中国社会科学院 考博真题 英语 1997

第二部分改错题1997SECTION B16. Although he knew that the storm had advanced toward them, he was somewhat taken aback by the suddenness of its onslaught17. In rearing children, one ought to be able to find a sort of "democratic” middle ground, which permits children the freedom to arrive at their own decisions, mistakes included but also provides them protection as the need arises.18. Metal detectors go off not only when they have located guns but also when lighter metal objects as keys and belt buckles are found.19. We all of us suspect that our offices are going to be moved just as soon as they will finish the new faculty building.20. I see from your advertisement in a recent issue of STUDENT GAZETYE that you are proposing to hold a three - week summer course in International Law at Worcester College in June, and the course is designed for graduates from British and overseas universities.21. The snow had not abated, the highways would have been covered with drifts, and no travelers unless they rode in sleighs, would have been able to pass.22. The book I read discusses natural phenomena which is of interest to everybody.23. In the New World, tile majority of English settlers rapidly established living patterns according to their various backgrounds, the conditions they endure, and those in which they now found themselves.24. A course aimed at business executives and/or their employees, "Management and Data Systems" offers their own approach to financial planning.25. Children who enjoy reading usually read more in summer when school pressure, including assignments, abates whereas those only read when school pressure is intense will not necessarily read more in summer.26. One disadvantage of cow’s milk lies in that it is less easily to digest by i nvalids mid babies than is goat's milk27. Last year he had more friends in his classes. This year there are less .28. In the past in developed countries, inland canals were used to shipping all sorts ofgoods to nearby towns or seaports29. The beaver's hind feet, webbed for swimming, are larger than their front feet,which are small and handlike .30. Only after' tile neighbors complained incessantly and began writing thenewspapers letters the disco began lowering its sound level to reduce noise pollution.1998DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: In the sentences below, either A, B, C or D isthe INCORRECT grammatical form for the sentence. Pick the INCORRECT form asyour answer, and on your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.16.The Mercandiser widget is A so named bec ause itB believed isC discovered be to by Albert Mercandiser, a Dutchman Dby birth. 17. Although the city acquired modernizations ofA recent more a kind during the twentieth century,B its present appearance Cshapes took during D .nineteenth the 18.As she A qrew older her vision Bbegan sporadically to fade, so that intermittent times the C seldom knew what sheD looking was at. 19. A For the grounds that fiction is notB y objectivel true, thereC are those who Dobject to it. 20.As Christmas approached, with people Acrowded department stores, restaurants, theaters and movie houses, the downtown area B was,C , always as theD busiest. 21. Ayou, Mind under no circumstances B are you to allow your C child to changeD broken bulbs by himself. 22.Today, I firmly A believe, they B deliver the new television, and if theyC do,ID shall help you set up the cable stations. 23. The Ayear -five project would B expose C l educationa disadvantaged students to Ds experience both creative and enriching. 24. At the museum, I saw various exhibits of Afamily ape members, B was and particularly C struck by one groupD faces had they resembling humans. 25.So far Ais story the from being true that I B surprised was anyoneC believed have could itD was so. 26. To the most famous A alumnae B were extendedC a special invitation to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary ofD their graduation. 27. Whether she is A pretty as , or prettier than B the other girlsC in her officeD is moot. 28. A for But the services provided byB eaters,-insect insectsC will makeD it impossible to live.29.Unless those currently working –both men and women -- Agiven be would theB necessary training for somewhat higher positions, unemployment in general will becomeC ly increasing more serious as automationD continues . 30. Improved agro-technology rendered Afeasible it for far more people To B fed be per square unit than C can be fed on Dthe produce formerly available in the same area. 1999DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: IN THE SENTENCES BELOW, EITHER A,B, C OR D IS THE INCORRCT GRAMATTICAL FORM FOR THE SENTENCE.PICK THE INCORRECT FORM AS YOUR ANSWR, AND ON YOUR ANSWERSHEET, CIRCLE THE CORRESPONDING LETTER.16. One of theAintriguing more theories about the destruction of Ur is his contention that t he popula tion B destroy may their ziggurats andC abandoned their metropolis in anger against the deities that permittedD a long so famine. 17. In the bush, the ill A be it to took only logical Bif the one who could cure an illness C posses also should the ability of causing it, and Dthat even at a distance. 18. Ores which A occurred are naturally B as elements, such as gold Cof are extreme rarity and Dly occasional are of high value. 19. Unless A permitted so are they by the attending Bphysician , no visitors or relatives C can enter the Ds patient' room. 20. A rigorous alertness A be must B adhered when Cnotetaking with the inessential ignored Dand the superfluous eliminated. 21. It is A largely through perspiration, B or the evaporation of water Cthrough the pores, that humans Dthem rid of excess moisture. 22. A Provided the computer is B given correct information to Cstart to , accuracy Dis another outstanding advantage. 23. And A early so every morning Btherefore , but not before the infant C bathed , Dbetake she did herself to the outhouse. 24. He Astood on tiptoe, B stretching as far as he could, C however still, he Dreach not could the book. 25. A posesible as gentle As , and Bfrom help with an assistant, the veterinarian examined the hippo to determine C ifD she was pregnant. 26. In a recent survey, A that responsiveness was B that most of allCdear to woman a made them was the opinion of three D of out four men. 27. All personnel will be required to Aundergo special sensitivity training programs B prior to leaving C aboard for in order to be prepared Dagainst culture shock.28. Among the many changes were A those to the BYorker New book review, and very C ed shortsight theyD were . 29. The majority of students, Apreferring eternal verities, rarely see that knowledge is subject B growth of and transformation, and that itC in shifts meaning and status Dwith time. 30. Because Aof the recent turmoil and until B further notice, any gathering of more than two peopleC is prohibited in the interest of preserving Dorder and law the 2000Section B16. Tornadoes--actually miniscule storms which paths are not usually, over aquarter mile in width---are nonetheless extremely violent.17. Not only did various ancient civilizations cremate their dead, but they alsocremated along with tire dead person every which object he might possibly use in theafterlife.18. To say that Ferdinand Magellan, tire first European to discover the Philippines,did not actually circumnavigate the earth because he was killed before his famousvoyage was completed.19. Only in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century in Great Britain did itbegin to be likely that a resolution that women to be allowed to join a previouslyall-male organization would be carried.20. Not had she lived virtually next door to the police station, the burglars wouldhave escaped scot-free.21. Cannibalism, or humans eating other humans, has, throughout the history,exerted both morbid fascination and extremes of repulsion.22. Some enthusiasts claim that the humble Hawaiian ukulele is the mostversatility of all musical instruments.23. It is to the skillful utilization of voice range, the chief emphasizing in speech-making, that success as an orator may be attributed.24. It is the predetermined ability of the shell of a variety of marine animals todevelop only within certain Emits that prevents themselves from growing past aspecific size.25. Absent any convinced link between the quantity or the so-called quality of thebrain cells, one is able to state whatever one chooses.26. Early missionaries discovered that their converts would backslide if left totheir own devices, and would charge them with guilty of so doing upon their return.27. When in childhood, Wagner seems to have had few interests apart from music,about which he exhibited an insatiable curiosity.28. It is the general level of comfort of the average citizen that determineswhether or not a country considers wars rendered uselessly as a means of settling adisagreement with a neighboring country.29. The government’s new economic policies have as a goal the reducing down ofthe rate of inflation from its peak of three months ago.30. In Victorian England, many a respective and very rich older man had, as ayouth, been involved in at least foolish, if not downright criminal, acts.2001Section BDirections: choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.46. Now, as our urban areas Ainto deeper ever sink drug-produced crime, death B from the illicit use of unregulated and dangerous drugs C following death, Dthat becomes vital for the parents, teachers, and advisors of our youth to have as wide anunderstanding of these problems as possible.47. It was amusingly noted that the major Areason why the English colonized so much of the world B that was , no matter Cwhat weather conditions they met abroad, they had already experienced Dit like something at home. 48. ALike sculptors, modern painters B by influenced were primitive and ancien t art, C which demonstrated in the Dworks of the Gaugin and Rousseau. 49. The moon may be considered a world that is complete in itself yet utterly dead, asterile, mountainous waste on whichA day the during the sun Bdown blazes with great heat, but on which during the night the cold is so intense that it Cfar surpasses anything ever Dng experienci on the earth. 50. A is It often the result Bwith new ideas, C of deal great a frantic activity and optimistic forecasting Dproduce no discernible results. 51. By definition, a discount store offers standard Aes merchandis at prices Bthose lower than of more conventional merchants. It is able to do so by accepting a lower profit margin, by purchasing C ume higher vol at , and by Dless workers paying . 52. In the digestive process, food Aprocessed initially is in the stomach, with its nutrient value B into passing the bloodstream. Alcohol, however, Cunusual highly is Dthat so some 20 percent enters the bloodstrem directly from the stomach, having bypassed the digestive process. 53. The A you clothes wear do not serve only a Bpure practical function. They speak volumes about the Cyou way view your personality, your state of mind, your social status, Deven an your aspirations and dreams. 54. A of utility greatest The and education lies Bmuch so no in teaching one information C n rather tha in teaching one how to deal with the information Dacquired . 55. The obstacles Nancy Kerrigan faced as she strove Awin to the Olympic ice skat ing medal at Likehamma in 1944 form B of kind the story Cabout whom a fascinating novel D might be written. 56. It is on occasion theA in which maner a person expresses the thoughtB than rathe the actual wordsC which tells us Dwhether the speaker is serious or not.57. The Quebecois,Areligion of bacause partly and language, of because partly , B g considerin been long have Cseparate to themselves from D of rest the the Canadian provinces. 58. A Despite the President wrote a conciliatory letter Bdeploring the incident, the press was C adamant in continuing Dits condemnation. 59. Acids constitute a family of A compounds chemical that, Bin solution, have the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red, a corrosive action Con metals, and Dsharp taste . 60. Well over A fourths -three of that book B on noted British writers Care about authors who wrote during Dnineteenth the century. 2002-2006缺2007Section B (10 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertains largely to repetitions within anindividual’sAdream history. But there is a sense in which all dreamers dream each other’sdreams in the form ofB Cso-called universal dreams, which are the equivalent of literary archetypes.D32. The Nature commentary says scientists working on aging now have to takeinto account theAprospect that “drug-related approaches to interfere with this process may come at a price—theB Cdisruption of our natural mechanisms for keeping cancer to bay.”D33.The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature in recentAyears that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life, but the new paper is farmore detailed - and, scientists say, more compelling –that anything published previously.B C D34. For all the fretting about outsourcing and trade deficits in the United States, MTV offers aA Bhighly-end case study in how to export what seems, at first glance, to be a uniquely AmericanCDbrand.35. The trend to empty a library is being driven, academicians and librarians say, by the dwindlingA B Cneed for undergraduate libraries, many of them were built when leading research libraries wereDreserved for graduate students and faculty.36. Dr. ELBaradei said his hope is that the Nobel Peace Prize will serve to help the internationalA community, and to achieve the goal of developing a functional system of global security that doesnot derive from a nuclear weapons deterrent, would rather based on addressing the securityB C Dconcerns of all people.37. DDT, the most powerful pesticide the world has ever known, exposed nature’s vulnerability.AUnlike most pesticides, whose effectiveness is limited to destroy one or two typesof insects, DDTB Cis capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once.D38. For it is “everybody”, a whole society, which has identified being feminine with caring aboutA B Chow one looks. Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather ……..D39. The research also raises the possibility that younger people treat successfully for cancer with chemotherapy may be subject to premature aging later in life, a possibility that has never been rigorously examined.40. We peer out beyond our world to glimpse objects that lie at the very edge of the universe, stars teetering tantalizingly on the beginning of time. We peer inward to our own genome, swiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemical code manifests themselves as appearance, tendency, advantage and liability in the marvelous human creature.2008-2012缺。

