Notetaking 1

note-taking听力原文【释义】note-takingn.记笔记，随手记【短语】1Note-taking Skills记录技巧;笔记技巧;笔记技能2Listening&note-taking听讲与笔记记录3note taking in Interpreting第三单元4Note-taking Exercises记录练习5Note taking笔记记录;记录笔记;笔记备忘;是要熄火6Minutes and note taking会议记录与会议笔记7English Note-Taking Skills口译英文笔记训练8Chinese Note-Taking Skills口译中文笔记训练9Note-Making&Note-Taking充分利用笔记优势【例句】1They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills.他们听了相同讲座，并被告知要使用他们日常的笔记技巧。

2Evernote is the most ubiquitous digital note-taking tool.Evernote是使用最普遍的电子笔记记录工具。

3However,the class was primarily a lecture with note-taking.这个课程基本上都是传授，不用做笔记。

4Its content is in a form somewhere between note-taking and writing.其内容是一种介于笔记和书写之间的形式。

5Note-taking,cataloging,and bookmarking service Evernote divides people.集笔记，分类和书签功能于一身的服务Evernote将人划分成两类。

6You don’t need a computer to take notes—good note-taking is not transcribing.你根本不需要电脑来作笔记——好的记笔记的方法并不是抄录。

非常感谢谁与争锋还保留着咱们的笔记讨论的帖子，无疑是对我们最大的鼓励相信我们一定可以做得更好！！ricotetaking 1去年春天，我国遭遇了一场非典疫情重大灾害。

党中央、国务院把人民群众的身体和部署防治非典工作。

将非典列为法定传染病管理，如实公布疫情，在全国范围内防治非典指挥部，统一调度人力物力财力，充分发挥城乡基层组织的作用，确保预.China suffered from a disastrous SARS outbreak last spring. The Party Ce ave top priority to protecting people's health and lives and promptly inves nd treat it. We enforced the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Pre iseases, formulated the Regulations on Public Health Emergency Response, isease. We reported the facts of the SARS situation exactly as they we hroughout the country to control the outbreak. The State Council and loc eadquarters to coordinate human, material and financial resources and rganizations in both urban and rural areas, so as to ensure that preventio nd orderly.分析：要说明的一点是这个版本完全是我自己的版本，最终出来的结果也绝对和英文版的不一样。

用好Note Taking，制胜新TOEFL2005年10月，ETS在北美开始推行全新的基于互联网的TOEFL考试（Internet-based Test, IBT），而这一考试也将于2006年8月登陆中国大陆。

这一变化对于早已经熟悉并适应了纸笔化TOEFL考试（Paper-based Test）的中国考生来说，无异于是一场翻天覆地的变革。

新的TOEFL考试中，变化最大的在于去掉了中国学生最为擅长的语法部分，将中国学生最弱的口语部分绑定作为必考项目。

此外听力去掉了短对话、写作增加到两篇文章并加入了听的成分、阅读文章篇幅加大等变化对于中国考生来说也是全新的挑战。

那是不是这些变革都意味着考试难度的加大呢？也不尽然。

ETS也推行了一些新的举措能帮助考生取得高分，比如说听力部分取消了每道题间隔12秒的限制，考生可以自由的分配30分钟左右的时间来完成34道听力题，这样无疑加大了听力部分的正确率。

