent parameters. The framework also provides data visualization components that are used to plot data generated from the different simulations. Additional application-specific GUI and data interface requirements are implemented in the Interface Modules.The modular architecture reduces complexity through abstraction and lends itself to the multiple platform approach adopted for the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework. Figure 2 illustrates the multi-platform and multi-application aspects of the framework architecture as OS dependent and OS independent layers. GUI code is OS (operating system) dependent. OS independent code is ANSI compatible and independent of the platform and operating system because it contains no references to the native OS libraries. The OS dependent layer is subdivided further into application specific and application independent layers. The multi-platform capability of the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework is derived from the use of different libraries, each of which encapsulates a specificoperating system. These libraries use a common application programming interface (API) for multiple operating systems. The libraries, which are a collection of basic functions utilizing OS native routines, provide a means of interacting with the platform-specific Operating System, while maintaining the native “look and feel” of the graphic interfaces associated with the target platform. With the use of these libraries, applications built with the S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework are made platform-independent, since the framework code calls the APIFigure 2. S.P.A.R.C.-MP Multi-Platform Framework Architecture. routines, not platform specific routines, directly. Thisapproach provides an abstraction layer from the different operating systems and yields a single version of the application source code for all platforms as opposed to developing and maintaining separate source codes for each platform. A platform-specific executable application is created by linking the application code with the appropriate library for the intended platform. Using this approach, the software may be easily ported to a new operating system by utilizing an interface library for that system. The API libraries are implemented as a layer on top of the native toolkits for each of the target platforms. This ensures a native look-and-feel, low overhead and still provides direct access to native toolkits if required. This multi-platform approach has been successfully implemented on personal computers running Microsoft Windows™ 95, 98 and NT, Apple’s Mac OS™ for the PowerPC, as well as IBM and Sun work stations running AIXª or Solaris™.5 SUMMARYThe S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework is a multi-platform object-oriented application development environment specifically designed for creating applications which integrate a variety of particle optics and accelerator design codes under a single graphic user interface shell. The framework provides a sophisticated beamline object model and an extensive collection of GUI components, supporting a variety of particle physics simulation and analysis codes such as TRANSPORT, TURTLE, TRACE 3-D and MARYLIE. The Operating Systems supported by the S.P.A.R.C.-MP application framework and graphic user interface include Windows, Mac OS, Solaris and AIX. Platform-specific GUI components are implemented for multiple platforms with a single source platform-independent project. The framework multi-platform GUI components are developed by utilizing a single application programming interface (API) instead of the native software development kits (SDK) for each different platform. The API is implemented for a varietyof computer platforms as platform-specific libraries that interface with the native SDK for each platform. An executable application is built from the single source project by compiling and linking the code on the target platform with the appropriate API. Physics applications are integrated into the framework by separating the computational physics code, which is implemented as a platform independent Computational Module, from the I/O requirements, which are replaced with an Application Module developed with the multi-platform GUI framework components. The S.P.A.R.C.-MP framework is significant not only for its multi-platform capabilities but also for its open and expandable development environment. This environment supports the implementation of multiple optics codes under a single graphic user interface, improving the accessibility and ease of use for a variety of programs used in the accelerator community.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSPortions of this work has been supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under SBIR grant number DE-FG03-95ER81975.7 REFERENCES[1]G. H. Gillespie, B. W. Hill, N. A. Brown, H.Martono and D. C. Carey, “The Particle Beam Optics Interactive Computer Laboratory,” AIP Conference Proceedings 391, 264-269 (1996).[2]G. H. Gillespie, B. W. Hill, H. Martono, J. M.Moore, N. A. Brown, M. C. Lampel and R. C.Babcock, “The Particle Beam Optics Interactive Computer Laboratory for Personal Computers and Workstations,” to be published in the proceedings of the 1997 Particle Accelerator Conference, 3 pages. [3]N. A. Brown, G. H. Gillespie, B. W. Hill, M. C.Lampel, H. Martono, and J. M. Moore, “The Particle Beam Optics Laboratory (PBO Lab™): A New Education and Training Aid,” to be published in the proceedings of the Sixth European Particle Accelerator Conference, 3 pages.