独立主格结构总结及练习

独立主格结构

一、 概念

独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是一种特殊的结构，前一部分是名词或主格代词（作为逻辑主语），后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式和分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系, 在句中做状语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子其它部分分开。它有以下几个特点：

1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

3. 做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语、伴随状语等时候，通常可转换成状语从句或并列句。

二、 独立主格结构的三种类型：

（一） 非谓语动词独立主格结构

逻辑主语+非谓语动词 （不定式、现在分词、过去分词）

1. 名词(代词)+现在分词

分词作状语,当其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。用名词(代词)+现在分词时，名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。此时的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。

a) Such being the case, you have no grounds for

dismissing him.

如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。

b) He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting

upon his left forearm．

他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。

c) Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking

the sports ground.

他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。(表示一般情况的状态或动作)

2. 名词(代词)+ 过去分词

名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系, 表示被动意义或完成意义。

a) She walked along hurriedly, her purse held tightly in her

hand.

她急匆匆地往前走，手里紧攥着钱包。

b) The workers worked still harder, their living conditions

greatly improved.

由于工人们的生活条件大大改善，他们工作得更起劲了。

3. 名词(代词)+ 不定式 名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的动宾或主谓关系，表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。

a) So much work to do, we have no time to play.

要做的事儿太多，我们没时间玩。

b) The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to

translate a quarter of the book.

我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。

（二）无动词独立主格结构

逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)

1. 名词(代词)+ 名词

a) His first shot failure，he fired again．

他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。

b) Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them

children.

两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

2. 名词(代词)+(being)+形容词

a) The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the

hollow wooden horse．

特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。

b) Computers very small, we can use them widely.

电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 3. 名词(代词)+ (being)+副词

a) Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.

b) He pulled on his socks in a hurry, wrong side out.

他匆忙中竟将袜子穿反了。

4. 名词(代词)+ 介词短语

a) A robber burst into the room, a knife in his hand.

=A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.

b) Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old

house，a vast load of firewood on her back．

每天下午，一位背着一大捆柴火的老妇都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。

（三） with/without + 复合结构

英语中只有两个介词后可跟复合结构，即with和without。“介词with/without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构即是with或without复合结构，亦称“with结构”。宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。在句中常做状语，也可做定语。上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种构成形式都能用在此结构中，也就是说，几乎所有的独立主格结构前都可加with/without，即：

with/without +名词/代词 +现在分词／过去分词／不定式／形容词／副词／介词短语

1.with/without＋名词／代词＋现在分词。用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。

a) The man felt very happy with so many children sitting

around him.

b) The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.

c) Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.

2. with/without 名词／代词+ 过去分词。用过去分词表示被动或已完成的动作。

a) Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.

b) The boy was crying, with his toy broken.

3. with/without＋名词／代词＋不定式。用不定式表示将要发生的动作。

a) The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to

visit.

有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。

b) He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.

他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。

4. with/without＋名词／代词＋形容词。

a) Don’t sleep with the window open.

b) With his son so disappointing，the old man felt

unhappy.

由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。

5. with/without+名词／代词＋副词。 a) With her sister out，she had to stay at home alone.

b) The boy was walking, with his father ahead.

父亲在前，小孩在后走着。

6. with/without+名词／代词＋介词短语。

a) He stood at the door，with a computer in his hand.

b) A girl with a necklace around her neck got on the bus.

三、综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构

1. 不定式与过去分词

a) The manager looks worried，many things to settle.

有这么多的事情要处理, 经理看上去很着急。

（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to

settle，表示将来的时间）

b) The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.

许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。

（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词形式settled表示动作已经结束）

2. 现在分词与过去分词

a) The food being cooked, Helen was watching TV.

海伦一边做饭，一边看电视。

（两个动作同时进行）

b) The food cooked, Helen went out.

饭做好了，海伦出去了。 （两个动作有先后，饭已做好，海伦才出去的）

四、独立主格结构的句法功能

1.作时间状语

a) The governor pondering the matter，more strikers

gathered across his path．

= With the governor pondering the matter , more strikers

gathered across his path．

= When the governor was pondering the matter，more

strikers gathered across his path．

总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。

b) My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．

= With my shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．

= After my shoes was removed，I entered a low-ceilinged

room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．

我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。

c) Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.

= With night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.

= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.