而最让人眼前一亮的措施就是ETS允许考生在听力、口语、写作等任何需要听的部分都可以用笔记帮助记忆。

众所周知，纸笔化TOEFL考试中考生是不允许在试卷上写任何一个字的，否则将有可能被判为作弊。

而现在ETS则允许甚至可以说是鼓励考生边听边记，这也无形中为考生考出高分创造了便利条件。

全神贯注听英语的同时将关键内容记在纸上，听上去好像一点都不难，但实际操作一下的话你就会发现，要么就是听懂了来不及记，要么就是写了一堆却仍然不知所云。

其实任何一个具有一定英语听力基础的人只要经过短期的专门训练，都能掌握这一技能，内行一般称之为Note Taking。

Note Taking技能来源于口译，是交替传译员的必备技能之一。

大家可能经常见到新闻发布会上发言人经常有2-3分钟不间断的发言，长度类似于新TOEFL听力部分中的演讲题。

而随后那些口译员却能够将发言人的发言几乎一字不拉的翻译出来，也许你会认为他们记忆力惊人，但其实那都是笔记的功劳。

听力notetakingI. Mini-lectureConversational SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. And they have something in common, i.e. skills to put people at ease.1. Skills to ask questions1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer others’ questions regardless of ______being shy_1______2) start a conversation with some personal but unharmful questionse.g. questions about one’s ___1st___2_job_____questions about one’s activities in the ___morning___3______3) be able to spot signals for further talk2. Skills to ____4_listen____ for answers1) don’t shift from subject to subject--- sticking to the same subject; _____No subject change5_____ in conversation2) listen to _____tone6_____ of voice--- If people sound unenthusiastic, then change subject.3) use eyes and ears--- steady your gaze while listening3. Skills to laughEffects of laughter:--- ______easing and comfort_7________ --- help start __conversation_____8_______4. Skills to part1) importance: open up possibilities for further friendship or contact2) Ways:--- men: a smile, a ____2nd hand squueze__9_____--- women: same as ______10______ now--- how to express pleasure in meeting someoneII. Conversation1. Victoria has eventually decided to go on a _1________.A. fly-drive holidayB. car-tripC. two-city holidayD. conducted tour2. At the Epcot Centre Victoria will _____3________.A. see aquatic displaysB. visit a large funfairC. visit a technologically-advanced cityD. visit a film studio3. When she visits the Kennedy Space Centre, Victoria will be able to __4______.A. send messages to satellitesB. learn something new about spaceC. go aboard a spacecraftD. operate Mission Control4. In order to go on this holiday, Victoria ultimately had to ____4________.A. overdraw an accountB. borrow from her parentsC. work overtimeD. spend her savings5. From the conversation, we get the impression that Victoria is ______2____.A. pragmaticB. extrovertC. willfulD. calculating。

高一英语第一单元笔记Unit 1: Taking NotesTaking effective notes is a valuable skill that can greatly enhance your learning experience. Whether you are attending lectures, reading textbooks, or conducting research, having well-organized and concise notes will make it easier for you to review and retain information. In this article, we will explore various methods and strategies to help you take better notes.I. The Importance of Note-TakingNote-taking is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it helps you stay engaged and focused during lectures or while reading. Writing down key points forces you to actively process information, increasing your understanding and retention. Additionally, notes serve as a handy reference when preparing for exams or writing assignments. They provide a condensed version of complex ideas, making it easier to review and revise.II. Choosing the Right MethodDifferent note-taking methods work for different individuals. Here are a few popular techniques:1. Cornell Method:- Divide your notebook page into three sections: a narrow left margin, a wider right section, and a bottom section.- During a lecture or while reading, write down main ideas and key points in the right section.- After the lecture or reading, summarize the main points in the bottom section.- Use the left margin for cues or keywords that can help trigger your memory.2. Mind Maps:- Mind maps are visual representations of information, using diagrams and keywords to connect related concepts.- Start with a central idea and branch out into subtopics, using lines to indicate relationships.- Mind maps are particularly useful when studying subjects with interconnected concepts, such as literature or history.III. Effective Note-Taking TechniquesApart from choosing a note-taking method, several techniques can enhance the effectiveness of your notes:1. Active Listening:- Pay attention to the speaker's main ideas and supporting details.- Highlight key points and examples, noting them down in your own words.- Utilize abbreviations, symbols, or shorthand to write quickly.2. Organize and Structure:- Use headings, bullet points, or numbers to create a clear hierarchy of information.- Group related ideas together to facilitate understanding.- Leave blank spaces or margins for later additions or further explanations.3. Review and Reflect:- Set aside time after each study session to review and consolidate your notes.- Reflect on the material, making connections with previously learned concepts.- Consider adding personal insights, examples, or questions to deepen your understanding.IV. Digital Note-Taking ToolsIn today's digital age, various apps and software offer note-taking capabilities that can enhance your learning experience:1. Microsoft OneNote:- Allows you to create organized digital notebooks with sections and pages.- Offers the flexibility to type, handwrite, or draw your notes.- Syncs across devices for easy accessibility.2. Evernote:- Enables you to take notes in various formats, including text, images, audio, and web clippings.- Offers powerful search functions to quickly find specific information.- Provides the option to collaborate and share notes with others.V. ConclusionDeveloping effective note-taking skills is essential for academic success. By choosing the right method, employing effective techniques, and utilizing digital tools, you can elevate your note-taking abilities and maximize your learning potential. Experiment with different approaches to find what works best for you, and remember to review and consolidate your notes regularly. With practice, you will become a proficient note-taker, setting yourself up for success throughout your academic journey.。

