《德语语言学导论》练习题

德语语言学导论_中国海洋大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.下列哪些说法是正确的：参考答案:汉语的词类灵活，经常可以充当多种句法功能；_德语中，变位的只有动词；2.德语的框架结构都和动词有关，包括下列哪几种类型：参考答案:动词和可分前缀之间；_助动词和动词之间；_从句连词和从句的动词之间3.名词的语法范畴包括名词的词性、数和格。

参考答案:正确4.下列句子是否正确：Wenn das Wetter schön ist, gehen wir ins Freie?参考答案:错误5.篇章的表层结构为（）层面，深层结构为（）层面。

表层的任务是（），深层的任务是（）。

参考答案:语法，主题，理顺语法结构，构建认知关联性6.下列连词使用不当的是（）。

参考答案:Wenn das kleine arme Mädchen von zu Hause wegging, hatte es nurPantoffeln angehabt.7.将下列句子的两部分颠倒顺序会产生不同含义的是（）。

参考答案:Er hörte den Schritt der Mutter und schaltete den Fernseher aus._DerLehrer stellte eine Frage und die Studenten schwiegen.8.在阅读和写作篇章时还要注意多方面因素，如（）等。

参考答案:知识面_语境_文化交际规范9.阐述概念之间的逻辑关系需要必不可少的衔接手段。

参考答案:错误10.为什么要学习语言学？参考答案:认识科学，培养自身的科研素质和能力；_有助于站在理性高度去认识德语，学到掌握德语的有效方法；_为今后的学业深造奠定基础11.洪堡治学思想的核心是训练学生的科学认识论和思想方法，提高理解力和判断力，“授之以渔”。

参考答案:正确12.科学的构成要素包括：参考答案:研究对象_概念、定义、专业术语_研究方法_实验材料13.归纳是自上而下，从个体到一般的推理过程。

2020知到智慧树德语语言学导论第一单元测试答案第一章节作业结课答案见面课考试满分期末答案问：下面哪一项是埃及新王国时期,第十八王朝时出现的那位叛逆法老信奉的?()答：阿顿神问：沿着量子阶梯向下,探索更深层次的物质时,奇点处在核的上方。

答：错误问：人格包括几个方面答：三个问：生涯基本点就是:答：获得生涯快乐感问：通过TRIZ理论中资源分析的学习，太阳能电池属于（）资源。

答：自然或环境资源时间资源问：飞虫冲入耳道,急救方法不恰当的是()。

答：用筷子深入耳朵,夹出问：搭讪不成功最主要的原因是()。

答：私心导致目的性过强问：在中世纪的黑暗时期,人类的科学活动完全停滞了。

答：错误问：酒会中要积极主动和陌生人交谈。

答：正确问：以下哪些属于省政治权利机构?()答：省委省人民代表大会及其常务委员会政协主席省人民政府问：Scelsi是下面哪一国的作曲家：（）答：意大利问：Schidler:I'ma__________ofslavelabor.Iamacrimial.答：profiteer问：Schidler和Wolf于下面哪一年发明了第一台软性胃镜？（）答：1932年问：Scholasticism的汉语意思是：（）答：经院哲学问：School psychologists ad social workers are o the frot lies of keepigschools safe, but theyre uder-prioritized, ______, ad overworked.答：uderstaffed问：在半径为R的长直金属圆柱体内部挖去一个半径为r的长直圆柱体，两柱体轴线平行，其间距为，如图．今在此导体上通以电流I，电流在截面上均匀分布，则空心部分轴线上点的磁感强度的大小为（）。

答：C问：在半殖民地半封建中国，中国共产党内思想上的主要矛盾是（）。

答：无产阶级思想和非无产阶级思想的矛盾问：在帮别人穿衣服的时候应该先帮助别人穿（）答：左边的袖子问：在包含调控时滞的宏观经济模型中，政府要想改变经济衰退应该在什么时候实行扩张政策？答：在经济衰退未达到最低点之前问：在薄膜干涉中，膜的厚度很大时不会有干涉现象。