[4]The PBO-Lab software is available from AccelSoftInc., San Diego, California, U.S.A.,.[5] B. W. Hill, H. Martono and J. S. Gillespie, “AnObject Model for Beamline Descriptions,” AIP Conference Proceedings 391, 361-365 (1996).[6] D. C. Carey, K. L. Brown and F. Rothacker, “Third-Order TRANSPORT - A Computer Program for Designing Charged Particle Beam Transport Systems,” Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Report No. SLAC-R-95-462, 295 pages (1995).[7] D. C. Carey, “TURTLE (Trace Unlimited RaysThrough Lumped Elements) A Computer Program for Simulating Charged Particle Beam TransportSystems,” Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Report No. NAL-64, 45 pages (1978).[8]K. Crandall and D. Rusthoi, “TRACE 3-DDocumentation,” third edition, Los Alamos National Laboratory Rep. LA-UR-97-886, 106 pages (1997).[9] A. J. Dragt, D. R. Douglas, J. van Zeijts, F. Neri,C. T. Mottershead, R.D. Ryne,E. Forest, L M.Healy and P. Schutt, “MARYLIE 3.0 User’s Manual:A Program for Charged Particle Beam TransportBased on Lie Algebra Methods,” Draft, 543 pages (1998).。

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如何成为一名专业的程序员英语作文

如何成为一名专业的程序员英语作文

如何成为一名专业的程序员英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Become a Professional ProgrammerDo you love playing video games? Have you ever wondered how those awesome games are made? Well, the people who make video games are called programmers! They use special languages to write instructions that tell computers what to do. Pretty cool, right? If you think that sounds like a fun job, you can become a professional programmer when you grow up! Here's how:First things first, you need to start learning about computers and coding from an early age. Coding means writing instructions for computers using special programming languages like Python, Java, C++, and more. It may seem really hard at first, but don't worry - coding is just like learning a new language, and the earlier you start, the easier it gets.Ask your parents to get you some fun coding books or games made for kids. There are lots of great ones that teach coding through puzzles, mazes, and even making your owngames and apps! Websites like and Scratch are perfect for beginners. Once you get the basics down, you can move on to more advanced stuff.In school, pay extra close attention in your math, science, and computer classes. Programmers need to be masters of logic, problem-solving, and analytical thinking. The more you practice those skills, the better coder you'll become. When you get homework assignments or projects, approach them like a coder - break down the big problems into smaller steps, look for patterns, and think critically about solutions.Read, read, read! The more you read, the better your language and comprehension skills will be. Those are super important for any programmer. Read books, ebooks, blogs, code samples - anything related to programming and technology. Read code written by other programmers and try to understand how it works. Over time, you'll learn all the tricks of the trade.When you get to middle school and high school, take every computer science, coding and programming class available. Those courses will teach you different coding languages and techniques. Outside of class, spend time practicing on your own projects, join coding clubs, enter programming competitions andhackathons. All that experience will help prepare you for life as a professional coder.Most professional programmers have at least a bachelor's degree in computer science, software engineering, or a related field. In college, you'll build really strong coding skills across multiple languages. You'll also take advanced classes in algorithms, data structures, databases, security, and more. Internships at tech companies are an awesome way to getreal-world experience while still in school.After college, you have a few paths to choose from as a programmer. You could work for a major tech company writing code for their software or products. Or you could join a startup and get to build brand new apps and services from scratch. There are also tons of companies in fields like finance, healthcare, manufacturing and more that hire programmers to create custom business software. Maybe you'll even start your own software company someday!No matter what kind of programming job you get, be prepared to always be learning new things. Technology changes rapidly, so programmers have to constantly pick up new coding languages, frameworks, and techniques. It's a career ofcontinuous learning and problem-solving. But that makes it super exciting and fun for coding lovers!Becoming an expert programmer takes a ton of hard work and dedication from a very young age. You have to truly love coding, thinking logically, and solving puzzles. It's not easy, but if you stick with it, you'll get to have one of the most awesome jobs out there - creating amazing apps, games, websites and software used by millions of people. How cool is that? Just keep coding, keep practicing, and never stop learning. The world of programming is yours for the taking!