Note-taking in English Class1. A questionnaire on note-taking in English Class2. Need of note-takingNote-taking is a learning strategy and a way of language learning in English class. As an important classroom activity, it reflects the effectiveness of classroom teaching and learning and influences students’ language learning. Taking notes is a complex activity, involving combing the different skills of listening, selecting, summarizing and writing. Most students acknowledge that note-taking is an effective and indispensable activity in English learning in classroom. But from the questionnaire and observation, it can’t be denied that most of them fail in using note-taking fully in language learning. For this reason, you are required to learn how to take notes in class. In this lesson, I am going to focus on note-taking.3. Functions of note-takingNote-taking has many functions. First, it can draw one’s attention. Insufficient attention to the teacher may lead to failure in comprehension of texts. Advanced students tend to take notes for fear of distraction.Secondly, it is beneficial for understanding. To get main ideas and key points can promote understanding of the learning. Understanding before writing may ensure the validity of note-taking.Thirdly, taking notes enhances active listening, as students have to listen carefully and critically to what is being said so as to take notes.Fourthly, it improves one’s memory. Memory is a factor of learning a language. Note-taking is an eternal record. The eternal record helps us get over the limitation of our memory. It is convenient for one’s review. No wonder, Chinese sayings tell us, “好记性不如－烂笔头”and“眼过十遍－不如手过一遍”.Finally, it facilities the processing of information, as note-taking can bring our organs such as ear, eye, hand, and heart to work together. This not only increases one’s input, but also strengthens retention in the brain.4. Methods of note-takingApart from the introduction of need and functions of note-taking, it is necessary for me to show you some methods of taking notes.1) PreparationPreparation is a psychological factor that influences note-taking in class. At first, please have notebooks handy before a new course. Then, read or skims the texts prior to attending the lecture so that you may get the general overview of main ideas, secondary points, identify new words and look them up before class, and determine what is relevant and irrelevant. So please ask yourselves before new lessons: What is this lesson about? What is the most difficult?2) 3 dos and 2 don’tsDo get down the main points; do get down difficult points; do make outline notes, i.e. the necessary information or data in a clear form. Don’t get every word; don’t write down the headline only without any further information.3) Using markersSuch markers as underlining, circling, coloring or signs like triangles, crosses, and bracket and some codes like: ? – not clear at time of lecture, ! – important, Q – question, which may leave remarkable clues for their memory; ∵(because), ∴(therefore), &(and), %(percentage), ＜(more than), ＞(less than), ＝(equal), ≠(not equal), ＋(plus), －(minus), and web words.Figures, letters and dashes are very useful. The first form is main section (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), sub-section (a, b, c, d, etc.), and sub-sub-section (I, ii, iii, iv, etc.). Another form is like this: main section (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), sub-section (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, etc.) and sub-sub-section (1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.4, etc.)4) Using abbreviation(1) Using capitalized initial letters, e.g. UN, IBM; (2) using the first few letters of a word (if plural, add an “s”), e.g. pts (points), divs (divisions); (3) using incomplete words, e.g. gov’t (government), int’l (international), sb and sth, stm (sometime), swh (somewhere), nob (nobody), evb (everybody); (4) using incomplete sentences, e.g. there is a table in…. Attention, the main information cannot be omitted. For example, the in out of the question cannot be canceled, or else it will become out of question; a in a few, a in a little.5) Distribute your attention (kill two birds with one stone)(1) Pay 50% of one’s attention to listening to the teacher, and pay 50% of one’s attention to note-taking. Thus learners can understand nearly what they learn. (2) Devote 90% of one’s attention to listening to the teacher and thinking, and only 10% of one’s attention to taking notes. This kind of note-taking is not just the record, but the processing of knowledge. In this way learners can not only grasp the learned knowledge, but also produce creative findings.5. Steps of note-takingHere, five steps of note-taking are suggested, that is, record, reduce, recite, reflect and review(the five “Rs”). The first step is to record useful information in class. The second step is to reduce the amount of notes. I’ve showed you some methods of how to reduce notes. The third one is to recite the notes you take, as recitation of notes means to catch main ideas of texts. The next step is to reflect the learning after class. For example, what is important, what is useful and what should be reviewed or gone over before class. The last step is to review notes after class. Frequent reviews provide repetition, keep information fresh and decrease the chances of forgetting what’s been learnt. Some experiments have showed that three quarters is forgotten in a week, and four fifths in a month. In general, students who review notes achieve more than those who don’t. It is reported that unless on reviews within 24 hours after a lecture or at least before the next lecture, retention drops sharply and one is relearning rather than reviewing. Therefore, students should go over the notes, check for errors and fill in missing information as soon as possible.6. Types of note-takingThere are two types of note-taking. One is a general note; the other is margin note. Normally, we take general notes on notebooks. This type is beneficial for recitation, reflection and review. And we often take margin notes in the margin of a book. Margin notes are not so convenient for review but they can facilitate the speedy location of specific information.7. Some suggestions for note-takingA different between advanced students ad low level students in note-taking does exists, which accords Rubin’s findings that in class excellent students can attend lectures activelyand can regulate their psychological factors such as motivation, emotion and interest proportionally with learning efficiently. Therefore, as college English students, you should establish an awareness of taking notes in class, and try to apply it into your learning practice. Here I’d like to give you some advice on how to take notes.1) Try not to take notes in books, but in notebooks, except for paraphrasing.2) Attention to both techniques and practice.3) Exchange notes after class. Try to learn from each other.4) Do not copy other’s notes. It is useless for one’s learning.5) Develop the habit of thinking after note taking.8. AssignmentNext week, you are required to show me a general note for a lecture. I am going to choose some best notes as models from all your notes.An Anonymous Questionnaire on English Note-taking1. In your opinion, note-taking in English class is .a. very importantb. importantc. averaged. of no use2. Which of the following do you think note-taking most facilitate?a. avoiding distractionb. developing the ability to responsec. remembering the reaching contentd. reviewing before exam3. In class when the teacher explains the text, she usually explains the words and phrases and gives some examples as well as the structures and the main ideas of the text. What do you choose to take down?a. words and phrases usage and examplesb. structures and main ideasc. both, but mainly words and phrased. both, but mainly the structures and mainideas4. During the lecture, you like to take down .a. all the teacher’s words as many as possibleb. those you feel unclear and those emphasized by the teacherc. those things that remind you of certain known knowledged. those you are interest in5. Usually you take notes on .a. a special notebookb. the notes of words and phrase are taken on the notebook and the notes of structures aretaken on the margins of the textbookc. all on the textbooks near the relevant contextd. on loose leaves6. You review your notes.a. usuallyb. sometimesc. seldomd. never7. How much do you think you can take down during a lecture?a. above 90%b. 70% -- 90%c. 50% -- 70%d. below 30%8. If you take less notes what do you think is the main reason?a. you don’t understand themb. you are lazy to writec. you are lazy to writed. other reasons9. Do you think taking notes interferes with listening to the lecture?a. Yes, a lotb. Yes, a bitc. No10. If you think taking notes interferes with listening, what is the reason?a. the teacher speaks fastb. you write slowlyc. No11. If your opinion, how dose your teacher handle the important and the secondary points?a. very wellb. just so soc. not well12. How do you think yourself handle the important and the secondary points?a. very wellb. just so soc. not well。