1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题答案与解析PartⅠCloze Test1.A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.C8.B9.A10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage111.D12.B13.A14.CPassage215.D16.A17.C18.BPassage319.D20.A21.A22.BPassage423.C24.D25.B26.APassage527.C28.B29.A30.DPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。

32.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。

33.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

34.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

35.这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。

这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。

SectionⅣWriting(15points)36.见分析试题精解PartⅠCloze Test一、文章总体分析本文介绍了美国临时劳动大军日益庞大这一现象及其影响。

文章一、二段介绍了美国临时就业机构雇员数量庞大和美国劳务公司的蓬勃发展。

第三段分析了临时劳动大军迅速发展造成的影响：一是使公司更具竞争性，减轻了负担。

二是使工人失去了各种福利及归属感。

二、试题具体解析1.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动词词义辨析。

文章首句指出：拥有56万雇员的劳务公司（Manpower Inc）是全球最大的临时就业机构。

紧接着，第二句又提到了每天早晨这些临时工人到美国各公司和工厂上班的情况。

我们可以想象一下：56万工人每天早晨上班的情形一定是非常浩大的。

Translation（社科院历年翻译真题）1.If our country is to achieve modernization the biggest obstacle is not the shortage of natural resources，nor the lack of funds，still less the problem of technology，but rather the quality of the more than one billion people，for funds can be accumulated，technology can be created or imported，but the overall quality of the huge population，which can not be imported，must only be improved by ourselves．我们的国家要走向现代化，最大的障碍并不是资源问题，也不是资金问题，更不是技术问题，而是十几亿人口的素质问题。

资金可以积累，技术可以创造，也可以引进，但是十几亿人口的素质是无法引进的，这必须靠我们自己去提高。

2.Today women increasingly leave the home for the workplace．In addition to the normal financial incentives，we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances，and a desire for more social contact in order to relieve their domestic isolation．However，for all，working is tied to the desire for independence．今天，越来越多的妇女走出家门参加工作。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Legally,the term refers to “any substance, with [A]intended use, which results or may reasonably expected to result—directly or indirectly—[B]from its becoming a component or [C]otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food” . This definition include s any substance used in the production, processing, [D]treatment, packaging, transportation orstorage of food.问题1选项A.intendedB.fromC.otherwise affectingD.treatment【答案】D【解析】考查语义。

D选项treatment“处理，待遇”与其前面的processing“加工”在词义上是重复的，应删除。

2.单选题Alternatively, it can be presented by a careful arrangement of objective facts, where psychological development is described purely in terms of behavior, and where the reader’s subjective response is elicited by the minute descriptions of physical reality, as in the greatest Chinese novels like The Dream of the Red Chamber, which convinces the reader that through the novel he is seeing reality itself rather than an artfully contrived semblance of reality.问题1选项A.appearanceB.criticismC.occurrenceD.contrast【答案】A【解析】句中引用了红楼梦，说到它让读者相信自己通过小说看到的是现实本身，划线部分是对比，而不是现实的……。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese.The American tradition has found this view of human history repugnant and false.（1）This tradition sees the world as many, not as one. These empirical instincts, the preference for fact over logic, for deed over dogma, have found their most brilliant expression in the writings of William James and in the approach to philosophical problems which James called “radical empiricism”. Against the belief in the all-encompassing power of a single explanation, against the commitment to the absolutism of ideology, against the notion that all answers to political and social problems can be found in the back of some sacred book, against the deterministic interpretation of history, against the closed universe,（2）James stood for what he called the unfinished universe ― a universe marked by growth, variety, ambiguity, mystery, and contingency ― a universe where free men may find partial truths, but where no mortal man will ever get an absolute grip on Absolute Truth, a universe where social progress depends not on capitulation to a single, all-consuming body of doctrine, but on the unforced intercourse of unconstrained minds.Thus ideology and pragmatism differ radically in their views of history. They differ just as radically in their approach to issues of public policy. The ideologist, by mistaking models for reality, always misleads as to the possibilities and consequences of public decision. The history of the twentieth century is a record of the manifold ways in which humanity has been betrayed by ideology.Let us take an example from contemporary history.（3）It is evident now, for example, that the choice between private and public means, that choice which has obsessed so much recent political and economic discussion in underdeveloped countries, is not a matter of religious principle. It is not a moral issue to be decided on absolutist grounds, either by those on the right who regard the use of public means as wicked and sinful, or by those on the left who regard the use of private means wicked and sinful. It is simply a practical question as to which means can best achieve the desired end. It is a problem to be answered not by theology but by experience and experiment. Indeed, I would suggest that we might well banish some overloaded words from intellectual discourse. They belong to the vocabulary of demagoguery, not to the vocabulary of analysis.So, with the invention of the mixed society, pragmatism has triumphed over absolutism. As a consequence, the world is coming to understand that the mixed economy offered the instrumentalities through which one can unite social control with individual freedom. But ideology is a drug; no matter how much it is exposed by experience, the craving for it still persists. That craving will, no doubt, always persist, so long as there is human hunger for an all-embracing, all-explanatory system, so long indeed as political philosophy is shaped by the compulsion to return to the womb.The oldest philosophical problem, we have noted, is the relationship between the one and the one and the many. Surely the basic conflict of our times is precisely the conflict between those who would reduce the world to one and those who see the world as many—between those who believe that the world is evolving in a single direction, along a single predestined line, toward a single predestined conclusion, and those who think that humanity in the future, as in the past, will continue to evolve in diverse directions, toward diverse conclusions, according to the diverse traditions, values, and purposes of diverse peoples. It is a choice, in short, between dogmatism and pragmatism, between the theological society and the experimental society.Ideologists are afraid of the free flow of ideas, even of deviant ideas within their own ideology. They are convinced they have a monopoly on the Truth. Therefore they always feel that they are only saving the world when they slaughter the heretics.（4）Their objective remains that of making the world over in the image of their dogmatic ideology. The goal is a monolithic world, organized on die principle of infallibility — but the only certainty in an absolute system is the certainty of absolute abuse.The goal of free men is quite different. Free men know many truths, but they doubt whether any mortal man knows the Truth. Their religious and their intellectual heritage join in leading them to suspect fellow men who lay claim to infallibility. They believe that there is no greater delusion than for man to mistake himself for God.（5）They accept the limitations of the human intellect and the infirmity of the human spirit. The distinctive human triumph, in their judgment, lies in the capacity to understand the frailty of human striving but to strive nonetheless.【答案】1.这种传统将世界看成“多”，而不是“一”。

Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesEnglish Entrance Examination for Doctorate Candidates (1997)PartⅠ Structure and Written Expression (40%)Section ADirections: In this section, there are 15 incomplete sentences. Under each sentence, you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose theone word or phrase that completes the sentence correctly. Then on youranswer sheet, find the number of the question and mark your choice onthe corresponding letter.1.Experiments in the photography of moving objects______ in both the UnitedStates and Europe well before 1900.A.have been conducingB. was conductedC. had been conductedD. being conducted2. All the many different parts of the body, large and small, ______ to perform the processes essential to life.A. they combineB. which combineC. combiningD. combine3. ______ the earth’s mass twice as great as it is, it would attract an object twice______ as it does.A. Were…as stronglyB. If …as stronglyC. Had been…as strongD. If…as strong4. Slavery was unknown in English common law, and black laborers at first occupieda legal status similar______.A. to those of white servantsB. as the white servantC. with that of white servantsD. to that of white servants5. ______ the sun is not shining?A. What doB. What ifC. What aboutD. what is the result that6. Today, formal education primarily______ memorizing data.A. consistsB. consists inC. in comprised byD. composes7. To keep from______ at jobs_____ he had no interest, he went to live for two years in the woods.A. being worked…in thatB. working…whichC. having to work…in whichD. having been worked…that8. It is_____ doubt that his conclusion is correct.A. aboveB. out ofC. noD. beyond9. ______your timely advice, I might not have succeeded.A. Thanks toB. WithC. ForD. But for10. You will have some nice lecture. The names of the lectures are ______.A. as followsB. such as followingC. as followingD. as follows11. It is foolish______ to make such a blunder.A. of himB. to himC. for himD. on him12. Continuing deterioration of the earth’s ozone shield would expose human beingsto increased ultraviolet radiation, ______of many serious skin cancers.A. is the causeB. has been the causeC. the causeD. that is the cause13. ______your hand in front of your face, and you can feel the air moving.A. To waveB. If waveC. WavingD. Wave14. Despite the pill my doctor prescribed, I still have trouble______.A. to sleepB. for sleepingC. sleepingD. to sleeping15. The volume of the sun is about 1,300,000 times______.A. the earthB. as that of the earthC. that of the earthD. one of the earth Section BDirections: Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect from the four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the answer sheet.16. One of the most famous of ancient times Socrates was, whose teachings areA B C Dreflected in Plato’s writings.17. When a spider catches an insect, it releases some poison into an insect with itsA B Cfangs, but the poison of most spiders is harmless to man.D18. It is generally known that the natural habitat of these types of monkeys are theA B C Dcentral and eastern forest of Africa.19. Bats are able to guide them by producing sound waves too high for us to hear.A B C D20. Government authorities said tonight that as many as 10,000 people were nowA Bbelieved missing and feared to die after a cyclone devastated the area over theC Dweekend.21. Nowhere we have seen the results more clearly than in Europe, which really haveA B Csurprised us all.D22. Yesterday afternoon, walking along the road, a small flower pot fell from theA B Cbalcony of a house, and knocked him unconscious.D23. Kenneth had his heart set on owing one of the new sports cars, but he finallyA B Csucceeded in buying one.D24. Mr. Smith is well known as a poet, and he is only three years senior than I.A B C D25. To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he forcedA B C D26. A turtle differs from all other reptiles that it has its body encased in a protectiveA B C Dshell of its own.27. The process of graduate education and the process of basic research reinforce eachA B other in a great variety of ways, and each is weakened when carrying on withoutC Dthe other.28. The point here is, to understand what you are reading, you must think about whatA Byou are reading, you must make sense the message conveyed by the words.C D29. We intend to move that our committee appoints Prof. Bacon as chairman, and weA Bhope that you will second our motion.C D30. Although Mary was not invited to the wedding, she would very much have likedA B Cto have gone.D31. In a day’s work a police office often deals with a wide panorama of problemsA Bfrom the pursuing of suspecting criminals to the rescuing of a trapped kitten.C D32. If you were awarded a prize of ten thousand dollars, what would you do with it ifA Byou had to spend in a day.C D33. He wanted more out of life, not just working at high-paid jobs or spending nightsA B Con the street playing games and asked for a better one.D34. It is encouraging to note that in recent years, cigarette smokers have been in theA B Cdecline, especially among older people.D35. Beethoven, the great musician, wrote nine symphonies in his life, most of themAwere written after he had lost his hearing.B C D36. The new hotel has erected a beautiful building with recreation areas andA Bconference facilities on the top floor in which the finest view of the city can beC Dobtained.37. Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of theA Binsect that is not fully understood.C D38. On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies thanA Bare those with little ambition.C D39. He got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung theA B Cdoor widely open.D40. The parcel you post must be well packed. Inadequate packing can mean delayA Bdamage or loss at your own expenses.C DPartⅡ Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension (60%)Section ADirections: In questions 1-30 each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. Below each sentence are four other words or phrase, marked A, B, C and D. Youare to choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of theoriginal sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.Then, on your answer sheet find the number of the question and blackenthe space that corresponds to the letter you have chosen so that the letterinside the oval cannot be seen.1.Punctuality is imperative in your new job.A. Being efficientB. Being courteousC. Being on timeD. Being cheerful2. Egyptian authorities are trying to prevent their historical monuments from succumbing to the ravages of time.A. standing byB. counting onC. yielding toD. holding up3. The few Americans at the party seemed just as inhibited as the rest of the guests.A. restrainedB. tediousC. comfortableD. delighted4. From an airplane, the grasslands of the western prairie appear almost as uniform asa placid sea.A. fakeB. seedyC. hillyD. calm5. By the time that dispute was resolved, relations between Severo and management had been poisoned.A. disdainedB. retainedC. taintedD. stained6. No remnants of the settlement of Roanoke, Virginia, were found by the next groupof colonists.A. tracesB. survivorsC. buildingsD. implements7. The climate in the great plains is arid.A. hot and dryB. hot and wetC. cold and wetD. cold and dry8. Mr. Del Rio was asked to condense his report in order to allow his audience some time to ask question.A. abbreviateB. expandC. continueD. delay9. Can this be a duplicate of the document?A. a summaryB. a revisionC. an outlineD. a copy10. Sometimes a psychological problem will trigger a physical reaction.A. releaseB. initiateC. performD. settle11. He is infamous for his dishonesty in business matters.A. notoriousB. dreadedC. loathedD. investigated12. Toddlers sometimes require special attention.A. Elderly peopleB. BabiesC. PetsD. Houseplants13. The soldier rashly agreed to lead the dangerous expedition.A. resignedlyB. heroicallyC. recklesslyD. reluctantly14. The old widow must have liked the young soldier, for when she died she left him most of her fortune.A. taken afterB. taken upC. taken toD. taken on15. The hotel was a four-story building away from the university where most competitors were accommodated.A. put upB. put downC. put inD. put over16. The manic-depressive usually fluctuates between great excitement and deep depression.A. recoversB. fallsC. improvesD. alternates17. The first major outburst of musical creativity in the United States occurred at the end of the nineteenth century.A. surgeB. roundC. outcomeD. performance18. Little Rock is the hub of the federal interstate highways that cross Arkansas.A. highpointsB. summitC. pathD. center19. The world is on the threshold of a new century.A. realizing the importance ofB. at the beginning ofC. expectingD. establishing goal for20. Though I am good at my job, it sure grinds me down sometimes.A. oppresses meB. disappoints meC. bores meD. troubles me21. The president’s compassion for the neighboring refugees caused him to admit a very large number of them into his country.A. friendshipB. pityC. respectD. hostility22. The gunfire was sporadic.A. intermittentB. frequentC. continuousD. distant23. The Ford Foundation is one of the world’s wealthiest philanthropic organizations.A. profligateB. governmentalC. humanitarianD. multinational24. The criminal insinuated that he had been roughly treated by the arresting officers.A. suggested indirectlyB. denied positivelyC. argued convincinglyD. stated flatly25. Minoan kings had such strong navies that they were able to build unfortified palaces.A. unprotectedB. undevelopedC. unequaledD. unidentified26. Realizing that many readers find long descriptive passages uninteresting, Bruce began his story with an exciting conflict.A. melancholyB. tediousC. incredibleD. offensive27. In the Navajo household, grandparents and other relatives play indispensable roles in raising children.A. dominantB. exemplaryC. essentialD. demanding28. For several years the lives of the two old ladies continued to revolve in intimate enmity around each other.A. companionshipB. hospitalityC. amiabilityD. hostility29. The weather forecast was only for the metropolitan area, not for the outlying farm communities.A. residentialB. geographicalC. cityD. industrial30. Automation has done away with much of the drudgery of work.A. uniquenessB. dirtinessC. unpleasantnessD. slownessSection BDirections: The rest of this section is based on a variety of reading material followed by questions about the meaning of the material. For questions 31-60, youare to choose the one best answer A, B, C or D to each question. Then ,on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and blacken thespace that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Questions 31-33The library of Congress in Washington, D.C., which houses the largest collection of books in the world, is fighting a battle against paper deterioration. The pages of old books, often yellowed and torn, sometimes crumble when they are touched. The main culprit in the battle is the acidic paper that has been used for making books since the nineteenth century.Air pollution and moisture have added to the problem. Strangely, the books that are most in danger of destruction are not the oldest books. The paper in books produced before the last century was made from cotton and linen rags, which are naturally low in acid. And the Gutenberg Bible, printed five centuries ago, was made of thin calfskin, and is in remarkably good shape. But in the nineteenth century, with widespread literary bringing a demand for a cheaper and more plentiful supply of paper, the industry began using chemically treated wood pulp for making paper. It is the chemical in this paper that is causing today’s problem.This problem of paper deterioration is one of global concern. France, Canada, and has been developed recently, in fact, that allows for mass deacidification of thousands of books at the same time. It costs less than microfilming and still preservesbooks in their original form. It is hoped there will soon be treatment facilities all over the world to preserve and deacidify library book collections.31. According to this passage, libraries are trying to stopA. the tearing of booksB. the yellowing of pagesC. the problem of air pollutionD. the deterioration of paper32. We can assume from this passage thatA. cotton and linen rags are not good for making paperB. calfskin is low in acidC. wood pulp is expensiveD. microfilming is an inexpensive way to preserve old books33. Some countries in the world areA. using calfskin for book productionB. producing books from cotton and linen ragsC. doing research into methods of mass preservationD. building treatment facilitiesQuestion 34-36Lew Archer, the detective hero created by Ross MacDonald in The Moving Target (1949), is more literary in his tastes than Mike Hammer, and so more apt to muse on fate and the past than to create a political philosophy out of the individualist fantasies of the present. In part, archer owes his special sensitivity to the fact that his creator placed him in the hastily thrown up world of California and the West Coast rather than in the grimy eastern cities of Spillane and Hammer. Attuned to history as much as to action, Archer is more fascinated by the past patterns of relationships that erupt into the present than by the immediacies of violence and personal confrontation. Like other American naturalists, both Archer and Hammer pride themselves on their ability to know all the parts of town and country. But MacDonald explores what Spillane essentially disregards: The intricacies of family and the gradation of social class. Thus Spillane’s hero seems to spring from Hammett and Hemingway, while MacDonald’s Archer owes his lineage to Chandler and Faulkner.34. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?A. to explain the plot of The Moving TargetB. To show the importance of setting in the detective novelC. To prove that Archer and Hammer are literary heroesD. To compare two characters in detective fiction35. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be characteristic of an Archer story?A. A violent argumentB. A California settingC. A concern with social classD. A study of family relationship36. Which of the following best describes MacDonald’s relationship to Chandler and Faulkner?A. MacDonald portrayed the lives of Chandler and Faulkner in one of his novels.B. MacDonald followed in the tradition of Chandler and Faulkner.C. MacDonald influenced the work of Chandler and Faulkner.D. MacDonald disregarded the intricacies of Chandler and Faulkner.Question 37-40Time, we are told, is relative. We know from our experience that his is so. One summer in childhood stretched for cons, yet a year in the life of a busy adult gives him hardly time to exchange one year’s calendar for the next.Change is relative also, though it is always occurring—and, indeed, is a law of the expanding universe of which our earth is a part. But the leisurely progress of man’s first fifteen million years was so slow that tie seemed to him to stand still. Changes could be measured in millennia—no man’s memory encompassed the span between the first use of a sharp stone as a weapon to the shaped pointed spear to extend his fighting arm.But today change is accelerated. Not infrequently technology compounds its achievements faster than we can assimilate them, and often much faster than we can assimilate them, and often much faster than the socio-economic and other elements of contemporary society are “generalized animal” varies greatly within the species homo sapiens, and what is envisioned as progress by the “specialized brains” of some will be tolerable to others only with the passage of time. Nevertheless, acceleration of change is now our fate, and it is in our power to make it a controlled acceleration. The time span of change relative to human life is the critical factor. Once it was: Length of life=Given way of life. Now it has become: Length of life=Given way of life+ change in technological factors +change in economic and social factors. The individual who does not have to meet this new equation is rare. The industry or profession or nation that is unaffected by it is a living fossil.37. In the first two paragraph, the authorA. says that time seems to go faster for childrenB. compares change to timeC. says that adults must be careful to change calendars each year38. According to paragraph three, technological achievementsA. easily replace old ways of doing thingsB. are seen as progress by homo sapiensC. are often slow to be acceptedD. are intolerable to the “specialized brains” of some39. What does the writer say is a critical factor for man?A. Acceleration of changeB. Control of acceleration of changeC. Toleration of technological advancesD. Time span of change relative to human life40. The time span of change relative to human lifeA. is not as important today as it used to beB. is a much longer and more complex equation today than it used to beC. does not have to be met by most peopleD. does not affect industriesQuestions 41-46Impressionism in painting developed in the late nineteenth century in France. Itbegan with a loosely structured group of painters who got together mainly to exhibit their paintings. Their art was characterized by the attempt to depict light and movement by using pure broken color. The movement began with four friends who met in a cafe: Monet, Renoir, Sisley, and Bazille. They were reacting against the academic standards of their time an dthe romantic emphasis on emotion as a subject matter. They rejected the rolr of imagination in art. Instead, they observed nature closely, painting with a scientific interest in visual phenomena. Their subject matter was as diverse as their personalities. Monet and Sislery painted landscapes with changing effects of light, and Renoir painted idealized women and children. The works of impressionists were received with hostility until the 1920s. By the 1930s impressionism had a large cult following, and by the 1950s even the least important works by people associated with the movement commanded enormous prices.41. Impressionism began with a small group of artists who wanted toA. use light colorsB. fight the governmentC. become scientistsD. show their paintings42. The first impressionistsA. supported the academic standardsB. began a new academyC. did not like the academic standardsD. developed new official standards43. The early impressionist artists paintedA. with imaginationB. different subject matterC. landscapesD. diverse personalities44. What subject matter did Monet and Sisley usually paint?A. Country scenesB. PortraitsC. SkyscrapersD. Animals in nature45. Which of the following typifies the early impressionists?A. They had a romantic emphasisB. They tried to see nature unemotionallyC. They worked toward a unified goalD. They idealized life46. Most people did not like impressionistic paintingA. before 1920B. between 1920 and 1930C. between 1930 and 1950D. after 1950Question 47-50The United States court system, as part of the federal system of government, is characterized by dual hierarchies: there are both state and federal courts. Each state has its own system of courts, composed of civil and criminal trial courts, sometimes intermediate courts, sometimes intermediate courts of appeal, and a state supreme court. The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts(called district courts) serving relatively small geographic regions(there is at least one for every state), a tier of circuit courts of appeal that hear appeals from many district courts in a particular geographic region, and the Supreme Court of the United States. The two court systems are to some extent overlapping, in that certain kinds of disputes(such as a claim that a state law is in violation of the Constitution) may be initiated in either system. They are also to some extent hierarchical, for the federal system stands above the state systemin that litigants (persons engaged in lawsuits) who lose their cases in the state supreme court may appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States.Thus, the typical court case begins in a trial court—a court of general jurisdiction—in the state or federal system. Most cases go on further than the trial court: for example, the criminal defendant is convicted (by a trial or a guilty plea) and sentenced by the court and the case ends; the personal injured suit results in a judgment by a trial court (or na out-of-court settlement by the parties while the court is pending) and the parties leave the court system. But sometimes the losing party at the trial court cares enough about the cause that the matter does not end there. In these cases, the “loser” at the trial court may appeal to the next higher court.47. According to the passage, district courts are also known asA. circuit courtsB. supreme courtsC. intermediate courtsD. trial courts48. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, the phrase “engaged in”could be replaced by which of the following?A. committed toB. involved inC. attentive toD. engrossed in49. The passage indicates that litigants who lose their cases in the state trial court may take them to aA. different trial court in the same stateB. court in a different geographic regionC. federal trial courtD. state supreme court50. It can be inferred from the passage that typical court cases areA. always appealedB. usually revolved in the district courtsC. always overlappingD. usually settled by the Supreme CourtQuestion 51-54Cotton Mather, the so-called “Puritan priest,” is a man familiar to all historians interested in early America. Undeniably, he had a profound impact on the intellectual climate in America during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In placing this man in context, it is important to realize that the era into which Mather was born in 1663 was what might be called medieval early America, a time very different from the post-Enlightenment America characterized by Georigian architecture and republican ideas. nonetheless, it was time of considerable philosophical evolution, and Cotton Mather was a prominent force not only in the religious and legal thought of the day, but also in medical affairs.Cotton Mather’s maternal grandfather was John Cotton, who for twenty years was a minister of St. Botolph Church in Boston, Linconshire, England. he was compelled to give up his post when a townsman charged that magistrates were not required to kneel at the sacrament in Reverend Cotton’s church. In some theological disgrace, John Cotton set off for the New World, and, as it happeed, he sailed for America with two other ministers, Thomas Hooker and Samuel Stone. This was taken to be a good omen by all three, for one ship brought Cotton for clothing, Stone for building, and Hooker for fishing. Reverend Cotton preached in Boston for nineteen years until his death in 1652. His widow married Richard Mather.Mather was also a minister who had been suspended for nonconformity and came to New England as a result. His first wife was Catherine Holt, of whom CottonMather was later to write: “If a pretty late abortion might have passed for a birth, it might be said of this gentle woman that she was a mother of seven sons.” The last of these sons was Increase Mather. He too entered the ministry and began preaching in the Second Church of Boston. On March 6, 1662, he married the daughter of John Cotton. To this couple Cotton Mather was born on February 12, 1663. Increase Mather later became one of the most prominent early Bostonians and was named president of Harvard College in 1685.51. According to the passage, Cotton Mather influenced all areas of American life except.A. legal thoughtB. medical affairsC. religious thoughtD. republican ideas52. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A. Cotton Mather was called the “Puritan priest.”B. Mather was born in 1663.C. Medieval early America and post-Enlightenment America were very different.D. Cotton Mather is a well-known historical figure who was very influential in his time.53. According to the passage, which of the following could not be said of Increase Mather?A. He was a minister.B. He was a youngest son.C. He was president of Harvard College.D. He was suspended for religious non-conformity.54. What most likely follows this passage?A. Further discussion of America in the 1600sB. More information about Cotton Mather’s background and lifeC. A discussion of the ministry and ministers in America in the 1600sD. Further discussion of John CottonQuestion 55-60Radiocarbon is a radioactive isotope with an atomic weight of 14, which makes it heavier than ordinary carbon. Radiocarbon forms when cosmic rays, or high-energy atomic particles, collide with the Earth’s atmosphere. This collision causes atoms to disintegrate into smaller elements. One of these elements, the neutron, smashes into the nuclei of nitrogen atoms and, in the process of being absorbed into the nuclei, causes a proton element to be released. In this manner a nitrogen atom turns into a radiocarbon atom.Radiocarbon is found in all living matter. For every trillion molecules of carbon dioxide gas, the atmosphere contains about one radiocarbon atom. Plants assimilate radiocarbon from carbon dioxide in the air, and humans absorb it mainly from food made from plants.Radiocarbon is very useful in establishing the age old objects. the technique of radiocarbon dating was developed by an American chemist, William F. Libby, in the late 1940s. He discovered that radioactive carbon atoms decay at a regular rate over long periods of time. After about 5,700 years, half the radiocarbon in dead materialdisappears. After 11,400 years, half the remaining material gone. Using his method, archeologists have been able to determine the age of objects up to 50,000 years old.55. The main topic of this passage isA. the weight of radioactive isotopesB. differences between radioactive carbon and regular carbonC. the origin and uses of radiocarbon isotopesD. forms of cosmic rays56. According to the passage, what happens when atomic particles strike the Earth’s outer layer?A. Atoms break down into smaller components.B. Radiocarbon becomes heavier.C. They are absorbed by all living matter.D. Protons are released into the atmosphere.57. According to the passage, radiocarbon results whenA. it is heavier than regular carbonB. atomic particles escape the Earth’s atmosphereC. a neutron hits the nucleus of a carbon atomD. a nitrogen atom absorbs a neutron and releases a proton58. According to the passage, how do people primarily take in radiocarbon?A. From animal foodB. By breathing the airC. From carbon dioxideD. From edible vegetation59. Compared to carbon dioxide gas, radiocarbonA. is a rare elementB. is found in equal quantitiesC. has unusual propertiesD. is a very common element60. It can be inferred from the passage that an object that is 11,400 years oldA. contains half its original radiocarbon contentB. has no radiocarbon leftC. has about a quarter of its radiocarbon remainingD. Has less than an eighth of its initial radiocarbon matter[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The police [A]had decided not to proceed with a prosecution against Irwin, [B]clearly recognizing that it was highly unlikely that any jury in the land [C]would wish to punish him for doing something that doctors have long done in the final moments of a [D]patient’s or friend’s lives.问题1选项A.had decidedB.clearly recognizingC.would wishD.patient’s or friend’s lives【答案】D【解析】考查名词用法。

