2015年广西大学考博英语真题

1. ()means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.A. CreativityB. DualityC. ArbitrarinessD. Displacement2. ()distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. GilmanD. Brown3. ()is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Sociolinguisticslinguisticslinguisticswords such as "smog" and "brunch" are called ().A. abbreviationB. acronymC. back-formationD. blendingexample, the word" bead" originally means "prayer", but later it refers to "the prayer bead", and finally "small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal or wood" .It is called ().shift6. ()there is fresh air, there is oxygen.A. WhereverC. Unlessfactory operated ()until the order was filled.timesthe minuteby daythe clockworking for the firm for ten years, he finally ()the rank of deputy director.A. achievedB. approachedC. attainedD. acquiredwe ()our test tomorrow, I would have gone to the concert.'t to have't been to have't to have't hadof the following italicized parts is a subject clause?are quite certain that we will get there in time.has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year.said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.'s sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten days.答案解析Part I【解析】Duality(二重性)指语言拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分.且每层都有自身的组合规则。

2015年考博英语真题应用真题应用很关键考博英语对于很多考生来说，是困扰他们的一大难关。

从每年英语没过线的考生人数就可以看出，英语复习必须全力以赴，容不得半点侥幸心理，只有付出才有收获。

全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八.2015考博交流群：一零五六一九八二零，联系我们扣扣：二四七八七四八零五四或者四九三三七一六二六。

首先，词汇是基础。

词汇是英语的基石，但是我们都知道词汇的记忆是一项很枯燥的工作，因为它要的是真功夫。

关于词汇的学习根据每个人的不同情况会有不同的方法，常见的背诵单词书、做真题记单词。

关于第一种背诵方法有两点建议：在整块背诵的基础上注意零余时间的利用，比如随身携带一本小的单词书，只要有时间就拿出来看看;关于词汇书的选择，推荐西北大学出版的《考博词汇红宝书》和《考博英语词汇速记宝典》，在记单词的过程中，把不认识的单词标记出来，并且，重新抄写到一张新的纸上，一天记一个单元或者两个单元，就有新的一张或两张纸的陌生词汇被整理出来，然后，重点记忆这些陌生词汇，效率更高。

关于第二种的背诵方法，也是得到很多同学推崇的，做真题记单词，通过语境来记忆，就是从阅读中把单词挑出来背，做一篇阅读要把时间控制在15分钟以内，做完了要花大概45分钟去弄懂，光做不研究是没有效果的。

而且要切记，词汇记忆是每天的必修课。

再说，阅读。

阅读是大头，是做好其他一切题型的基础和前提。

而且不能只是做，一定要分析每一道题，你做对了，为什么做对了?做错了，为什么错?命题的思路是什么，一定要研究透彻。

特别推崇书上说的要读文章，大声的读以培养语感，以及更深刻的理解每一篇文章，读的时候会发现看的时候没有注意到的问题，当然又一次的温习了单词。

也可以把阅读中自己感觉比较好的句型记在小本子上，为以后的写作做好积累。

一般到了九月就可以做十年真题了。

考博英语最宝贵最权威的资料就是十年真题，它有自己的出题套路，反复做反复咀嚼就能培养题感。

阅读到最后，真题都特别熟了，可以做点模拟题，测下自己的水平。

2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。

2015年11月7日学位英语真题Part I reading comprehension (30%)Passage 1Since its founding in 1948, McDonald’s has grown from a family burger（汉堡包）stand to a global fast-food chain, with more than 30,000 locations in 118 countries.With 58 million daily customers worldwide, McDonald’s is now so ubiquitous around the globe that The Economist publishes a global ranking of currencies’ purchasing power based on the prices charged at the local McDonald’s, called the Big Mac Index（巨无霸指数）. That’s not to say that every nation carries the same menu items: choices vary widely depending on location. Some Asian locations serve fried shrimp in a Big Mac roll, while McDonald’s in India doesn't serve beef at all, relying instead on burgers made from vegetables, rice and beans.Not everyone in the world has been happy to greet Ronald McDonald when he moves to town. Many see McDonald’s as a symbol of American economic and cultural chauvinism（沙文主义）, and European nations in particular have viewed American-style fast food as an insult to their national food. A French farmer, Jose Bove, became something of a national hero in 1999 after he and a group of people destroyed a McDonald’s under construction to protest globalization and “bad food.” The nest year, a bomb exploded in a French McDonald’s, killing a 27-year-old employee. (76) No one claimed responsibility.But regardless of whether you like their food or their policies, McDonald’s is still widely seen as one of the true pioneers of peaceful globalization.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements isNOT TRUE?A.McDonald’s was founded in 1948.B.McDonald’s has opened its restaurants in every city of the world.C.McDonald’s has over 30,000 locations in the world now.D.McDonald’s was very small in scale in the beginning.2.The word “ubiquitous”in Paragraph 2 is most likely to mean_____.A. very crowdedB. very cleanC. existing everywhereD. occurring frequently3.From Paragraph 2, we can conclude that _____.A.McDonald’s designs its menu to suit the local peoplelions of young adults got their first job with McDonald’sC.the McDonald’s menu sticks to old-fashioned favorites such asthe Big MacD.the low prices of McDonald’s bring tens of millions of peoplethrough its door every day.4.What did Jose Bove and his people do in 1999 to protest againstMcDonald’s?A.They organized a strike.B.They protested outside a McDonald’s.C.They refused to go to a newly-built McDonald’s.D.They destroyed a McDonald’s under construction.5.In _____, an employee died in a fatal bomb attack on aMcDonald’s restaurant in France.A.1998B. 1999C. 2000D. 2001Passage 2Jim Thorpe was a Native American. He was born in 1888 in an Indian Territory（印第安人保护区）that is now Oklahoma. Like most Native American children then, he liked to fish, hunt, swim, and play games outdoors. (77) He was healthy and strong, but he had very little formal education. In 1950, Jim Thorpe was named the greatest American football player. He was also an Olympic gold medal winner. But Thorpe had many tragedies in his life.Jim has twin brother who died when he was nine years old. By the time he was 16, his mother and father were also dead. Jim then went to a special school in Pennsylvania for Native American children. There, he learned to read and write and also began to play sports. Jim was poor, so he left school for two years to earn some money. During this time, he played on a baseball team. (78) The team paid him only $15 a week. Soon he returned to school to complete his education. Jim was a start athlete（运动员）in several sports, including baseball, running, and football. He won many awards for his athletic ability, mainly for football. In many games, he scored all or most of the points for his team.In 1912, when Jim Thorpe was 24 years old, he became part of the US Olympic team. He competed in two very difficult events: the pentathlon and the decathlon. Both require great ability and strength, the pentathlon has five track and field events, including the longjump, and the 1,500-meter race. The decathlon has ten track and field events, with running, jumping, and throwing contests.People thought it was impossible for an athlete to compete in both the pentathlon and the decathlon. So everyone was surprised when Thorpe won gold medals in both events. When the King of Sweden presented Thorpe with his two gold medals, he said, “Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the world.” Thorpe was a simple and honest man. He just answered, “Thanks, King.”6.From the passage we learn that Jim Thorpe was born in ____.A.IndiaB. PennsylvaniaC. OklahomaD. Sweden7.According to the passage, most American Indian children lovedall the following except ______.A.fishingB. huntingC. swimmingD. singing8.Jim Thorpe started to play sports _____.A.before he was nine years oldB. when he was 16 years oldB.when he was 24 years old D. before his parents passed away9.The word decathlon in Paragraph 3 probably means _____.A.jumpingB. five track and field eventsB.throwing D. ten track and field events10.Which of the following is NOT TRUE?A.In 1912, Thorpe went back to finish his college education.B.Thorpe won two gold medals in the 1912 Olympic Games.C.Thorpe once played on a baseball team for money.D.In 1950, Thorpe was named the greatest American football player. Passage 3It can be really frustrating（使人沮丧的）for an overweight person to got a gym and work out with a positive attitude. All one has to do is walk by almost any nice gym and notice all the healthy, sweating, “skinny”members. Sometimes they stare at those of us who are, well, zaftig. It is easy to see the judgment behind their eyes. Who wants to put up with that?Many people are self-conscious of their bodies and feel isolated when joining workout classes or while exercising, especially if they are larger than most of the others in the group. Now the fitness industry is finally paying attention. Popular gyms are catering （迎合）to overweight and weight conscious customers by dedicating areas where the “skinny” people are not allowed.There are even gyms or programs that require members to be at least 50 pounds overweight to participate.Trainers recommend functional fitness as a practical goal, rather than six-pack abs（六块腹肌）. (79) They often use text messages to stay in touch with customers.Often at these specialized gyms, the trainers are overweight themselves, or working on their own weight goals, and this can help those people with anxiety caused by poor body image. The equipment has been designed for use by larger people. Wider seats, more cushioning, no mirrors, and tinted（有色的）windows for privacy, are all important changes.(80) Hopefully these types of gyms will successfully grow in numbers in the future. The idea is a very simple and potentially popular one. If it helps those of us who are bigger exercise more and improve our fitness level, it’s a step in the right direction.11. The word zaftig in Paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to ____.A. fatB. healthyC. friendlyD. polite12. We can infer from the first two paragraphs that _____.A. most large gym chains really don’t want members to show up frequentlyB. overweight people are often frustrated and pushed away bytraditional gym industry.C. regular gyms don’t accept overweight people to participate intheir programsD. overweight people have to pay extra to work out in a gym13. What is the training goal in the gyms catering to overweight members?A. To achieve functional fitness.B. To build six-pack abs.C. To look like a model.D. To be able to run long distances.14. As for the gyms catering to overweight members, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. The machines are designed for larger people.B. Tinted windows are used to ensure extra privacy.C. There are large mirrors on the walls,D. The training goals are more realistic.15. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Improving Women’s Self-confidence through ExercisesB. The Traditional Gym Industry Is Losing Its CustomersC. The Fitness Industry Is Looking for New DirectionsD. Specialized Gyms Designed for Overweight PeoplePart II Vocabulary and Structure (30%)16. When Bill came in, I ____ with my friends.A. will talkB. talkC. was talkingD. have talked17. John made her ____ him everything about her plan for the trip.A. to tellB. tellC. toldD. tells18. Lucy goes to school by bike every day, ____ she?A. doesB. doesn'tC. isD. isn't19. I can’t help ____ whether we should go without raincoats.A. wonderB. to wonderC. wonderingD. wondered20. Never in her life ____ in such an important party, where she saw so many pop stars.A. Lisa took partB. did Lisa take partC. Lisa was taken partD. was Lisa taken part21. The young man, ____ met us at the station yesterday, will show usaround the campus this morning.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. whose22. I am not sure whether New York is ____ biggest city in____ world or not.A. a; aB. a; theC. the; theD. the; a23. Believe it or not, Mike runs ____ than all the other boys in his class.A. fastB. fasterC. fastestD. more fast24. They left London for New York ____ the morning of September 10.A in B. on C. at D. of25. Jim can’t go to school today ____ his illness.A. in spite ofB. in front ofC. because ofD. far from26. With the____ of a computer, one can do what was impossible in the past.A. ageB. airC. aidD. aim27. I immediately ____ Luke's father from the crowd because they two looked like each other so much.A. researchedB. recognizedC. reportedD. reduced28. A friendly relationship between two countries is often based on____respect, trust and understanding.A. lovelyB. mutualC. boldD. strict29. Mr. Brown isn't in the office now, but you can ____ a message for him.A. giveB. handC. tellD. leave30. The boy gave an exciting ____ of his adventures on the island, which attracted a large audience.A. opinionB. ideaC. accountD. appearance31. Get in the car. There's enough ____ for you.A. roomB. seatC. spotD. area32. His face looks ____ but I can't remember where I met him.。

