英语写作引文标注

A bibliography is a list of publications or documents such as books, journals , TV programmes, newspapers and Internet web sites that you have used to gather information in order to write assignments, such as essays or reports.There are several methods of compiling a bibliography. One of the most popular methods is the Harvard System, which this guide will focus on. Always check with your tutor(s)/lecturer(s) if they wish a particular system to be used in assignments.As well as compiling a bibliography, you must also acknowledge any information written by other people, which you have included in your work, such as quotes. To do this you must: -∙Cite references throughout your work.∙Compile a reference list of all references.By referencing and compiling a bibliography you give people the option to find out more about the content of your work.Harvard system – how to list sourcesWhen you list sources of information in a bibliography or reference list, using the Harvard system, you must use a specific format.In the Harvard system you list the items in your bibliography and reference list alphabetically by the author's surname.Harvard system – listing booksFor each book in the bibliography, include the following information: - of author(s) - surname followed by forename.2.Year the book was published - the year is placed in brackets.3.Title of the book - written in italics or underlined.4.The edition - only if it is not the first edition.5.Place of publication6.The Publisher7.Pages referred to – abbreviated to pp.ExampleChisnall, Peter (1995) Strategic Business Marketing. 3rd ed.London. Prentice Hall. pp.44-63.Harvard system – listing journals / magazinesFor each journal in the bibliography, include the following information: - of author(s) - surname followed by forename.2.Year the journal was published - the year is placed in brackets.3.Title of the article4.Title of the journal- written in italics or underlined.5.The volume number- use the abbreviation Vol.6.Pages referred to - abbreviated to pp.ExampleChalkley, Martin. (1998) Proscribing and prescribing drugs. Economic Review. Vol. 15(4), pp.6-7Harvard system – other listingsEXTRACTS/CHAPTERS of a book which has contributions from various authors of author(s) of the contribution - surname followed by forename.2.Year the book was published - the year is placed in brackets.3.Title of the contribution - followed by In: of author(s) or editor(s) of the book – put ed. after the editor's name.5.Title of the book - written in italics or underlined.6.The edition - only if it is not the first edition.7.Place of publication8.The publisher9.Pages referred to - abbreviated to pp.ExampleMiles, R. and Snow, C. (1984) Organisational fit. In: Pugh, D. ed. Organization Theory: Selected Readings. 3rd ed.London. Penguin. pp. 124-145.NEWSPAPERS1.Journalist name - surname followed by forename.2.Whole date - day, month, and year in brackets.3.Title of article - usually the headline. of newspaper - in italics or underlined5.Page numberExampleSeenan, Gerard. (13 August 1998) Hospital suspends consultant after patient's death. The Guardian. p.5.CD-ROMs1. Name of author - if known.2. Title of the article3. Year4. Title of CD-ROM5. Publisher.ExampleAustralia: introduction. (1996) Encarta. Microsoft.INTERNET1. Publisher of the site2. Date you accessed site3. URL (address)ExampleHunterian Museum. (8.2.02) /museumMultiple authorsIf there are two authors give both names. If there are more than two authors either give all the names or give the first name followed by “and others” or “et al”Examples2 Authors Laing, R. and Esterson, A.More than 2 authors Kakabadse, A.,Ludlow, R. and Orr, TOr Kakabadse, A. et al.Or Kakabadse, A. and othersHarvard system - citing references in your textWhen you cite a reference in your text (refer to, include or quote another person's work in a report, essay, coursework etc.) the author's surname and the date of publication must be given.ExamplesThis case shows (Black 1990) that the law needs to be changed.OrBlack(1990) demonstrates that the law needs to be changed.Or"Delegation is an essential element and skill of management" (Mullins 1999).At the end of your assignment, you must compile a list of all the references you have cited. This is called a Reference list. It is different to a bibliography as it only lists the sources that your references came from. A bibliography contains all the sources that have been consulted even if they were not referred to in the assignment.Example of a bibliography¨Chalkley, Martin. (1998) Proscribing and prescribing drugs. Economic Review. Vol. 15(4), pp.6-7¨Chisnall, Peter (1995) Strategic Business Marketing. 3rd ed.London. Prentice Hall.pp.44-63.¨HunterianMuseum. (8.2.02) /museum¨Miles, R. and Snow, C. (1984) Organisational fit. In: Pugh, D. ed. Organization Theory: Selected Readings. 3rd ed.London. Penguin. pp. 124-145 passim.¨Seenan, Gerard. (13 August 1998) Hospital suspends consultant after patient's death. The Guardian. p.5.Keeping recordsTo help you compile a Bibliography or Reference List, you should keep a record of all the sources you used when gathering information. Form the habit of keeping a list of all the sources you have used with all the required pieces of bibliographical information. This way, you will be able to quickly put your bibliography together.On the following pages there are blank Bibliographic Information Tables. Each table is split into sections for different types of source, with each section stating the required bibliographical information. You can use the tables, to record the required bibliographical information about the sources you have used. When you have completed your assignment, you can re-arrange the information alphabetically to compile a bibliography.You may wish to retain a table as a photocopy master. You can then use a table for any assignments that require a bibliography or reference list.Further informationFor more information about referencing and compiling bibliographies check out the following web pages: -/lis/general/references.htm (printed sources) /lis/general/referencesinternet.htm (electronic sources)Adding an appendixIn a College context an appendix is a section of additional information at the end of an assignment. The appendix will support or further explain the information in the actual assignment. Information included as an appendix could include: -∙Background information.∙Tables of information.∙Diagrams, graphs or pictures.∙Passages cut from the assignment (if the assignment was too long).∙Articles from books, magazines, etc.∙Lists of jargon or technical information.∙Lists of acronyms or abbreviations.∙Questionnaire/survey results or other evidence.Appendix tips∙An appendix is an subsidiary part of an assignment, it is not considered to be as important as the actual assignment.∙ A large appendix section will not compensate for a short or poor assignment.∙Do not include the appendix section in a word count, a 1000 word report with a 1000 word appendix does not constitute a 2000 word report.∙The plural of appendix is appendices.Listing / numbering appendicesAppendices should be listed / numbered logically, this makes them easy to reference in assignments and helps readers find information.If you are adding more than 1 appendix choose how you are going to number them and be consistent. The most simple way is to number appendices is: -Appendix 1Appendix 2Appendix 3and so on…You may wish to replace the numbers with Roman numerals or letters. Related information is sometimes listed as two parts of the same appendix, e.g. two related graphs may be listed as appendix 1A and appendix 1B.。