D选项处a patient’s 和 a friend’s中间是or，因此后面的life为单数形式，应把lives改为life。

2.单选题The French mathematician de Laplace next reasoned that if enough mass （）added to a star like the sun, the gravitational force of the star（） eventually prevent light particles from leaving it; it would therefore “blink out” and become an invisible black star.问题1选项A.were...wouldB.was...wouldC.was...would haveD.were...would have【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。

社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。

PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。

中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。

1997 考研英语阅读真题解析Text 1核心词汇bitter ［5bitE ］a.( 有) 苦( 味) 的; 痛苦的, 厉害的; 严寒的，刺骨的calm ［ka:m］a.( 天气, 海洋等) 静的n. 平静v.( 使) 平静certificate ［sE5tifikit ］n. 证书(certif （y）+ic+ate) ，certify ic 形容词后缀，ate 作名词后缀表“物”，于是“具证明性质的东西”→证书diagnose ［5daiE^nEuz ］v. 诊断domino ［5dCminEu］n. 多米诺骨牌euthanasia ［7ju:WE5neiziE ］n. 安乐死(eu+than+asia) ，eu 谐音“已有”，than 比，asia 亚洲，“安乐死在亚洲之外的地方已有了”incurably ［in5kjuErEbli ］ad. 不能矫正地，不可治地（in 不+curably ）即in+cur+ably ，in cur 词根“治疗”ably 可,, 地；形容词形式为incurable ←in+cur+able objection ［Eb5dVekFEn］n. 反对, 异议, 缺陷, 妨碍, 拒绝之理由。

同根词：reject →re （=back ）+ject →扔回去→拒绝；inject →in+ject →向里扔→注入parliamentary ［7pB:lE5mentEri ］a. 议会的，国会的(parliament+ary)suspicion ［sEs5piFEn ］n. 怀疑，猜疑；一点儿，少量（sus+spic+ion →在下面看→怀疑）terrify ［5terifai ］v. 使害怕, 使惊恐（terr+ify 动词后缀）territory ［5teritEri ］n. 领土; 版图; 领域, 范围（terr+itory 表示场所范围→地的范围→领土）难句剖析难句1After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia ’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.［分析］句子主干是“...Australia ’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority... ”，其中，句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语：after six months of arguing andfinal 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates ，后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die 相当于定语从句which allows doctors to... ，修饰legal authority ，who 引导定语从句who wish to die 修饰前面的patients 。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.写作题Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.【答案】In this excerpt from a novel, the author tells the story of a newly married couple on a train in Texas. At the beginning，the author gives a detailed description of the couple, which shows that they are not rich. By portraying the luxurious furnishings in the train, the author demonstrates the incompatibility of the characters with their surroundings. The author also mentions how others have mocked the couple. The article ends with the couple's experience in the dining car, where they feel stressful by an ordinary meal served by a waiter. The protagonist's experience highlights the conflict between the old and the new, the poor and the rich.2.单选题（） is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic.问题1选项A.WhatB.WhichC.ThatD.Whether【答案】A【解析】考查主语从句。

填空1997年没有填空题1998PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]DIRECTIONS: Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank. On your answer sheet, circle the corresponding letter.There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainly through his efforts [1] the English currency was put on [2] satisfactory basis at a difficult time. [3] discovered a relationship between prices and [4] amount of money in circulation, which [5] later formalized in the so-called “quality [6] ” of money: if the amount of [7]In circulation is doubled –other things [8] the same –then prices also will[9] double. This is a simple application [10] the principle that it is impossible [11] get something for nothing, but apparently [12] took someone like Newton to discover it. There [13] an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who [14] the Polish government on currency questions [15]in doing so discovered another important [16] (usually known as Gresham’s Law): when [17] money is accepted as legal tender, [18] money will be driven out of [19] . Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation [20] this law.1. a. which b. why c. that d. for2. a. a b. very c. the d. most3. a. It b. He c. Was d. We4. a. an b. their c. the d. big5. a. too b. was c. they d. has6. a. theory b. them c. thesis d. proposal7. a. coins b. currency c. bills d. gold8. a. stay b. much c. remaining d. be9. a. come b. seem c. multiply d. approximately10. a. for b. of c. calling d. by11. a. our b. to c. for d. we12. a. they b. had c. it d. he13. a. is b. comes c. be d. with14. a. talked b. advised c. formed d. created15. a. from b. but c. and d. by16. a. true b. legend c. theme d. law17. a. much b. foreign c. bad d. lawful18. a. good b. much c. bad d. some19. a. work b. function c. marketing d. circulation20. a. for b. by c. of d. to1999PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]DIRECTIONS: CHOOSE AS YOUR ANSWER THE WORO THAT BEST FITS THE BLANK. ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET, CIRCLE THE CORRESPONDING LETTER.My knees were shaking. I [1] afraid [2] with them,[3] I[4] myself out on the path to follow them. Amara’s husband [5] coming back and saw m. “[6] my age mates [7] this witchcraft. You come back with me and keep watch [8] my wife. Help me guard [9] body. He will kill her and I cannot prevent it. But he [10] killed her in vain. He shall not eat her body.” It was dark inside the reception hut, and very quiet. The women [11] kept watch over Amara, and her co-wife still sat with her. The man stood looking down upon her.A man must never call his wife [12] her name and my never touch her[13] public. The man knelt [14] his wife. “Child of Lam.” She did not [15] . Tentatively he [16]his hand on her forehead. Perhaps he thought she heard, [17] he added bravely, “[18] will happen to you, Amara [19] wife.” He clasped her hand in[20] . We sat on in silence waiting for Amara to die.1. a. am b. was c. will be d. have been2. a. I went b. go c. but d. to go3. a. yet b. moreover c. even d. soon4. a. obliged b. constrained c. coerced d. forced5. a. is b. was c. will be d. had been6. a. Grant b. Let c. Pardon d. Forgive7. a. take care for b. take care of c. care of d. care for8. a. around b. with c. by d. for9. a. my b. your c. his d. her10. a. is b. was c. will have d. would have11. a. even b. ever c. still d. while12. a. for b. with c. around d. by13. a. around the b. in c. when d. while14. a. along b. beside c. besides d. thinking15. a. budge b. mix c. stir d. bestir16. a. laid b. lain c. had lain d. sat17. a. for b. when c. listening d. quietly18. a. Nothing b. Something c. Anything d. Everything19. a. my b. your c. his d. her20. a. his b. hers c. theirs d. ours2000PART Ⅲ: CLOZEThe rest of the afternoon passed slowly. I wasn't able to 1 on the brief I 2 submit for the sodomy case I was scheduled to 3 4 , and I was desperate to 5 unnecessary phone conversations. The only phone call 6 interest was from Mercer. He was pleased. "Katherine's Fryer’s 7 is the best 8 . She's really good on 9 characteristics. She's 10 about the 11 and shape of the mustache. I never had an illustrator as a victim 12 but it sure helps the sketch take on some 13 ."I knew exactly what he 14 . The 15 description started with witnesses saying they're 16 at doing this, and that the guy was average height, average weight, average- looking, 17 distinctive about his appearance, and so on. I had a folder full of 18 of wanted rapists who looked like everybody and 19 . Try and display one to a jury and claim a resemblance to the defendant on trial and it was more likely to look like three of the 20 . Not guilty.1. a. conglomerate b. concentrate c. concentric d. commiserate2. a. must b. ought to c. had to d. would3. a. attempt b. try c. write d. analyze4. a. three weeks ago b. three weeks before c. after three weeks d. in three weeks5. a. avert b. abort c. avoid d. annul6. a. of b. with c. responding d. evincing7. a. outgo b. outcome c. intake d. input8. a. still b. to come c. before d. 3.'et9. a. facial b. face c. personal d. personality10. a. dubious b. decided c, fn'rn d. strong11. a. position b. location c. size d. magnitude12. a. ago b. before c. then d. once13. a. verisimilitude b. exactitude c. meaning d. definition14. a. described b. inferred c. defined d. meant15. a. average b. median c. typical d. general !6. a. lousy b. representative c. partial d. lousy 17. a. anything b. notlfing c. something d. everything18. a. sketches b. photos c. paintings d. etchings19. a. somebody b. else c. nobody d. me20. a. defendants b. jurors c. same d. people 2001PART Ⅲ: Cloze test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.It was a foolish question to ask. It 61 more sense for me to have learned if she had 62 or a point of view, but it was 63 for that now and I supposed that the 64 Relations Office had 65 her before granting the interview. I didn’t have time this week to read 66 pieces about corporate rainmakers and their golden parachutes or women at midtown law firms 67 six times my salary but whining about breaking the 68 ceiling.“I won’t waste your time,” she 69 . “If the details on your 70 are accurate and the articles Laura 71 me have correct background, we won’t have to 72 that.” I 73 in approval, She was obviously a74 , and an intelligent one 75 . It was always 76 to sit for a 77 when the questioner spent the first hour asking what schools I had78 , how long 79 , and whether I liked my job.“Is it all right 80 you if we start with some information about the Sex Crimes Prosecution Unit?”“I’d like that,” I replied.61. a. made b. would make c. would have made d. would be62. a. a fish to fry b. a nut to crack c. a song to sing d. an axe to grind63. a. still late b. too late c. so late d. past64. a. Common b. Financial c. Local d. Public65. a. vetted b. called c. connected with d. contacted with66. a. rushed b. windy c. puff d. blowing67. a. taking b. making c. slaving for d. losing68. a. plastered b. glass c. fragile d. limited69. a. rambled b. carried on c. lectured d. went on70. a. application b. curriculum vitae c. report d. folder71. a. phoned b. faxed c. had phoned d. had faxed72. a. re-paint b. remix c. re-write d. rehash73. a. trembled b. grimaced c. smiled d. winked74. a. girl b. pro c. tyro d. mogul75. a. at that b. at this c. to reboot d. added76. a. agreeable b. instructive c. impatient d. aggravating77. a. photo b. portrait c. profile d. sketch78. a. attended b. matriculated c. enrolled d. preferred79. a. I had worked b. did I work c. was I working d. would I work80. a. for b. to c. according to d. with2002-2006缺2007年无填空2008-2012年缺。