Part one，listening（30 marks）Part II Vocabulary, Grammar & Culture (15 marks)Section A Vocabulary and Grammar (10 marks)31. Animals are one of the most important resources for human beings, however , by 2030 ,many species will have ______according to recent research . A. used up B. died out C. gone up D. got rid of32. If the government refused to appropriate funds, the slum-clearance programme might be ______. A. rejected B. contended C. abused D. terminated33. We are in the full ______ that the current situation will improve sooner or later.A. understandingB. appreciationC. consciousnessD. conviction34. The reporters exposed the corruption of several high officials in the government; ______, they were asked to resign from office .A. constantlyB. consistentlyC. consequentlyD. consecutively35. Helping his little daughter with her physics homework reminded him of things he had long ______.A. cared aboutB. forgotten aboutC. dreamed aboutD. complained about36. You should never provide your personal information ______ a request you did not ask for over the Internet .A. in response toB. according toC. prior toD. thanks to37. The new chairman urged the members of the committee to ______ their differences and settle down to work .A. wear outB. break upC. calm downD. set aside38. Why so many students graduate from high school with inadequate skills in reading and mathematics is a question that continues to ______American educators.A. harassB. intimidateC. troubleD. oppress39.— I need some help with my homework!—______ I‟ve got lots of work to do myself, and besides, it‟s your problem, not mine!A. No problems, just a moment!B. Sorry, I can‟t help you right now.C. Yes, I need your help as well.D. Wait, it‟s a piece of cake for me.40.—I spilled some coffee on my jacket! ______.—You‟ll see a place on Madison Avenue between the First Street and the Second Street. It‟s Beside the bank.A. How can you get it ironed?B. Do you know the way to the factory?C. Who is to blame for the accident?D. Where can I get it cleaned?Section B Culture (5 marks)41. ______ felt that society forced too many rules on people and kept them from living a full, natural life. His forceful writing on daring themes shocked many. Sons and Lovers, based partly on his own life, is one of his finest novels.A. James Joyce.B. D. H. Lawrence.C. George Bernard ShawD. Thomas Hardy.42. Which of the following is the national flag of the United States of America?43. Which of the following is the famous theory developed by Albert Einstein?A. The Theory of Mechanics.B. The Natural Selection.C. The Theory of Relativity.D. Quantum Gravity.44. Which country is famous for the statue of the Little Mermaid?A. Finland.B. Sweden.C. Denmark.D. Norway.45. ______ was an English comic actor and filmmaker who rose to fame in the silent film era.A. Marlon Brando.B. Charlie Chaplin.C. Steven Allan SpielbergD.Dustin Hoffman.Part ⅢCloze（10 marks）Fill in each blank with one word. Choose the correct word in one of the following three ways: according to the context, by using the correct form of the given word, or by using the given letter(s) of the word.Is paragliding more dangerous than parachuting？There are three elements that support the argument that through46.________ of them is safe, one is far less dangerous than the other. Those three elements are training, preparation, and skill level.Training for the first parachute jump is a 47.rel ________ simple process. Commonly a morning of instruction and practice can result 48.________ a person‟s first jump the same afternoon. In contrast, paragliding training is much more involved, taking anywhere from one to three months before the first flight occurs. It is 49.________ (legal) to fly without a license, and various competence levels must be passed to be able to move from soaring to something more involved such as cross-country flying.Preparation for a parachute jump is minimal 50.________ best. Most jumpers have their chutes packed for them, so all they have to do is climb into the plane. Some pack their own chutes, but still, this is minor. In paragliding the pilot lays out their canopy on the ground, checks it and the lines, and then must wait for the right wind conditions before launching. The fact that the chute and lines can be seen makes a 51.tre________ difference as any problems can be seen before launch, something that is impossible with parachuting. This is a very important difference because almost all parachuting 52. acc________ are the result of equipment failure. Jumpers rely almost totally on their equipment and not their skill, the reverse of the paragliding pilot.It is this difference in skill levels that makes paragliding the safer option. The 53. ________ (great) the skill the pilotdevelops, the less chance they might get into a dangerous situation when flying. Also, if they do get into a dangerous situation, it is far more likely that they will be able to escape. With parachuting it is the 54. opp ________. Ultimately skill does not matter. Even the most experienced jumper will be 55. ________ (able) to do anything in the event of major equipment failure. Like Russian roulette, the question is how many times a person jumps before statistics catch up with them.Part IV Reading Comprehension (35 marks)Section A (5 marks) Questions 56-60 are based on the following passage.Hallward Library supports the learning, teaching and research needs of the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty of Social Sciences. This includes the subject areas of arts, humanities, law and social sciences, and a European Documentation Centre.You may be able to use our libraries for reference or borrowing through membership of the SCONUL Access scheme. Please apply to join the scheme online. You may also wish to complete our University of Nottingham registration from before you come. On arrival at one of our libraries, please go to the reception or lending desk with your SCONUL introductory email and library card from your home institution, where we will issue you a University of Nottingham library card with immediate borrowing rights (a photograph is not required). Please check our lending desk opening times.If your SCONUL Access membership entitles you to borrow, you may take up to six ordinary loan books for up to four weeks. Items from our Short Loan collection are not available to borrow under this scheme and there will be lead time in accessing items stored off site or at a different University of Nottingham library. Study rooms are left open for general use, but room keys cannot be borrowed by SCONUL Access users and room bookings cannot be made.Please also consult our information on how to access electronic resources and the Internet via the eduroam wireless service. If your institution is not a member of SCONUL Access you may use our libraries for reference during our libraries for referenceoverthrown by the republican revolutionaries. During nearly six hundred years, twenty-four emperors lived in and ruled from this palace.The Forbidden City is surrounded by 10-metre-high walls and a 52-meter-wide moat. Measuring 961 meters from north to south and 753 meters from east to west, it covers an area of 1110000 square meters. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate: the Meridian Gate (Wu men) on the south, the Gate of Divine Prowess(Shenwu men) on the north, the Eastern and Western Prosperity Gates (Donghua men and Xihua men).Once inside, visitors will see a succession of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. The buildings‟ glowing yellow roofs levitating above vermilion walls is a magnificent sight. The painted ridges and carved beams all contribute to the sumptuous effect.Known as the Outer Court, the southern portion of the Forbidden City centers on three main halls -- Hall of Supreme Harmony (Taihedian)，Hall of Central Harmony (Zhonghedian),and Hall of Preserving Harmony (Baohedian). It was here in the Outer Court that the emperor held court and conducted grand audiences. Mirroring this arrangement is the Inner Court comprising the northern portion of the Forbidden City. The Inner Court is comprised of not only the residences of the emperor and his consorts but also venues for religious rituals and administrative activities.In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163000 square meters. These were precisely designed in accordance with a code of architectural hierarchy, which designated specific features to reflect the paramount authority and status of the emperor. No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or would even have dared to come within close proximity to these buildings.The Forbidden City, the culmination of the two-thousand-year development of classical Chinese and East Asianarchitecture, has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works. Questions66. Why was the Palace given the name as “The Forbidden City”?67. Who was the first emperor that lived in the Palace?68. How long is the Forbidden City?69. What is the total area of the Forbidden City?70. What is the main function of the Inner Court of the Forbidden City?Section D (10 marks) Questions 71-75 are based on the following passage.A ncient Greeks thought the brain wasn‟t the basis for intellect. It was the home for the soul. They believed that the process of thinking happened somewhere near lungs. The brain wasn‟t seen as an organ of intellect and thought until the 17th and 18th centuries. In order to measure intelligence, the IQ test, or the intelligence quotient test, was invented. The Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale was created in Paris in the early 1900s. The scale was used in Alfred Binet‟s efforts to educate children with learning difficulties. Those with scores less than their respective ages were considered mentally challenged. The MENSA IQ test has also become popular. A person who scores 150 or higher on this test is considered to have exceptional intelligence. More than 10,000 people take the test every year.Some see IQ tests as an assessment of an individual‟s problem-solving skills, rather than general intelligence. For example, an individual may have high analytical intelligence that is genetic. This widely held view promoted many prejudiced ideas. Since the IQ test was created from the point of view of Europeans, people of other races scored comparatively lower.Research suggests that intelligence depends on culture and class. Tests given by the U.S. military showed that blacks scored lower than whites. The difference in scores was attributed to class and education levels, not genetic factors. Black childrenadopted into wealthier families scored significantly higher than low-income blacks. Studies have shown that children who grow in a positive learning environment score higher on the IQ tests. Having good nutrition can also affect the scores.A new type of IQ test has surfaced later on. It's called the EI test, or the emotional intelligence test. The test gauges the individual‟s ability to manage his or her emotions. Developed by Daniel Goleman, the test also measures how much self-awareness an individual has. Knowledge and emotional intelligence are different, experts say. A person with high emotional intelligence is able to better understand the feelings of others. Thus, they are better maintaining various relationships. Lowemotional intelligence can affect intelligence. Studies have shown that emotional intelligence is connected with memory and concentration. Individuals with low emotional intelligence have more aggressiveness and less self-control. These factors can dramatically reduce IQ scores by as much as 25 percent.Questions 71-75 Complete the summary with only one word for each blank from the passage, changing the form where necessary.Since the early 1900s, scientists have attempted to gauge the intelligence of people. Alfred Binet‟s intelligence scale and the MENS IQ test have been used frequently over the past centuries in 71.________ intelligence. Some studies suggest that the tests aren‟t necessarily a flawless benchmark, arguing that it72._______ only a person‟s problem-solving skills. Others think that intelligence is73._______ and it varies among races. New findings point to culture, class, education levels and environment as more important intelligence predictors 74._______ genetics. A new test that measures the emotionalintelligence, the ability to monitor one‟s emotions, has emerged. Recent findings reveal that one‟s emotional intelligence can affect one‟s IQ test 75._______.Part V Translation (15 marks)Section A (5 marks) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.76. Opera is an art that brings music, singing, and drama together on stage. The first operas were performed in Italy in the early 1600s. These operas were based on ancient Greek myths and accompanied by sim ple melodies. The early composers of opera called their work “drama through music” because they felt the music was the key to expressing an idea or emotion. Although the first operas were performed for the aristocracy, by the 1700s many operas were being performed for the public.Section B (10 marks) Translate the following sentences into English by using the hints given in brackets.77. 他在学校的表现还没有达到他父母的期望。

