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The Circumstance Factors on the Development of Pip’s Characters in Great Expectations-《远大前程》

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The Circumstance Factors on the Development of Pip’sCharacters in Great ExpectationsAuthor: Ji FangSupervisor: Liang YapingA ThesisSubmitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement forthe Degree of B.A .in EnglishSchool of Foreign StudiesFuyang Teachers College, Anhui ProvinceMay, 2011学位论文《远大前程》中影响皮普性格发展的环境因素吉芳(学号200740210110)指导老师姓名梁亚平职称教授单位阜阳师范学院外国语学院专业名称英语教育申请学级别学士学位授予单位阜阳师范学院2011年5月The Circumstance Factors on the Development of Pip’sCharacters in Great ExpectationsAbstractCharles Dickens is one of the greatest British realistic novelists. Great Expectations may be Dickens' most autobiographical work.. He showed us different aspects of the time he lived in and the cruelty and hypocrisy of the capital socirty.Great Expectations is an excellent of late Dickens critical realism novel which describes Pip’s great expectations of disillusion process. The thesis analyzes the circumstance factors on the development of Pip’s characters to achieve a better understanding of the novel. The thesis includes four chapters. Chapter One is a simple introduction to the Victorian Age, life and experience of Charles Dickens, and the thesis itself. Chapter Two discusses the circumstance factors on the development of Pip’s characters. Chapter Three focuses on the connections between circumstance factors and Pip’ characters.Chapter Four talks about that the development of Pip’s character is influenced by the circumstance factors and the inspirations on our outlook of value. The last chapter is a conclusion of the whole research paper.Key words: Charles Dickens, circumstance factors, character development影响皮普性格发展的环境因素内容摘要查尔斯.狄更斯是英国最伟大的批判现实注意作家之一，他的作品从不同侧面揭示了他所处的那个时代，揭露了资本主义的粗鲁与虚伪。