中国社会科学院研究生院2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（B卷）2017年3月11日8:30–11:30答题说明1.请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。

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请将以下题目的答案填写在答题卡上。

PART I:Cloze(20points)Directions:Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.During the mid–1980s,my family and I spent a__(1)__year in the historic town of St. Andrews,paring life there with life in America,we were impressed by a__(2)__ disconnection between national wealth and well-being.To most Americans,Scottish life would have seemed__(3)__.Incomes were about half that in the U.S.Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St.Andrews,44percent did not own a car,and we never met a family that owned two.Central heating in this place__(4)__south of Iceland was,at that time,still a luxury.In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half summer stays since,we ___(5)___notice that,___(6)___their simpler living,the Scots appeared___(7)___joyful than Americans.We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher,but never about being underpaid or unable to afford wants.Within any country,such as our own,are rich people happier?In poor countries,being relatively well off does make__(8)__somewhat better well off.But in affluent countries,where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities,increasing affluence matters__(9)__little.In the U.S.,Canada,and Europe,the correlation between income and happiness is,as University of Michigan researcher noted in a1980s16–nation study,“virtually__(10)__”.Happiness is lower __(11)__the very poor.But once comfortable,more money provides diminishing returns.Even very rich people are only slightly happier than average.With net worth all___(12)___ $100million,providing___(13)___money to buy things they don’t need and hardly care about,4 in5of the49people responding to survey agreed that“Money can increase or decrease happiness, depending on how it is used”.And some were indeed unhappy.One fabulously__(14)__man said he could never remember being happy.One woman reported that money__(15)__misery caused by her children’s’problems.At the other end of life’s circumstances are most victims of disabling tragedies.Yet,remarkably, most eventually recover a near-normal level of day-to-day happiness.Thus,university students who must cope with disabilities are__(16)__able-bodied students to report themselves happy,and their friends agree with their self-perceptions.We have__(17)__the American dream of achieved wealth and well-being by comparing rich and unrich countries,and rich and unrich people.That leaves the final question:Over time,does happiness rise with affluence?Typically not.Lottery winners appear to gain but a temporary jolt of joy from their winnings. On a small scale,a jump in our income can boost our morale,for a while.But in the long run, neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces the same feelings of delight that it initially___(18)___.Happiness is not the result of being rich,but a__(19)__ consequence of having recently become richer.Wealth,it therefore seems,is like health:Although its utter absence can breed misery,having it does not guarantee happiness.Happiness is__(20)__a matter of getting what we want than of wanting what we have.1. a.underpaid b.prosperous c.affluent d.sabbatical2. a.assumed b.seeming c.seemed d.seemly3. a.precarious b.imprudent c.spartan d.gallant4. a.not far b.as far as c.far from d.far to5. a.virtually b.remarkably c.ideally d.repeatedly6. a.forasmuch b.despite c.considering d.inasmuch7. a.no less b.less c.more d.no more8. a.for b.up c.out d.over9. a.scarely b.intentionally c.surprisingly d.provisionally10.a.diminishing b.negligible c.tripled d.perceivable11.a.in b.on c.upon d.among12.a.exceeded b.exceeding c.excess d.excessive13.a.utter b.messy c.greedy d.ample14.a.prosperous b.triumphant c.jubilant d.victorious15.a.could undo b.could intensifyc.could not undod.could not intensify16.a.as plausible as b.not as plausible asc.as likely asd.not as likely as17.a.ventilated b.deliberated c.speculated d.scrutinized18.a.does b.did c.has done d.is19.a.new b.favorite c.temporary d.normal20.a.more b.less c.better d.worsePART II:Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage1In the1960s and’70s of the last unlamented century,there was a New York television producer named David Susskind.He was commercially successful;he was also,surprisingly,a man of strong political views which he knew how to present so tactfully that networks were often unaware of just what he was getting away with on their—our—air.Politically,he liked to get strong-minded guests to sit with him at a round table in a ratty building at the corner of Broadway and42nd Street.Sooner or later,just about everyone of interest appeared on his program.Needless to say,he also had time for Vivien Leigh to discuss her recent divorce from Laurence Olivier,which summoned forth the mysterious cry from the former Scarlett O’Hara,“I am deeply sorry for any woman who was not married to Larry Olivier.”Since this took in several billion ladies(not to mention those gentlemen who might have offered to fill,as it were,the breach),Leigh caused a proper stir,as did the ballerina Alicia Markova,who gently assured us that“a Markova comes only once every hundred years or so.”I suspect it was the dim lighting on the set that invited such naked truths.David watched his pennies.I don’t recall how,or when,we began our“States of the Union”programs.But we did them year after year.I would follow whoever happened to be president,and I’d correct his“real”State of the Union with one of my own,improvising from questions that David would prepare.I was a political pundit because in a1960race for the House of Representatives(upstate New York), I got more votes than the head of the ticket,JFK;in1962,I turned down the Democratic nomination for U.S.Senate on the sensible ground that it was not winnable;I also had a pretty good memory in those days,now a-jangle with warning bells as I try to recall the national debt or,more poignantly,where I last saw my glasses.I’ve just come across my“State of the Union”as of1972.In1972,I begin:“According to the polls,our second principal concern today is the breakdown of law and order.”(What,I wonder,was the first?Let’s hope it was the pointless,seven-year—at that point—war in Southeast Asia.)I noted that to those die-hard conservatives,“law and order”is usually a code phrase meaning“get the blacks.”While,to what anorexic,vacant-eyed blonde women on TV now describe as the“liberal elite,”we were pushing the careful—that is,slow—elimination of poverty.But then,I say very mildly,we have only one political party in the United States,the Property Party,with two right wings,Republican and Democrat.Since I tended to speak to conservative audiences in such civilized places as Medford,Oregon;Parkersburg,West Virginia;and Longview,Washington,there are,predictably,a few gasps at this rejection of so much received opinion.There are also quite a few nods from interested citizens who find it difficult at election time to tell the parties apart.Was it in pristine Medford that I actually saw the nodding Ralph Nader whom I was,to his horror,to run for president that year in Esquire?Inspired by the nods,I start to geld the lily,as the late Sam Goldwyn used to say.The Republicans are often more doctrinaire than the Democrats,who are willing to make small—very small—adjustments where the poor and black are concerned while giving aid and comfort to the anti-imperialists.Comprehension Questions:21.We may understand Alicia Markova to be______________.a.A current popular figure in the United Statesb.A much sought-after interview subjectc.A popular,rather than intellectual,interview subjectd.A Russian defector to the United States22.In the passage,the author reminds the reader that the broadcast bands are______________.e.invariably used for the public good b.private,rather than public,propertyc.public,rather than private,propertyd.fair and balanced23.The author now finds it difficult to______________.a.run for Senateb.differentiate between a Republican and a Democratc.remember details or informationd.identify code-words in the media24.The author observes that anti-crime initiatives by America’s political right often either result inor are based upon______________.a.the desire to eliminate povertyb.protection of propertyc.the State of the Uniond.profiling.25.The author was invited to participate in Suskind’s television programs because______________.a.of his varied political experiencef.he turned down the Democratic nomination for U.S.Senateg.his knowledge of Larry Olivierh.his status as an anti-imperialistPassage2Chicag’s segregation of minorities is as old as the city itself.The African-American neighborhoods of today’s South and West sides are located in exactly the same parts of the city as the African-American neighborhoods of1910.And from1930to today,these African America neighborhoods have been represented in Congress and in the state house by African-American politicians,who have done very little(other than pass Federal benefit programs)to lift African-Americans out of poverty.In the2000Census,for example,of the ten poorest census tracts in the entire United States,nine were located in the South and West Side African-American areas ruled by African-American congressmen Bobby Rush and Jesse Jackson Jr.The concept of Western Imperial Colonialism is very popular in the literature of racial exploitation.The continent of Africa was divided up into“colonies”by the major European Imperial powers in a very short period of time:just seven years,from1885to1892.Previously,Britain had seized vast territories belonging to other cultures for hundreds of years.But in20th century America a new type of colony was invented:American urban colonies in the large metropolitan areas from the Midwest and Northeast to Los Angeles.These were made possible by the Great Migration of African-Americans from the South to the North,which began during WWI.As they moved north,African-Americans were immediately confined to ghettoes defined by racial boundaries.No one doubts that this segregation was done intentionally.But it’s important to realize that this segregation was not created by the racist attitudes of the residents of Chicago(Chicago never had slaves)but by the ruling political elite.As soon as the African-American population of Chicago began to expand,the Great Depression hit and put many persons out of work.FDR’s response to this was to create the New Deal programs of welfare,food assistance,and subsidized housing.While this greatly helped unemployed persons of all races,for African-Americans it began the ghettoization of their people into what can only be called urban colonies in the large cities of the north.The pattern seen in the 20largest cities of the United States from1920to2010is remarkably consistent.In192019of the twenty largest cities were all located in the North.All of these nineteen cities were from92.5%to 99%white.The one exception was Baltimore,MD and that was85%white.It had a slightly larger black population only because it was a port of entry for the slave trade.Similarly,all of these cities saw great increases in their black populations starting in1920.By1990these cities were from26to 76%black.These cities did not lose whites because African-Americans moved in.Rather,it is more accurate to say that Americans are a highly migratory group,and the big cities were ports of entry for European immigrants.So as whites left,politicians wanted to maintain their population numbers. By the2010Census the cities with the highest black populations were Detroit,MI,which was83% black,and Newark,NJ which was52%.