1.Sprache ist ein zur Kommunikation und zum Denken dienendes Zeichensystem, das durch die Laute auf die Bedeutungen verweist.3.Semantik:Was ist ein Wort? Warum sagen wir, dass ein Wort unveränderlich, aber auch veränderlich ist?Was steckt hinter einem Wort?Wie stehen die Wörter zu einander?ngue=Sprache,Langang=Sprachfähigkeit,menschlicheRede,Parole=Sprachverwendung,Sprechakt.5.Die Grundstruktur der Sprachzeichen umfasst zwei Komponenten....Spachkörper und Bedeutung.6.Spachkörper und Bedeutung ist konventionell.7.Morphologie：Lehre von den Wortbausteinen.9.Syntax：die kleinste syntaktisch zu beschreibende Einheit.10.Flektierend sind die indogermanischen Sprachen,zu denen neben Latein,Griechisch,Englisch,Russisch u.a. auch das Deutsche gehört.Nicht -flektierenden Wörtern（Präposition，Adverb，Konjunktion Partikel）Flektierbar（Verben，Nomen，Artikel，Pronomen，Adjektive，Numerale）11.Semantisch Merkmal....Die kleiste semantische Einheit ist.14.Text:Der Terminus ‚Text‘bezeichnet eine begrenzte Folge von sprachlichen Zeichen, die in sich kohärent ist und die als Ganzes eine erkennbare kommunikative Funktion signalisiert.“定义:Denotation外延:eine kognitive认知的, intellektuelle有理智的Bedeutung eines Wortes. Seines Merkmal ist eigenständig独立的,seine Bedeutung ist kognitiv,sie bezogt auf Subjekt.z.B Erde, Berg, Wolke, Luft Konnotation内涵: emotionale情感上的und stilistische文体上的Bedeutung.Seines Merkmal ist abhängig,seine Bedeutung ist emotional,sie bezogt auf Sprecher.Morphem：Die kleinste bedeutungstragende Einheit der Sprache. Kontext：Sprachlichen oder außersprachlichen非语言的Zusammenhang, in dem eine Äußerung vorkommt.Syntagmatisch:Relation von Elementen in einer Anreihung.词义在句子中的相互制约性Paradigmatisch：Relation von Elementen, die an einer Stelle ausgetauscht werden können.词义的可替代性德语翻译1.A ist weniger wichtig als B.A不如B重要。

Chapter 4 MorphologyWhat is morphologyThe total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning. Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.Morphemes and allomorphsThe smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletivesSome countable nouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.Some verbs have irregular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.Free and bound morphemesSome morphemes constitute words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes.The distinction between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it canbe used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Inflexional and derivational morphemesInflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words.English affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Conclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -sSuffixesFormation of new wordsDerivationDerivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation. Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin. Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.CompoundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes.The majority of English compounds are the combination of words from the three classes – nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word. The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components. ConversionConversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class. Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.ClippingClipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bik e).Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television as that suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.Acronyms and abbreviationsAcronyms and abbreviations are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of organizations and scientific terminology.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requiresa word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.For more detailed explanation to the ways of word formation, see my notes of Practical English Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站： 3 PhonologyWhat is phonologyPhonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular languageWhat sounds vary in what ways in what contextWhat sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular languagePhonemes and allophonesA phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature. The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.We use allophones to realize phonemes.Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemesIf sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophonesSounds that are not found in the same position are said to be in complementary distribution.If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variationIf segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.Distinctive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.Phonological rulesPhonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as examples. [+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_[-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_Syllable structureA syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes. Every syllable has a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.Sequence of phonemesNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are called systematic gaps.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called accidental gaps.When new words are coined, they may fill some accidental gaps but they will never fill systematic gaps.Suprasegmental featuresFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.StressStress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress.If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a secondary stress.In some languages word stress is fixed, . on a certain syllable. In English, word stress is unpredictable.IntonationWhen we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise. ToneTone is the variation of pitch to distinguish words.The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones.Chinese is a typical tone language.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站： 2 PhoneticsWhat is phoneticsPhonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics – the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech soundsAuditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come fromFrom the lungWhat is the function of vocal cordsControlling the air streamWhat are the cavitiesOral cavityPharyngeal cavityNasal cavityTranscription of speech soundsUnits of representationSegments (the individual sounds)Phonetic symbolsThe widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. Description of speech soundsDescription of English consonantsGeneral feature: obstructionCriteria of consonant descriptionPlaces of articulationManners of articulationVoicing of articulationPlaces of articulationThis refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]Labiodental: [f] [v]Interdental: [] []Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]Palatal: [] [] [t] [d] [j]Velar: [k] [g] []Glottal: [h]Manners of articulationThis refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Fricatives: [s] [z] [] [] [f] [v] [] [] [h]Affricates: [t] [d]Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [w] [j]Nasals: [m] [n] []Voicing of articulationThis refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.Voiced soundsVoiceless soundsDescription of English vowelsGeneral feature: without obstructionCriteria of vowel descriptionPart of the tongue that is raisedFrontCentralBackExtent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palateHighMidLowKind of opening made at the lipsPosition of the soft palateSingle vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongsPhonetic features and natural classesClasses of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes. Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1. 解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreet3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。