本文主要目的在于帮助读者更好地理解皮普的性格发展与环境的关系，并认识到狄更斯是怎样用他有力的武器无情批判资本主义的。

本文一共有四章，第一章简单介绍了维多利亚时代，查尔斯.狄更斯的生平以及本文内容。

第二章讨论了影响皮普性格发展的环境因素。

第三章旨在阐述环境因素与皮普性格的关系。

第四章谈到了皮普的性格受到了环境因素的深刻影响以及皮普梦想破灭给我们价值观带来的启示。

第五章是对全文的总结。

关键词：查尔斯·狄更斯；环境因素；性格发展Characters in Great ExpectationsThesis StatementGreat Expectations is an excellent of late Dickens critical realism novel which describes Pip’s great expectations of disillusion process. The development of Pip’s characters was deeply influenced by the social circumstances such as the family members, educational conditions and the hypocrisy of the capital society.OutlineI. IntroductionA. A Simple Introduction to the Victorian AgeB. Life and Experience of Charles DickensC. Introduction to the ThesisII. The Circ umstance Factors on the Development of Pip’s CharactersA.. The Hypocrisy of Pip’s Sister—Mrs. JoeB. The Dignity of Joe GargeryC. The Cruelty of Miss HavishamD. The Poor Educational ConditionIII. The Relationship between Circumstance F actors and Pip’s Characters.A. Connections1. Pip’s sorrowful Childhood2. Pip’s Gentleman LifeB. Pip’s Great Expectations and his NatureIV. The inspiration on the outlook of our valueV.ConclusionCharacters in Great ExpectationsI. IntroductionA. A Simple Introduction to the Victorian AgeThe Victorian Age is a great age of British history. In literature, the greatness of the Victorian Age lies in its achievem ents in the novels, such as Charles Dickens’ Pickwick Papers and Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure. Many novelists continued to present their splendid works. They wrote the daily life of the age, the evils and injustice of the social, and the cruelness of the reality. In Great Expectation, Charles Dickens showed us a lively picture, which gave us a rough sketch of this age. The country was ruled by Queen Victorian from 1837 to 1901, and during this period, the industry, science, art and literature developed a lot. ‖British history is two thousand years old, and yet in a good many ways the world has moved further ahead since the Queen was born than it moved in all the rest of the two thousand put together.‖(qtd. in Wang 349)B. Life and Experience of Charles DickensCharles Dickens (7 February 1812–9 June 1870), pen-name "Boz", was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era, and one of the most popular of all time. Charles Dickens, one of the most influential writers of the 19th century, played a crucial role in the development of fiction. He contributed greatly to the development of the writing style in British Literature. When he was young, his parents had troubles in finance and disasters in the social, so they lived a rough live and had to change their living-quarters frequently for the lack of money which could be used to pay the rents. When he was twelve years old He created some of literature's most iconic characters, with the theme of social reform running throughout his work. In all of his books, Dickens showed his great concern toward the society he lived in. He had the courage to change it even though he wrote "I lose belief in the possibility of the progress, or even of the long existence, of an Empire,with such a mighty crime and danger at its heart" (Dickens 193-94). The continuing popularity of his novels and short stories is such that they have never gone out of print. The beginning of the novel is set shortly after Dickens' birthdate (1812) in the country of his childhood--the Kentish countryside by the sea (the nearest large town is Rochester, where Miss Havisham lives). Dickens wasn't an orphan, as Pip is, but he may well have felt like one. His parents were sociable, pleasant people, but when Charles, who was the eldest boy, was nine, the Dickenses pulled up roots and moved to London to try to live more cheaply. Charles was appalled by the cramped, grubby house they lived in there, and even more ashamed when his father was arrested and taken to debtors' prison. The rest of the Dickenses were allowed to move into prison with their father, but twelve-year-old Charles had to live on his own outside.C．Introduction to the ThesisGreat Expectations belongs to a much later period of Dickens' literary work, and it blends the originality of invention with a new maturity in handling structure, narration, characterization and language art. The plot of the novel is that: In a village cemetery, a small boy, Pip, is accosted by a runaway convict Magwitch who demands food and a file to saw off his leg iron. Pip helped him. Not long after this, Pip is invited to the gloomy home of rich, eccentric Miss Havisham, who wants a boy to "play" for her amusement.But Pip's real role at Miss Havisham's turns out to be as a toy for Miss Havisham's adopted daughter, Estella, who has been raised with one purpose--to break men's hearts, Pip falls in love with Estella and becomes self-conscious about his low social class and unpolished manners. From then on, his abiding dream is to be a gentleman.Then a London lawyer, Jaggers, comes to the village to tell Pip thathe has come into a fortune from an anonymous source.Finally, he came to know that it was Magwitch who helped him. Back in London, Pip learns that Magwitch once had a baby girl, but she was abandoned by her mother. Piecing together evidence, Pip realizes with shock that Estella was that baby girl. The development of our characters lies not only in our physiology changes but also in the circumstance. As we all know that circumstance including natural and social circumstance and it is thesocial circumstance that pays a more important role in our development of characters.The social circumstance can be reflected in many ways such as our families, schools, working and living experiences. In fact, our characters develop as we grow up. What kind of social circumstance we live in influences the formation of our characters. In Gre at Expectation we can see the joys and sorrows of Pip’s life. After we have finished reading the novel, we may find that the miserable fate is the result of the social circumstances. The thesis analyzes the factors of social circumstance that influences th e development of Pip’s characters. His ambition is to better himself socially. However, in doing this, he rejects many of his closest friends in order to achieve his goals. His devotes most of his life pursuing Estella. Firstly, Pip didn’t brought by his parents but his sister who was much older than him. And the sister was very cruel and mean and she gave a big restriction to her husband and Pip. Secondly, Pip got a little education which was received at a evening school. The school was kept by a ―ridiculo us old woman of limited means and unlimited infirmity. This old lady used to sleep from six to seven every evening, in the society of youth who paid two pence per week each, for the improving opportunity of seeing her do it. ‖ (52) Then Pip went to a private school which was kept by Mr. Pocket who was kind and responsible. But the knowledge Pip learnt there was very little and limited. Thirdly, Pip’s activities also were the influencing factor. He often visited a place called Saits Manor which is full of darkness. Pip fall in love with a lady called Estella who made Pip felt hopeless. The social circumstance that Pip contacted seemed so different from the nature of his own. They made Pip break into a world of selfness, hypocrisy. Fourthly, Pip came to work after Magwitch died. Then he lost his great expectation and found the natural instincts. Pip is the narrator and the main character of Great Expectations and possibly also the voice of the author. If Dickens intended Pip as an autobiographical figure, it's interesting--as a sidelight on Dickens' personality--that he tried to make Pip so full of flawed qualities. And yet, despite those flaws, Pip emerges as a character we care about very much.II.The Circumstance Factors on the Development of Pip’s Characters.A.T he hypocrisy of Pip’s Sister-Mrs. GargeryShe raised Pip "by hand" using the "tickler." Pip was brought up by his sister and he didn’t enjoy the love from his parents. Maybe we think Pip’s sister showed her kindness to her little brother, but centrally, she was very cruel to Pip. ― Home had never been a pleasant place to me, because of my sister’s bad temper‖ (109). And she was also cruel to his husband Mr. Gargery. She always told others what she endured in a exaggerate way. The reason for his doing this is to receive the praise and admiration from the people who thought that reputation is of great importance. As a matter of fact, she complained day and night. She complained that she could marry to a better man, ―bring Pip up by hands‖, her housework and nearly everything around her.B.T he Dignity of Joe GargeryJoe Gargery, Pip’s brother in law, was much older than him, and seemed like Pip’s father. He's a gentle giant who is Pip's best friend and father figure. He is a hard worker and a very moral man. Joe had no authority in the family, which was not like the role of father somehow. Joe's good-heartedness remains as a standard while Pip goes through a rainbow of changes. But Joe is not a perfect hero. He often appeared weak, letting himself be cowed by Mrs. Joe, Pumblechook, and even Miss Havisham--so that we're surprised when we recall he's a brawny blacksmith. In certain scenes he seems stupid; at the beginning of the book, he's like another child, whom young Pip feels he's already outgrowing. Joe can be clumsy, shy, and ignorant. Though we may squirm at the way Pip looks down on him, we too are embarrassed by Joe's social blunders. But Joe has moments of dignity, when his instincts make him act nobly. Because he's common and uneducated, he proves that you don't have to be rich and well-bred to be a true gentleman. Joe also was a suffer of Mrs. Gargery’s cruelty, but he was a man with many good qualities such as honesty, industry, mildness, good nature and amiableness and so on. He gave Pip protection and love, which made Pip treat him as his best friend. Joe was not well educated and even had difficulty in spelling his own name, but he encouraged Pip to learn. Joe hadshowed strong sympathy to Pip. He said:‖When I offered to your sister to keep company, and to be asked in church, as she was willing and ready to come to the forge, I said to her:’ And bring the poor little child , there is the room for him at the forge! ’ ‖(56) .Joe was so forgiving that he once said:‖I am dead afraid of going wrong in the way of not doing what’s right by a woman, and be a little ill-conwenienced myself. I wish it was only me that got put out, Pip: I wish there was no Tickler for you, old chap; I wish I could take it all by myself.‖(57) Pip told a lie to his sister, which was known by Joe, and Joe advised him no lie in the future. Joe was also a great man who was unselfish and warm-hearted and a man of simple dignity: he would not lure by money at all. This was quite different from his wife who was very mean. When Pip was ill, it was Joe who took good care of him.C. The cruelty of Miss HavishamOf the characters that Charles Dickens had ever created, maybe Miss Havisham may be the most interesting one. She She was an immensely rich and grim lady in the eyes of people who lived miles around. She lived in a large and dismal house and led a seclusion life. In Pip’s eye, she was very eccentric. What confused little was her clothing, her house, her daughter and her voice. Pip played in her house for eight months, and during this period, Pip met her relatives and lawyers, but at that time, Pip did not realize her cruelty. Pip even thought Miss Havisham as his patroness of great future.Miss Hacisham was born very rich and had the right to inherit a large fortune which created by her wealthy father. Because of rich in money, she was proud and vain, so she fell in to the scheme of getting money that made by her half-brother. The bridegroom disappeared on the scheduled wedding day when everything was in order. From then on, Miss Havisham had been seeking to take revenge on men. She lived in the past, wearing her yellowing wedding dress. All the clocks in her estate are stopped on the minute she found out her fiancé left her.But Pip thought Miss Havisham was cruel lie in the following aspects: Firstly, she showed her cruelty to her relatives. Miss Havisham decided to maltreat people when she was cheated by Comperson. The only person hebelieved was her lawyer. In her opinion, revenge was everything. Her relatives would come to see her on her birthday every year, and she took every chance to give them sharp words because of their greed for her money. She