篇2How to Become a Pro ProgrammerHi there! Do you like playing video games or using cool apps on your tablet? Well, those fun games and apps are created by programmers. Programmers are like modern-day wizards who use special codes to tell computers what to do. Isn't that awesome? If you dream of making your own games or apps someday, you can become a professional programmer too! Here's how:First things first, you need to learn how to code. Coding is like learning a new language, but instead of words, you use linesof code to give instructions to computers. There are many coding languages out there, such as Python, Java, and C++. Don't worry, they sound tricky now, but you'll get the hang of it with practice.A great way to start learning to code is by taking coding classes or attending coding camps during your summer breaks. These classes will teach you the basics of coding in a fun and easy-to-understand way. You'll learn how to write simple programs, debug errors (like finding and fixing mistakes in your code), and even create small games or apps!Another awesome way to learn coding is by using online resources and tutorials. There are tons of websites and YouTube channels that offer free coding lessons for kids. Some of them even use games and interactive activities to make learning more enjoyable. How cool is that?As you continue learning to code, it's important to practice, practice, practice! The more you code, the better you'll become. You can start by working on small projects like creating a simple calculator app or a basic game. Once you get more experienced, you can move on to bigger and more complex projects.Along the way, don't be afraid to ask questions or seek help from more experienced programmers or your coding teachers.They've been in your shoes before and can offer valuable advice and guidance. Remember, even the best programmers in the world sometimes get stuck and need help.Aside from coding skills, it's also essential to develop problem-solving abilities. As a programmer, you'll often encounter challenges and bugs (errors in your code) that you need to solve. Learning how to break down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts will help you become a better problem-solver.Another crucial skill for programmers is patience and persistence. Writing code can be frustrating at times, especially when you encounter errors that seem impossible to fix. But don't give up! Keep trying different solutions, and eventually, you'll figure it out. Successful programmers are those who don't quit when faced with challenges.As you continue learning and improving your coding skills, you might want to consider joining coding clubs or participating in coding competitions. These activities will allow you to connect with other young coders, collaborate on projects, and learn from each other's experiences. Plus, they're a lot of fun!Once you've mastered the basics of coding and gained some experience, you can start thinking about specializing in aparticular area of programming. Do you enjoy creating games? Then you might want to focus on game development. Are you more interested in building websites? Web development could be your calling. Or maybe you're fascinated by artificial intelligence and want to work on developing smart systems. The possibilities are endless!Being a professional programmer is not just about coding skills; it's also about having a passion for technology and a willingness to keep learning. Technology is constantly evolving, so successful programmers are those who stay up-to-date with the latest trends, programming languages, and tools.Finally, don't forget to have fun along the way! Coding can be challenging, but it's also incredibly rewarding and satisfying when you see your programs come to life. Imagine the feeling of creating your very own game or app that people around the world can enjoy!So, if you're ready to embark on an exciting journey and become a programming wizard, start learning to code today. With dedication, practice, and a love for problem-solving, you can turn your coding dreams into reality. Who knows, maybe one day you'll be the mastermind behind the next big app or video game sensation!篇3How to Become a Professional ProgrammerHi friends! Today I want to tell you all about how to become a really awesome professional programmer. Programming is super cool and fun, but it also takes a lot of hard work and practice to get really good at it.First, you have to learn to code! Coding is like speaking a special language to tell computers what to do. There are lots of different coding languages like Python, Java, C++, and more. When I first started, I learned Python because it's one of the easier ones for beginners.To learn coding, I took classes at a program called Code Ninja Academy. They had really nice teachers who were patient and explained things clearly. We started off learning the basics - stuff like variables, loops, conditionals, and functions. It was a little confusing at first but after doing lots of examples and practice exercises, it started clicking.After I got comfortable with the fundamentals, we moved on to building actual programs and apps! We made simple games, calculators, to-do list apps, and more. It was awesome seeing the code I wrote come to life and actually do stuff. My favoriteproject was when we