interaction network

Yeast Dataset(酵母数据集)数据摘要：Interaction detection methods have led to the discovery of thousands of interactions between proteins, and discerning relevance withinlarge-scale data sets is important to present-day biology. The dataset consists of protein-protein interaction network described and analyzed in (1) and available as an example in the software package - PIN (2).中文关键词：酵母,交互检测,蛋白质,数据集,英文关键词：Yeast,Interaction detection,proteins,dataset,数据格式：TEXT数据用途：Information ProcessingClassification数据详细介绍：YeastDescription network with 2361 vertices and 7182 edges (536 loops). network with 2361 vertices and 7182 edges (536 loops).yeast.clu partition of vertices.yeast.paj Pajek project file with complete dataset.Downloadcomplete dataset (ZIP, 134K)Background Interaction detection methods have led to the discovery of thousands of interactions between proteins, and discerning relevance within large-scale data sets is important to present-day biology. The dataset consists of protein-protein interaction network described and analyzed in (1) and available as an example in the software package - PIN (2).PIN class encoding:1 - T,2 - M,3 - U,4 - C,5 - F,6 - P,7 - G,8 - D,9 - O, 10 - E, 11 - R, 12 - B, 13 - A. X interacts with Y relation, short names. X interacts with Y relation, long labels.yeast.clu PIN class partition of vertices, see encoding.yeast.paj Pajek project file with complete dataset.ReferencesShiwei Sun, Lunjiang Ling, Nan Zhang, Guojie Li and Runsheng Chen: Topological structure analysis of the protein-protein interaction network in budding yeast. Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 9 2443-2450 (PDF).Software package Protein Interaction Network PIN Transformed in Pajek format by V. Batagelj, 25. July 2003数据预览：点此下载完整数据集。

第一章社会网络分析简介模（mode）指行动者的集合，社会网络类型包括：✧1-模网络：由一个行动者集合内部各个行动者之间的关系构成的网络，如一个班级内45名同学✧2-模网络：由一类行动者集合与另一类行动者集合之间的关系构成的网络✧隶属网络：如果一个行动者集合（模态）为“各个行动者”，另外一个模态为这些行动者所“隶属”的“各个部门”，则称这样的2-模网络为“隶属网络”社会网络分析处理的是关系数据，其分析单位是关系。

社会网络分析的核心在于，从“关系”的角度出发研究社会现象和社会结构。

社会网络研究的内容包括三个层次：1、个体网络（ego-network）：一个个体及与之直接相连的个体构成的网络。

测度指标：相似度（similarity）、规模（size）、关系的类型、密度（density）、关系的模式（pattern of ties）、同质性（homogeneity）、异质性（heterogeneity）等。

2、局域网（partial network）：个体网加上与个体网络成员有关联的其他点构成局域网。

可以将局域网分为2-步局域网、3-步局域网等，2-步局域网指的是由与“自我点”的距离不超过2的点构成的网络，3-步局域网的概念以此类推。

3、整体网（whole network）。

由一个群体内部所有成员之间的关系构成的网络。

整体网需要研究的测度指标包括：各种图论性质、密度、子图、角色和位置。

社会网络的分析方法主要有图论、矩阵代数、概率统计、计算机编程等方法。

第二章整体网研究概要第一节整体网研究的内容一、整体网的密度1、整体网络中的“个体网络密度”的计算Network->Ego-networks->Egonet basic measures2、整体网络密度的计算Network->cohesion->density二、整体网成员之间的距离1、一个最优途径是费用最小途径，而一个途径“费用”是该路径上的所有边值（赋值）之和，也就是说，在两个点之间的多条途径中，费用最小者为最优途径如果说个体网研究得到的结论具有推断的意义话（因为个体网数据往往是根据随机抽样方式得到的），那么就整体网的研究结论来说，由于多数整体网的资料都是通过“方便抽样”得到的，因此，整体网研究得到的结论王万不具有统计推断的意义，其结论只适用于所研究的群体。

基于蛋白质相互作用网络分析的生物学研究近年来，生物学研究日益受到蛋白质相互作用网络（Protein-Protein Interaction Network，PPI Network）的关注。

PPI Network 是用来描述蛋白质之间相互作用的网络，是一种高度抽象的网络模型，它典型地用一个有向图来表示。

在这个网络中，蛋白质相互作用的信息就以节点和边的形式体现。

PPI Network 是研究蛋白质功能、调控通路、分析细胞信号传递的重要工具之一。

基于PPI Network的分析，可以有效揭示蛋白质间的作用机制、特定生物过程的调控机制，以及疾病发生发展的分子机制等，有利于寻找潜在的靶点和开发新的药物。

现代生物信息学技术的快速发展，为高通量的PPI实验和数据挖掘提供了可能。

常见的PPI实验技术包括酵母双杂交法、免疫共沉淀法、基于质谱的蛋白质组学方法等。

通过这些技术，研究人员可以实现高通量的蛋白质相互作用实验，并获得大量的PPI数据。

但是，PPI数据的可靠性和准确性一直是限制其应用的瓶颈之一。

PPI Network 中的节点和边可以用来描述蛋白质相互作用的不同类型和强度。

基于这个网络，可以进行各种生物学分析，如模块化检测、网络簇发现、网络特征分析等。

其中，模块化检测是指利用社区发现算法将PPI网络划分成具有显著生物学意义的模块；网络簇发现是指发现PPI网络中紧密连接的节点子集；网络特征分析是指通过计算网络的度分布、聚集系数、平均最短距离等参数，揭示网络的基本特征和拓扑结构。