could get satisfaction from doing these, for she could see the pretence and compliment of the relatives. She misunderstood that she made Pip a gentleman, which not only made Pip feel sad but also her relatives.Secondly, she was cruel to Estella. I think her cruelty to her relatives was because their greed to her money, but her cruelty to Pip and Estella had nothing to do with her money. Why she was sill cruel to them? Miss Havisham turned Estella into a beauty without sympathy and soft ness. In Estella’ future days, she could bestow her tenderness anywhere. Miss Havisham liked to do a lot of things to attract men, and then she would flirt with them and torment them. Later she married the cruel man Drummle and then failed in her marriage. So she wanted as her weapon to revenge on men, which caused the same tragedy on the woman.Her cruelty on Pip was based on her abomination on men and her relatives. She knew Pip got a big fortune from a secret patron and her greedy relatives were waiting for her fortune. He made almost her relatives envy Joe, so she could see men’s sufferings from each other.Lastly she was very cruel to herself. Miss Havisham almost hated everybody in the world, and never learnt anything from the failure of life. The revenge on men was also a revenge on herself and she was a victim too.D. The Poor Educational ConditionI often ask myself if Pip had received some formal education maybe he would know the world better and had little connection with the sufferings. He had no parents and his sister was a cruelty woman who never gave him the chances to satisfy his curiosity for everything. Joe was a good man but he almost knew little words. What Joe could help Pip was to ask him to learn. After Pip was sent to a night school, he found it was not a formal school where there were no books and no teachers. What they did for study was to eat apples, passed their book from one to another with hands. Because Pip loved Esrella, he wanted to study hard and then hethought he could be someone that uncommon by others. He learnt from Mr. Pocket after he became a gentleman in London. At that time, he received education in order to decorate the status of gentleman. At last what influenced Pip most was his sufferings but not his education from schools. Though Pip was interested in learning, no teachers could be satisfied and no teachers told him the truth of life and society. There was a long distance from his loved girl and Pip himself. Pip thought if he had learned more the distance would be shorter. However, life just was his only textbook.III. The Relationship between Circumstances Factors and Pip’s Ch aracters.A. Connections1. Pip’s Sorrowful ChildhoodIn my opinion, every child should have a happy childhood during which he must be taken good care of. Anyway, it should be a no-worry world. As we all know, Pip was an orphan who lived with his sister and brother in law. The poor living condition made him quite sensitive. He treated Pip as his best friend who he could believe in and give sincerity and comfort to. But what Joe could do was too little to help Pip. Then Pip formed the false values about money, and had the wrong outlook about the world. Pip couldn’t refuse the temptation around so he lost his balance in mind. He was eager to be a gentleman and the husband of Estella. He lived in his dream. His sister punished him in lots of ways such as using the tar water as medicine, her ring and thimble as torture instruments. What his Pip’s sister did hurt the little heart. Mrs. Joe liked to tell others that it was her that brought Pip up and she suffered a lot for this. However, she never gave Pip any tender care. What Pip felt was the following:My sister’s bringing up had made me sensitive. In the little world in which children have their existence, whoever brings them up, there is nothing so finely perceived and so finely felt, as injustice. (69)This kind of love was harmful to Pip’s development. Another person who gave him the harmful love was Uncle Pumblechook. He was a bourgeoisie who was very rich. We could find selfishness and snobbishness from him and his class.He often reminded Pip like this: ―be grateful, boy, to them which brought you up by hand‖ (36) He wanted others to know that he was a man who always demonstrated injustice and kindness. As a matter of fact, he also formed a habit of flattering those who were rich and in high social positions.―Mr. Pumblechook and I breakfasted at eight o’clock in the parlor behind the shop, while the shopman took his mug of tea and hunch of bread- and- butter on a sack of peas in the front of premises……besides giving me as much crumb as possible in combination with as little butter, and putting such a quantity of warm water into my milk that it would have been more candid to have left the milk out altogether—his conversation consisted of nothing but arithmetic. ‖ (61-62) These showed us the hypocrisy of Uncle Pumblechook. And this kind of hypocrisy was the main stream of the Victorian countryside social circumstances and also led the false moral to poor Pip. Then Pip formed false value. Joe’s good qualities had a great influence on Pip’ ch aracters Joe was a represent of the working class. Just like other working people Joe was honest, kind and hard working. He did all he could to help Pip when Pip was in trouble. He never looked down upon Pip. On the contrary, he protected Pip when his wife bullying him. What he represent was the great virtues of the lovely working people. Miss Hacisham represented the cruelness of bourgeoisie. Her behaviors led herself to revenge. She lived in a house which was full of darkness. Her adopted daughter who named Estella just was her revenge tool to men. She was a woman with a icy heart. Pip fell in love with the beautiful girl but what he got back was her ridicule. From then on, Pip felt ashamed of himself for he didn’t have high social status and relationship. The hopelessness he got from Estella made him eager to be a gentleman. Money and social status was the sign of position in Pip’s eye. The childhood of Pip was miserable for he the hypocrisy of the people around and influence of the bourgeois. So the miserable beginning led a miserable future.2. Pip’s Gentleman LifePip lived a gentleman life in London. At that time, London was not good enough as he imagined. In London, Pip found it was amazing to be a dandy and losthis nature for a time. He soon became a selfish man. He thought that he would live a life he wanted if he married Estella. But the sudden coming of Magwitch not only broke up his dream and made him make a decision of getting rid of his gentleman life. First of all, in London, there were two men Jaggers and Wemmick from the upper class that influenced Pip most. The two men’s office was the reflection of London evils. Jaggers thought money was the most important thing in life, which influenced Pip in a deep way. Pip learnt to spend money expensively and judge people by their money. He even felt ashamed of his dear friend Joe. He looked down up on the poor and thought they were too common. Jaggers knew the Pip’s great expectation at the very beginning. The bad influence that came from Jaggers led to terrible results: Pip lost his kind nature step by step. It was lucky for Pip to meet Wemmick in London. He was quite the same as Jaggers in the law office, however, quite a different at home. His friendship to Pip was honest and loyal, but he never told Pip this. When Wemmick had to deal with his office affairs and his private things, he warned Pip like this:The office is one thing, and the private life is another one. When I go into office, I leave the Castle behind me, and when I come into the Castle, I leave the office behind me. If it is not in any way disagreeable to you, you’ll oblige me by doing the same. I don’t wish it professionally spoken about. (201)Secondly, the ideas of the Bourgeois made Pip lived uneasily. He lived in idleness and was regretting his lost natural instincts.B. Pip’s Great Expectation and His NatureFirstly, let’s make an explanation of Pip’s great expectations. In the novel, the great expectations can be thought as Pip’s desire to get Estella’ love. Originally, he did not treat money and social status that important, because of his love for Estella that led his hypocrisy. The great expectation also can be thought as a great process of great changes in life. But in my opinion, Pip loved Estella nearly at the first sight and he knew his love couldn’t be realized because of his commonness. Pip hoped to marry her so much that he missed Estella almost every moment. So Pip supposed that the only way to get Estella’s love was to be a gentleman. After he Left SatisManor he went to work with Joe. He believed that the property came from Miss Havisham but in the end he knew it came from Magwitch. When dreamed of marrying Estella after he became a gentleman in London, he got the news that Bentley was about to marry her. When he turned to Bibby for love, he found that she would marry Joe. Unfortunately, Pip suffered a lot in his life. But at last, he understood the truth of life and found the lost nature.Secondly, when Pip was young, he brought food to the convict, and the convict wanted to reward him. So after Magwitch became rich, he gave lots of money to Pip and hoped Pip would live a happy life. But his kindness did not help Pip, and it brought Pip sufferings.Thirdly, Pip’s great expectations were produced by the capital society. As we all knows, there were two kinds of people in the capital city—rich and poor. The conflicts between rich and poor never stopped. Miss Havisham’s tragedy caused Pip’s sufferings. Pip did not know which is right and which is wrong. He could not master his own destiny. Facing the choices he did not grasp himself. We can see from that he gave a hand to the convict that he was kind-hearted. His love for Estella was loyal. He was a kind person who did not live happily. When being a gentleman Pip felt depressive and when being a common people he lived freely and happily.IV. The inspiration on the outlook of our valueEvery man has his faults, we can see much valuable morality from the leading character in this novel and he deserves our respect. Such as his fortitude, and goodness. It is a continual process while individual's growing and improving. Pip got his good morality back and started a brand-new life although his bright future is broken.We are now living in an information age and lead a happy life. Lack of the spirit of self-reliance, and always rely on our family to meet objectives. We need to depend on ourselves no matter a bright future or not, success or Failure. We should depend on our own ability to achieve great expectations. We may suffer setbacks, storms also losing our way during this period. Only in this way, the greatexpectations we achieve can last forever.V.ConclusionThe development of Pip’ characters have a deep relationship with the social circumstance su ch as family, school, social activities. In the thesis we’ve talked about many aspects that influenced the character development. The reason for the change and development of his characters was the influential social activities. Pip lost his nature in life was because he had a wrong value towards money and social status. Then the poor education condition was an important aspect that Pip learnt little useful knowledge from the school or the teacher. Wemmick helped Pip when Pip faced the difficulties. He gave his true love to Pip who once saved his life. At last, Pip knew that he should abandon the wrong value and find back his natural instincts.The novel tells us that we must built the firm establish faith and shouldn’t be mislead by the wrong value. The social circumstances both can be the good ones and the bad ones. They can be educational and destructive. Of course, different people will lead different lives in the same social circumstance. So the most important factor is our own nature.Work CitedDickens, C. Great Expectations [M].Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press, 1995.Forster, John. The Life of Charles Dickens. Ed.J.W.T.(Ley)London: Cecil Palmer, 1928Johnson E.D.H. Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels [M], Princeton University, 1969.Smith, Grahame. ―The Life and Times of Charles Dickens.‖ Charles Dickens. Ed.John O. Jordan. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press by Arrangement with Cambridge University Press, 2003.1-16Wheeler, Michael. English Fiction of the Victorian Period 1830-1890. London : Longman, 1985.查尔斯·狄更斯，主万译。