built a chat bot that could have basic conversations.The key to getting good at coding is practice, practice, practice! You can't just learn it once and be an expert. You have to keep writing programs, trying new things, and challenging yourself. My teacher said it's like lifting weights - the more you exercise those programming muscles, the stronger you'll become.Another important thing is to never give up when you get stuck or make mistakes. Even the best programmers in the world make lots of errors and have to debug their code over and over. Debugging is like being a detective and finding the clues to fix your broken code. When I'd get frustrated, I'd take a break, then come back with fresh eyes. Or I'd ask my teacher for help. The more challenging bugs I solved, the better I got at it.Once you've got some solid coding skills under your belt, you can start looking into different programming jobs and careers. There are all sorts of programmers who work on apps, websites, video games, robots, and more. You can be a software engineer, web developer, game programmer, and tons of other cool jobs.To become a truly professional level programmer, you'll probably need to go to college or a coding bootcamp to really master things. You'll take intense, advanced classes and work on major programming projects. After that, you can apply for jobs at big tech companies or start your own coding business!Of course, even professional programmers never stop learning new languages, tools, and technologies. The programming world is always evolving with new stuff coming out. So pros are constantly studying, practicing their skills, and taking on harder challenges.Being a programmer takes a lot of hard work, but it's also insanely rewarding. You get to use your creativity and problem solving skills to build awesome apps and programs that help make the world more fun, efficient and better for everyone. You'll be part of the cutting edge of technology that's shaping how we live our lives. How cool is that?So if you're willing to stick with it, code like crazy, and never stop learning - you'll be well on your way to becoming an epic professional programmer! You'll get to work on incredible projects, be part of a global community of coders, and have a career where you're always growing. Just start small, findresources to learn from, and code, code, code! Before you know it, you'll be a programming rockstar. Happy coding!篇4How to Become a Professional ProgrammerDo you love playing video games? Or maybe you like making cool things on the computer? If so, you might want to become a programmer when you grow up! Programmers are the amazing people who create all the apps, games, websites and software that we use every day. Being a programmer is a super cool job where you get to use your creativity andproblem-solving skills. Let me tell you all about how you can become a professional programmer!First things first, what exactly is a programmer? A programmer is someone who writes code to create computer programs. Code is like a special language that tells computers what to do. There are lots of different coding languages like Python, Java, C++ and more. Programmers have to learn these languages so they can communicate with computers properly.To become a really great programmer, you need to start practicing and learning from an early age, maybe even as a kid! The earlier you start, the better you'll get. It's kind of like learningto play an instrument or sport - the more you practice when you're young, the more skilled you'll become over time.One of the best ways to start is by taking coding classes or joining a coding club at your school. These days, many schools actually teach basic programming skills which is awesome! If your school doesn't offer anything, no worries, there are tons of great websites and apps that can teach you how to code through fun games and activities. I'd recommend starting with visual coding tools like Scratch which are perfect for beginners.As you get older, you'll want to start learning more advanced coding languages. Don't be intimidated - yeah, it might seem hard at first with all those funny symbols and syntax rules. But if you stick with it and practice regularly, your skills will improve a ton. It's okay to make mistakes too, that's how you learn!An important part of being a programmer is having strong math, logic and problem-solving abilities. So make sure you pay close attention in your math classes! Programmers use math concepts like algebra and statistics all the time. You'll also need excellent analytical thinking skills to break down complex problems step-by-step.When you get to middle school and high school, join the computer programming clubs and take as many coding and computer science courses as possible. These will teach you the fundamentals you need to understand programming languages, data structures, algorithms and more. If your school doesn't have great options, you can even take online courses from sites like Coursera or edX.For practice, try making small programs and apps on your own time, even simple games or tools. Or volunteer to build websites for school clubs or local community organizations. Getting this type of hands-on experience early on will make you a stronger programmer. You can also participate in programming competitions and hackathons which