此外，还有一些新兴的PPI网络分析方法，如差异网络分析、动态网络分析、多层网络分析等。

差异网络分析是指比较多个PPI网络之间的差异，以揭示不同生物状态下PPI网络的变化及其与表型差异的关系；动态网络分析是指研究PPI网络的动态变化过程，以揭示生物过程中相互作用网络的演化机制；多层网络分析是指将多个PPI网络整合到一个统一的多层网络中，以揭示不同层次的生物信息和生态结构的相互影响。

武 薇1 徐梓轩1. 承德医学院，2. 河北省药品医疗器械检验研究院，3. 河北省神经损伤与修复重点实验室，【摘要】目的：物过程和通路，选出小儿清热止咳口服液的活性成分，关靶点取交集，软件中构建“小儿清热止咳口服液成分蛋白相互作用网并得到关键靶点。

通过Cytoscape 3.7.2小儿清热止咳口服液是由麻黄、炒苦杏仁、石膏、甘草、黄芩、板蓝根、北豆根七味中药制成的复方制剂，原方来自我国汉代名医张仲景的《伤寒杂病论》的麻杏石甘汤［1］。

具有清热宣肺，平喘，利咽的功效。

用于小儿外感风热所致的感冒，症见发热恶寒、咳嗽痰黄、气促喘息、口干音哑、咽喉肿痛［2］。

小儿清热止咳口服液在治疗小儿发热方面具有优势，可充分利用药物的不同性能、功用，而进行动态的、个性化的、切中病证之本源的综合治疗［3］。

但其确切机制尚不清晰，因此本文基于网络药理学及分子对接技术，筛选出小儿清热止咳口服液有效活性成分和作用靶点，构建“中药-活性成分-靶点”、靶蛋白相互作用、靶点功能通路等多层次生物信息网络，为小儿清热止咳口服液用于治疗小儿发热提供理论依据［4］。

本研究的思路如Fig.1所示。

1 方法1.1 药物活性成分的获取及筛选中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台TCMSP （Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform）（http：/// tcmsp.php）搜寻小儿清热止咳口服液的7味中药（麻黄、炒苦杏仁、板蓝根、北豆根、甘草、黄芩、石膏）的化学成分。

根据药动学性质参数，包括口服生物利用度（oral bioavailability，OB）、类药性（drug-likeness，DL）、血脑屏障（blood-brainbarrie，BBB）分别对每个药物进行筛选以得到活性成分，因小儿清热口服液是口服方剂，因此OB≥30%；由于药物在体内需要依靠靶器官和靶细胞的生理功能特性，通过复杂的生物学过程，最终与相应靶点结合，才能发挥其理想的生物学效应，活性成分必须具有较高的类药性，因此设置DL≥0.18为筛【ABSTRACT】Objective：By constructing the interaction networks between the compositions of Xiao’er Qingre Zhike Koufuye and target networks and proteins，we conducted the enrichment analysis to determine the biological processes and involved pathways，we also studied the potential action mechanism of fever in children. Methods：The active components of Xiao’er Qingre Zhike Koufuye were selected and the target points were predicted by searching TCMSP database，and the potential action targets were obtained by crossing Genecards database with Drug Bank database of the fever-related targets. After processing the comparison results，the targets were input into Cytoscape3.7.2 software to build the “Xiao’er Qingre Zhike Koufuye ingredients-compounds-fever targets” network，and the String database and Cytoscape3.7.2 database were used to construct the protein interaction network and to obtain the key targets. The GO bio-function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were later performed through the DAVID v6.8 database and the enrichment results were visualized with Cytoscape3.7.2. Finally，the molecular docking of the key compounds and the targets were performed. Results：160 active components，584 active component targets，and 4 137 known fever in children-related target genes were obtained. The interaction of disease genes and drug targets yielded 346 intersection targets，and 18 core targets were obtained by the protein interaction network and topological analysis. Enrichment analysis showed that the main pathways focused on neuroactive ligand-receptor-related pathways，immune inflammation pathways，and other pathways such as neurotoxin addiction and viral infection. Further screening of core targets and compounds for molecular docking showed that Casp3，CREB1，Fos，IL-1B，IL-6，INS，Jun，and MYC as core target proteins could stably bind to small molecules such as D-norpseudoephedrine，beta-sitosterol，matrine and ephedrine. Conclusion：Through network pharmacology and molecular docking，our study found the possible active ingredients of Xiao’er Qingre Zhike Koufuye and the potential targets of fever in children and predicted the key ways to treat fever in children. It provided a theoretical basis for explaining the action mechanism of Xiao’er Qingre Zhike Koufuye in children and new methods for further studying the molecular action mechanism. Besides，it supplied a new idea for drug development of children fever.【KEY WORDS】 Xiao’er Qingre Zhike Koufuye；fever in children；network pharmacology；molecular docking technology；由于治疗发热的药物成分需要通过血脑屏障才能对机体发挥作用，因此设定BBB≥0.30。