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“Discuss both views and give your own opinion”把更有力的、更具说服力的观点放在第二段~~模板：开头：Nowadays, the … has been the focus of the heated debate. Attitudes towards this issue differ widely from person to person and mainly depend on mainly depend on their own position on the question.第一段：To people who assert that … , their logic seems to be that… . This assertion certainly sounds reasonable because… Another reason for this viewpoint lies in the fact that… / A very good illustration is…（两个原因或者一个原因+一个例子）第二段：But the counter-argument is that … The most convincing argument of this perspective is that… In addition, … / The best example probably is …（两个原因或者一个原因+一个例子）结尾：My own opinion is that… So I suggest that… （更加倾向于哪个观点/都不同意+升华+提出建议）我自己写的例文：prepare students for employment/ help students acquire theoretical knowledgeNowadays, the real objective of education has been the focus of the heated debate. Attitudes towards this issue differ widely from person to person and mainly depend on their own position on the question.To the people who assert that higher education should primarily focus on preparing students for jobs, their logic seems to be that education is useless without the increase of students’ employment ratio. This assertion certainly sounds reasonable because whether we want to admit it or not, most people attend to higher education in order to get a better job. Another reason for this viewpoint lies in the fact thattechnology-driven industries account for an ever-increasing share of our jobs. As advances in technology continue to accelerate, plenty of theoretical knowledge needed for jobs will change more and more quickly. Thus it would be a waste of our education resource to focus on theoretical knowledge that might soon become obsolete.But the counter-argument is that teach students theoretical knowledge is what university all about. The most convincing argument of this perspective is that during the in-school period, students not always know about their career goals. So if schools place too much emphasis on the job training, it is likely to ignore students’ true career interests and limit their employment desire and employability. In addition, theoretical knowledge actually provides the foundations for students to acquire more advanced and practical knowledge. Without such foundations, students would find it difficult to further their studies or lose interest and confidence in the deeper study altogether. My own opinion is that both two respects are reasonable and necessary but still too one-sided to ignore the nature of education, which I think is to develop good study habits,enrich the feelings, cultivate the sentiment and build the personality. So I suggest that university should focus more on these factors besides teach students theoretical and practical knowledge.“To what extent do you agree or disagree”1.完全否定/完全肯定：可以根据需要，调换先说反方再说正方，还是先正方，再反方~~开头：There is the ongoing debate as to whether … and attitudes towards this issue differ widely from person to person. As for me, I strongly/tend to agree with the assertion that…/I take exception with the assertion that… / To a large extent, I believe that…（+自己独特的观点）第一段：My most convincing argument of this perspective is that …; A very good illustration is…第二段：Another reason for this viewpoint lies in the fact that… This can be best illustrated with …第三段：Those who hold the counter-argument convince that … This assertion sounds reasonable when considering the fact that …. Take the most striking instance …（原因+例子）/when take the most striking instance …（直接加例子）But these people actually fail to recognize …结尾：So my conclusion is that… On the contrary…（批驳和自己观点相反的）1.1 我自己改编的例文(exception)：There is the ongoing debate as to whether technology development is widening the gap between the haves and have-nots and attitudes towards this issue differ widely from person to person. As for me, I take exception with the assertion that modern technology is worsening the social divide.My most convincing argument of this perspective is that above all, technologies are invented more for the benefit of all people in their life and work than just for the rich people. A very good illustration is the advent of the Internet, which has enabled average persons to communicate with each other on a global basis, providing them with an access to more opportunities and better life.Another reason for this viewpoint lies in the fact that further development of sciences and technologies has enriched the world’s material resources to the extent that poverty has been largely reduced and average citizens’ living standards have been improved. This can be best illustrated with China, in where the latest farming technologies have successfully helped the nation’s government to feed the booming population.Those who hold the counter-argument convince that there are cases where technologies have widened the gap between the rich and the poor. This assertion sounds reasonable when take the most striking instance happened during the beginning stage of industrialization, when machines started enhancing the efficiency of manufacturing and replacing workers on a large scale. Consequently, while the rich people, bosses, and capitalists were getting richer, the poor average citizens were in extreme poverty struggling for basic subsistence.But these people actually fail torecognize that what should be blamed is definitely not science and technologies, but those persons who use them in the wrong way.So my conclusion is that technologies on their own are not guilty for the widening gap between the rich and the poor. On the contrary, all citizens benefit from diverse technologies and their application in positive ways.1.2 我自己改编的例文(agree)：T here is the ongoing debate as to whether the government should support the arts and attitudes towards this issue differ widely from person to person. As for me, I tend to agree with the assertion that government should be the leading funder of art industry.Those who hold the counter-argument convince that as long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate. This assertion sounds reasonable when considering the fact that the social resource is limited, this means that if governments invest more money in the art, they must reduce the money use to other parts proportionally. But these people actually fail to recognize the potential benefits gained from the development of art industry.My most convincing argument of this perspective is that by collecting public resources to the arts we actually can help to solve many social problems. A very good illustration is Canada’s film industry, which is heavily subsidized by the Canadian government thus has been developed a lot. The booming film-industry stimulated job growth and wealth that can be applied toward education, job training, public constructions and social programs.Another reason for this viewpoint lies in the fact that art serves to lift the human spirit and to put us more in touch with our own humanity. Under this circumstance, we become less self-centered and more others-oriented. In other words, we can live a more charitable society in which people are willing to help the vulnerable. This change itself will create more opportunities for us to obtain more well-being.So my conclusion is that economic and other societal benefits can accrue when government assumes an active role in supporting the arts. On the contrary,the absence of art may lead to a spiritless society.2.肯定一部分，否定一部分，折衷开头：There is the ongoing debate among architects as to whether…and attitudes towards this issue differ widely from person to person. I concede that ... Otherwise, in my opinion the suggestion/assertion that …is just too narrow/extreme/simple (to bring about…)第一段（同意部分）：Admittedly, … On one hand, …; On the other hand,…A very good illustration is …第二段（不同意部分）：Despite the merits of this suggestion/claim, however, it is … since it overlooks some crucial respects. First, … Take the most striking instance… Most importantly, … This can be best illustrated with…结尾：To sum up, I agree with the statement insofar as…. Nevertheless, my viewpoint is…根据模板改编的范文：T here is the ongoing debate among architects as to whether the exterior of their design should convey a traditional feel and attitudes towards this issue differ widely from person to person. I concede that traditional building has its own advantages and special meaning. Otherwise, in my opinion the suggestion that all new buildings should be built in traditional way is just too extreme to bring about.Admittedly, the traditional style is a more practical choice for some rural area. On one hand, traditional building materials are easier for people to obtain; On the other hand, particular traditional style had been tasted by generations and proved to be the most suitable to the local environment. A very good illustration is people of Dai nationality usually use bamboos to build their houses, because bamboos are not only easy to find around their regions but also can prevent muggy air. As to cities, traditional style may still be a sensible option for some urban projects such as churches and temples, which represent traditional cultural identities.Despite the merits of this suggestion, however, it is unrealistic for general use since it overlooks some crucial respects. First,modern architectural styles are indeed superior to the traditional structures in terms of materials and functionality. Take the most striking instance the more scientific architectural construction helps urban developers to save valuable land. Most importantly, modern-style buildings offer city residents better living conditions. This can be best illustrated with various modern commercial buildings (such as supermarkets and movie theatres) and office buildings. To sum up, I agree with the statement insofar as traditional styles are still important to many specific areas. Nevertheless, my viewpoint is whether buildings should be built in traditional styles should be determined on a case-by-case basis, depending on their location and the exact purposes that they serve.“To what extent do you think the advantages of this practice outweigh the disadvantages”1.