托福听力技巧：note taking众所周知，托福听力考试的语速较快，内容涉及范围广且专业性强，因此不少考生难以立即选出答案。

这就要求考生学会在听力考试时有效又快速地记录笔记。

下面教你托福听力记笔记Note taking 的五大技巧：第一招：记关键词所谓关键词，是指与听力中心内容有密切关系的词汇和短语，是考点的主要出处。

一般是实词，即名词，动词，形容词，副词，否定和数词。

抓住了听力中的关键词，整个文章的大意就呼之欲出了。

因此，记录关键词是最基本的方法。

至于找关键词的方法，我附上了听力十大原则的文件，这个方式无论记不记笔记都一样的。

第二招：记逻辑词和短语提示逻辑词和逻辑短语是连接一篇文章的筋骨和脉络。

外国人对于逻辑思维非常重视，托福中从阅读到作文无不体现出来这一点。

因此，听清楚逻辑词，记录下来，对于内容的之间的关系和顺序等的了解就容易了。

托福中出现的逻辑关系(Barron P75)：DefinitionDescription and exampleClassificationSequenceComparision and contrastCause and effectProblem and solutionPersuation and evaluation对于逻辑词和短语的总结，delta和barron上面都有提及，这里就不再累述了。

顺便说一点，拥有良好的逻辑意识和掌握相当的逻辑词和短语无论在分析阅读，听听力，说口语还是写作文的时候都是一个优势，能给评分教授一个清晰的条理。

还是那句话，你让教授爽，他就让你更爽!第三招：利用缩写，简写，逻辑符号，换词减少记录时间记笔记关键是速度。

新托福的语速还是跟老托差不多，比barron 的快。

因此，要懂得如何简化自己的笔记，同时让自己看得明白清楚。

缩写和符号是很好的方法。

我已经附上了自己总结的缩写和逻辑符号，大家可以下载。

同时，大家在准备过程中也可以按照自己的思路添加更多的缩写。

英语notetaking范文The Art of Effective Note-Taking.Note-taking is an essential skill that can greatly enhance learning and comprehension in any academic or professional setting. It involves the active processing of information, the identification of key points, and the organization of those points into a manageable and useful format. Mastering the art of note-taking can be challenging, but with practice and attention to detail, it can become a powerful tool for academic success.1. Understanding the Purpose of Note-Taking.Before diving into the mechanics of note-taking, it's crucial to understand its purpose. Notes serve as a bridge between the information presented and your understanding of that information. They are a record of key ideas, examples, and insights that you can refer back to later for clarification, revision, or review. Effective note-takinghelps you focus on what's important, organize your thoughts, and connect new information to existing knowledge.2. Listening Actively.Good note-taking begins with active listening. This means paying close attention to the speaker or presenter, understanding the main points, and anticipating where the conversation or lecture might lead. Listen for transitions, such as "next," "finally," or "in conclusion," which often signal a change in topic or the conclusion of a point.3. Outlining the Structure.Before taking notes, it's helpful to have a basicoutline or framework in mind. This could be a simple listof headings or a more detailed outline that reflects the structure of the talk or lecture. Having a clear structure will help you organize your notes and make them easier to follow later.4. Capturing Key Points.As the information is presented, it's important to identify and record the key points. These are the ideas, facts, or examples that are central to the talk or lecture. Avoid transcribing every word verbatim; instead, focus on capturing the essence of what is being said. Use abbreviations, shorthand, or symbols to speed up the note-taking process.5. Using Your Own Words.Paraphrasing and summarizing information in your own words is a crucial step in effective note-taking. This not only helps you process and understand the informationbetter but also ensures that your notes are unique and tailored to your own understanding. Avoid copying directly from slides or textbooks; instead, use these resources as a reference to supplement your notes.6. Linking Ideas.Good notes should not only record facts but also showhow those facts are connected. Use arrows, underlining, or other visual cues to indicate relationships between ideas. This will help you see patterns and connections that might not be immediately apparent during the talk or lecture.7. Reviewing and Updating Your Notes.After taking notes, it's essential to review them and make any necessary corrections or clarifications. This step is often overlooked but is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and usefulness of your notes. As you review, consider adding additional insights, examples, or questions that emerged after further reflection on the material.8. Practicing and Perfecting Your Technique.Like any skill, note-taking requires practice and refinement. Start by taking notes in a variety of settings, such as classrooms, meetings, or workshops. Experiment with different note-taking methods and find one that works best for you. Over time, you'll develop a system that is both efficient and effective.In conclusion, effective note-taking is a valuableskill that can enhance your learning and comprehension in any academic or professional setting. By understanding its purpose, actively listening, outlining the structure, capturing key points, using your own words, linking ideas, and reviewing and updating your notes, you can develop a system that works for you and becomes a powerful tool for academic success. With practice and attention to detail, you'll find that note-taking becomes less of a chore and more of a natural extension of your learning process.。