(Sources:Census paper No.76and Census2010Quick facts).And since in all the major industrial cities of the North,the destinations of job-seeking African-American migrants were controlled by Democrats,it is overwhelmingly clear that these great pockets of urban poverty were created and maintained by that one political party.Tragically all of these cities have very high rates of segregation,poor education for African-Americans;high unemployment,single motherhood,and crime.In Chicago,“negro wards”as they were then called, were quickly drawn up:their boundaries reflected(and promoted)the racial segregation of the time. Their political representatives were African-American,and they were expected to deliver votes tothe Democratic Party.Most Americans don’t know that Chicago is the center for black politics. Furthermore,since Lincoln freed the slaves,African-Americans in Chicago voted for Republicans, until a Democratic Mayor,Anton Cermak,took over;fired all the thousands of African-Americans who Republicans had given city government jobs,and took over the black vote.Since that time Chicago's African-Americans have been represented exclusively by black politicians,and always lived in poverty.What made the black submachine of Chicago possible was that Chicago already had in place a Democratic Machine.Exploitation is promulgated by urban Democrats as a way to manipulate residents and keep themselves in power.What makes the American Urban Colonialism plan so revolutionary and ingenious is that it does not rely on agreements with foreign governments; the market price of iron ore,or cotton for profits;but on Federal benefit programs.These program dollars are infinitely more reliable and politically stable.Comprehension Questions:26.According to the essay,American cities lost white residents due to______________.a.white voter’s minority rule in the Republican partyb.the influx of European immigrantsc.the migratory nature of Americansd.ghettoization by African-Americans27.The essays convincingly demonstrates that_______________.a.power is more important than peopleb.white Americans are essentially racistc.the Civil War was fought for nothingd.slave trade determined the fate of ethnic minorities in American cities28.The Democratic Machine in Chicago provides incentives in the form of_______________.a.segregation of minoritiesb.high unemployment,single motherhood,and crimec.federal benefit programsd.negro wards29.Obama moved to Chicago because________________.a.the black submachine already had in place a Democratic Machineb.Chicago is the center for black politicsc.the Great Migration of directed African-Americans from the South to the Northd.Chicago is the most segregated city in America30.According to the author,American urban colonialism is the result of_______________.a.the ghettoization of African-American people in American citiesb.the segregation of minoritiesc.the political clientelism of the black submachined.western imperial colonialism in AfricaPassage3It is a well-known hypothesis that newborns can immediately identify the smell of their mother’s amniotic fluid;other than this one potential exception,taste in fragrance can be thought of as nurtured in totality by experience and influence.There is,of course,an argument that nature intervenes to temper a subject’s agency by inducing unfavorable reactions to harmful and poisonous materials that causes a negative olfactory association,for example,the smell of rotten food becoming linked to the experience of food poisoning.However,in most cases the process of deciding bad from good smells is controlled by societal(parental)censorship and its converse—public appreciation.This logic is akin to the French philosopher Louis Althusser’s theory of interpellation in relation to subjectivity and identity-making.For Althusser,human subjectivity (arguably comparable to consciousness itself)is a type of ideology.In Althusser’s view it is impossible to avoid the ideology of subjectivity and for this reason subjects are‘always already interpellated’,even before they are born.Althusser’s philosophy essentially argues that one cannot see oneself outside of ideology and one’s identity is formed by mirroring oneself in the ideology already present.In relation to(olfactory)taste-making,this is significant as taste can be thought of as a subset of subjectivity and therefore choosing a fragrance is an interpellating activity that paradoxically both affirms and displaces a subject’s sense of free agency.The hail comes from marketing and emotive retail experiences;the ideology that of personal enhancement;the moment of interpellation taking place at the point of sale.There are,in my opinion,pertinent links to be made between interpellation and the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan’s work on the mirror stage in infants.This is described by Lacan as the moment when a child sees themselves for the first time in a(conceptual)mirror,recognizes themselves as the image in the mirror,and dissociates the belief in a fragmented body with a visual wholeness threatened by literal and metaphorical fragmentation(of their own body/of the replication of their body in the mirror),resulting in a tension between the physical body and the imaged body.It is also the moment when the child is able to apperceive—the concept of seeing oneself outside of oneself as an object.In an attempt to alleviate this tension, Lacan argues that the child then fully identifies itself with the image,and as a result the Ego is formed through visual means,resulting in a temporary cognitive jubilation in the baby’s apparent mastery over its own image.As Althusser,Lacan sees the ideology of subjectivity as a prerequisite of a developed consciousness.Once this has happened,further understanding of self-presentation and self-fashioning can begin that govern one’s own identity-formation for the rest of life.Although babies are aware of the fragrance stimuli around them at a young age,including the peculiarities of smells produced by them,I would argue that the moment of what I term mature olfactory apperception happens much later than other forms of practical self-awareness and tends to occur around puberty when issues of olfactory urgency arise around bodily changes.I am arguing that the recognition of one’s own scent in a conceptual olfactory mirror at that moment in life gives rise to a strong sense of olfactory hierarchy and cements involuntary links between ideology and perfume.It is no coincidence then that so many fragrance-lovers comment that their interest developed around their teens.To explicate the term further,it can be reasoned that recognition of the difference between personal and external smells in babies in relation to subjectivity is fairly limited,just as is the understanding of the imaged self before the mirror stage.However,given that Lacan argues that the Ego is initially formed through cognitive contradictions in image,the sense of sight is given immediate priority over the other senses,as the baby comprehends the significance of its own bodily image through its presence in social situations.However,the significance of its own smellsis not a subject treated with as much codified authority and therefore little olfactory context is given to the subject.As one approaches puberty and begins to apperceive the idea of a personal whole scent as opposed to a fragmented olfactory reality scent is suddenly put into an important,codified, and relevant context—a context of‘them,me,dirty,clean,sexual’.This is the moment of mature olfactory apperception.Comprehension Questions:31.With the possible exception of an infant’s ability to identify the smell of the amniotic fluid,tastein fragrance is_________________.a.naturalb.artificialc.objectived.subjective32.Mature olfactory apperception is achieved at the moment of_________________.a.pubertyb.fully developed consciousness of one’s own scentc.full comprehension of the significance of one’s own bodily imaged.a visual wholeness threatened by literal and metaphorical fragmentation33.Personal style and choice of a fragrance can be seen as__________________.a.codified authorityb.a conceptual olfactory mirrorc.a subset of subjectivityd.a fragmented olfactory reality34.Apperception can be defined as the induction of the self as__________________.a.an objectb.a subjectc.an imaged.an ego35.According to the author,a teenager’s choice of perfume__________________.a.depends on him/herselfb.is conditioned by ideologyc.is decided by a codified authority.d.is decided by commercePassage4A Cyborg Manifesto is an essay written by Donna Haraway,in which the concept of the cyborg is a rejection of rigid boundaries,notably those separating“human”from“animal”and “human”from“machine”.She writes:“The cyborg does not dream of community on the model of the organic family,this time without the oedipal project.The cyborg would not recognize the Garden of Eden;it is not made of mud and cannot dream of returning to dust.”The Manifesto criticizes traditional notions of feminism,particularly feminist focuses on identity politics,and encouraging instead coalition through affinity.She uses the metaphor of a cyborg to urge feminists to move beyond the limitations of traditional gender,feminism,and politics.Marisa Olson summarized Haraway’s thoughts as a belief that there is no distinction between natural life and artificial man-made machines.Haraway begins the Manifesto by explaining three boundary breakdowns since the20th Century that have allowed for her hybrid,cyborg myth:the breakdown of boundaries between human and animal,animal-human and machine,and physical and non-physical.Evolution has blurred the lines between human and animal;20th Century machines have made ambiguous the lines between natural and artificial;and microelectronics and the politicalinvisibility of cyborgs have confused the lines of physicality.Haraway highlights the problematic use and justification of Western traditions like patriarchy,colonialism,essentialism,and naturalism (among others).These traditions in turn allow for the problematic formations of taxonomies and what Haraway explains as antagonistic dualisms that order Western discourse.These dualisms, Haraway states,have all been systematic to the logics and practices of domination of women, people of color,nature,workers,animals...all those constituted as others.However,high-tech culture provides a challenge to these antagonistic dualisms.Haraway’s cyborg theory rejects the notions of essentialism,proposing instead a chimeric,monstrous world of fusions between animal and machine.Cyborg theory relies on writing as“the technology of cyborgs”,as“cyborg politics is the struggle for language and the struggle against perfect communication,against the one code that translates all meaning perfectly,the central dogma of phallogocentrism”.Instead,Haraway’s cyborg calls for a non-essentialized,material-semiotic metaphor capable of uniting diffuse political coalitions along the lines of affinity rather than identity.Following Lacanian feminists such as Luce Irigaray,Haraway’s work addresses the chasm between feminist discourses and the dominant language of Western patriarchy.As Haraway explains,“grammar is politics by other means,”and effective politics require speaking in the language of domination.As she details in a chart of the paradigmatic shifts from modern to postmodern epistemology within the Manifesto,the unified human subject of identity has shifted to the hybridized posthuman of technoscience,from “representation”to“simulation,”“bourgeois novel”to“science fiction,”“reproduction”to “replication,”and“white capitalist patriarchy”to“informatics of domination.”While Haraway’s “ironic dream of a common language”is inspired by Irigaray’s argument for a discourse other than patriarchy,she rejects Irigaray’s essentializing construction of woman-as-not-male to argue for a linguistic community of situated,partial knowledges in which no one is innocent.Although Haraway's metaphor of the cyborg has been labelled as a post-gender statement,Haraway has clarified her stance on post-genderism in recent interviews.She acknowledges that her argument in the Manifesto seeks to challenge the necessity for categorization of gender,but does not correlate this argument to post-genderism.She clarifies this distinction because post-genderism is often associated with the discourse of the utopian concept of being beyond masculinity and femininity. Haraway notes that gender constructs are still prevalent and meaningful,but are troublesome and should therefore be eliminated as categories for identity.Comprehension Questions:36.According to the text,a cybernetic organism or cyborg must be understood as________________.a.a gender-neutral constructb.a robotc.a posthuman speculative beingd.neither organic nor inorganic37.Haraway poses that gender constructs should be eliminated as categories for identity because________________.a.the paradigmatic shifts from modern to postmodern epistemologyb.post-genderism is often associated with the discourse of the utopian conceptc.they pose an antagonistic dualismd.they pose a non-essential,material-semiotic metaphor38.According to Haraway manicheisms are in competition with one another,creating paradoxicalrelations of domination,particularly________________.a.God/manb.right/wrongc.self/otherd.one/other39.The cyborg is a________________.a.metaphorb.mechanical productc.animistic conceptanic hybrid40.A sonographic fetus would in many ways be the ultimate cyborg because_______________.a.it is“created”in a space of virtualityb.it is neither male nor femalec.it is simultaneously human and animald.it is politically invisible请将以下题目的答案填写在答题纸上。