家具设计中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Researches and Development of InteractiveEducational Toys for ChildrenAbstract: For Oriented by the teaching philosophy "game based learning", this paper carried out an in-depth research on the interactive mode of children's educational toys. In the research process, it attempted to build a new immersed educational-game scenario for children by using the new interactive technology so as to inspire the children's interest in learning and exploration. The research object in this paper was an interactive educational toy-"funny tap" English learning machine for children. After integrating the design concept of this product from an industrial designperspective, we selected specific interactive technology and completed the engineering. Moreover, we have conducted tests of work principles and effect of usage based on the sample machine. The final result indicated that there is a promising and huge market potential to apply the new interactive technology to development of educational toys.Keywords: Interactive Educational Toys, Interactive Design, interactive mode1.INTRODUCTIONSince 1980s, human beings including the children have entered a digital age. Under the influence of the advanced information, early stage education machines, electronic building blocks, electronic wall charts, and other new toys have become children's new favorites. With the influence of the west teaching philosophy-"game based learning", parents are strongly agreed with such toys for children. These modern educational toys will become the mainstream of toy development due to their promotion of children's learning, practical ability, creativity and imagination.Interaction exists in all things contacted by humans, and interactive design emerged to design a kind of communication and dialogue between human and objects to minimize the "cognitive conflict". As a new design theory, interactive design has a wide range of applications in designing educational toys.2. THE PLAN AND BENEFITS OF THE INTERACTIVE MODE OFCHILDREN 'S TOYSThe rise of various digital technologies, such as voice recognition, 3D video, and virtual reality technology etc., gives new experience to people's perception. The author aimed to apply these new digital technologies to the researches of interactive educational toys design.The plan of the interactive mode of children's educational toys:2.1. Voice InteractionVoice interaction voice includes touch voice interaction, voice command interaction and intelligent voice interaction. Touch voice interaction and voice command interaction have been very common, such as electronic wall charts, televox;intelligent voice interaction is the author's aim to create a genuine dialogue between children and simulation toys through digital technology, to foster children's language ability, particularly in a family with only one child, the children need a "partner" to accompany them to learn and play with.2.2. Video InteractionVideo interaction can be divided into 2D image interaction and 3D video interaction. The former has been broadly used in toys, such as in multimedia courseware, image or video of horse will appear when referring to "horse"; 3D video interaction is the author's aim to apply 3D projection technology in the "play" process, for instance, when referring to a green grassland, a grassland projection will appear so that children feel like being on the grassland, which enhances children's learning experience; meanwhile, this enhanced emotional experience will prolong the memory retention time or even extend to a ultra- long-term memory.2.3. Narrative InteractionNarrative interaction is to conceive a story for the toy and offer a task role for children to make them participate in the story. The steps are shown in Figure 1:Fig. 1. The steps of narrative interactionBased on children's curiosity and imitation psychology as well as the investigation of the games, the author found the correct application of story interaction in educational toys can greatly mobilize children's learning enthusiasm, for example, we conceive an English learning process as treasure hunt activity. In this activity, the words are hidden in the treasure box, and children themselves are explorers, if they put one or a few words together, they will get a treasure box, and they can also make a competition with peers to get the treasure boxes. Through establishment of game theme, selection of roles, and plot development in the activities, children not only increase their knowledge of English, also learn how to get along with peers and develop good self-awareness.2.4. Web Virtual Reality InteractionWeb virtual reality interaction is virtual imaging through network connections, making you feel like your partners sitting, playing and learning with you, to deliberatethe loneliness in the contemporary families, and promote children's learning initiative in the competitive context.Psychological research shows that with respect to the learners, the learning behavior resulting in emotional pleasure experience will produce a positive emotional resonance, thereby enhancing the learners' learning initiative and enthusiasm. The realistic educational-game scenario created by interactive educational toys for children not only brings emotional pleasure experience to children so that learning is no longer boring for them with a purpose of mobilizing the enthusiasm of study and developing creative thinking, but also enhances children's social communication ability to help children establish good social character favorable for their life.3. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE EDUCATIONAL TOY—"FUNNYTAP"Parents are head-ached on children's learning English, so we focus on developing an interactive English learning toy to help the children remembering words in game scenario and stimulate their interests in learning English, and training children's hand operation and brain coordination.The development practice procedure of interactive toy for children-"funny tap" is shown in Figure 2 as following:Fig. 2. The development practice procedure of "funny tap"3.1. The development process of interactive concept of interactive educational toy-"funny tap"It is the development process of "funny tap" interactive concept. After investigating the object group of children and parents about their needs of English learning machine, we summarized six key indicators such as security, fun and incentive. Here we mainly describe three models of interactions shaded in Figure 3.To meet the requirement of fun, the author designed a narrative interactive process, as is shown in Figure 3:Fig. 3. The narrative interactive process of "funny tap"The word learning process is conceived as a game of whack-a-mole, imagining there are N mole holes, and there are M letters in a word (i.e. M moles with a letter). If you tap down M jumping moles in accordance with the order, you will get the cheers, if the tap is not correct, it will continue to call "come on"; meanwhile, the action of "tap" is not only funny, but also effective to train children's hands and brain coordination.Voice interaction was prepared by the microcontroller program to control the voice modules. There are two features regarding the "funny pat": one is word pronunciation; the other is the design of the applause and cheering voices for reward and punishment, which help to reach the goal of incentive.In the first stage, video interaction was prepared by displaying the letters on buttons through LED dot matrix character display modules mainly controlled by microcontroller; in the second stage, we provided toy with 3D projector for projecting the whole process in the air to construct a 3D emotional scenario, and the action of "tap" is to tap the projections in the air.3.2. Principle diagram of interactive educational toy for children-"funny tap" The operation principle of "funny tap" is shown in Figure 4:Fig. 4. The operation principle of "funny tap"The system consists of six components, such as voice module, LED indicator, action back module, MCU, power module and LED dot matrix character display module. Among these, the three formers are connected with MCU through 8-bit data bus; LED dot matrix character display module is connected with the microcontroller through the 12C bus. Voice module stores English word pronunciation documents needed in the game, and MCU pronounces the word by controlling the voice module via the bus. LED dot matrix character display module consists of driver chips and the 8*8 LED matrix. MCU bus control LED dot matrix character display module via I2C to show the corresponding English letters. Action back module tests and captures the player's actions during the game for the MCU to judge whether the player conducts normal actions to control the game process.3.3. Appearance design process of interactive educational toy-"funny tap"The following Figure 5 is a design process from sketch, modelling, model-making to the final product and the drawing of the product structure explosion.Fig. 5. Appearance design process of "funny tap"3.4. Interaction testSample of N (N is an odd number) preschool children was randomly selected to test the product's availability, usability and user's willingness of using it. Mainly onsite testing observation and questionnaire survey, and then we improve the product according to the test results.Testing times are equal to or more than I so as to find the products with highest interaction. In the product final trial, most of parents fed back that this toy combined fun and knowledge well and the whole learning process was very smooth and the children were very happy when "learning".4. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTChina is a large country of toy manufacturing, but it still remains in the stage of imitating foreign design, especially in educational toy design. The research and practice of interactive educational toys in this study is expected to give some thought and inspiration to toy designers so as to further promote the development of Chinese toy industry.REFERENCES[I] Liu Zaihua, Children's Social Intelligence, Anhui People's Publishing House, 2008.[2] KARL T. ULRICH, STEVEN D. EPPINGER, Product Design and Developmen,Higher Education Press, 2005.