智慧树知到《德语语言学导论》章节测试答案智慧树知到《德语语言学导论》章节测试答案第一章1、归纳是自上而下，从个体到一般的推理过程。

A.对B.错答案: 错2、演绎是从个别现象出发推导出关于总体规律的论证过程。

A.对B.错答案: 错3、对洪堡提出的治学理念，下列哪些表述是正确的：A.训练学生的科学认识论和思想方法；B.强调方法和过程重于结果；C.教学与科研一体化，倡导学术自由；D.培养学生的个性化发展。

答案: 训练学生的科学认识论和思想方法；,强调方法和过程重于结果；,教学与科研一体化，倡导学术自由；,培养学生的个性化发展。

4、洪堡（Wilhelm von Humboldt）根据词的结构把语言划分为孤立语、屈折语、黏着语。

A.对B.错答案: 对5、索绪尔的学说开辟了语言学的新纪元，下列哪些说法正确：A.语言有其结构体系，是一个有序的整体；B.区分了语言和言语二个不同的研究领域；C.语言是一个符号系统；D.语言学发展划分为三个阶段。

答案: 语言有其结构体系，是一个有序的整体；,区分了语言和言语二个不同的研究领域；,语言是一个符号系统；6、乔姆斯基的理论使语言学从研究语言结构转向了语言的功能。

A.对B.错答案: 错7、Linguistik也称为Strukturalismus，即结构主义语言学。

A.对B.错答案: 对第二章1、动物的语言是先天的。

而人的言语能力是后天获得的。

A.对B.错答案: 对2、与动物语言相比，人类语言具有以下特征：A.时代性B.民族性C.共同性D.强制性答案: 时代性,民族性,强制性3、下列表述错误的是：A.语言交际的前提是双方使用共同的编码。