Part ⅠDialogue completion (10 points)Dialogue oneTom: Do you go to college?Mike: Yes. __1__Tom: What college do you go to?Mike: I go to Pasadena City College.Tom: Do you like it?Mike: Oh, yes. __2__Tom: why do you like it?Mike: Because it has great teachers.Tom: __3__Mike: I like all my classmates, too.Tom: Anything else?Mike: Yes. __4__A. It’s not expensive!B. You bet.C. I think I do.D. what else?Dialogue TwoSpeaker A: I just recently moved into the neighborhood.Speaker B: __5__ How recently?Speaker A: Just last week.Speaker B: What kinds of things have you been doing out there?Speaker A: __6__Speaker B: why not?Speaker A: I don't know what to do.Speaker B: There're all sort of things to do.Speaker A: __7__Speaker B: Shopping, or seeing a movie, or even going to the beach. Speaker A: That sounds great.A. I haven't been doing much.B. Really?C. How are you doing?D. Like what?Dialogue ThreeGeorge: Did you hear about the robbery?Johnny: No, I didn't hear about it.George: A man tried to rob the bank next to our building this morning. Johnny: __8__George: Yes, he tried to rob the bank at gunpoint.Johnny: __9__George: Oh, everyone in the bank is OK.Johnny: That's good to hear.George: He did get away, though.Johnny: That is horrible.George: __10__Johnny: I'm sure they'll catch him eventually.A. Did anyone get hurt?B. Thank the lucky stars.C. Are you serious?D. The cops don't know who the guy is.Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single bar through the center of the letter.Passage OneHere's a familiar story. You're sitting at the dinner table with a furry, four-legged friend scratching at your feet. When you look down, those cute eyes are almost impossible to resist.What is it about a dog's gaze that makes it so charming? A new study by Japanese scientist Miho Nagasawa seems to have found the answer, and it has to do with something called the cuddle(爱抚)chemical.The cuddle chemical has another, more scientific name: oxytocin. Oxytocin is a substance in the blood that encourages bonding. Levels of oxytocin increase, for example, when a mother feeds her newborn baby. According to Nagasawa's study, the same is true when we look deeply into the eyes of a dog.The results of this study can tell us a lot about the history of the bond between humans and dogs. It all started somewhere tens of thousands of years ago. Scientists believe that wolves used to follow humans who were hunting large animals. The wolves would eat the food left behind by the humans.Humans realized that they could use the wolves to help with the hunt, and eventually both species began to work together toward survival.Over time, the wolves that interacted with the humans began to change. They became more loyal to their human partners. The wolves and humans started to depend on each other and bond with each other. These changes are what caused some of the wolves to turn into what we now know as dogs, a new specie^ evolved to better survive in their environment.This process depended a great deal on the bond humans formed with them. And according to Nagasawa's study, this bond was formed with the help of oxytocin, the cuddle chemical.11. What do we know about oxytocin?A. It regulates blood flow.B. It promotes bonding.C. It is in the human gene.D. It is good for health.12. When we look deeply into a dog's eyes, the levels of our oxytocin ____.A. reduce over timeB. go either up or downC. are on the riseD. remain unchanged13. At the beginning wolves followed humans to ____.A. eat the food left by humansB. guard against large animalsC. take humans for foodD. hunt large animals together14. Over time some wolves turned into dogs ____.A. due to their loyaltyB. due to the changing environmentC. for better survivalD. for better cooperation15. What does Nagasawa9s study aim to do?A. Explore the role of human-wolf partnership.B. Show the characteristics of the cuddle chemical.C. Explain the bond between humans and dogs.D. Understand the evolution of species.Passage TwoRed Nose Day (RND) is a well-known event in the UK. The aim of the day is to raise money for a charity called Comic Relief which helps people in need in Africa and in the UK.Comic Relief was started in 1985 by the scriptwriter Richard Curtis. He wrote the famous films 'Four Weddings and a Funeral' and 'Notting Hill'. Richard's idea to start Comic Relief was as a response to the severe famine in Ethiopia* It's called Red "Nose Day as on this day many people buy a plastic red nose to wear! The money made from selling red noses goes to the charity.Red Nose Day takes place every two years in the spring and is now so well established that many people consider it to be an unofficial. For example, many schools have non-uniform days.The slogan for the last RND was ‘Do Something Funny for Money' and the money that was collected helped to fund projects in the following areas, treating malaria(疟疾), education, and mental health. The BBC Red Nose Day program raised £74.3 million! Money-raising events take place all over the country and many schools participate. People also donate money by post, in banks, by phone using a credit card and online.In the evening of Red Nose Day a telethon takes place on the BBC TV channels. It shows on and on a selection of the events of the day, as well as lots of comic sketches and reports of how the money raised will be spent. People also upload videos of local charity events on YouTube and Facebook.So, if you are ever in the UK on Red Nose Day, now you know why you may find normal people wearing red noses and doing silly things! It's all for a good cause.16. Red Nose Day is ____.A. a traditional holiday in the UKB. a famous event in BritainC. the helping center for poor peopleD. the popular name of a charity17. What does the passage say about Richard Curtis?A. He likes, to wear a plastic red nose.B. He is a well-known film director.C. He started a charity in the 1980s.D. He was born in a poor family in Ethiopia.18. Which of the following is true about Red Nose Day?A. It has become an official holiday.B. It takes place every year.C. It collects money from rich people.D. It attracts many schools to participate.19 . What docs a 'telethon'(Para. 5) probably refer to?A. A television competition.B. A very long TV program.C. A money-raising party.D. A comic sketch party.20. Which of the following can be the title for this passage?A. Comic ReliefB. BBC TelethonC. Red Nose DayD. Richard CurtisPassage ThreeA group of 30 employees was working in a software company. This was a young and energetic team with keen enthusiasm and desire to learn and grow.One day the team was called to play a game in a hall. As they entered the hail, they found the hall decorated beautifully with colourful decorative papers and balloons. It was more like a kid’s play area than a corporate meeting hall. Everyone was surprised and gazed at each other. Also, there was a huge box of balloons placed at the centre of the hall.The team leader asked everyone to pick a balloon from the box an blow it. Then he asked them to write their names on their balloon carefully so that the balloons didn’t blow up.Those who failed were ruled out of the game. Altogether 25 employees were qualified for the next level. All the balloons were collected and then put into a room.The team leader asked the 25 employees to go to the room and pick the balloon with their own name on it. All 25 employees reached the room. While they were in a rush to find the respective balloons, they tried not to burst the balloons. It was almost 15 minutes and no one was able to find the balloon carrying his own name.The