are really fun!After high school, you'll likely want to get a university degree in Computer Science, Software Engineering or a related field. The coursework will dive deep into coding, system design, databases and modern programming techniques. Don't forget to apply for internships at tech companies too - getting real-world work experience is super valuable.Once you have your degree, you'll be qualified forentry-level programming jobs at all sorts of awesome companies. But your learning won't stop there! Technology is alwaysevolving rapidly so you'll need to continuously teach yourself new languages, frameworks and tools throughout your career as a programmer. It's a lifelong journey of learning and improving your craft.Successful programmers have key qualities like curiosity, creativity, logical thinking, attention to detail and patience. You have to really enjoy solving complex problems through lines of code. It can be challenging work, but it's also incredibly rewarding when you create something useful or build an app that helps people.So if you love working with computers and have a passion for building cool tech, seriously consider becoming a programmer! Just remember, the key is to start learning as early as possible, practice as much as you can, and never stop expanding your coding skills. With hard work and dedication, you'll be well on your way to becoming a professional programmer when you grow up. How awesome would that be?! Let's get coding!篇5How to Become a Professional ProgrammerHi everyone! My name is Alex and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you all about how to become a professional programmer. My big brother Marcus is studying computer science at university and he's going to be a coder when he graduates. I think programming is really cool and I want to do it too when I grow up!First of all, what exactly is a programmer? A programmer is someone who writes code to create software programs, apps, websites, games and more. They get to build really awesome things using different programming languages like Python, Java, C++, and lots of others. Isn't that neat?Programmers have to be super smart and know a ton about computers and technology. But my brother says the most important things are to be a good problem solver and a creative thinker. You have to be able to break down big problems into smaller steps to code a solution. And you have to come up with clever new ideas all the time. Coding is like solving a puzzle or cracking a secret code!So how can you become a programmer when you grow up? Here are the key steps:Learn as much as you can about computers and technology from an early age. Start playing around with computers andtablets as a kid. Learn how they work and what code is. Maybe even try to mod your favorite games!Get really good at math, science, logic and problem solving skills. Programmers use these every single day when coding. If you struggle with math, keep practicing hard! My teacher says practice makes perfect.Learn coding and programming basics through online courses, books, or classes. Lots of schools even teach simple programming to elementary kids now! The earlier you start, the better. There are awesome free resources to learn languages like Scratch, Python, JavaScript and more. Coding is lots of fun, I promise!Never stop learning and practicing your coding skills. Programming is always evolving with new languages and technologies. Gotta stay on your toes! Join coding clubs, build your own apps, experiment with different languages. The more you code, the better you'll get.Go to university to get a Computer Science, Software Engineering or related degree. This will give you powerful coding skills and computer knowledge. You can't become a professional without this! My brother says the coursework is super hard but incredibly rewarding.Get internships and entry-level coding jobs while in college to build up experience. Employers want to see you can code in the real world, not just in school. Make sure you have an awesome portfolio of coding projects to show off!After university, apply for programming jobs at tech companies, startups, software firms and more. Now you're a certified professional programmer! You'll get to code amazing apps and programs for a living. How cool is that?Of course, becoming a pro programmer takes many years of dedicated hard work and learning. You have to be patient, love coding, and never give up when the going gets tough. My brother codes up to 12 hours some days! It's intense but he finds it super gratifying.There are lots of different programming career paths too. You could be a software developer, web developer, mobile app developer, game programmer, and so much more. The opportunities are endless in our high-tech world. Maybe you'll even create the next Facebook, Instagram or Angry Birds! How awesome would that be?Well, that's the scoop on becoming a professional programmer from a kid's point of view. It's a tough but amazing journey filled with creativity, problem-solving, and the chance tobuild the future of technology. If you're a coding whiz kid like me, definitely consider this career path!I'm going to keep studying hard in school, learning to code on the side, and playing around with programming as a hobby. Hopefully I can follow in my brother's footsteps to my dream job someday. Coding is just so unbelievably cool! Let's get programming!。