利大于弊/弊大于利开头：There is ongoing debate as to whether… bring more benefits or drawbacks to the… As for me, I believe this is, overall, a positive development/ I believe this has, overall, positive significance. （积极）As for me, I believe this is, overall, a negative development/ I believe this has, overall, bad influence. （消极）第一段：The primary advantage/disadvantage of … is, of course, … A very good illustration is…第二段：Most importantly/ Also, it is obvious that … Take the most striking instance…第三段：Those who hold the counter-argument worried that … But these people actually fail to recognize that … Even if …第四段：Other people may also complain that… But so far (there is no evidence that)… This can be best illustrated with…结尾：So my conclusion is that… not only… but also…1.1 我改编的范文（advantage）：There is the ongoing debate as to whether the increasingly popular low-cost flights bring more benefits or drawbacks to the world. As for me, I believe this is, overall, a positive development.The primary advantage of inexpensive flights is, of course, the cost. Some discount airline tickets are so cheap that they cost even less than the airport tax. This change can certainly give more people access to air travel and increase the efficiency of travelling worldwide, either for business or for pleasure.Also, it is obvious that low-cost airlines boost tourism development. They provide more tourists with the chance to travel by air. Especially nowadays, time is valuable for travelers because few of us have a long vacation. Compared with a train or a bus journey, cheap flights not only do not cost much more but also save us a great deal of time, making people more willing to travel around in their own countries or even overseas instead of staying at home.Those who hold the counter-argument worried that low-budget air travel may be uncomfortable or more tiresome than regular flights. But these people actually fail to recognize that most low-cost airlines provide the same space for the economy-class passengers. Even if we really feel unhappy with the seats, we usually just have to endure a very short time. Besides, we can always get a better seat with very little additional cost.Other people may also complain that the increasing cheap flights consumption expends more fuel and worsens the air pollution. But so far there is no evidence that cheap air travel is more damaging to the environment than bus rides or train rides because air trip is a more efficient way to travel and to transport.So my conclusion is that low-cost airlines not only offer us economical flights, but also give us greater convenience and more options, which cannot be simply evaluatedby price.1.2范文（disadvantage）：（其实这篇完全可以写成各有利弊，会更好写，很少有完全的disadvantage的，如果advantage非常明显就写为advantage，否则还是写成各有利弊）There is ongoing debate as to whether the obey of过去的family values brings more benefits or drawbacks to the families and individuals. As for me, I believe this has, overall, bad influence.The primary disadvantage of traditional family values is it, of course, lack of freedom. Many concepts representing the traditional family values are no longer compatible with the modern lifestyle. People in traditional families tend to obey rules blindly and lack individuality, which are regarded as the basic requirements for survival in the age of change. Consequently, they may find themselves incompetent when they look for jobs as no employers wants robots without an active mind today.Most importantly, they may live more stressful lives than others because they do not dare to say no to their elders. The real ideas hidden at their heart may even leave them depressed and increase their risk of developing mental problems.To those who hold the counter-argument claim that traditional family values give us stronger family bonds, which are like a safe haven for life. Children living in such families would know how to behave properly. But these people actually fail to recognize that it is hard for members to enjoy the family bonds between each other when they cannot even freely express how they feel.So my conclusion is that we should uphold some traditional concepts such as the respect between family members. Meanwhile, we should also appreciate family members’ individuality.2.利弊均衡开头：There is the ongoing debate as to whether… bring more benefits or drawbacks to... As for me, I believe this has, overall, both positive significance and bad influence. 有利有弊~~第一段：Let us consider some of the points that may be made in defence of… Firstly, … Secondly, … Thirdly…第二段：Admittedly, however, … present a number of objectionable features. / … has its dark side. It is obvious that… Then there is the question of … At a deeper level…结尾：On balance, it seems that… But at least we can … by doing…（改进措施，扬长避短~~）我改编的范文：There is the ongoing debate as to whether the increasingly television advertisements bring more benefits or drawbacks to people’s life. As for me, I believe this has, overall, both positive significance and bad influence.Let us consider some of the points that may be made in defence of TV advertising. Firstly,advertisements provide information, which is essential to the modern economy development because it brings resources owners into contact with the demanders. Indeed, advertisements are the most efficient means of such communication and help to maintain the price of consumer goods reasonable. Secondly, the advertising industry itself is a significant source of employment. Thirdly, some advertisements are charming and elaborate, they can be treated as art works. Admittedly, however,television advertising presents a number of objectionable features. It is obvious that they often interrupt the programs,distract our attention and may spoil our enjoyment or learning--all of these are time-consumed. Then there is a question of the message that the advertisements convey. They aim to arouse our desires to buy new products rather than simply give us information about products that we actually need. At a deeper level,advertisements often present us with a fantasy world to boost their profits thus they may create wasteful consumption.On balance, it seems that given the reality of the modern economy, we cannot completely eradicate television advertising. But at least we can avoid being overly controlled by advertisements by evaluating their messages and effects.报告题：“What are the causes/what problem will this cause and what can… do to solve these problems?开头：Nowadays, the … has been the focus of the heated debate. Among all the related problems that people are highly concerned with, … is an extremely acute one. Whether we can solve this problem properly is of vital importance to…第一段：There are several reasons why ... I believe that… is the main cause. The fact that… helps to answer why… Another factor causing this unfortunate situation is … In this case, …第二段：Most importantly, … is also a result of… We ignore that… We also forget that…第三段：As for solutions to this worrying situation, I believe we should firstly focus on … Besides, … will also be helpful. Furthermore, we should committed to doing… We can ensure such measure indeed worked/can encourage such action by doing…结尾：With mutual effort and collective will, such measures could really contribute to ... Certainly nobody wants to see …我改编的范文（9分）：Nowadays, the environment protection has been the focus of the heated debate. Among all the related problems that people are highly concerned with, increasing rubbish is an extremely acute one. Whether we can solve this problem properly is of vital importance to our future welfare.There are several reasons why rubbish overflow is happening. I believe that booming consumption is the main cause. The fact that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past helps to answer why we have so much packaging nowadays. Another factor causing this unfortunate situation is modern people pursue more convenient.In this case, people like to buy packaged or canned foodthat can be transported form long distances and stored until we need it, first in the supermarket, and then at home.Most importantly, the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use something once and throw it away. We ignore that even the cheapest plastic bag has used up valuable resources and energy to produce. We also forget that it is a source of pollution and difficult to dispose of.As for solutions to this worrying situation, I believe governments should firstly focus on raise this awareness in the general public. Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, while adults need to take action. Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.With mutual effort and collective will, such measures could really contribute to reduce the amount of rubbish we produce.Certainly nobody wants to see our resources used up and our planet becomes a big landfill.解释现象/问题/目的等+自己的观点/另外的问题~~（综合前面的各种情况）机经里的题后面的问题都是利弊分析，用之前的模板，利弊各说两至三点即可~~最后一段综合两个问题总结一下！！Nowadays, the resources protection has been the focus of the heated debate. Among all the related problems that people are highly concerned with, the shortage of fuels and energy is an extremely acute one. What can we do to save on these resources? Are there any alternates?Our answer to these questions is of vital importance to our future welfare.There are several measures we can take to cut down on the use of these precious resources. I believe that to use more fuel-economical is the most direct way.In particular, people should be made to drive smaller cars and the fuel consumption of cars should be made more efficient. Another method we can bring out is that people should be encouraged to make use of public transport whenever they can, which can be achieved by taxing cars and the use of road space.Most importantly,the generation of electricity is also a cause of the problem.Although it has to be conceded that everybody needs electricity, we ignore that electricity is often used wastefully. Take the most striking instance that all the large neon lights in cities are rarely turned off when not in use.Energy saving is not enough on its own, though.Regarding find the alternative sources of power, the most commonly-made suggestion is to expand nuclear power, which does not cause pollution. However, the possibility of nuclear accidents may mean it is not worth the risk. Besides, clean sources of energy do exist, including solar, wind and hydro-electric power.With mutual effort and collective will, measures above could really contribute to reduce the amount of energy we wasted and 新能源开发will also help to 缓解资源紧张。