team was told that the second level of the game was over.Now it was the third and final level. The employees were asked to pick any balloon in the room and give it to the person named on the balloon. Within a couple of minutes ail balloons reacted the hands of the respective employee.The team leader announced: This is called real solutions to the problems.21. When the employees were called to play a game, they ____.A. knew what game they were going to playB. laughed at the idea of adults playing a gameC. had no idea what they were asked to doD. looked forward to playing a kid’s game22. At the first level of the game, each employee was asked to ____.A. blow a balloon and write his name on itB. put his name on a balloon and blow itC. pick up a balloon with his name on itD. write his name on a floating balloon23. How many employees failed the second level of the game?A. 30.B. 25.C. 15.D. 5.24. The key to success at the third level of the game lies in ____.A. thinking positivelyB. helping each otherC. believing in oneselfD. increasing efficiency25. What does the software company aim to do?A. Encourage its employees to learn from each other.B. Train its employees to face all kinds of challenges.C. Select the employees most suitable for their jobs.D. Teach its employees the importance of teamwork.Passage FourThird culture kid is a term in English that is used to describe children who have grown up in a different culture to that of their parents. There are great thingsabout experiencing such a unique childhood. Third culture kids can also face many challenges.I was born in England, to English parents. When I was two years old my dad gota new job in Poland. Since then I have lived in four other countries around the world. Although I have a British passport，I sometimes don't feel very English at all!One of the best things about moving around a lot when 1 was younger experiencing many diverse cultures and countries. I was able to try different foods, learn different languages, experience different traditions and meet people from different backgrounds. I am also lucky to have friends all over the world that 1 keep in regular contact with.However, it wasn't always easy. It often felt like I had only just settled in to the new school city and culture before my parents told me we were moving again. Leaving my friends behind was damaging as a child. I have lost touch with many people 1 was very close to because one of us moved country. It was also very disorientating to have an English passport, but not feel very English at all. Because 1 had no access to English culture, returning 4home, often felt like visiting a foreign country. Happily, now l feel more at home in England—although the question, “where are you from?” still confuses me!26. A third culture kid may have a ____.A. dull experienceB. special childhoodC. strong accentD. traditional lifestyle27. The author doesn't feel very English because he ____.A. does not have a British passportB. was not born in EnglandC. spent more time in other countriesD. has many foreign friends28. The author experienced different traditions by the following EXCEPT ____.A. trying foods of other countriesB. moving around a lotC. doing different jobsD. making international friends29. The author found it not always easy to ____.A. make new friendsB. find a new schoolC. have new teachersD. adapt to new situations30.The word "disorientating" (Para. 4) probably means ____.A. excitingB. confusingC. surprisingD. frighteningPart Ⅲ Vocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 20incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET with a single bar through the center of theletter.31. I was shocked, ____ believing what was before my eyes.A. boldlyB. wiselyC. narrowlyD. scarcely32. After careful investigation we find that one of the statement has ____ to be untrue.A. turned outB. turned offC. turned upD. turned down33. The author has made a significant ____ to explain various issues regarding the web and its contents.A. reviewB. contactC. attemptD. comment34. People do not agree with each other as to what is the ____ role of government.A. quietB. properC. grandD. quick35. Public health data ____ that the number of adults living with disabilities continues to increase.A. expressB. requireC. informD. reveal36. University applicants who had worked at a job would receive ____ over those who had not.A. inferenceB. referenceC. conferenceD. preference37. We thought they had come to repair the phone, but ____, they were robbers.A. in realityB. in additionC. in returnD. in vain38. Robots have one advantage over humans-they never ____ lack of sleep or food.A. benefit fromB. suffer fromC. stem fromD. result from39. If you work hard, you will be ____; but if you don't, you will be punished.A. relaxedB. relievedC. reducedD. rewarded40. Soccer, the most brilliant ____ ever created by man, boasts countless fans worldwide.A. eventB. courtC. sportD. matchPart IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single bar through the center of the letter.Goats are being hired to do the work of men in a neighborhood just outside of San Diego. The fires that occurred in Hillborough four years ago __51__ thirty homes. __52__ contractors were rebuilding the homes, nature was regrowing the grasses and bushes. The area is now so overgrown that it again __53__ a major fire risk.The city council __54__ bids to remove the grasses and bushes. The lowest bid they received was $50,000. And that was if the city provided breakfast and lunch for the work crews for the six weeks __55__ would take to clear the overgrown area. The city countered, __56__ unlimited coffee and a hamburger a day for each crew member. When that offer was __57__ , the city asked for help on its website.A goat-keeper read about the city's problem while __58__ the web. He offered to do the job for $25,-000. The city council agreed. When told that the city dumpwas overflowing, the goat-keeper said, "No problem. My goats will eat everything in your dump. Except for the car engines, of course," So, for another $5,000, the city killed two birds __59__ one stone. If all __60__, they will invite the goat-keeper and his "family" back every three years.51. A. destroyed B. polluted C. fell D. broke52. A. That B. While C. How D. Which53. A. takes B. covers C. shows D. poses54. A. set about B. put up C. asked for D. took in55. A. they B. it C. as D. that56. A. putting B. having C. drinking D. offering57. A. rejected B. accepted C. proposed D. postponed58. A. surfing B. looking C. scanning D. tracking59. A. on B. with C. in D. at60. A. settles down B. comes along C. turns on D. goes wellPart ⅤTranslation (15points)Direction: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The most traditional definition of a human community was "a group of people larger than a family that interact." A community may include people who have at least one common point of interest. In the past, community members lived relatively close to one another in one geographical location: in the same village, town, or city. Nowadays, however, the word community can mean a national, an international, or even an online group of interacting individuals. Therefore, a "new" definition of community might be "a group of people that recognize that they have something in common."Part Ⅵ Writing (15 points)Directions: Youare to write in no less than 100 words on the topic "A good book is a light to thesoul." You could base your composition on the Chinese outline givenbelow:你最近读过的一本好书是什么?它的主要内容是……你从中有何受益?答案：1-4: B C D A5-7: B A D8-10: C A D对话1汤姆：你上大学了吗?迈克：恩，当然上了。