第一讲 Visual Basic for Application是什么

第一讲 Visual Basic for Application是什么


直到9 0年代早期，使应用程序自动化还是充满挑战性的领域。对每个需要自动化的应 用程序，人们不得不学习一种不同的自动化语言。例如，可以使用Excel的宏语言使 Excel自动化，等等。Microsoft决定让它开发出来的应用程序共享一种通用的自动化 语言—Visual Basic for Application（VBA），而不是使用不同的自动化语言。可以认 为Visual Basic for Application是非常流行的应用程序开发语言—Visual Basic的子集。 实际上，VBA是“寄生于”Visual Basic应用程序的版本。VBA与Visual Basic的区别 包括如下几个方面： Visual Basic是设计用于创建标准的应用程序，而VBA是用于使已有的应用程序自动 化。 Visual Basic 具有自己的开发环境，而VBA必须“寄生于”已有的应用程序。 要运行Visual Basic开发的应用程序，用户不用在他的系统上访问Visual Basic，因为 Visual Basic开发出的应用程序是可执行的。而由于VBA应用程序是寄生性的，执行它 们要求用户访问“父”应用程序，例如Excel。 尽管存在这些不同， Visual Basic和VBA在结构上仍然非常相似。如果你已经了解了 Visual Basic，学习VBA非常快。相应地，学完VBA会给Visual Basic的学习打下坚实 的基础。而且，当学会在Excel中用VBA创建解决方案后，就具备了在Word、Project、 Access、Outlook和PowerPoint中用VBA创建解决方案的大部分知识。 VBA的一个关键性特征是从一种Microsoft产品或者Visual Basic中学到的知识可以相互 转化。 VBA究竟是什么？更确切地讲，它是一种自动化语言，可以用它使常用的过程或者进 程自动化，可以创建自定义的解决方案，此外，如果你愿意，还可以将Excel用做开发 平台实现应用程序。
云计算微软认证题库

云计算微软认证题库

N
B.SAN
C.WAN
D.MAN
B
14.（）是指在云计算基础设施上位用户提供应用软件部署和运行环境的服务。
A.SaaS
B.PaaS
aS
D.HaaS
B
15.是基于互联网提供软件服务的软件应用模式。
A.SaaS
B.PaaS
aS
D.HaaS
C
16.云计算本质上是基于互联网向用户提供IT（ ）大服务。
BSystem Center可以管理异构平台
CSystem Center virtual Machine Manager 主要管理虚拟化
DSystem center configuration Manager 不可以管理虚拟化环境
ABC
13.基于光纤交换机的（ ）是利用Fibre Channel Switch为主干，建成的交连网络系统。
C.高扩展性、可塑性、可管理性
D.可管理性、可扩展性、便携性
C
35.你正在设计一个Windows Azure存储数据。你的应用程序以下需求:
•数据存储系统必须支持超过500 GB的存储的数据。
•数据检索必须从大量可能的并行线程的线程阻止对方。
你需要给你推荐一个存储数据的方法。你推荐什么?
A.使用Windows Azure队列。
A以服务为核心
B提供灵活性
C公共设施化
D最小化人工操作
ABCDC
28.VHD文件类型有几种（）。
A.1
B.2
C.3
D.4
C
29.关于WCF说法正确的是（）
A支持新的WS-*系列协议，并能够通过像SOAP/HTTP这样的开放标准实现异构系统的互操作
BWCF通过一个统一的编程模型把Web Service提升到了一个新的层次，可以方便地构建安全、可靠和互操作的应用程序
软件开发常用英语词汇

软件开发常用英语词汇

软件开发常⽤英语词汇Aabstract 抽象的abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类abstract class 抽象类abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性access 存取、访问access function 访问函数access level访问级别account 账户action 动作activate 激活active 活动的actual parameter 实参adapter 适配器add-in 插件address 地址address space 地址空间ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX数据对象advanced ⾼级的aggregation 聚合、聚集algorithm 算法alias 别名align 排列、对齐allocate 分配、配置allocator分配器、配置器angle bracket 尖括号annotation 注解、评注Android Manifest 安卓清单API (Application Programming Interface) 应⽤(程序)编程接⼝appearance n.外观，外貌append 附加application 应⽤、应⽤程序application framework 应⽤程序框架Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配architecture 架构、体系结构archive file 归档⽂件、存档⽂件argument参数。

array 数组arrow operator 箭头操作符assert(ion) 断⾔assign 赋值assignment 赋值、分配assignment operator 赋值操作符associated 相关的、相关联的asynchronous 异步的attribute 特性、属性authentication service 验证服务authorization 授权Bbackground 背景、后台(进程)backup 备份backup device备份设备backup file 备份⽂件backward compatible 向后兼容、向下兼容base class 基类base type 基类型batch 批处理BCL (base class library)基类库Bin Packing 装箱问题binary ⼆进制binding 绑定bit 位bitmap 位图block 块、区块、语句块boolean 布林值(真假值，true或false)border 边框bounds checking 边界检查boxing 装箱、装箱转换brace (curly brace) ⼤括号、花括号bracket (square brakcet) 中括号、⽅括号breakpoint 断点browser applications 浏览器应⽤(程序)browser-accessible application 可经由浏览器访问的应⽤程序bug 缺陷错误build 编连(专指编译和连接)built-in 内建、内置bus 总线business 业务、商务(看场合)business Logic 业务逻辑business rules 业务规则buttons 按钮by/through 通过byte 位元组(由8 bits组成)Ccache ⾼速缓存calendar ⽇历Calendrical Calculations ⽇期call 调⽤call operator 调⽤操作符callback 回调candidate key 候选键(for database)cascading delete 级联删除(for database) cascading update 级联更新(for database) casting 转型、造型转换catalog ⽬录chain 链(function calls)character 字符character format 字符格式character set 字符集check box 复选框check button 复选按钮CHECK constraints CHECK约束(for database) checkpoint 检查点(for database) child class ⼦类CIL (common intermediate language)通⽤中间语⾔、通⽤中介语⾔class 类class declaration 类声明class definition 类定义class derivation list 类继承列表class factory 类⼚class hierarchy 类层次结构class library 类库class loader 类装载器class template 类模板class template partial specializations 类模板部分特化class template specializations 类模板特化classification 分类clause ⼦句cleanup 清理、清除CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) 通⽤语⾔基础设施client 客户、客户端client application 客户端应⽤程序client area 客户区client cursor 客户端游标(for database)client-server 客户机/服务器、客户端/服务器clipboard 剪贴板clone 克隆CLS (common language specification) 通⽤语⾔规范code access security 代码访问安全code page 代码页COFF (Common Object File Format) 通⽤对象⽂件格式collection 集合COM (Component Object Model) 组件对象模型combo box 组合框command line 命令⾏comment 注释commit 提交(for database)communication 通讯compatible 兼容compile time 编译期、编译时compiler 编译器component组件composite index 复合索引、组合索引(for database) composite key 复合键、组合键(for database) composition 复合、组合concept 概念concrete具体的concrete class 具体类concurrency 并发、并发机制configuration 配置、组态Connected Components 连通分⽀connection 连接(for database)connection pooling 连接池console 控制台constant 常量Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题constraint 约束(for database)construct 构件、成分、概念、构造（for language）constructor (ctor) 构造函数、构造器container 容器containment包容context 环境、上下⽂control 控件content assist 代码补全cookiecopy 拷贝CORBA 通⽤对象请求中介架构(Common Object Request Broker Architecture)cover 覆盖、涵盖create/creation 创建、⽣成crosstab query 交叉表查询(for database) Cryptography 密码CTS (common type system)通⽤类型系统cube 多维数据集(for database)cursor 光标cursor 游标(for database)custom 定制、⾃定义Ddata 数据data connection 数据连接(for database)data dictionary 数据字典(for database)data file 数据⽂件(for database)data integrity 数据完整性(for database)data manipulation