Lecture 6:Note taking as an aid to memoryNote taking is a key skill in consecutive interpreting, although it is sometimes used in other modes of interpreting too. The interpreter's notes are designed to provide support to the memory, when the interpreter has to wait for the speaker to complete the whole speech, or a substantial part of it, before he or she can start working into the TL.Why do we need to take notes?When an interpreter is required to interpret any type of speech as short as two minutes or as long as one hour, he/she will inevitably need the aid of notes in order to render an accurate interpretation. It is impossible for a person to reproduce a speech of such length in detail when relying solely on memory. What the human memory is capable of remembering is the meaning, the general gist of the content.Interpreting means more than just summarising interpreting; it means reproducing the speech in the target language just as if the interpreter were the speaker. When the utterance is relatively long, this can only be achieved through the use of notes.The function of our memoryIn order to understand how to effectively use notes, we must understand how our memory works. Memory plays an extremely important role in the process of interpreting; in fact, interpreters develop a very good memory because they are always exercising it.(For more detailed information about memory, see chapter 4 of:Ginori L., Scimone E., Introduction to Interpreting, Lantern Press Sydney, 2003).The role of the Long-term memory (or Passive memory)is one of the essential techniques of interpretation. In order to activate the long-term memory there must be a stimulus; otherwise, the details of the content of a speech might all be forgotten, only leaving a general passive knowledge. This is why note taking is so important. The notes will consist of key words and other symbols that will indicate the essence of what will be expressed in detail at the time of delivery.General principles of note takingNote taking is used as a memory aid in Consecutive Interpreting. The notes serve to trigger the memory; they serve as a reminder, not as a sole means for the delivery of the interpretation.There are no rigid rules for note taking in interpreting, as the conditions vary with the interpreter's writing habits, previous experience of note taking at school or university, languages spoken, etc. In fact, there is no universal note-taking system. What interpreters record and how they record it depends on a number of factors:▪The type of text and density of the speech▪The interpreter’s prior knowledge of the subject, and▪The interpreter’s state of concentration.There are, however, some general principles derived from the experience of the best practitioners,The first principle is to remember that note taking in interpreting is for immediate use only. The interpreter’s notes do not reproduce the speech; they are only written indications to help the interpreter to remember it. The time factor is important – writing too much can lead to a time lag and the interpreter risks to miss what comes next!The second principle is: do not jot down detailed, unprocessed information. Make notes that are the result of a meaningful analysis of the speech as it is being delivered. Write down what you, the interpreter, intend to say, and not what you have heard.Make a logical analysis of the speech while the speech is being delivered.▪Try to understand in full what the speaker is talking about, as if you were a member of the audience to whom the speech is directed, not the interpreter.▪Don't be excessively concerned with the speaker's actual words, but▪Try to catch the meaning of what is being said; in other words, try to understand the content of the speech, and▪Use key words to represent the speaker’s main ideas. These can be written in capital letters.▪Take more detailed notes at the beginning of the speech, since the introductory remarks are usually a synopsis of the speech.For your notes to be effective, you need to use a clear note-taking technique that will aid your interpretation rather than hinder it. Here are some suggestions, mainly from chapter 8 of: Ginori L., Scimone E., Introduction to Interpreting, Lantern Press Sydney, 2003).Use the notebook page as a bi-dimensional unit.This means that the notes are not to be written necessarily from left to right or right to left, and from top to bottom like ordinary writing. They have to be looked at.Indent each new idea or groups of ideas.The notes should be arranged vertically or diagonally, not horizontally.Your concepts/words should be entered following intuitive, consequential, conventionally adopted rules.▪Divide the notebook page according to conceptual segments, that is meaningful chunks or blocks.▪Allocate to each segment a link word or a link sign representing a connection with the previous segment, e.g. but, if, then, so, +. These links have a double function: they (i) work as cues helping to retrieve from memory the stored content and (ii) add style and cohesion to the presentation.▪Write down key words to record the main ideas from the speaker.Like "milestones" in the course of the speech the key words will provide most significant cues for the retrieval process. They will also allow the interpreter to present the interpretation in the same chronological order as the original speaker.▪Use acronyms e.g.: NSW, DIAC, USA, AUS, UN, etc. (use existing ones, be careful with inventing acronyms on the spot!).▪Whenever possible words should be written down in abbreviated form, e.g. product = prod, immigration = immig, and so on.▪Use symbols and signs(+, -, =, >, <, :, !, ?, $) as required.▪Symbols and signs may be used straightforwardly, or with extended meaning.▪The +sign, for instance, should be used to indicate more, additionally, further;grow, enlarge, expand; raise, increment, etc. The same applies to other signs.▪ A most widely used sign in note taking is the arrow: pointed upwards it is used to indicate increase, rise, progress, while when it points downwards it indicates decrease, fall or decline. Some interpreters use the arrow pointing to the right to indicate a movement forward in space (go, towards) or in time (tomorrow, afterwards). The arrow pointing to the left will indicate a movement backwards, also in space or in time.▪Any symbols from computing, mathematics or other fields with which you are familiar should help you.▪Emphasise by underlining. E.g. imp. = very important; double underlining: [imp. = extremely important], and so on.