2015年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.How to deal with his sleeping problem.B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.A.To take the medicine for a longer time.B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.A.To take it easy and continue to work.B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.A.Fullness in the stomach.B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.A.Extremely severe.B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.（分数：10.00）A.He has lost some weight.B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.A.She is giving the man an injection.B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.A.In the gym.B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.A.Diarrhea.B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.A.She has developed allergies.B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.（分数：10.00）A.Listen to music.B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.A.She isn't feeling well.B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weather.D.She is feeling relieved.A.Michael's wife was ill.B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.A.She is absent-minded.B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.A.Ten years ago.B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.A blood test.B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.A.To lose some weight.B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller, lighter meals.A.Potato chips.B.Chicken.C.Cereal.D.Fish.A.Ulcer.B.Cancer.C.Depression.D.Hernia.A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.（分数：10.00）A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D.It is more chemically complex.A.Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C.Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood.（分数：10.00）A.Vegetative patients are more aware.B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movements.C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.A.The left-hand side of the brain.B.The right-hand side of the brain.C.The central part of the brain.D.The front part of the brain.A.31.B.6.C.4.D.1A.The patient was brain-dead.B.The patient wasn't brain-dead.C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.A.The patient is no technically vegetative.B.The patient can communicate in some way.C.We can train the patient to speak.D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.Despite his doctor's note of caution, he never______from drinking and smoking.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstained5.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likelyto______their hearing.（分数：2.00）A.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplement6.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to______Larry in any way in his success.（分数：2.00）A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impede7.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.（分数：2.00）A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD.relatively8.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can______future adults with appreciation of music.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintB.familiarizeC.endowD.amuse9.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices______. （分数：2.00）A.level outB.stand oute offD.wear off10.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate______from qualified medical personnel.（分数：2.00）A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interposition11.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and______of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.（分数：2.00）A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onset12.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, ______and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.（分数：2.00）A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabs13.The newly designed system is______to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.（分数：2.00）parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenable14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________15.Every year more than 1, 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.（分数：2.00）A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promising16.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS. （分数：2.00）A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregation17.Surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude .（分数：2.00）A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicap18.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.（分数：2.00）A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinct19.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.（分数：2.00）A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verify20.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.（分数：2.00）A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demanding21.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.（分数：2.00）A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspended22.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.（分数：2.00）B.eliminateC.assimilateD.puncture23.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.（分数：2.00）A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpected24.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.（分数：2.00）A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipating五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,【C1】______a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,【C2】______tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,【C3】______would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cells made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first【C4】______case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case — microchimerism,【C5】______cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half【C6】______. As the BBC pointed out, the greater【C7】______in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the【C8】______of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 【C9】______, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger". Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined【C10】______of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.suggestsB.suggestingC.having suggestedD.suggested(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.sinceB.althoughC.whereasD.when(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whomD.as(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.predictedB.notoriousC.provenD.detailed(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whenC.ifD.whatever(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.as manyB.as muchC.as wellD.as often(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.threatB.puzzleC.obstacleD.dilemma(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.detectionB.deletionC.amplificationD.addition(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.NeverthelessD.Conclusively(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.likelihoodB.functionC.influenceD.flexibility六、PartⅣ Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests, and nine out often is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent? Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In atest of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been tried if two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads together. Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the odds are pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）petition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC.The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD.Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug(2).In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now______.（分数：2.00）A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC.are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD.care only about their profits(3).From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that______.（分数：2.00）A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy(4).From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question______.（分数：2.00）A.is nowhere to be foundB.can drive one crazyC.can be multipleD.is conditional(5).The tone of the author of this passage seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimisticLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U. S. , chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's no guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats. The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically. With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days. The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However, the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant). But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong — and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create healthy liver cells from the very patients who need transplants — lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to______.（分数：2.00）A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB.explore the unknown functions of the human liverC.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U. S.D.address the source of liver transplants(2).What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?（分数：2.00）A.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor liver.D.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.(3).The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until______.（分数：2.00）A.duplicated syntheticallyB.isolated from the healthy liverC.repopulated with the healthy cellsD.the addition of some man-made blood vessels(4).What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?（分数：2.00）A.The rats as wrong recipients.B.The time point of the transplantation.C.The short period of the recellularization.D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.(5).The research team holds high hopes of______.（分数：2.00）A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB.the timetable for generating human livers in the labC.stem-cell research as the future of medicineD.building a fully functioning liver into ratsPatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea. Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery. Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring vision, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves. Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries. The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B.The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.(2).The Italian technique reported in this passage______.（分数：2.00）A.can repair damaged retinasB.is able to treat damaged optic nervesC.is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?（分数：2.00）A.The places in which people work.B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C.The mishaps that involve vehicles batteries.D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.(4).What is one of the requirements for the current approach?（分数：2.00）A.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B.The patient physically healthy.C.The damaged eye with partial vision.D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.(5).Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?（分数：2.00）A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Positive.Here is a shaming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that. America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare. But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively. We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia. To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine. It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.（分数：10.00）(1).As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.（分数：2.00）A.injustice everywhereB.racial discriminationC.a growing life spanD.health inequalities(2).Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?（分数：2.00）A.Where to live.B.Which race to belong to.C.How to adjust environmentally.D.What medical problem to suffer.(3).The Chicago-based project focuses its management on______.（分数：2.00）A.a particular medical problem and its related social issueB.racial discrimination and its related social problemsC.the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD.a specific disease and its medical treatment(4).Which of the following can most probably be neglected by sociologists?（分数：2.00）A.The racial perspective.B.The environmental aspect.C.The biological dimension.D.The psychological angel.(5).The author is a big fan of______.（分数：2.00）A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC.the mutual understanding and respect between racesD.public education and health promotionAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science. One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says. The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008. The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies. Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies, " which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement. Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest three test methods that blend the three new antibodies together in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug. If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the HIV strainsB.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection(2).What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?（分数：2.00）A.They can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world.B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugs.C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.D.They will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection.(3).The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.pathologyB.pharmacologyC.HIV neutralizationD.HIV epidemiology(4).According to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to______.（分数：2.00）。