language (DML)数据操作语⾔(DML) (for database)data member 数据成员、成员变量data source 数据源(for database)Data source name (DSN) 数据源名称(DSN) (for database)data structure数据结构Data Structures 基本数据结构data table 数据表(for database)data-bound 数据绑定(for database)database 数据库(for database)database catalog 数据库⽬录(for database) database diagram 数据关系图(for database) database file 数据库⽂件(for database) database object 数据库对象(for database) database owner 数据库所有者(for database) database project 数据库⼯程(for database) database role 数据库⾓⾊(for database) database schema 数据库模式、数据库架构(for database) database script 数据库脚本(for database) datagram 数据报⽂dataset 数据集(for database)dataset 数据集(for database)DBMS (database management system)数据库管理系统(for database)DCOM (distributed COM)分布式COMdead lock 死锁(for database)deallocate 归还debug 调试debugger 调试器decay 退化declaration 声明default 缺省、默认值DEFAULT constraint默认约束(for database) default database 默认数据库(for database)default instance 默认实例(for database) default result set 默认结果集(for database) defer 推迟definition 定义defines 定义delegate 委托delegation 委托deploy 部署derived class 派⽣类design pattern 设计模式destroy 销毁destructor(dtor)析构函数、析构器device 设备DHTML (dynamic HyperText Markup Language)动态超⽂本标记语⾔dialog 对话框Dictionaries 字典digest 摘要digital 数字的directive (编译)指⽰符directory ⽬录disassembler 反汇编器DISCO (Discovery of Web Services)Web Services的查找dispatch 调度、分派、派发distributed computing 分布式计算distributed query 分布式查询(for database)DNA (Distributed interNet Application) 分布式⽹间应⽤程序document ⽂档DOM (Document Object Model)⽂档对象模型dot operator (圆)点操作符double-byte character set (DBCS)双字节字符集(DBCS)driver 驱动(程序)DTD (document type definition) ⽂档类型定义dump 转储dump file 转储⽂件Ee-business 电⼦商务efficiency 效率efficient ⾼效encapsulation 封装end user 最终⽤户end-to-end authentication 端对端⾝份验证engine 引擎entity 实体enum (enumeration) 枚举enumerators 枚举成员、枚举器equal 相等equality 相等性equality operator 等号操作符error log 错误⽇志(for database)escape character 转义符、转义字符escape code 转义码evaluate 评估event 事件event driven 事件驱动的event handler 事件处理器evidence 证据exception 异常exception declaration 异常声明exception handling 异常处理、异常处理机制exception specification 异常规范exception-safe 异常安全的exit 退出explicit 显式explicit specialization 显式特化explicit transaction 显式事务(for database) export 导出expression 表达式Ffat client 胖客户端feature 特性、特征fetch 提取field 字段(for database)field 字段(java)field length 字段长度(for database)file ⽂件filter 筛选(for database)finalization 终结finalizer 终结器firewall 防⽕墙flag 标记flash memory 闪存flush 刷新font 字体foreign key (FK) 外键(FK) (for database)form 窗体formal parameter 形参forward declaration 前置声明forward-only 只向前的forward-only cursor 只向前游标(for database) framework 框架full specialization 完全特化function 函数function call operator (即operator ()) 函数调⽤操作符function object 函数对象function template函数模板functionality 功能functor 仿函数GGC (Garbage collection) 垃圾回收(机制)、垃圾收集(机制)generate ⽣成general ⼀般原则、常规n. ⼤概的adj.generic 泛化的、⼀般化的、通⽤的generic algorithm通⽤算法genericity 泛型getter (相对于setter)取值函数global 全局的global object 全局对象grant 授权(for database)group 组、群group box 分组框GUI 图形界⾯GUID (Globally Unique Identifier) 全球唯⼀标识符Hhandle 句柄handler 处理器hard disk 硬盘hard-coded 硬编码的hard-copy 截屏图hardware 硬件hash table 散列表、哈希表header file头⽂件heap 堆help file 帮助⽂件hierarchical data 阶层式数据、层次式数据hierarchy 层次结构、继承体系high level ⾼阶、⾼层hook 钩⼦Host (application)宿主(应⽤程序)hot key 热键horizontal adj.横向的，⽔平的HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超⽂本标记语⾔HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超⽂本传输协议HTTP pipeline HTTP管道hyperlink 超链接Iicon 图标IDE (Integrated Development Environment)集成开发环境identifier 标识符IDL (Interface Definition Language) 接⼝定义语⾔idle time 空闲时间if and only if当且仅当IL (Intermediate Language) 中间语⾔、中介语⾔image 图象IME 输⼊法immediate base 直接基类immediate derived 直接派⽣类immediate updating 即时更新(for database) implement 实现implementation 实现、实现品implicit 隐式implicit transaction隐式事务(for database)import 导⼊incremental update 增量更新(for database) Independent Set 独⽴集index 索引(for database) infinite loop ⽆限循环infinite recursive ⽆限递归information 信息inheritance 继承、继承机制initialization 初始化initialization list 初始化列表、初始值列表initialize 初始化inline 内联inline expansion 内联展开inner join 内联接(for database)instance 实例instantiated 具现化、实体化(常应⽤于template) instantiation 具现体、具现化实体(常应⽤于template) integrate 集成、整合integrity 完整性、⼀致性integrity constraint完整性约束(for database) interacts 交互interface 接⼝interoperability 互操作性、互操作能⼒interpreter 解释器introspection ⾃省invariants 不变性isolation level 隔离级别(for database)item 项、条款、项⽬iterate 迭代iteration 迭代(回圈每次轮回称为⼀个iteration) iterative 反复的、迭代的iterator 迭代器JJIT compilation JIT编译即时编译Job Scheduling ⼯程安排Kkey 键(for database)key column 键列(for database)kernel 内核、核⼼Lleft outer join 左向外联接(for database)level 阶、层例library 库lifetime ⽣命期、寿命Linear Programming 线性规划link 连接、链接linkage 连接、链接linker 连接器、链接器list 列表、表、链表list box 列表框literal constant 字⾯常数livelock 活锁(for database)load 装载、加载load balancing 负载平衡loader 装载器、载⼊器local 局部的local object 局部对象lock 锁log ⽇志login 登录login security mode登录安全模式(for database) lookup table 查找表(for database)loose coupling 松散耦合lvalue 左值Mmachine code 机器码、机器代码macro 宏maintain 维护managed code 受控代码、托管代码Managed Extensions 受控扩充件、托管扩展managed object 受控对象、托管对象manifest 清单many-to-many relationship 多对多关系(for database)many-to-one relationship 多对⼀关系(for database) marshal 列集Matching 匹配member 成员member access operator 成员取⽤运算⼦(有dot和arrow两种)member function 成员函数member initialization list成员初始值列表memory 内存memory leak 内存泄漏menu 菜单message 消息message based 基于消息的message loop 消息环message queuing消息队列metadata 元数据metaprogramming元编程method ⽅法micro 微middle tier 中间层middleware 中间件modeling 建模modeling language 建模语⾔modem 调制解调器modifier 修饰字、修饰符module 模块most derived class最底层的派⽣类multi-tasking 多任务multi-thread 多线程multicast delegate 组播委托、多点委托multithreaded server application 多线程服务器应⽤程序multiuser 多⽤户mutable 可变的mutex 互斥元、互斥体Nnamed parameter 命名参数named pipe 命名管道namespace 名字空间、命名空间native 原⽣的、本地的native code 本地码、本机码nested class 嵌套类nested query 嵌套查询(for database)nested table 嵌套表(for database)network ⽹络network card ⽹卡Network Flow ⽹络流Oobject 对象object based 基于对象的object model 对象模型object oriented ⾯向对象的ODBC data source ODBC数据源(for database) ODBC driver ODBC驱动程序(for database)one-to-many relationship ⼀对多关系(for database) one-to-one relationship ⼀对⼀关系(for database) operating system (OS)操作系统operation 操作operator 操作符、运算符option 选项orientation n.