▪Take note of verb tenses (mainly the present, the past, the future and the conditional). You can use a graphic sign near the verb form (an L sign to indicate the future, a reversed L sign to show the past, a circumflexed stress to indicate the conditional, while nothing is needed for the present tense).▪Modality is important too. Note modal verbs in the shortest form available (these verbs are relatively shorter in English: may, must, can, want, etc.).The language of the interpreter's notesThe “rule” that t here are no definite rules in note taking also applies to the language of the interpreter's notes. Some say that notes should be taken in the TL, because the translation work is done at the note-taking stage. Others prefer the SL, others still use a mixture of both SL & TL. In sum, there is no consensus; each interpreter needs to decide for him/herself what suits him/her best. Many interpreters, however, take notes in the target language, as there is a view that the need to interpret what is heard encourages the interpreter to catch the meaning of what is said. This in turn helps remembering.What should be remembered is that notes are about ideas and concepts and that interpreters don't use a particular language. They use a combination of symbols, abbreviations, numbers, signs, words in one or more languages, which constitutes a highly personalized cryptic language.Note-taking vs. shorthand writingNote taking for interpreting purposes is not to be confused with shorthand. The interpreter's notes are very different from those of a stenographer, because writing down words in the source language makes the interpreter's job harder when he or she has to translate the speech into the target language.Many professional interpreters develop their own "ideogramic" symbology, which allows them to take down not the words, but the thoughts of the speaker in language-independent form. Then the interpreter's output is more idiomatic and less SL bound.The writing of a speech using one of the existing shorthand methods does not require full comprehension of what is being said; it induces the listener concentrating on the actual words uttered by the speaker. This militates against the basic theory of interpreting, which states the contrary: the interpreter shall be a translator of thoughts, not of words. Shorthand is therefore not recommended amongst the interpreting techniques.* * *Some additional points on note takingIn order for note taking to be successful, the following additional suggestions may be useful:▪Elaborate on the key words to reproduce the speech in the target language.▪Write BIG and leave a lot of space between words and symbols to facilitate a prompt rendition.▪Draw a line after every major concept.▪Write a full stop or a stroke after every sentence.▪Write the lists down in columns.▪Always jot down numbers, dates and names.▪Write down the symbol that represents the main topic bigger than the rest of the notes.▪Indicate importance by underlining twice. or by writing in capital letters.▪Pay undivided attention to the speaker.▪Make a logical sequence of thoughts.▪Where a short synonym exists for a common word, it should always be used in note taking (whether it will be used or not in the actual interpretation, which can differradically in construction and terminology from the notes anyway. Remember, your notes are only triggers for your memory!).e.g. therefore = sohowever =but▪Intonation: for questions it is handy to use the Spanish-style upside down question mark at the beginning of a question (¿ ………….?) to remind you, before you start interpreting the question, that you should adopt an intonation appropriate for aquestion.Examples of symbols:The following symbols are to be used only as a guideline for you to create your own system of symbols, they are not to be taken as the only and definitive series. They are simply a collection of some more or less common symbols used by some interpreters. Remember, YOU should develop YOUR own symbols: those that make sense to you. (it is dangerous for you to use other people's symbols if they don't mean much to you…). Instead of wasting time trying to memorize other people’s symbols, use the ones you are familiar with.It should also be noted that too many symbols are more confusing than helpful. Approximately 20 pictorial symbols plus the mathematical signs, arrows etc. are probably quite sufficient.consequencesdevelopment relationsagriculture agreementenvironment roleenergy successtrade problempolitics repressiondemocracy impactwork countrymoney meetinginflation industrydeficitsurpluson the one handalways(toujours in French)...on the other handuntilon behalf offrom that time on as opposed to beforerecentlymore than/less than allany nowsimilarend startSource: http://interpreters.free.fr/consecnotes/symbolexamples.htmSuggested practice methods:Good notes require speed, accuracy, clarity and consistency. Interpreters take notes to help them remember what speakers say, focusing their attention on the speaker's key words and main ideas. This takes practice, and requires an ability to organise ideas/concepts in a logical and sequential manner.- To begin with, use short segments of speech on concrete topics. It is far more difficult toanalyse and note down abstract ideas.- Keep a record of material you use for your practice.- Use the tape recorder as a tool to help you practice with different types of recorded texts. - This also allows you to perform self-checks on your progress.- Ask somebody to read you a text at normal speed (starting with one minute, going up to three or four) and take notes as if you were going to do consecutive interpreting. Rewrite the entire text in longhand comparing it to the original and check for inaccuracies and omissions. Think about the possible reasons. Do this in one language until you feel confident, then from one into another and back again.- Do the same exercise but this time delivering the speech consecutively rather than rewriting it.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References & suggested readings:1Ginori L. and Scimone E. (2003), Introduction to Interpreting, Sydney: Lantern Press. 2Herbert, Jean. 1978. 'How Conference Interpretation Grew', in Gerver, D. and Sinaiko,H.W. (eds) 1978, 5-9.3Rozan, J.F. (1974), La Prise de Notes en Interprétation Consecutive. Geneva: Georg. 4Seleskovitch, D. (1978), Interpreting for International Conferences, Washington, DC: Pen and Booth.。