2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按”考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2。

试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（PaperTwo）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3。

试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑：如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4。

标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5。

听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said，The question will be read only once, After you hear the question，read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D。

Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example。

You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read。

2015年广西民族大学基础英语考研真题A卷I. Vocabulary (20 points，1 point each)Directions:There are 20 sentences in this part. Each sentence contains a word or phrase which is underlined. Below each sentence are four other expressions. Choose the one which would best keep the meaning of the original, and write down the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet.1.Please keep your comments pertinent to the topic under discussion.A. relevantB. conformingC. satisfactoryD. direct2.He was deeply committed to political doctrines of social equality.A. issuesB. beliefsC. interestsD. basics3.His plots are always very ingenious.A. stupidB. smartC. absurdD. consistent4.In this example 'X' denotes the time taken and 'Y' the distance covered.A. representsB. points toC. equals toD. emphasizes5.He didn't give an adequate answer to the question.A. enoughB. wiseC. promptD. satisfactory6. A high proportion of crime in any country is perpetrated by young males intheir teens and twenties.A. committedB. witnessedC. perceivedD. restricted7.Baldwin enlightened her as to the nature of the experiment.A. showedB. explained toC. warnedD. frightened8.Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research.A. desirableB. reasonableC. legalD. effective9.He said he was resigning but did not elaborate on his reasons.A. explainB. provideC. stateD. tell10.Success in the talks will reinforce his reputation as an internationalstatesman.A. establishB. formC. consolidateD. threaten11.We did not realize the magnitude of the problem.A. essenceB. importanceC. contentD. consequences12.Sleep has often been thought of as being in some way analogous death.A. similarB. closeC. identicalD. related13.How much to tell terminally ill patients is left to the discretion of the doctor.A. decisionB. secretsC. contemplationD. words14.The director tried to wave aside these issues as trivial details that couldbe settled later.A. simpleB. unimportantC. uselessD. inferior15.Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previouslythought.A. explainB. agreeC. thinkD. argue16.It takes time to really understand all these facts.A. ruminateB. realizeC. assimilateD. acceptputers can be used to make language learning easier.A. facilitateB. accelerate B. relieve D. alleviate18.The selection process is based on rigorous tests of competence and experience.A. seriousB. thoroughC. difficultD. demanding19.He appended a glossary to his novel where he used an invented language.A. addedB. usedC. includedD. compiled20.Mr Norris said he was hopeful that his request would elicit a positive response.A. causeB. obtainC. produceD. call forthII. Reading Comprehension (80 points)Directions:The following two passages are followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You shoulddecide on the best choice and write down the letter on your answer sheet. Passage 1 (15 points, 3 points each)One of the great mysteries of the brain is that we still cannot pin down exactly what a memory is—that is, how neural circuitry stores a given recollection. Yet in the last decade we have learned a lot about memory’s limitations. Memories are not necessarily written into our brains like ink on paper. Think of them instead as inscribed in clay, suggests André Fenton, a neuroscientist at New York University’s Center for Neural Science. Every time you access a memory, the message can get smudged, just as a clay tablet might if you were to pick it up and run your fingers over its surface. Ongoing biochemical processes cause memories to shift over time.Further, our mind sets and emotions can influence what we pay attention to and thus remember. Scientists are tinkering with experimental chemicals that, when injected, can interfere with memory-forming proteins and erase certain types of maladaptive feelings, such as an addict’s desire for drugs. Researchers have even managed to trick mice into forming entirely false memories. Memory formation and recollection is an evolving, active and plastic process that involves many different working parts of the brain, and scientists are just beginning to piece together how they coalesce into such a complex machine.1.The first sentences of this passage suggests that ________.A. scientists have little idea about the mechanism of memoryB. recollections are stored in memoryC. memory is the last big problem to solve about our brainD. if we know how our brain stores the recollections we know the nature of memory2.Fenton suggests that ________.A. ink on paper is different from inscriptions in clayB. using memory is harmful for our brainC. messages in our memory always change a little when we use themD. none of the above3.According to the second paragraph, ________.A. chemicals that can influence memory-formation work on proteinsB. addiction to drugs is a faulty type of adaptationC. altering memory-formation is already successful on miceD. all of the above4.According to the second paragraph, which of the following is true about memoryformation and recollection?A. The process is not a rigid or static oneB. The process relies on every part of the brain working togetherC. Scientists are trying to combine what they know into a theory about memoryD. none of the above5.Which of the following is NOT true, according to this essay?A. Scientists are fascinated with the process of memory and recollectionB. We still don't know everything about our brainC. The research of scientists are focused on eliminating undesired memoriesD. “Ongoing biochemical processes” refer mainly to those intrinsic to our body,not to the experimental chemicals in the laboratory.Passage 2 (15 points, 3 points each)A new study suggests holding a position of power, with weighty responsibilities, increases symptoms of depression in women but diminishes them in men. "Women with job authority -- the ability to hire, fire and influence pay -- have significantly more symptoms of depression than women without this power." Pudrovska, a sociologist at the University of Texas at Austin, explained in a press release. "In contrast, men with job authority have fewer symptoms of depression than men without such power."Pudrovska and her research partner conducted their study using data on mental health and job authority collected from 1954 to 2004 as part of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. The study's authors claim that social and cultural norms allow for men to more seamlessly assume positions of power. According to them, a man in power is expected and accepted by his peers, colleagues and subordinates -- by those working alongside him as well as outsiders looking in. In contrast, previous studies have shown women in positions of authority regularly experience "interpersonal tension, negative social interactions, negative stereotypes, prejudice, social isolation, as well as resistance from subordinates, colleagues and superiors." The weight of these stressors and tensions results in an uptick of depressive symptoms, with women in power possessing depression symptoms more often than men not in positions of authority. As well, men in positions of power were even less likely to be depressed.The study's authors say their findings are proof that "we need to address gender discrimination, hostility and prejudice against women leaders to reduce the psychological costs and increase the psychological rewards of higher-status jobs for women."1.The first paragraph suggests that ________.A. women are depressed but men are notB. holding a position of power has different effects on women and menC. having more power is harmful for women but healthy for menD. none of the above2.The study was called a “longitudinal study” because ________.A. the study was based on collected dataB. the study was conducted on mental health and job authorityC. the study was done across 50 yearsD. none of the above3.In the study's authors' opinion, the differences between men and women inadapting to job authority________.A. lies primarily in social and cultural normsB. consists in the different expectations that society has on men and womenC. are manifested in their different patterns of depressionD. all of the above4.The study's authors believe that ________.A. society ought to pay women leaders more than men leadersB. social discrimination and hostility toward women leaders increase theirpsychological tensionC. women leaders had better be relieved of their higher-status jobsD. none of the above5.The author of this passage ________.A. reports on the study and the findings but gives no explicit commentB. apparently agrees with the study's authors on their conclusionC. shows sympathy to women in high positionsD. wants to draw public attention to the social discrimination addressed in thestudyPassage 3Read the following passages carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts.(25 points, 5 points each) Consider the times you’ve hopped on a subway, boarded a plane or entered a waiting room. [1]Chances are, you probably avoided engaging with any fellow commuters or patients. But contrary to what we might think, we’d be happier if we did strike up a conversation with a total stranger.In a study, commuters in Chicago were asked to either talk with a stranger on a train, or sit quietly alone, or just [2]do whatever they’d normally do on their commute. Then, they responded to a survey about how they felt.It turns out that those who engaged with strangers had the most pleasurable experience and [3]those who remained solitary had the least enjoyable experience. These answers were compared with another group that did not participate but instead had to predict how they might feel in each situation. This group thought talking with strangers would be the least enjoyable, by far.So [4]despite being social animals and enjoying social engagement, we avoid chatting with strangers. Why? Well, according to a follow up study it’s because we think, wrongly, that strangers don’t want to talk with us. [5]The one way to get over this is to practice reaching out – who knows, commuting could become more enjoyable.Passage 4Read the following passages carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. (25 points, 5 points each)[1]The intelligence of dolphins is well documented by science. Studies show that dolphins are able to understand sign language, solve puzzles, and use objects in their environment as tools. Scientists also believe that dolphins possess a sophisticated language: numerous instances have been recorded in which dolphinstransmitted information from one individual to another. A recent experiment proved that dolphins can even recognize themselves in a mirror—[2]something achieved by very few animals. This behavior demonstrates that dolphins are aware of their own individuality, at a level of intelligence that may be very near our own.Are dolphins usually intelligent? Dolphins have large brains, but we know that [3brain size alone does not determine either the nature or extent of intelligence. Some researchers have suggested that dolphins have big brains because they need them—for sonar and sound processing and for social interactions. Others have argued that regardless of brain size, dolphins have an intelligence level somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee. The fact is, we don't know, and [4]comparisons may not be especially helpful. Just as human intelligence is appropriate for human needs, dolphin intelligence is right for the dolphin's way of life. [5]Until we know more, all we can say is that dolphin intelligence is different.III. General knowledge (20 points)A. Fill in each blank with a suitable word or phrase, and write your answers on the answer sheet. (10 points, 1 point each)1.The Theory of Conversation Implicatures was proposed by ________.2.American Behaviorist linguistics was represented by the linguist ________.The title of his best-known book was ________. TG Grammar was proposed by ________.3.The Oxford professor of philosophy ________ was famous for the Speech ActTheory, in which speech acts are described as consisting of three parts, i.e.________ act, ________ and ________ act.4.In terms of word formation, the words “edit”, “televise” etc. can becategorized as cases of ________.5.In their book ________, Lackoff and Johnson argued that metaphors are auniversal method of human cognition.B. Write out the authors of the following works: (4 points, 1 point each)1.The Great Gatsby ________2. A Tale of Two Cities ________3.Leaves of Grass ________4.Gulliver's Travels ________C. Translate the following into English or Chinese (2 points, 1 point each):1.请勿践踏草坪2.WTOD. Explain the following terms briefly: (4 points, 2 point each)1.euphemism2.sonnetIV. Translation (30 points)E-C (15 points)Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson River must remember the Catskill Mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and can be seen to the west swelling up to a noble height and lording it over the surrounding country. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky, but sometimes when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.C-E (15 points)在无数广为流行的生命理论中，惟一永恒的主题就是爱。