国家税务总局关于如何理解和认定税收协定中“受益所有人”的通知(英文)

国家税务总局关于如何理解和认定税收协定中“受益所有人”的通知(英文)

Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on How to Understand and Determine the “Beneficial Owners”in Tax Agreements(Letter No. 601 [2009] of the State Administration of Taxation)The state taxation bureaus and local taxation bureaus of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, the cities under separate state planning, and Yangzhou Institute of Continuing Tax Education,According to the relevant provisions of the agreements on the avoidance of double taxation signed by the Government of the People’s Republic of China with those of foreign countries (including the arrangements on the avoidance of double taxation signed with the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions) (hereinafter gener ally referred to as “tax agreements”), we hereby notify you of the following issues about how to determine the applicant’s status of a “beneficial owner” when a resident of the other contracting party applies for enjoying the treatments as prescribed in the tax agreement regarding dividends, interest and royalties:I. The term “beneficial owner” refers to a person who has the right to own and dispose of the income and the rights or properties generated from the said income. The “beneficial owner”may be an individual, a company or any other organization which is usually engaged in substantial business operations. An agent or a conduit company is not a “beneficial owner”.The term “conduit company” refers to a company which is usually established for purposes of dodging or reducing taxes, and transferring or accumulating profits. Such a company is only registered in the country of domicile to satisfy the organizational form as required by law, but it does not engage in such substantial business operations as manufacturing, distribution and management.II. When determining if one is a “beneficial owner”, you should not only understand the said term from the technical aspect or in domestic law, you should also make an analysis and judgment in light of the actual circumstance of the specific case by focusing on the purposes of the tax agreement (namely avoiding double taxation and preventing evasion of taxes) as per the principle of substance over form. Generally speaking, the following factors will put an applicant ina disadvantageous position in the determination of his/its “beneficial owner” status:1. The applicant is obliged to pay or distribute to residents of a third country (region) the total or most of the income (for an example, 60% or more) within the prescribed time limit (for an example, within 12 months after the income is received);2. Except for holding properties or rights generated from the incomes, the applicant does not have or hardly carries out other business operations;3. The applicant is a company or any other entity, but it has very few assets, is small in scale or has very employees which are difficult to match its amount of income;4. As to the income or the properties or rights generated from the said income, the applicant does not have or hardly has the right to control or dispose of, and it (he) does not bear any risk or bears very little risk;5. The other contracting country (region) does not impose any tax on or exempts tax from the relevant income, or imposes tax on the relevant income but the actual tax is extremely low;6. There is another loan or deposit contract between the creditor and the third party, of which the amount, interest rate or contract conclusion time are nearly the same as those of the loan contract, from which the interest is generated and under which the said interest is paid; and7. There is another contract between the applicant and the third party on the right to use orown a copyright, patent or technology apart from the contract on the transfer of the right to use or own a copyright or technology, from which the royalty is generated and under which the said royalty is paid.As to the incomes of different nature, you should make a comprehensive analysis of the aforesaid factors, and if you believe that the applicant does not conform to the provisions of Article 1 of this Notice, you shall not determine it (him) as a “benefic ial owner”.III. When a taxpayer applies for enjoying the treatments as prescribed in a tax agreement, it (he) shall have the materials relevant to the factors as listed in Article 3 of this Notice which can prove that it (he) is a “beneficial owner”.When examining and approving the non-residents’ applications for enjoying the treatments as prescribed in relevant articles of the tax agreements, all places make the determination of the “beneficial owners”status under the aforesaid provisions, and may confirm the relevant materials through the information exchange mechanism, if necessary. All places shall timely summarize their experiences and find out the problems during the process of concrete implementation, and may, level by level, submit the complicated cases to (the Department of International Tax of) the State Administration of Taxation for solution.State Administration of TaxationOctober 27, 2009。