Note taking1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sum, f = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = compare, e.g. = example, dept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politics, dem = democracy, lib = liberal, cap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentation, subj = subject, ind = individual, cons = conservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associate, biol = biology, info = information, ach = achievement chem = chemistry, max = maximum, intro = introduction, conc = concentration min = minimum, rep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = prepared, prblm = problem, estmt = estimatebkgd = background, gvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am’t= amount, cont’d= continued, gov’t= government, educat’l= educational Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chapters, egs = examples, fs = frequencies, intros = introductions Use g to represent ing endings.ckg = checking, estg = establishing, decrg = decreasing, exptg = experimenting Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials wh enever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aeros pace Scien ces becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = and, w/ = with, w/o = without, vs = against, \ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.(zb = German, for example, ibid = Latin, the same work, o = degrees)H2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus , // parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg example , IT dept Information Technology departmentUK United Kingdom ,Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketing , cus customer , cli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable.Examples: subj subject , budg budget, ind individualTo distinguish among var ious forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technology , gen'ion generalisation , del'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviatio n. Examples:assoc associated , ach achievement , info information Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to p rovide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd background , mvmt movement , prblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples: custs customersfs frequencies , /s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasing , ckg checking , estblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:in , but , as , keyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:is ,was ,wereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:a ,an , theIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or me eting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used a gain. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at, 2 to, 4 for, & and , w/ withw/o without , vs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects. Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <---> , resulting in --->and / also + , equal to / same as = following ff , most importantly * less than < , greater than > especially esp一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