⽅向、定位outer join 外联接(for database)overflow 上限溢位(相对于underflow)overload 重载override 覆写、重载、重新定义Ppackage 包packaging 打包palette 调⾊板parallel 并⾏parameter 参数、形式参数、形参parameter list 参数列表parameterize 参数化parent class ⽗类parentheses 圆括弧、圆括号parse 解析parser 解析器part 零件、部件partial specialization 局部特化pass by reference 引⽤传递pass by value 值传递pattern 模式persistence 持久性permissions 权限pixel 像素placeholder 占位符platform 平台plugin 插件Point Location 位置查询pointer 指针polymorphism 多态pooling 池化pop up 弹出式port 端⼝postfix 后缀precedence 优先序(通常⽤于运算⼦的优先执⾏次序) prefix 前缀preprocessor 预处理器primary key (PK)主键(PK) (for database)primary table 主表(for database)primitive type 原始类型print 打印printer 打印机procedure 过程process 进程program 程序programmer 程序员programming编程、程序设计progress bar 进度指⽰器project 项⽬、⼯程property 属性protocol 协议properties n.财产pseudo code伪码Qqualified 合格的qualifier 修饰符quality 质量queue 队列Rradio button 单选按钮random number 随机数Random Number Generation 随机数⽣成range 范围、区间rank 等级raw 未经处理的re-direction 重定向readOnly只读record 记录(for database)recordset 记录集(for database recursion ——递归recursive 递归refactoring 重构refer 引⽤、参考reference 引⽤、参考reflection 反射refresh data 刷新数据(for database) register 寄存器regular expression 正则表达式relational database 关系数据库remote 远程remote request 远程请求represent 表述，表现resolution 解析过程resolve 解析、决议result set 结果集(for database)retrieve data 检索数据return 返回return type 返回类型return value 返回值revoke 撤销revert 恢复right outer join 右向外联接(for database) robust 健壮robustness 健壮性roll back 回滚(for database)roll forward 前滚(for database)routine 例程row ⾏(for database)rowset ⾏集(for database)RPC (remote procedure call)RPC(远程过程调⽤) runtime 执⾏期、运⾏期、执⾏时、运⾏时rvalue 右值SSatisfiability 可满⾜性save 保存savepoint 保存点(for database)SAX (Simple API for XML)scalable 可伸缩的、可扩展的schedule 调度scheduler 调度程序schema 模式、纲⽬结构scope 作⽤域、⽣存空间screen 屏幕scroll bar滚动条SDK (Software Development Kit)软件开发包sealed class 密封类search 查找Searching 查找semantics 语义sequential container序列式容器serial 串⾏serialization/serialize 序列化server 服务器、服务端session 会话(for database)Set and String Problems 集合与串的问题Set Cover 集合覆盖Set Data Structures 集合Set Packing 集合配置setter 设值函数side effect 副作⽤signature 签名single-threaded 单线程slider滑块slot 槽SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 简单邮件传输协议snapshot 截屏图snapshot 快照(for database)SOAP (simple object access protocol) 简单对象访问协议software 软件Sorting 排序source code 源码、源代码specialization 特化specification 规范、规格splitter 切分窗⼝SQL (Structured Query Language) 结构化查询语⾔(for database) stack 栈、堆栈standard library 标准库standard template library 标准模板库stateless ⽆状态的statement 语句、声明static cursor 静态游标(for database)static SQL statements 静态SQL语句(for database) status bar 状态条stored procedure 存储过程(for database)stream 流string 字符串String Matching 模式匹配stub 存根subobject⼦对象subquery ⼦查询(for database)subscript operator 下标操作符support ⽀持suspend 挂起symbol 记号syntax 语法system databases 系统数据库(for database) system tables 系统表(for database)Ttable 表(for database)table-level constraint 表级约束(for database) target 标的,⽬标task switch ⼯作切换TCP (Transport Control Protocol) 传输控制协议template 模板temporary object 临时对象temporary table 临时表(for database)text ⽂本Text Compression 压缩text file ⽂本⽂件thin client 瘦客户端third-party 第三⽅thread 线程thread-safe 线程安全的throw 抛出、引发(常指发出⼀个exception)toggle v.切换trace 跟踪transaction 事务(for database)transaction log 事务⽇志(for database) transaction rollback 事务回滚(for database) traverse 遍历trigger 触发器(for database)type 类型UUDDI(Universary Description, Discovery and Integration)统⼀描述、查询与集成UML (unified modeling language)统⼀建模语⾔unary function 单参函数unary operator ⼀元操作符unboxing 拆箱、拆箱转换underflow 下限溢位(相对于overflow)Unicode 统⼀字符编码标准，采⽤双字节对字符进⾏编码Union query 联合查询(for database)UNIQUE constraints UNIQUE约束(for database) unique index 唯⼀索引(for database) unmanaged code ⾮受控代码、⾮托管代码unmarshal 散集unqualified 未经限定的、未经修饰的URI (Uniform Resource identifier) 统⼀资源标识符URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 统⼀资源定位器user ⽤户user interface ⽤户界⾯Vvalue types 值类型variable 变量vector 向量(⼀种容器，有点类似array)vendor ⼚商vertical adj.垂直的、竖直的viable 可⾏的video 视频view 视图(for database)view 视图virtual function 虚函数virtual machine 虚拟机virtual memory 虚拟内存WWeb Services web服务WHERE clause WHERE⼦句(for database) wildcard characters 通配符字符(for database) wildcard search 通配符搜索(for database) window 窗⼝window function 窗⼝函数window procedure 窗⼝过程Windows authentication Windows⾝份验证wizard 向导word 单词write enable 写启⽤(for database)write-only 只写WSDL (Web Service Description Language)Web Service描述语⾔XXML (eXtensible Markup Language) 可扩展标记语⾔XML Message Interface (XMI) XML消息接⼝XSD (XML Schema Definition) XML模式定义语⾔XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) 可扩展样式表语⾔XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation)可扩展样式表语⾔转换xxx based 基于xxx的xxx oriented ⾯向xxx。