unit 1-2

unit 1-2

班级：_________ 姓名:____________ 学号：_________________Units 1-2Test One (A)1.Taking a plane is the quickest _________ to get to New York.A. TypeB. meansC. methodD. mode2. The child was _______ to the nurse’s care.A. committedB. givenC. promisedD. commandedCommit sb/sth to sth: give or transfer sb/sth to (a state or place) for safe keeping, treatment, etc.将某人（某事物）置于（某状态）或交与或转交某处保留，处理等）3. The baby is a new ______ to our family.A. additionB. Enlargement 放大C. Expansion扩张D. extension 延伸，扩展，电话分机4. A child’s character is greatly influenced by his home _______.A. settingB. environment自然环境和社会环境C. situationD. circumstance 情况，处境5. The teacher has ______ each of us a holiday task.A. givenB. electedC. deliveredD. assigned6. Dust had ______ during her absence.A. increasedB. collectedC. gatheredD. accumulated7. My mom’s encouragement _______ me to go on with my study.A. determinedB. decidedC. settledD. resolvedDetermine sb against sth 使某人决定不做某事8. Her illness is merely a ______ to avoid seeing him.A. methodB. planC. wayD. device 装置，设备；手段，策略9. There were no women in the committee ______ 1976, but now women are in a majority.A. priorB. previous toC. before toD. agoPrior to 在…之前10. We must ______ our attention on efficiency.A. payB. concentrateC. provideD. gather11. She has ______ 95 years of her life.A. finishedB. accomplishedC. achievedD. completedAccomplish:完成，实现，做成功；度完（时间）；达到目的，实现任务12. _______ I quite understand why he refused to help her, I cannot agree that he was right not to do so.A. WhileB. IfC. BecauseD. When13. I’ve really got nothing to ______.A. complaintB. complainC. complaint ofD. complain of14. ______ you go on, you will find your English improved.A. WhenB. BecauseC. AsD. Although15. He gave up ______ abroad to pursue his studies.A. goB. to goC. goingD. went16. She treats him as if he ______ a stranger.A. wereB. beC. isD. would be17. Because of ______ the job, he decided to treat us to a meal.A. succeed to getB. succeed in gettingC. succeeding in gettingD. succeeding to get18. They were determined to set off in the next morning ______ our persuasion.A. according toB. in spite ofC. in addition toD. apart from19. The city ______ over 2000 such incidents last year.A. experiencedB. stoodC. happenedD. felt20. The whole journey ______ 3,300 kilometers.A. takesB. covers 通过，走完（若干里）C. includesD. extends21. Her old dream ______ round the world came back.A. to goingB. of goC. of goingD. to go22. In learning English, you must pay attention ______ to the meaning of a word, ______ to the way native speakers use it in their daily life.A. either, orB. not only, but alsoC. neither, norD. not, but23. The car was turned ______ and the driver was seriously injured.A. overB. downC. outD. around24. She could hardly believe her ______ .A. listeningB. earsC. hearing听力，听觉D. audition（拟进行表演者的）试演，试唱，试音25. The little boy went out ______.A. for himselfB. to himselfC. by himselfD. on himself26. The police asked us to ______ a tall man in a black hat.A. watch outB. watch forC. watch overD. watch out for27. How to ______ the contradictions correctly among the people is the key to develop steadily.A. dealB. handleC. hangD. do28. It was _____ of you to do that typing for me.A. helpfulB. favoriteC. usefulD. valuable29. We are responsible for the project. So, I felt ______ to mention it.A. freeB. bindC. sureD. bound30. – How long is your ______ to work?-- Only about fifteen minutes.A. journey旅行，行程B. tripC. travelD. voyage1.journey 应用范围很广, 指“有预定地点的陆上、水上或空中的单程长、短途旅行”, 一般来说, 它着重指“长距离的陆上的旅行”2.trip 为一般用语, 指“任何方式的, 从事业务或游览的旅行”, 往往着重于“短途旅行”, 在口语中, 可与journey 互换3.tour 指“以游览、视察、购物等为目的的旅行”, 常含有“最后回到原出发点”的意思4.voyage 主要指“乘船作水上旅行”, 也可指”空中旅行”5.excursion 指“娱乐性的短途旅行”Test One (B)1.The boatman had to ______ himself with live fish before rescue came.A. standB. keepC. sustain 维持某人的生命或存在D. support2. He ______ his friend in the crowdA. sought out找出B. found outC. looked out小心，当心，留神D. reached out 伸出3. The television receiver is an electronic ______ .A. machineB. toolC. deviceD. organ4. They are anxious to develop friendly ______ with their neighboring countries.A. connectsB. relationsC. joinsD. contacts5. The manager thought he was a ______ person and told him all about the new plan.A. confidentB. famousC. reliableD. dependent6. She only ______ her son’s marriage long after the event.A. knew of 知道某人（或某事物的）情况B. learntC. knewD. learnt of 听说7. The teaching ______ of this college is excellent.A. staffB. groupC. crewD. team8. He gave up his seat on the bus to an old woman standing ______.A. besidesB. nearlyC. nearbyD. around9. We can’t act on your advice. ______, thank you for giving it.A. AndB. ButC. MoreoverD. Nevertheless10. Whether an operation should be made in this situation ______ very much on the patient’s general condition.A. reliesB. dependsC. countsD. concentrates11. Do you know how many ______ there are in this English book?A. wordsB. vocabularyC. languagesD. tongueswords是多数的word，翻译成单词、词语都可以。