[3] (U.S.) Robert J. stembeg, Translated by Yang Bingjun, Chen Yan, Chow Zhiling,Cognitive Psychology, Beijing: China Light Industry Press, 2006.[4] Zhang Zhcnzhong, Li Yanjun, Classification Research of Educational Toys,Textiles and Design, December 2008 Vol. 12.[5] Li Qiaodan, Xia Hongwen, On the Function of Digitized Bran-training Toys inElementary Education, China Education Informationalization Issuing Department.[6] Song Jun, Researches on Design Principles of Children's Educational Toys,[Online]. Available: [7] Liu Mingliang, " The Principle Production and Purchasing of Electronic Toys", New Era Press, 1992.Toy development and design based on the needs of olderpersonsAbstract:In china, aging and the life-quality of older persons has become today’s important issues of social concern, and how to solve this problem thus turns to be an important challenge in the design and development of supplies for the old. Now, the ensuing ways to solve varied. For instance, the design community has put emphasis on the design and development of the supplies for the old, but a large part of these de signs were for medical care and medical products of the senior person. The designsfor the vast majority of the healthy people in their senior age are rarely involved. In this, I think, for the function of toys, the emphasis on the development of physical and mental health of older persons is the key, so to rethink the development of toys for the old persons in china is one of the ways.Keywords: Toys for the old, Needs design, humane careMentions of the toys, we always unconsciously think of the innocent children, as if toys are just child’s belongings. With the improvement of living standards, emphasis on the toys is constantly improved. To meet the needs of children, various designs are brought out, and then from luxury goods, toys have gradually become the child’s necessities. However, the authorities of the china toy association state that the toy is no longer the children’s only product: toy concept has been extended and functional and practical range of modern toy has been further expanded. Toys not only inspire children, but also become the recreation products for the seniors. The old also need toys that could meet their spiritual needs and enrich their life in later years.1．Status of the development and design of toys for the seniorsIn china, toy for the old is still an industry to be developed. Senior people, as customers, they have needs and also purchasing power, but no targeted toys for them. There are as much as 130 million seniors in china who would be a huge consumer group, but the research and development of toys for old consumers has lagged behind developed country for more than 30 years.In America, the toys designed for the senior amount to 40% of the toy market. The toy market for old persons is more mature. They have many toy stores for the seniors throughout the urban and rural areas. Also our neighbor Japan does well in the development of toys for the old persons, and most toy companies have produced toys for seniors, and continued to introduce new products.2．The meaning of the development of toys for the seniorsRetiring from work, the senior people get more time than before. Besides watching TV at home, they have no many alternative entertainments. Some old people have been for a long period in loneliness. Over time, they are prone todepression, anxiety disorder and Alzheimer’s, seriously affecting their physical and mental health and become burden to children and society.Li guangqing in department of rehabilitation of Beijing Xuanwu Hospital once said: “with age increasing, the function of the body of the seniors gradually degraded, and their reaction will be clumsier. At the same time, retirement from work, the opportunity for the old to use their brain reduces, which further brings the decline of attention and cognitive ability. Except to maintain good habits and moderate exercise, to slow down brain aging, putting hands and brain in work at the same time is the most effective way, which is exactly the function of toys. for people with Alzheimer’s, playing with toys, to some extent, would alleviate the condition.Therefore, toys can develop people’s thinking ability, and improve our intelligence. If the seniors play with toys constantly, the aging of the brain and the Alzheimer’s would be effectively prevented. Medical experts found that to maintain old people’s intelligence, we must first fully protect the brain. In addition to proper nutrition and adequate sleep, the seniors should make most of the brain. Just as Chinese saying tells that”water does not rot, and the door hinge is never worm-eaten “, the more one use his brain, the more sensitive it becomes. Playing with toys is exactly a good way to use the brain. With toys, the old people not only receive more information, at the same time become more optimistic than before, thereby enhancing their immune system function.3．The needs-analysis of toys for the oldWhat is a needs analysis? This approach is to focus on the users’ needs. Users’needs are sources of many new products.What is the demand-design? it is the most front-end process for new product in its life cycle, and decides the success or failure of the new products. Needs-design starts from the businesses and designers’judgment of the market or the needs of users, and ends at planning proposals or technical specifications on description of the product development. Understand the market or user demand is a high-level investment for the success of the product.The development and design of toys for old persons should start from the needs ofthe seniors. Only a real understanding of the old consumers and their psychological and physiological needs can bring toys that give practical cares for the seniors physically and spiritually.Toys for the old should bring human care. Toy design process should be integrated into this concept. The aim of the toy design for the old is enhanced, with seniors-centered design principles, and with the help of analysis on the seniors’physiological psychological characteristics, cultural level and lifestyle. The toy design principle that shows humane care for the seniors is reflected at the same time.(1)Safety firstTo varying degrees, the judgment, cognitive ability and ability to respond of the old people weaken, thus in the process of using the product, they inevitably make mistakes. In case a threat to physical and mental health occurs, they usually are unable to escape the danger. Therefore, toys for the seniors should be fault-tolerant. So that, the old people even make a mistake, there will be no danger. Here the reduction of operation process and the set of message for safe operation is an effective way to ensure the safety of the seniors with toys.(2)Moderate difficultThe design of toys for the old should be of moderate difficulty, and the purpose is to arouse their interest in playing. If too simple, it would not enhance the interest of the seniors and thus would not achieve the aim of exercising the brain; if too difficult, it would be strenuous for them to learn, and consequently cause a sense of failure which is not conducive to their mental health.(3)Easy to identifyThe toy should have a familiar form and an understandable functional theory for the old. It should also be equipped with an interface in keeping with the experience and habits of the seniors. Besides, the toys that need interface design, should take into account the graphic symbols, size, color, clarity of sound, light intensity.(4)Facilitate communicationPeople’s feelings need to vent and exchange, especially for the seniors. For them, emotional communication is indispensable to maintain their vitality, andimprove the quality of life. Playing with toys, there are many ways for the old to choose, such as: taking turns to participate, working together and racing in the game. The development of multiple-persons playing toys is to create a harmonious environment in which they can talk when play. So the core of toy-development is to involve the participants as much as possible. For the participating ways, common collaborative participatory approach is the best, which is more conducive to conversation, and get to know some new friends. In this way the seniors can expand their social circle with emotional exchange.(5)The effect for keeping fitness and developing intelligenceIncreasing with age, people’s organ recession becomes an objective physiological phenomenon. In order to maintain good physical function and mental state, and improve the quality of life, fitness puzzle is a very important content in the lives of older persons. Body-building that can achieve with playing toys is the most basic needs of older persons. Old people by playing intellectual toys can effectively prevent Alzheimer’s disease, so to maintain the flexibility of the seniors’mind is the main direction of the toy development.(6)Cultural connotationsLife experiences bring the old people with more comprehensive concept of life, thus toys with a certain ideological and cultural depth usually put them in recollecting and thinking of issues. Toys for the seniors are different from those for children: a child plays a toy intuitively, while the old emphasize the toy’s inherent fun, and show great interest in the toys with cultural connotations. Of course, this culture must be familiar with the elderly, has gone deep into the ideological deep.Summing up, toys for the seniors have a promising market, for each one of us would inevitably become old. The design industry should make more efforts to improve the living standard of the seniors. One way is to develop toys for the old and help them improve their life quality with theses design. We all know, care for the old is to care for all mankind, and designing from the needs of the old has become an urgent task of today’s society.References：[1]Yang Guanghui. China’s Population Aging and the Industrial Structure [m].Liaoning Science and Technology Press, 2008.7.[2] Wang Lianhai. Chinese Toys, Art History [m], Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House, 2006.8.[3] Wang court. Toys And Innovative Design [m], Chemical Industry Press, 2005.12.儿童家具的人性化设计摘要：本文以儿童家具设计问题为出发点,提出人性化的概念在新的时代环境下的新解释,并指出新的人性化设计原则在儿童家具的设计方法中的实现,分析儿童家具的现状,并提出一些建议。