B.不同语言间的信息交流必须进行编码转换。

C.交际成功与否主要取决于对共同语言的熟悉程度。

D.同一语言群体内的信息交流不按照约定俗成的语言规则，也能交际成功。

答案: 同一语言群体内的信息交流不按照约定俗成的语言规则，也能交际成功。

4、语言交际中的附带信息，如发音、语调、音量等也会传达信息。

[0181]《语言学导论》第1批作业[单选题]When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.A:expressiveB:evocativeC:performativeD:phatic参考答案：D[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.参考答案：错误[单选题]_____ is the study of meaning in language.A:SyntaxB:Applied linguisticsC:MorphologyD:Semantics参考答案：D[单选题]By _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A:cultural transmissionB: interchangeabilityC:displacementD:creativity参考答案：C[单选题]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A:Language is just for communication.B:Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.C: Language is a sign system.D:Language is arbitrary and conventional.参考答案：A[单选题]Of the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.A:[au]B: [u:]C:[ju:]D:[e]参考答案：B[单选题]There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".A: twoB:threeC:fourD:five参考答案：B[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVCB:CCVCCCVCC:CCVCCVCD:CVVCCVC参考答案：A[单选题]_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.A:Semi-vowelsB:AffricatesC:NasalsD:Glides参考答案：C[单选题]_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:SociolinguisticsB:Comparative linguisticsC:SyntaxD:Computational linguistics参考答案：A[单选题]A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.A:rootB:free morphemeC:stemD:suffix参考答案：C[单选题]Which one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______A:Speech existed long before writing systems came into being.B:Speech is more complex than writing.C:Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.D: Written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds.参考答案：B[单选题]Foreign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.A:borrowing patterns from the mother tongueB:extending patterns form the target language, e.g. by analogyC:expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already knownD:all the above three参考答案：D[单选题]Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.A: phaticB:informativeC:emotiveD:directive参考答案：C[单选题]Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.A：FalseB：True参考答案：B[判断题]Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.参考答案：错误[单选题]If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.A：prescriptiveB：analyticC：descriptiveD：linguistic参考答案：C[单选题]Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.A：primaryB：betterC：secondaryD：unchangeable参考答案：C[单选题]Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.A：senseB：soundsC：objectsD：ideas参考答案：B[单选题]Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A：ArbitrarinessB：DisplacementC：DualityD：Meaningfulness参考答案：D[判断题]A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.参考答案：错误[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.参考答案：正确[单选题]The branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.A:sociolinguisticsB:pragmaticsC:syntaxD:computational linguistics参考答案：B第2批作业[判断题]A person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.参考答案：错误[判断题]Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.参考答案：正确[判断题]The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.参考答案：正确[判断题]Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.参考答案：错误[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.参考答案：错误[判断题]Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.参考答案：错误[判断题]Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.参考答案：错误[判断题]What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.参考答案：正确[判断题]“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.参考答案：正确[判断题]Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.参考答案：正确[判断题]Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.参考答案：错误[判断题]Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.参考答案：正确[判断题]Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.参考答案：正确[判断题]Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.参考答案：正确[判断题]“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.参考答案：错误[判断题]The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.参考答案：正确[判断题]Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.参考答案：错误第3批作业[填空题]The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.参考答案：paradigmatic[填空题]"Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away".参考答案：immediate[填空题]Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar.参考答案：systemic-functional[填空题]The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______.参考答案：Chomsky[填空题]The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch".参考答案：blending[填空题]_______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language.参考答案：Syntax[填空题]____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.参考答案：Morpheme[填空题]A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.参考答案：stem[填空题]Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______.参考答案：free morphemes[填空题]A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity.参考答案：root[填空题]______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to.参考答案：Inflectional[填空题]"WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization".参考答案：acronym第4批作业[判断题]All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.参考答案：正确[单选题]In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___.A：a minor roleB：a significant roleC：a basic roleD： no role参考答案：A[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "ac hieved” is ______.A:VCCVCCB:VCVCCC:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC参考答案：B[单选题]_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A:RootsB:StemsC:AffixesD:Compounds参考答案：C[单选题]The relation between the two words "buy” and "sell” can be described as____.A: gradable antonymyB:converse antonymyC:complementary antonymyD:synonymy参考答案：B[单选题]Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce "mans” and "photoes” as the plural forms of "man” and "photo”. This i s most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.A:Negative transferB:OvergeneralizationC:Positive transferD:mother tongue interference参考答案：B[单选题]Which of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______.A:ObjectivityB:ReliabilityC:ValidityD:Both A and C参考答案：A[单选题]Which of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong?_______.A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics.B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations.C:Sooner or later, machine translation will replace human translation completely.D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation.参考答案：C[单选题]Teaching culture in our language classes can _______.A:get the students familiar with cultural differencesB:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture willC:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practicesD:All of the above.参考答案：D[单选题]According to Grice's theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______.A:strictly observedB:secretly and deliberately violatedC:blatantly or apparently violatedD:Both A and B参考答案：C[单选题]The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A：voicelessB：voicedC：vowelD：consonantal参考答案：A[单选题]Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____.A：in phonemic contrastB：in complementary distributionC：the allophonesD：minimal pair参考答案：A[单选题]The sound /f/ is ____.A：voiced palatal affricateB：voiced alveolar stopC：voiceless velar fricativeD：voiceless labiodental fricative参考答案：D[单选题]The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.A：lexicalB：morphemicC：grammaticalD：semantic参考答案：C[单选题]____ is a voiced alveolar stop.A：/z/B：/d/C：/k/D：/b/参考答案：B[单选题]The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______.A：identicalB：sameC：exactly alikeD：similar参考答案：D[单选题]A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A：backB：centralC：frontD：middle参考答案：C[单选题]_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A：WordsB：MorphemesC：PhonemesD：Sentences参考答案：B[单选题]Bound morphemes are those that ____.A： have to be used independentlyB：can not be combined with other morphemesC：can stand as words on their ownD： have to be combined with other morphemes参考答案：D[判断题]The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car".参考答案：错误[判断题]Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.参考答案：错误[单选题]Language serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about language itself.A:recreationalB:metalingualC:phaticD:performative参考答案：B[单选题]The Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________.A:GriceB: AustinC:ChomskyD:Saussure参考答案：A。