1997考‎研英语阅读‎理解答案（1997）Part 1重点词汇：•parli‎a ment‎a ry（议会的，国会的）• A parli‎a ment‎ is nothi‎n g less than a big meeti‎n g of more or less idle peopl‎e.议会无非是‎多少有些懒‎散的人们的‎一个大聚会‎。

•incur‎a bly（不可治地）a incur‎a bly disea‎se 不治之症。

•turn back 逆转，往回走。

•eutha‎nasia‎（安乐死）•domin‎o（多米诺骨牌‎）用谐音记。

•diagn‎ose （v.诊断）•certi‎f icat‎e ?（证书•objec‎t ion（反对）•sink in 被了解；•cool off 使冷静。

试题解析：1. 【正确答案】[D]2. 【正确答案】[B]3. 【正确答案】[A]4. 【正确答案】[C]全文翻译：凌晨3:45进行了‎最终表决。

经过6个月‎争论和最后‎16个小时‎的国会激烈‎辩论，澳大利亚北‎部地区（澳北州）成为世界上‎第一个允许‎医生根据绝‎症病人个人‎意愿来结束‎其生命的合‎法当局。

这一法案是‎以令人信服‎的15票对‎10票通过‎。

几乎同时，该消息就出‎现在互联网‎上。

身处地球另‎一端的加拿‎大死亡权利‎执行主席约‎翰•霍夫塞斯在‎收到该消息‎后便通过协‎会的在线服‎务“死亡之网”发了公告。

他说：“我们整天都‎在发布公告‎，因为这件事‎的意义不在‎于它是在澳‎大利亚发生‎的事情，而是因为这‎是世界历史‎的一件大事‎。

”要充分理解‎这一法案的‎深刻意义可‎能需要一段‎时间。

澳北州晚期‎病人权利法‎使得无论是‎内科医生还‎是普通市民‎都同样地力‎图从道义和‎实际意义两‎方面来对待‎这一问题。

一些人如释‎重负，另一些人，包括教会，生命权利组‎织以及澳大‎利亚医学会‎成员都对这‎一决议及其‎仓促的通过‎进行了猛烈‎的抨击。

中国社会科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试题SAMPLE TESTTHE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESPAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelate d when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory” apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for th e term “historical synthesis” would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit” of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recen tly, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (i n boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. cons idered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run_____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter andwidely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscientarch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosp here.” “You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”。

2007年国家司法考试试卷三（合同法部分）一、单项选择题，每题所给的选项中只有一个正确答案。

本部分1－50题，每题1分，共50分。

1．某酒店客房内备有零食、酒水供房客选用，价格明显高于市场同类商品。

房客关某缺乏住店经验，又未留意标价单，误认为系酒店免费提供而饮用了一瓶洋酒。

结帐时酒店欲按标价收费，关某拒付。

下列哪一选项是正确的？A．关某应按标价付款 B．关某应按市价付款C．关某不应付款 D．关某应按标价的一半付款3．甲公司业务经理乙长期在丙餐厅签单招待客户，餐费由公司按月结清。

后乙因故辞职，月底餐厅前去结帐时，甲公司认为，乙当月的几次用餐都是招待私人朋友，因而拒付乙所签单的餐费。

下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司应当付款 B．甲公司应当付款，乙承担连带责任C．甲公司有权拒绝付款 D．甲公司应当承担补充责任4．甲公司在与乙公司协商购买某种零件时提出，由于该零件的工艺要求高，只有乙公司先行制造出符合要求的样品后，才能考虑批量购买。

乙公司完成样品后，甲公司因经营战略发生重大调整，遂通知乙公司：本公司已不需此种零件，终止谈判。

下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司构成违约，应当赔偿乙公司的损失B．甲公司的行为构成缔约过失，应当赔偿乙公司的损失C．甲公司的行为构成侵权行为，应当赔偿乙公司的损失D．甲公司不应赔偿乙公司的任何损失5．王某因多年未育前往某医院就医，经医院介绍A和B两种人工辅助生育技术后，王某选定了A技术并交纳了相应的费用，但医院实际按照B技术进行治疗。

后治疗失败，王某要求医院返还全部医疗费用。

下列哪一选项是正确的？A．医院应当返还所收取的全部医疗费B．医院应当返还所收取的医疗费，但可以扣除B技术的收费额C．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费或赔偿损失D．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费，但是有权请求医院赔偿损失6．乙买甲一套房屋，已经支付1/3价款，双方约定余款待过户手续办理完毕后付清。

后甲反悔，要求解除合同，乙不同意，起诉要求甲继续履行合同，转移房屋所有权。

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。