2012-2013（1）研究生英语翻译理论与实践1词法翻译一、词义的选择（一）根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义。
⏹Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.⏹He likes mathematics more than physics.⏹In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.⏹Like knows like.（二）根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系选择和确定词义。
⏹He is the last man to come.⏹He is the last man to do it.⏹He is the last person for such a job.⏹He should be the last man to blame.⏹He is the last man to consult.⏹This is the last place where I expected to meet you.⏹An area the si ze of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and theypracticed taking off time after time from this restricted space.⏹He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to takeoff.二、词义的引申（一）将词义抽象化的引申1. 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词。
⏹There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of him.⏹Every life has roses and thorns.⏹ 2. 将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词。
⏹In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the1920s that Hit ler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.⏹See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weekswas never distinct.（二）将词义具体化的引申⏹The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.⏹Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls ofanti-Semitism were closing in.三、词义的褒贬⏹（一）有些词本身就有褒贬意义，翻译时就应相应地表达出来。
⏹He was a man of high renown.⏹His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.⏹The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.⏹Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.⏹“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled.⏹We were shocked by his coarse manners.⏹(二) 有些词的词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，翻译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应词来表达。
⏹“After all”, counseled Sonnenfelt, “you’re the only Republican I know with the properacademic credentials.” Kissinger demurred. Such an offer, he said, was highly unlikely.⏹He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had certain reputation. I believe thereputation was not deserved.⏹He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.⏹As a demanding boss, he expected loyalty and dedication from employees.Put the following into Chinese, paying attention to the word “charge”.1. He was charged with murder.2. With a final effort, the troops charged the enemy for the last time.3. How much do you charge for mending the shoes?4. Please charge the shaver for me for I will use it tomorrow.5. Mr. Wilson charged the drinks to his room.6. Demonstrators have charged that the police used excessive force against them.参考答案一、词义的选择（一）根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义。
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。
He likes mathematics more than physics.他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮。
（介词）Like knows like.英雄识英雄。
（二）根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系选择和确定词义。
He is the last man to come.他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it.他是绝不会干那件事的。
He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。
He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。
He is the last man to consult.根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你。
An area the size of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.机场上标出了大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方。
他们一次又一次地练习在这样一块有限的范围内起飞。
He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作时总是坐在椅子边上，好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。
二、词义的引申（一）将词义抽象化的引申。
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of him.他的性格即残暴又狡猾。
Every life has roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有苦有甜。
（每个人的生活都有悲有喜。
）In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930…事实上，在整个二十年代，纳碎党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众好感，以至于在1930年希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特市（德国西部城市）的权利。
See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.在那以后的四个星期，消息时而有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。
（二）将词义作具体化的引申。
The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前面的那辆车停了。
我错过了绿灯。
Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars.The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了。
卐字旗取代了六角星旗。
反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天。
三、词义的褒贬（一）有些词本身就有褒贬意义，翻译时就应相应地表达出来。
He was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。
His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.他作为流氓的恶名是死后才传开的。
The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。