德语基础试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 德语中“苹果”怎么说？A. ApfelB. ApfelbaumC. BirneD. Orange答案：A2. 下列哪个选项是“图书馆”的正确翻译？A. BibliothekB. BücherregalC. BücherladenD. Zeitung答案：A3. “Guten Morgen”是什么意思？A. 晚安B. 早上好C. 下午好D. 晚上好答案：B4. 动词“essen”的意思是？A. 喝B. 吃C. 睡D. 走5. “Ich heiße”后面应该跟什么？A. duB. ihrC. erD. mein Name ist答案：D6. 下列哪个选项是“医生”的正确翻译？A. ArztB. LehrerC. PolizistD. Ingenieur答案：A7. “Ich habe Hunger.”的意思是？A. 我饿了B. 我渴了C. 我累了D. 我困了答案：A8. “Sind Sie Lehrer?”的意思是？A. 你是学生吗？B. 你是老师吗？C. 你是医生吗？D. 你是工程师吗？答案：B9. “Bitte”的意思是？B. 请C. 不要D. 再见答案：B10. “Wie alt sind Sie?”的意思是？A. 你多大了？B. 你叫什么名字？C. 你住在哪里？D. 你做什么工作？答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 德语中“你好”是_______。

答案：Hallo2. “你好吗？”在德语中是_______。

答案：Wie geht es Ihnen?3. “谢谢”在德语中是_______。

答案：Danke4. “再见”在德语中是_______。

答案：Auf Wiedersehen5. “我来自中国”在德语中是_______。

答案：Ich komme aus China6. “你叫什么名字？”在德语中是_______。

德语考试试题一、选择题1. 下列词语中，哪一个是“书”的德语名称？A. HausB. AutoC. BuchD. Schule2. 以下哪个单词是“天气”的德语名词？A. TasseB. WetterC. KaffeeD. Jacke3. Wie geht's? 这句话是什么意思？A. 你叫什么名字？B. 你来自哪里？C. 你好吗？D. 你几岁了？4. 下列哪个动词是“看”的德语动词？A. spielenB. lesenC. tanzenD. hören5. Was machst du gern? 这句话是在问什么？A. 你喜欢做什么？B. 你在哪里工作？C. 你喜欢吃什么？D. 你在做什么？二、填空题1. Ich __________ gern Musik. (听)2. ________ heißt das auf Deutsch? (什么)3. ________ ist dein Lieblingsessen? (什么)4. ________ ist das Wetter heute? (怎么样)5. Ich ________ Fußball. (踢)三、连线题1. Wie alt bist du? A. Ich esse gern Pizza.2. Was isst du gerne? B. Ich bin 25 Jahre alt.3. Woher kommst du? C. Ich komme aus Berlin.4. Wann hast du Geburtstag? D. Mein Geburtstag ist im Sommer.5. Was machst du in deiner Freizeit? E. Ich spiele gerne Tennis.四、问答题1. 你叫什么名字？2. 你来自哪里？3. 你几岁了？4. 你喜欢做什么？5. 你会说几种语言？五、翻译题1. Ich lese gern Bücher.2. Was ist dein Lieblingsessen?3. Woher kommst du?4. Wann hast du Geburtstag?5. Was machst du in deiner Freizeit?六、作文题请根据以下提示写一篇短文，介绍一下你的家庭和你的日常生活。