财政部财政科学研究所2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题PART ONE: Grammar (15 points)Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree the students’potentiality is developed.A. of whichB. with whichC. in whichD. to which2. Another food crop raised by Indians strange to the European was called Indian corn.A. who wereB. that wereC. that wasD. who was3. We moved to the new house in the suburbs so that the kids would have a garden .A. in which to playB. to play withC. to playD. where to play4. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, contributes significantly to the state’s economy.A. a factB. which factC. whose factD. that5. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that6. Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum properly extracted.A. afterB. ifC. when itD. is7. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning or individual states should have more power.A. whether the federal governmentB. either the federal governmentC. that the federal governmentD. the federal government8. Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets within the next 50 years.A. will have been contactedB. will have contactedC. will be contactedD. will contact9. By the year of 2025, scientists probably a cure for cancer.A. will be discoveringB. are discoveringC. will have discoveredD. have discovered10. Thomas Edison’s first patented invention was a device in Congress.A. for counting votesB. that counting votesC. counts votesD. counted votes11. Using many symbols makes to put a large amount of information on a single map.A. possibleB. it is possibleC. it possibleD. that possible12. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.A. being lostB. having lostC. losingD. lost13. Beef cattle of all livestock for economic growth in the certain geographicregions.A. the most are importantB. are the most importantC. is the most importantD. that are most important14. advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself isnever at rest.A. Not only when the tides doB. As the tides not only doC. Not only do the tidesD. Do the tides not only15. divorce ourselves from the masses of the people.A. In no time we shouldB. In no time should weC. At no time we shouldD. At no time should wePART TWO: Reading comprehension (20 points)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1 (5 points)The good news made headlines nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer patients and their families. Every year, more than 500000 people in the United States still die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer will die of their disease within a few years. And while it’s true survival is longer today than in the past, thequality of life for these patients is often greatly diminished. Cancer –and many of the treatments used to fight it - causes pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety that routinely go undertreated or untreated.In the nation’s single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal government’s leader in cancer research and training, spent less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit to and fund research aimed at improving symptom control and palliative care. NCI also could designate “centers of excellence” among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that designation, centers would deliver innovative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of the populations the centers serve; train professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative care; and conduct research.Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care. This “either/or” approach does not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could really benefit but still are pursuing active treatment.It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable, but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnoses to death, our public institutions need to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care.16. Palliative care is concerned with improving patients’.A. survival ratesB. quality of lifeC. lifespansD. options for health insurance providers17. According to the author, research on palliative care for .A. is more important than research for cancer curesB. has been overlooked by researchersC. is virtually non-existentD. is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topic18. The main problem of insurance coverage for hospice care and active treatment isthat .A. it does not allow patients to seek bothB. it only covers patients whose life expectancy is less than six monthsC. it deprives patients of the right to choose between two proven treatment methodsD. hospice care is only covered when it may extend a patient’s life expectancy19. Hospices offer cancer patients .A. an alternative to palliative careB. comfort in their early stages of illnessC. skilled and experienced palliative careD. an alternative to active treatment20. This text is mainly about .A. improving cancer research in the U.SB. reforming insurance coverage for cancer patientsC. understanding different options for cancer treatment and careD. reducing the suffering of cancer patientsPassage 2 (5 points)Man and women do think differently, at least where the anatomy of the brain is concerned, according to a new study. The brain is made primarily of two different types of tissue, called gray matter and white matter. This new research reveals that men think more with their gray matter, and women think more with white. Researchers stressed that just because the two sexes think differently, this does not affect intellectual performance.Psychology professor Richard Haier of the University of California, Irvine led the research along with colleagues from the University of New Mexico. Their findings show that in general, men have nearly 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related intelligence compared with women, whereas women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence compared with men. “These findings suggested that human evolution has created two different types of brains designed for equally intelligent behavior,”said Haier, adding that, “by pinpointing these gender-based intelligence areas, the study has the potential to aid research on dementia and other cognitive-impairment diseases in the brain.The results are detailed in the online version of the journal NeuroImage. In human brains, gray matter represents information processing centers, whereas white matter works to network these processing centers. The results from this study may help explain why men and women excel at different types of tasks, said co-author and neuropsychologist Rex Jung of the University of New Mexico. For example, men tend to do better with tasks requiring more localized processing, such as mathematics, Jung said, while women are better at integrating and assimilating information from distributed gray-matter regions of the brain, which aids language skills. Scientists find it very interesting that while men and women use two very different activity centers and neurological pathways, men and women perform equally well on broad measures of cognitive ability, such as intelligence tests.This research also gives insight to why different types of head injuries are more disastrous to one sex or the other. For example, in women 84 percent of gray matter regions and 86 percent of white matter regions involved in intellectual performance were located inthe frontal lobes, whereas the percentages of these regions in a man’s frontal lobes are 45 percent and zero, respectively. This matches up well with clinical data that shows frontal lobe damage in women to be much more destructive than the same type of damage in men. Both Haier and Jung hope that this research with someday help doctors diagnose brain disorders in men and women earlier, as well as provide help designing more effective and precise treatments for brain damage.21. Which of the following statements is true, according to paragraph 1 ?A. The brain is a monolithic organ.B. Intellectual ability depends on which part of the brain is used.C. Intellectual ability varies between men and women.D. The anatomy of men’s brains and women’s brains differ.22. According to paragraph 2, this discovery is significant because .A. it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the brain when dealing with diseasesaffect thought processesB. it shows that men and women are equally intelligentC. it shows that men and women are equally intelligent overall, but specialize indifferent ways of thinkingD. many diseases of the brain are specific to gender or the other23. Which of the following statements is true about gray brain matter?A. It helps put together information from different parts of the brain.B. It is used for processing i nformation.C. There is less of it in men’s brains.D. There is a direct correlation between the amount of gray brain matter andmathematical ability.24. Which of the following statements is false about white brain matter?A. Women have more of it than men.B. It is used for putting together information from different parts of the brain.C. There is direct correlation between the amount of white brain matter and linguisticability.D. The amount of white brain matter is not directly related to overall intelligence.25. The final paragraph suggests that .A. men and women are equally intelligentB. men and women have different frontal lobesC. head injuries can have varied effects, according to whether a person is male orfemaleD. the research will be useful to other scientistsPassage 3 (5 points)So much data indicate the world’s progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a set of targets adopted by world leaders at the UN more than ten years ago. But the goal-setting exercise has further pitfalls. Too often, the goals are reduced to working out how much money is needed to meet a particular target. Yet the countries that have made most progress in cutting poverty have largely done so not by spending public money, but by encouraging faster economic growth. As Shanta Devarajan,the World Bank’s chief economist for Africa, points out, growth does not just make more money available for social spending. It also increases the demand for such things as schooling, and thus helps meet other development goals. Yet the goals, as drawn up, made no mention of economic growth.Of course growth by