基因组蛋白相互作用网络的分析和构建生物大分子之间互相作用是维持生命机制的基础。

其中，基因组蛋白相互作用网络（Protein-protein interaction network， PPI network) 组成了重要的一部分。

PPI network是基于蛋白质相互作用的节点和边构成的图形模型。

PPI network的构建和分析可以帮助我们深入解析生物体内的调控机制和信号传导通路。

同时，PPI network也可以成为新型药物设计的难得工具。

本文将重点探讨PPI network在分析构建中的一些关键因素和存在的问题。

一、PPI network 的构建方法PPI network的构建方法通常有两种，即实验室验证法和预测算法。

实验室验证法是指通过实验手段（如双杂交技术、免疫共沉淀等）验证蛋白质相互作用的真实性，将其用图形模型呈现。

这种方法的优点是实验结果准确可靠，但缺点是耗时费力，难以积累大量数据。

预测算法是指通过已有的数据，利用计算机模型的方法，对蛋白质相互作用关系进行预测。

这种方法的优点是速度快、成本低、高通量，缺点是结果可能存在不准确性。

二、PPI network的基本特征PPI network的基本特征包括节点度和网络密度。

节点度是指连接某个节点的边的数量，表示该节点在网络中的重要性程度。

网络密度是指网络中连接节点的边所占总可能边数的比例，反映了节点之间相互作用的紧密程度。

益兔（Yeast）以及人类PPI network的网络密度均为0.1左右。

而笔者最近的一篇研究表明，犬PPI network的平均度数和网络密度分别为2.8和0.013，相较于人类和益兔PPI network 而言，具有较小的规模和复杂性。

三、PPI network的拓扑结构PPI network的拓扑结构可以分为随机网络、小世界网络和无标度网络。

其中，随机网络是一个平均度数非常低、网络密度非常稀疏的系统，节点之间呈随机连接，类似于一个骰子的点数分布；小世界网络则是介于随机网络和无标度网络之间的结构，具有很高的网络聚类度和很小的平均路径长度，节点之间有近邻连接，同时也有跨越整个网络的长程连接；而无标度网络则是一种包含一些高度连通中心节点的复杂网络，节点度数呈幂律分布，具有非常高的鲁棒性、腐败性和规模自相似性。