（完整版）德语语法综合练习德语综合语法测试题德语系统语法试题一．选择题。

（每题1分，共40分）1. Was ist falsch? Es passierte _____.a) am Morgen b) am Nachtc) am Abend d) am Vormittag2. Wo steckt der Fehler? Ich bleibe ______ hier.a) eine Stunde b) ein Jahrc) eine Woche d) ein Tag3. Helmut hat uns ______ erz?hlen k?nnen.a) nichts neues b) nichts Neuesc) nichts neu d) nicht Neues4. Mein Mann ist so gut! Es gibt keinen ______ Ehemann als ihn.a) guten b) bestenc) besser d) besseren5. Sie wiegt 62 kg und ist 1.78m ______ .a) gro? b) hochc) lang d) stark6. Ahmed hat ein ______ Praktikum bei einer Firma gemacht.a) viermonate b) viermonatlichesc) viermonates d) viermonatiges7. Wie ist die richtige Reihenfolge?a) eisig, kalt, lau, warm, hei? b) kalt, eisig, warm, lau, hei?c) hei?, kalt, warm, lau, eisig d) hei?, lau, warm, eisig, kalt8. Schau mal ______.a) hinten b) nach hintenc) hinter d) hintens9. "Trinkst du gern Wein?" –"Ja, aber Bier trinke ich noch______."a) mehr gern b) am liebstenc) gerner d) lieber10. Diese Arbeit hat doch ______ gedauert, als ich gedacht hatte.a) so lange b) am l?ngstenc) ganz lange d ) viel l?nger11. "Wann geben Sie mir mein Geld endlich wieder?" –"Morgen gebe ich______bestimmt zu rück."a) es dir b) es Ihnenc) es Sie d) dir es12. ______ A sagt, muss noch B sagen!a) Wer b) Wasc) Der d) Wen13. Gibt es hier ______, der was von Elektronik versteht?a) einer b) einc) eine d) einenten.14. Er hat ______ das Bein gebrochen und muss einige Tage das Bett hüa) ihm b) ihnc) sich d) sein15. Kennen Sie Herrn Li, ______ Eltern ich ein Jahr gewohnt habe?a) bei denen b) mit demc) mit ihm d) bei dessen16. Er zog sich aus und legte sich ______.a) im Bett b) in Bettc) ins Bett d) zu Bett17. Ich bin schon ______ einer Woche hier.ra) vor b) füc) seit d) in18. Wir fahren am Wochenende oft ______ Meer.a) am b) ansc) ins d) nach19. Wie antworten Sie richtig auf die Frage "in welchem Jahr endete der 2. Weltkrieg?"a) In 1945 b) In 1945 Jahrc) 1945 d) An 194520. Als der Schwimmer endlich aus dem Wasser kam, zitterte er ______ K?lte.a) aus b) wegenc) vor d) von21. ______ 50 bin ich zu alt, einen neuen Beruf zu lernen.a) Für b) Vomc) Mit d) An22. Mir kommt es so vor, ______ ich ihn schon einmal gesehen h?tte.a) als b) obc) obwohl d) als ob23. Ich habe mich erk?ltet, ______ ich mich warm angezogen habe.a) weil b) wennc) obwohl d) als24. Lüneburg, ______ ich jetzt wohne, ist eine alte Stadt.a) in der b) worinc) wo d) darin25. Es ist noch unsicher, ______ ich mit fahren kann.a) dass b) damitc) ob d) als26. Mein Gott, beeil doch, Walter, ______ kommen wir zu sp?t zum Bahnhof!a) dann b) ohnec) denn d) sonst27. Es geschah in den ______ Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts.a) achtzige b) achtzigenc) achtziger d) achtziges28. Das Studium dauerte zwei und ______ Jahr.a) eines halbe b) ein halbesc) ein halbe d) eines halben29."Heute ist der zweite April." – "Ach, ich dachte, wir h?tten schon den ______ April."a) drei b) drittec) dreite d) dritten30. Man fragt Sie: "Ist der Platz noch frei?" Sie antworten: "Nein, er ist schon ______."a) genommen b) gehaltenc) besetzt d) gegebenchen. Ich finde, seitdem ist die Stadt viel31. 1980 war ich das letztemal in Müsch?ner_____.a) worden b) gewesenc) bekommen d) geworden32. K?nnen Sie den Fehler finden?a) Ich habe das nicht gewollt. b) Er hat das nicht tun gewollt.c) Ich will es nun auch gewiss nicht wieder tun.d)Wolltest du das denn?33. Wann bist du denn ______?a) geoperiert worden b) operiert gewordenc) operiert worden d) operieren werden35. Jetzt bekommst du doch kein Brot mehr! Die Gesch?fte ______ ja schon seit einer Stundegeschlossen.a) sind b) wurdenc) waren d) bleiben34. Ich habe mein Heft vergessen. ______ Sie mir wohl ein Blatt Papier geben?a) H?tten b) K?nntenc) Dürfen d) Wollten35. Wenn ich Zeit ______, w?re ich gern zu euch gekommen.a) gehabt h?tte b) habec) h?tte d) haben würde36. Ich arbeite wirklich gern im Garten, nur das Bücken ______ mir schwer.a) f?llt b) machtc) klappt d) geht37. Ich komme gleich, ich wasche ______.a) noch nur mein Gesicht b) mich nur mein Gesichtc) mir nur noch mein Gesicht d) mir noch das Gesicht38. ______ so gut und hol mir mal meine Brille!a) Bist b) Seic) Sein d) Seien39. Herr Schmidt ist ein guter ______ von mir.a) bekannt b) Bekanntec) bekannter d) Bekannter40. Ich gehe ______ein, er hat mich gerufen.a) hin b) herc) aus d) da二．在短文的空格内填上合适的冠词和形容词词尾。