大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案

大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案

Unit 4 Organization and InstitutionText APreparatory Work(1)a. Institutionalization: refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole: is the provisional release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, refraining from drug and alcohol use, av avoidingoiding contact with the parolee’parolee’s s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.d. Rehabilitation: is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism. Alternatives to imprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare towards the offender.(2)Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, Psychology (3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007Main research interests: social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome study (related to discharged soldiers).(3)Name of experiment Description of theexperiment Relation of the experiment with the textExperiment on obedience A series of socialpsychology experimentsconducted by Y aleUniversity psychologistStanley Milgram. Theymeasured the willingness Closely related with the text since they are all about the effect of assigned roles.of study participants, men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of people were prepared to obey, albeit unwillingly, even if apparently causing serious injury and distress.Small-world experiment (six degrees of separation) The small-worldexperiment comprisedseveral experimentsconducted by StanleyMilgram and otherresearchers examining theaverage path length forsocial networks of peoplein the United States. Theresearch wasgroundbreaking in that itsuggested that humansociety is asmall-world-type networkcharacterized by shortpath-lengths. Theexperiments are oftenassociated with the phrase“six degrees ofseparation”separation”, , althoughMilgram did not use thisterm himself.Not closely related withthe text since theexperiment is about socialnetworking betweenindividuals in the UnitedStates.Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Part Para(s) Main ideaI. Anecdote and introduction 1-2 A case showing the necessity forprison reformII. Body3-10 (the experiment)The experiment of a mock prison with guards and prisoners were carried out and had to end earlier because of the frightening effect. III. Findings 11-13 (implication) Individual behavior is largelyunder the control of social forcesand environmental contingenciesrather than personality traits,character, willpower, or otherempirically un-validatedconstructs. IV IV. Conclusion . Conclusion14 (effects of prison) The prison situation is guaranteed to generate severe pathologicalreactions in both guards andprisoners as to debase theirhumanity, and make it difficult forthem to be part of a society outside of their prison. 2.(1) Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisoner’s situation to plea plead for prison d for prisonreform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison.(2) They conduct an experiment about the effects of prison on both guards andprisoners. (3) They want to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or a prison guard.(4) The 24 participants are selected randomly from volunteer students in Palo Altocity and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison. (5) At Stanford University in 1971.(6) The experiment has to be ended earlier than planned.(7) Because the effects of prison (abusing and being abused) on those beingexperimented are frightening.(8) The results show that people underestimate the power and pervasiveness ofsituational controls over behavior.(9) Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmentalcontingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, etc. Many people, perhaps the majority, can be made to do almost anything when put into psychologically compelling situations – regardless of their morals, ethics, values, attitudes, beliefs, or personal convictions.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)Hypothesis:the change of environment (including changed roles) affects one’s behavior (students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which areall different from their normal environment and role of being a student or citizen) Cause: prison and assigned new roles (changed environment)Effect: rational people with humanity were turned to abusers and victims Independent variable: the participants as human beings (the same human beings) (Stimulus: change of environment/roles)Dependent variable: behaviorThe experiment on the power and influence of roles assigned to ordinary individualsis basically valid and convincing, and similar experiments also prove that most people’s behavior are influenced by the social environment, particularly the new roles they are assigned. Unfortunately, the experiment cannot be confirmed due to the ethical concern (the harm caused by the experiment on the participants). And also, since the participants of a social experiment are humans, the result might not be exactly the same (unlike the natural science experiment which can be repeated with precision and same result).(2)Similarities: the two experiments are all about the effect of assigned roles and social expectations on the behavior of the human beings s.expectations on the behavior of the human beingDifferences: Zimbardo’s experiment focuses on the gradual change of behavior on those who are assigned new roles (prison effect) while Stanley’s experiment focuses on authority’s influence on individuals in normal circumstances (authority effect).(3)Power and its execution are closely related with the role assigned to the power-holder. The more important role he/she is given, the more likely he/she abuses it if there are no checks and balances from other institutions. It is very important to fight against corruption (in campaigns or through legal means), but it’s more important to set up mechanism to balance the role given to power-holders.(4)Zimbardo’s statement or conclusion is based on his only experiment about humans and their environment and cannot be repeated due to ethical reasons. It is reasonable to argue that most people are influenced by the (change of) environment and adapt to it quickly, which means personal “freedom” is conditioned. However, there are exceptions, and this statement cannot explain the behavior of those heroes who stick to their principles under any circumstances and would rather die than surrender to enemy or power.(5)These exceptional examples are mostly heroes in extreme circumstances such as war or condition of life and death (Wen Tianxiang, Liu Hulan, John Brown etc.). They have to choose between life and death very quickly and sometimes they act from instinct. There are other factors that result in these exceptional cases – they all have very strong characters which have been fostered in hardship; they also have a very strong faith and are ready to die for the cause they pursue.(6)Besides the reason Zimbardo mentions (psychological factor of self-image for the donors), there are at least two more reasons. One is religious reason – most people in the West are Christians who believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ and feel a duty to help the poor (in the form of material, money, or time). The other is related to the affluence of the West where the majority of people become well-off enough to give away a fraction of their wealth or money to maintain social stability. (There’re also other reasons such as tax deduction in some countries to encourage donation.)(7)Simply put, the merit of “group think group think”” is that it can mobilize a uniformed collective force to realize some goal that individuals alone cannot hope to accomplish (through teamwork and national solidarity). The demerit of “group think” is that the group leader’s view might be one leader’s view might be one-sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based -sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based on it could easily lead to mistakes or even disaster. Other demerits: this situation may easily result in the circumstance of strong leader/dictator vs. obedient/populist followers; and in many case followers; and in many cases the “truth” i s the “truth” i s the “truth” is not necessary in the hands of the majority. s not necessary in the hands of the majority.(8)Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have receivedhealth authority/ethics committee approvalin the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial - their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. The key point here is: All participants are volunteers who choose clinical trial when other means fail. Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used in animal experiment annually. In the EU, these species represent 93% of animals used in research. If the same was true in the US then the total number of animals used in research is estimated to be between 12 and 25 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment. Supporters of the use of animals in experiments, such as the British Royal Society, argue that virtually every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals in some way. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has argued that animal research cannot be replaced by even sophisticated computer models, which are unable to deal with the extremely complex interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment. Animal rights, and some animal welfare, organizations question the need for and legitimacy of animal testing, arguing that it is cruel and poorly regulated, that medical progress is actually held back by misleading animal models that cannot reliably predict effects in humans, that some of the tests are outdated, that the costs outweigh the benefits, or that animals have the intrinsic right not to be used or harmedin experimentation.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1)C&F (2)B&C (3)E&F (4)E&F (5)A&D(6)C&E (7)A&F (8)B&F (9)D&E (10)B&C2.（1）拼图、勾画（2）构建（名词）（3）建造（动词）（4）建筑物（5）档案（6）（一列）纵队（7）（用锉刀）锉（9）提出、提交（10）呼吁、要求（11）上诉（12）情绪感染、情感诉求（13）吸引力（14）从…悬吊下来（15）停职（16）暂停（17）悬浮（18）吸引（19）雇佣（20）交战、接触（21）忙于（22）面对、触及3.(1) die away (2) need (3) call for (4) overwhelmed (5) assessed(6) result in (7) function (8) filed (9) prayed (10) predicting4.(1)served as (2)end up with (3)differentiate between (4)dissolved into(5) (5) prevent…from prevent…from(6) trade… for (6) trade… for (7) attribute to (7) attribute to (7) attribute to (8) inflicted… on (8) inflicted… on (8) inflicted… on (9) derived from (10) pass out (9) derived from (10) pass outII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) This powerful appeal for prison reform was sent to me in a secret letter from aprisoner. He cannot reveal his name because of still being rehabilitated.(2) The guards were informed of the potential seriousness and danger of the situationas well as their own weaknesses (during the experiment).(3) In less than a week, the experience of imprisonment dissolved all good things that they’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self they’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self-concepts while the -concepts while theugliest and most basic sick side of human nature came into the surface.(4) Individual behavior is largely influenced and dominated by social forces andenvironmental factors instead of by personality traits, character, willpower, or other components that cannot be proved by empirical evidences.(5) Thus w Thus we created a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’ e created a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’internal control (of themselves and of the environment) that actually does not exists.(6) However, since most participants in these studies do act in irrational orunreasonable ways, it can be concluded that the majority of observers would also yield to the social psychological pressure in the same situation. 2.(1) A good leader does not impose his personal will on his subordinates.(2) When rumors of bribing were out, the company immediately denied it.(3) The official was convicted of life imprisonment because of stealing and sellingstate secrets; he decided not to appeal to the higher court.(4) The purpose of setting up the fund is to rehabilitate the landmine victims.(5) This university is one of the few local higher learning institutions that can conferdoctorate degrees.(6) If you want to know more about the characteristics of the British, you have to further study the dimensions of their history and culture.(7) This company has launched a new round of publicity campaign across the country,to attract those potential customers.(8)No country should interfere in No country should interfere in any other country’s any other country’s any other country’s domestic affairs in the excuse domestic affairs in the excuse of human rights. (9) In real life, only very few people can remain independent, not succumbing to power and authority.(10) S ome people believe that in modern society we should adopt an attitude ofunderstanding and tolerance towards deviant views and behaviors. 3.个人行为在很大程度上受到社会力量和环境变化的控制，而非取决于个人特质、性格、意志力或其他未经实验证实的因素。