与物联网相关的专业词汇1.物联网Internet of Things2.体系结构architecture3.连接模式interconnection model4.通信协议communication protocol5.服务机制service mechanism6.信息模型information model7.物品关联thing association8.信息感知information sensing9.信息交互information interaction10.无线传感器网络wireless sensor network11.传感仪器sensing instrument12.光谱Spectrum13.系统架构architecture of IoT14.协议体系protocol structure15.时空数据spatial-temporal data16.海量数据管理 massive data management17.数据库集群系统database cluster system18.数据挖掘data mining19.电子饲喂站electronic feeding station20.信息采集系统 information acquisition system21.上下文感知context-aware22.服务质量QoS23.语义标注semantic annotation24.可信计算trusted computing25.匿名认证anonymous authentication26.匿名传输anonymous transmission27.无线射频识别 Radio Frequency Identification（RFID）28.农业物联网agriculture Internet of Things29.设施农业facility agriculture30.服务推荐service recommendation二、我感兴趣的一些专业词汇31.大数据big data32.深度学习deep learning33.社会计算social computing34.可视化visualization35.数据可用性data usability36.流式计算stream computing37.内存计算memory computing38.非结构化数据 unstructured data39.社交网络数据 social network data40.云计算技术cloud computing41.自然语言处理 natural language processing42.自然语言理解 natural language understanding43.贝叶斯推理Bayesian inference44.主题模型topic model45.机器翻译machine translation46.聚类分析clustering analysis47.词频分析frequency analysis48.主题词提取topic words extraction49.人工智能artificial intelligence50.混合模型hybrid model。

Protein-Protein InteractionsProtein Structure•The fundamental unit ofprotein structure is adomain.•This region of a polypeptidechain folds into a distinctstructure and mediates theprotein’s biologicalfunctionality.Abstract View of ProteinStructure•Proteins are representedas shaded areas and thedomains as geometricalfigures.•We assume that proteindomain (or domaincombination) interactionsare responsible forprotein interactions.Gen ome: 30.000 genesTranscript ome: 40-100.000 mRNAsProt eome:100-400.000 proteins >1.000.000 interactionsDimensions of InformationComplexityGenomics vs. Post-GenomicsHuman Genome Human Proteome TranscriptsProtein Interaction105106A proteomics circuit showing theinteraction of RNA splicing proteinsSource: Campbell/Heyer. Discovering genomics, proteomics, and bioinformaticsTerminologyProtein Complexes are groups of proteins that interact with each other at the same time and place, forming a single multi-molecular machine.E.g., anaphase-promoting complex, RNA-splicing andprotein export and transport complexes, etc. Functional modules consist of proteins that participate in a particular cellular process while binding each other at a different time and place (different conditions or phases of the cell cycle, in different cellular compartments, etc).E.g., yeast pheromone response pathway, MAPsignaling cascades, etc.How can we identify Protein-Protein Interactions ?1. In vitro interactions.2. In vivo interactions.3. How does this fit together?Identification of Protein-ProteinInteractions byCo-ImmunoprecipitationCo-Immunoprecipitation - PrincipleA variation ofCo-Immunoprecipitation:Reverse Co-Immunopreciptiation combined with cross-linking Spatial organisation of P-P-interactionsCross-linkerse.g. bifunctional sulfhydril-reactive crosslinkers:e.g. Maleimide-esterHomobifunctionalPeriodatecleavable!Identification of Protein-Protein Interactions by Pull-Down methodsprepare proteinThe GST fusion protein might have different origin: Bacterial and yeast expression systemsHigher eukaryotic expression systems (insect cells/ baculovirus)Various Affinity tags commonly used:GSTPoly-Histidine (IMAC)Calmoduline binding protein (CBP)………Multi-Tags e.g. TAP-tag:T andem Affinity Purification (TAP)Identification of Protein-Protein Interactions byProtein chipsCapture)Identification of Protein-Protein Interactions by Surface Plasmon Resonance(SRP)BackgroundTypical SRP dataGroups on Molecules Available for Immobilisation •Primary Amines •Carboxylic acids•Thiols•Sugars (aldehydes)•Lipids •Tags ԪBiotin ԪGST ԪFc ԪPoly-HIS2. In vivo interaction studiesIdentifying protein interactions in vivoProteomicsA more comprehensive yeast protein interaction networkDeletion phenotype:Red = lethalGreen = non-lethalOrange = slow growth Yellow = unknownSource: Jeong H et al (2004) Nature 411:41-42•An example of a scale-free network–Most nodes have fewconnections– A small number ofnodes (network hubs)are connected to alarge number of othernotesIdentification of Protein-Protein Interactions by Yeast 2-Hybrid SystemYeast two-hybrid system:a genetic assay for detecting protein-protein interactionsX YSuppose we have two proteins...One way of answering this question is to use the yeast two hybrid method.To understand the method we must firstconsider how gene expression is regulated in yeast......and the question,do these two protein bind each other?a genetic assay for detecting protein-protein interactionsRegulation of gene expression in yeastgeneUAS(upstream activation sequence)transcription activatorDNA binding domainactivation domaintranscription machinery and now back to the question...a genetic assay for detecting protein-protein interactionsXYDo these two protein bind?Regulation of gene expression in yeastgene UAS(upstream activation sequence)transcription activatorDNA binding domainactivation domaintranscription machinery reporter geneWe start with yeast possessing a reporter gene (a gene making a product that is easy to detect).And now we introduce genes coding for two hybrid proteins.....Use of the yeast two-hybrid systemYeast Two-Hybrid:Detecting protein-protein interactions in yeast---Interactions can be screened for strength。