itself does not solve all the problems of the poor. It also clear that while money helps, how it is spent and what it is spent on are enormously important. For instances, campaigners often ask for more to be spent on primary education. But throughout the developing world teachers on the public payroll are often absent from school. Teacher-absenteeism rates are around 20% in rural Kenya, 27% in Uganda and 14% in Ecuador.In any case, money that is allocated for such services rarely reaches its intended recipients. A study found that 70% of the money allocated for drugs and supplies by the Uganda government in 2000 was lost; in Ghana, 80% was siphoned off. Money needs to be spent, therefore, not merely on building more schools or hiring more teachers, but on getting them to do what they are paid for, and preventing resources from disappearing somewhere between the central government and their supposed destination.The good news is that policy experiments carried out by governments, NGOs, academics and international institutions are slowly building up a body of evidence about methods that work. A large-scale evaluation in Andhra Pradesh in southern India was shown, for example, that performance pay for teachers is three times as effective at raising pupil’s test scores as the equivalent amount spent on school supplies.And in Uganda the government, appalled that money meant for schools was not reaching them, took to publicizing how much was being allotted, using radio and newspaper. Money wastage was dramatically reduced. The World Bank hopes to bring such innovations to the notice of other governments during the summit, if it can. For if the drive against poverty is succeed, it will owe more to such ideas and wider use than to targets set at UN-sponsored summits.26. According to the text, which of the following merits can’t we derive from economicgrowth?A. It increases other demands such as education.B. It may help the government to fulfill Millennium Development Goals.C. Faster growth will lift the poor out of poverty.D. Economic growth may solve some problems of the poor.27. Teacher-absenteeism is cited as example .A. to call for governments apply performance pay for teachersB. to underline the importance of money should be spent on where it is neededC. to state that the allocated money should get staffs to do what they are paid forD. to show that African countries have a long way to go before reaching the UN’sgoalposts28. According to the author, we should when dealing with allocated money.A. avoid the leakage of moneyB. give the anti-poverty plans the priorityC. promote education to a higher levelD. improve public infrastructure first29. On which of the following would the author most probably agree?A. Economic growth does not make more money available for social spending.B. Money leakage is a big problem that Africa encounters.C. Millennium Development Goals may involve each country’s GDP growth.D. Millennium Development Goals have come to seen as applying to each developingcountry.30.We may infer from the last paragraph that .A. the World Bank plays an important role in helping Uganda fix money leakageB. money leakage is rampantly flourishing in UgandaC. Millennium Development Goals may have failed in lifting the poor out of povertyD. innovative ideas should come before targets set by UNPassage 4 (5 points)In the 20th century, all the nightmare-novels of the future imagined that books would be burnt. In the 21th century, our dystopias imagine a world where books are forgotten. To pluck just one, Gary Steynghart’s novel Super Sad True Love Story describes a world where everybody is obsessed with their electronic Apparat – an even more omnivorous i-phone with a flickering stream of shopping and reality shows and porn – and have somehow come to believe that the few remaining unread paper books left off a rank smell. The book on the book, it suggests, is closing.The book – the physical paper book – is being circled by a shoal of sharks, with sales down 9 percent this year alone. It’s being chewed by the e-book. It’s being gored by the death of the bookshop and the library. And most importantly, the mental space it occupied is being eroded by the thousand Weapons of Mass Destruction that surround us all. It’s hard to admit, but we all sense it: it is becoming almost physically harder to read books.In his gorgeous little book The Lost Art of Reading – Why Books Matter in a Distracted Time, the critic David Ulin admits to a strange feeling. All his life, he had taken reading as for granted as eating – but then, a few years ago, he “become aware, in an apartment full of books, that I could no longer find within myself the quiet necessary to read”. He would sit down to do it at night, as he always had, and read a few paragraphs, then find his mind was wandering, imploring him to check his email, or Twitter, or Facebook. “What I’m struggling with,”he writes, “is the encroachment of the buzz, the sense that there’s something out there that merits my attention.”I think most of us have this sense today, if we are honest. If you read a book with your laptop thrumming on the other side of the room, it can be like trying to read in the middle of a party, where everybody is shouting to each other. To read, you need to slow down. You need mental silence except for the words. That’s getting harder to find.No, don’t misunderstand me. I adore the web, and they will have to wrench my Twitter feed from my cold dead hands. This isn’t going to turn into an antediluvian rant against the glories of our wired world. But there’s a reason why that word –“wired”–means both “connected to the internet” and “high, frantic, unable to concentrate”.In the age of the internet, physical paper books are a technology we need more, not less. In the 1950s, the novelist Herman Hesse wrote: “The more the need for entertainment and mainstream education can be met by new inventions, the more the book will recover itsdignity and authority. We have not yet quite reached the point where young competitors, such as radio, cinema, etc, have taken over the functions from the book it can’t afford to lose.” We have now reached that point.31.By mentioning the work of Gary Steynghart, the author intends to .A. advocate the idea that reading physical paper books is out of fashionB. introduce a brand new electronic product even omnivorous than i-phoneC. prove that books will be outweighed by reality shows and porn in the futureD. indicate that books are left out in fictions describing the future world32. The most significant reason for the falling sales of paper books is that .A. electronic books are taking over more and more market share of paper booksB. people’ minds don’t have the space for reading due to all kinds of temptationC. bookstores are out of business as people prefer to borrowing books from the libraryD. people think things on the Internet are more worthy of their attention33.According to paragraph 3, we can infer that .A. people are inclined to take reading for grantedB. people’ minds are encroached by the InternetC. it’s hard to concentrate on reading nowadaysD. David Ulin’s book gives readers a strange feeling34. The explanation of the word “wired” probably indicates that .A. people always misunderstand the functions of internetB. Internet is partly responsible for the vanishing of paper booksC. people call the internet “wired world” for a reasonD. Internet will take over the functions of paper books35. Which of the following will the author most probably agree on?A. True readers can maintain reading in all kinds of environment, including noisy one.B. The Internet should be strictly condemned for endangering physical paper books.C. Physical paper books are facing extreme danger of being replaced by other things.D. Reading books isn’t in accordance with the increasing need for entertainment. PART THREE (20 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.When a company unexpectedly finds itself losing market share and taking a beating at the hands of its competitors, it’s a clear signal that a change is needed. For a variety of reasons, any company can suddenly lose the competitive advantage that it previously enjoyed. 36. The mark of a strong business, however, is its ability to overcome such setbacks and reclaim its positions as the front runner in its field.One of the greatest variables in the process, however, is technology, which on one hand makes business more efficient and thus profitable than previously thought possible, but changes at such a rapid pace that few businesses utilize it to its full potential. Those companies that invest heavily in the latest technology of the day may find their machines out dated and obsolete the next year, thus losing the advantage that they hoped to gain, and also a substantial amount of investment money as well. 37. Those are more cautious and buy less of the latest machine may learn that technology changes more slowly, and theircompetitors who invested more heavily now hold the upper hand. It’s a game of hit or miss.Because of the uneven and unpredictable pace of progress between technological fields, 38. companies are devoting more and more resources to not only acquiring more of the latest developments, but researching the factors that determine their production so as to position themselves better to adapt to the next change. This strategy has been producing positive results for those who employ it, but it is a massively expensive one, limiting its viability to only the largest companies, who are already enjoying many advantages in the market.Such dynamics make it increasingly difficult for new setup companies to break into established markets, lacking the funding and cash reserves necessary to play the game way as the big boy do. The same technology that keeps the large companies on top, however, can still topple them. 39. New and smaller companies have less to lose and thus can afford to gamble on new technologies that larger companies consider too risky to devote themselves to. 40. In the rare occurrences when these risky endeavors bear fruit, providing themselves to be the way of future, the rewards to those daring enough, or small enough, to invest in them prove well worth the effort.PART FOUR (20 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.41．我们必须全面深化改革，以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力。