1.Homework Assignments:Students are expected to complete their homework assignments diligently to reinforce the concepts learned in class.2.Time Management:Effective time management is crucial when it comes to finishing homework on time.Allocate specific hours of the day for studying and completing assignments.3.Understanding the Task:Before starting your homework,make sure you understand the task requirements.If theres any confusion,seek clarification from your teacher or peers.4.Research Skills:For assignments that require research,develop strong research skills to gather relevant and credible information efficiently.5.NoteTaking:Keep organized notes from your classes to refer to when doing homework. This can save time and ensure accuracy.6.Group Work:In some cases,homework may involve group projects.Collaborate effectively with your group members and contribute to the task at hand.7.Proofreading:Always proofread your work before submission to catch any errors or inconsistencies.ing Resources:Utilize available resources such as textbooks,online tutorials,and educational apps to aid in completing your homework.9.Asking for Help:If youre struggling with a particular topic,dont hesitate to ask for help from teachers,tutors,or classmates.10.Staying Motivated:Keep your end goal in mind to stay motivated while doing homework.Remember that its a stepping stone to achieving academic success.11.Avoiding Procrastination:Procrastination can lead to lastminute stress and poor quality work.Develop a habit of starting your homework early.anizing Materials:Keep all your study materials and notes organized.This will make it easier to find what you need when working on assignments.13.Setting a Schedule:Establish a homework schedule that fits your daily routine and stick to it.Consistency is key to developing good study habits.14.Breaking Down Tasks:For large assignments,break them down into smaller, manageable tasks.This can make the work seem less daunting and more achievable.15.Reflecting on Progress:Regularly reflect on your homework completion process to identify areas of improvement and adjust your strategies accordingly.ing Technology:Take advantage of technology to streamline your homework process,such as using digital planners,notetaking apps,and online resources.17.Maintaining Balance:While homework is important,its also crucial to maintain a balance between academic work and personal life.Ensure you have time for relaxation and hobbies.18.Practicing Regularly:Consistent practice is essential for mastering new concepts. Regularly doing homework helps in reinforcing what youve learned.19.Engaging with the Material:Actively engage with the material by asking questions, making connections,and thinking critically about the subject matter.20.Submitting on Time:Always aim to submit your homework on time to avoid penalties and to demonstrate responsibility.。