Interaction LayerGENy© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. V1.01 2011-05-18AgendaINTRODUCTION TRANSMISSION WITH INTERACTION LAYER RECEPTION WITH INTERACTION LAYER STATE MACHINE OF THE INTERACTION LAYER FUNCTIONS OF INTERACTION LAYER GENY - GENERATION TOOL© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 2QCommunication Needs for ECUsTypical ECUs Dashboard ABS DashboardCANEngine SpeedABSInformation exchange between the ECUs Engine Speed (ES): rpm (revolution per minute)© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 3QModular Build-up of each ECUThe software for communication is similar to all ECUs. ApplicationCANbeddedSoftware Components for Communication and DiagnosticsUsually the Application controls the reception and the transmission of CAN messages. Now the Interaction Layer takes over this task.© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 4QMessage and SignalSignal(1 Bit to 8 Bytes)ESES(low)(high)A signal can exceed byte boundariesMessageID DLCn (low) n (high) (low) (high)ES ESbyteThe network database engineer is responsible for the distribution of the signals to the messagesThe Interaction Layer provides a Signal Oriented Interface© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 5QTask of the Interaction LayerGeneral Tasks u Data Consistency u Signal AccessTx Tasks u Delay Time u Transmission Modes u Default Values u Notification of successful TransmissionRx Tasks u Notification on Reception u Timeout Monitoring u Default Values© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 6QAgendaINTRODUCTION TRANSMISSION WITH INTERACTION LAYER RECEPTION WITH INTERACTION LAYER STATE MACHINE OF THE INTERACTION LAYER FUNCTIONS OF INTERACTION LAYER GENY - GENERATION TOOL© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 7QTransmission with Interaction LayerABSES(t) ES(t) ES(t) ES(t) ES(t) ES(t)tESDashboard Without ILu wait for timer to elapse u Store ES in Buffer u Call CanTransmit until return value is ok u new start of the timerWith ILIlPutTxES( value);© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 8QTransmission with Interaction Layer...and there are more complex ways to send signals than cyclic...u wait for timer to elapse u Store Signal ES in Buffer u Call CanTransmit until return value is ok u New start of the timerHow would you change the script, when you have to send periodical and on a change of the value of ES?The Interaction Layer will do this for you© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 9QCyclic Transmission ModeGenMsgCycleTimeattributes >>© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 10QSend on Eventlost signal© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 11IlPut_(10) message (10)IlPut_(12)IlPut_(15)attributes >>message (15)QTransmission Fast if Signal is ActiveTransmission Fast if Signal Active ModeApplicationIlPut (10) IlPut (20) IlPut (5)the signal is active if its value is not 10.IlPut (10)Decision If(x!=10)IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTask IlTaskInteraction Layermessage (20) message (20) message (5) message (20)tData Link LayerGenMsgCycleTimeFastGenMsgCycleTimeFastattributes >>© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 12QSend on Event with Repetitionattributes >>© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 13QTransmit Fast if Signal is Active with RepetitionIlPut (20)IlPut (10)IlPut (5)message (20)message (10)message (10)message (5)message (20)attributes >>GenMsgCycleTimeFast with GenMsgNrOfRepetition© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 14QSend Periodic and on EventIlPut(20)© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 15message (cycle)message (cycle)message (cycle)message (cycle)message (20)attributes >>QBasic Transmit Dialogs supported by Interaction LayerSend periodic and on eventFASTSend on event with repetitionDo you remember the Transmit Dialogs ?FASTTransmit fast if Signal is active with repetitionSend on event Periodical Transmission© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 16Transmit fast if Signal is activeQSummary – Transmission Mode Matrix IMessage and signal-oriented transmission modes can be combined... The resulting transmission mode is an OR between the message and the signal transmission mode. The grayed fields describe the attribute to be set to for this specific transmission modesee also TechnicalReference _InteractionLayer© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 17QSummary – Transmission Mode Matrix IIMessage and signal-oriented transmission modes can be combined... The resulting transmission mode is an OR between the message and the signal transmission mode. The grayed fields describe the attribute to be set to for this specific transmission modesee also TechnicalReference _InteractionLayer© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 18QSummary – Transmission Mode Matrix IIIMessage and signal-oriented transmission modes can be combined... The resulting transmission mode is an OR between the message and the signal transmission mode. The grayed fields describe the attribute to be set to for this specific transmission modesee also TechnicalReference _InteractionLayer© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 19QSummary – Transmission Mode Matrix IVMessage and signal-oriented transmission modes can be combined... The resulting transmission mode is an OR between the message and the signal transmission mode. The grayed fields describe the attribute to be set to for this specific transmission modesee also TechnicalReference _InteractionLayer© 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. Slide: 20Q©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Notification for TransmissionConfirmation Flag Confirmation FunctionShows that the Message containing the Signal has been acknowledged by another node.This acknowledge is sent when at least one ECU has received the message. Theacknowledge triggers a transmit interrupt. Within this interrupt the flag is set and the confirmation function is called.