导言一、填空题1．语言学是研究语言的科学，语言是语言学的研究对象。

语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。

2. 中国、印度、希腊—罗马是语言学的三大发源地。

3、我国传统语文学包括文字、音韵、训诂等三门分支学科，合称“小学”。

4.人类对语言的研究大体上可分为语文学阶段、历史比较语言学阶段、结构主义语言学阶段、形式语言学阶段、交叉语言学阶段。

5．在19世纪逐步发展和完善起来的历史比较语言学不但宣告语言学的真正独立，而且为普通语言学的研究奠定了基础。

6.普通语言学的奠基人物是索绪尔和洪堡特。

前者所著的《普通语言学教程》在语言学发展史上起到了划时代的作用。

7.结构主义语言学派可以分为三派，它们分别是布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国结构主义学派。

8.形式语言学的主要代表人物是乔姆斯基，他认为对语言进行描写和分析的目的在于研究人的语言生成能力。

他的目标是建立一个能产生所有句子的语法系统。

9.新时期语言学的最大特点是交叉性和边缘性。

10．文言是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为文言文。

11.研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、语汇（词汇、语义）和语法三个部分。

12.运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。

二、判断题1．综合各种语言学的基本研究的成果，归纳成语言的一般规律，这是具体语言学的任务。

（×）2．世界上有几千种语言，有些语言的研究已经比较深入，大部分语言的研究还很不够，甚至还没有人去研究。

（√）3．语言学既是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学；既与社会科学有密切的关系，又与自然科学有密切的关系。

（√）4.布龙菲尔德是美国结构主义语言学代表人物之一，其代表著作是《普通语言学教程》。

（×）三、名词解释1.语言：是一个以语音为物质外壳、以语词为建筑材料、以语法为结构规律而构成的音义结合的符号系统，是人类特有的、最重要的交际工具和思维工具。

2.语言学：是以人类语言作为研究对象的科学，基本任务就是研究语言的规律，即研究语言的性质、作用、结构，语言的发展变化，使人们懂得有关语言的理性知识，从而提高学习语言和运用语言的水平。