©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.AgendaI NTRODUCTIONT RANSMISSION WITH INTERACTION LAYER S TATE MACHINE OF THE INTERACTION LAYER F UNCTIONS OF INTERACTION LAYER G ENY -GENERATION TOOLR ECEPTION WITH INTERACTION LAYER RECEPTION WITH INTERACTION LAYERABSDashboard Without ILu Wait for message indicationu Clear indication flagu Read bytesCheck indication flag for consistency of datau Next dataWait for Signal Indication (optional)ES( value );With ILESchanges very fast andhas to be received by thedashboard.ES(t)ES(t)ES(t)ES(t)ES(t)ES(t)R0xABW WRTI©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.ABSDashboardtWithout ILu Wait for message indication u Clear indication flag u Read bytesu Check indication flag for consistency of data uNext dataWait for Signal Indication (optional)IlGetRx ES ( value );With ILESES changes very fast andhas to be received by the dashboard.ES(t)ES(t)ES(t)ES(t)ES(t)ES(t)©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Notification Mechanisms for ReceptionFirstValue FlagsCan be used to indicate the reception of the Signal since the last reset of this flag or the Interaction Layer Timeout Flags Timeout FunctionsIndicates a missing reception of a Signal for the adjusted timeDataChanged FlagsIndicates a changed signalIndication Flags Indicates the reception of a SignalIndication Functions©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.AgendaI NTRODUCTIONT RANSMISSION WITH INTERACTION LAYER R ECEPTION WITH INTERACTION LAYER S TATE MACHINE OF THE INTERACTION LAYER F UNCTIONS OF INTERACTION LAYER G ENY -GENERATION TOOLSTATE MACHINE OF THE INTERACTION LAYER©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.AgendaI NTRODUCTIONT RANSMISSION WITH INTERACTION LAYER R ECEPTION WITH INTERACTION LAYER S TATE MACHINE OF THE INTERACTION LAYER F UNCTIONS OF INTERACTION LAYER G ENY -GENERATION TOOLFUNCTIONS OF INTERACTION LAYER©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.How to make the Interaction Layer workvoid IlRx Task( void );void IlTx Task( void );Do always call these functions in the indicated cycle time.©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Additional FunctionsIl_Status IlGet Status( void );void ApplIlFatalError( errorNumber );You get back the state the Interaction Layer is inAssign the parameter to the errorC all Back Function for Debugging and IntegrationS ervice Function©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.IlGetPutRxTx<Signalname>READWRITETRANSMITRECEIVEe.g.IlPutTxEngineSpeed©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.IlClrSetRxTimeout Indication <Signalname>CLEARREADTRANSMITe.g.IlGetEngineSpeedIndSETGetFirstvalueDataChanged Confirmation RECEIVETxTimeout©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Signal Call-Back Functionse.g.ApplEngineSpeedRxSigTimeoutAppl SigIndicationSigConfirmation <Signalname>TxSigTimeoutRxSigTimeout TRANSMITRECEIVE©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.AgendaI NTRODUCTIONT RANSMISSION WITH INTERACTION LAYER R ECEPTION WITH INTERACTION LAYER S TATE MACHINE OF THE INTERACTION LAYER F UNCTIONS OF INTERACTION LAYER GENy -GENERATION TOOL GENY -Files and IncludesApplication.cil_inc.h©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Adjustments in the Generation Tool GENy A dd your specific config-file.S witch on/off the callback functionsC hoose your debug optionsS witch off the Interaction LayerC ycle time for Rx and Tx Task.©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Adjustments for the Send Signalsvoid Il PutTx<Signalname>Sig( vuint8/16/32 data );<= 32Bitvoid Il PutTx<Signalname>Sig( vuint8 *dataptr );> 32Bitvuint8/16/32 Il GetTx<Signalname>Sig(void); <= 32Bitvoid Il GetTx<Signalname>Sig(vuint8 *dataptr ); > 32BitMacro for TxRegister AccessChoose Confirmation flags orConfirmation Functions©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Adjustments for the Receive Signalsvoid Il PutRx<Signalname>Sig( vuint8/16/32 data ); <= 32Bitvoid Il PutRx<Signalname>Sig(vuint8 *dataptr ); > 32Bitvuint8/16/32 Il GetRx<Signalname>Sig(void); <= 32Bitvoid Il GetRx<Signalname>Sig( vuint8 *dataptr ); > 32BitMacro for RxRegister AccessIndication Flags/FunctionsChoose FirstValue FlagsChoose DataChanged FlagsChoose Timeout Flags/FunctionsEnter defaults and timeoutvaluesDefault value can be set after Init is checked ©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by sAdapt the Names to your specific needsQ uestionsOSEK COM and IL details... 2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector. GenMsgCycleTime©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Transmission Fast if Signal Active ModeGenSigInactiveValueGenMsgCycleTimeFast©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Repeated Direct Transmission Mode GenMsgNrOfRepetition©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Transmission Fast if Signal Active Mode with RepetitionGenMsgCycleTimeFast GenSigInactiveValueGenMsgNrOfRepetition©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.GenMsgCycleTimeGenMsgStartDelayTime 20Mixed Transmission Mode (Periodic and OnEvent)©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.History of Interaction LayersuDBKOM 1998uBMW Message Manager 1998uGMLAN Interaction Layer 1998u Vector Interaction Layer2000u OSEK COM 3.0, OSEK OIL 2.42002u Integration in ISO-17356 2003The Vector Interaction Layer supports most of the features of OSEK COM 3.0Older version of OSEK COM are not signal oriented.©2011. Vector Informatik GmbH. All rights reserved. Any distribution or copying is subject to prior written approval by Vector.Features supported by OSEK COM and NOT supported by ILInternal communicationFIFO queues for Rx signalsSignals with size zeroSignals with variable lengthLarger set of filter mechanismsNotification mechanisms coupled with the operating system (task,event)Features NOT supported by OSEK COM but by ILSupport for multiple ECUsSupport for multiple Busses / gatewaysContainer signalsMultiplex signals(De)Activation of Rx partSeveral transmission modes (e.g. fast, BAF, changed...), COM has only direct, periodic and mixed。