《国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具》

IASB发布新金融工具准则（IFRS9）（套期会计）-致同研究之IFRS系列（十五）简介国际会计准则理事会（IASB）于2014年7月24日发布《国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具》（IFRS 9）终稿，汇总了IASB关于金融工具分类和计量、减值和套期会计的阶段性项目，以取代《国际会计准则第39号——金融工具：确认和计量》（IAS 39）。

该版本增加了一个新的预期信用损失减值模型，引入了以公允价值计量且其变动计入其他综合收益的新计量类别，并对业务模式的评估和合同现金流量特征提供了更多的指引。

该版本取代IFRS 9之前的所有版本，于2018年1月1日或以后日期开始的年度期间生效。

《致同研究之IFRS系列》新金融工具准则专题将介绍金融工具的分类和计量、减值、套期会计及IASB和FASB在金融工具准则的主要差异等内容。

本篇内容主要介绍套期会计方面的主要规定。

一、金融工具项目背景2008年金融危机中，业界一直呼吁全面修订现行的IAS 39，以减少金融工具会计处理的复杂性。

为了响应此问题，在全球政府部门和监管机构的推动下，IASB于2008年启动制定金融工具综合项目，致力于制定新的原则导向、更为简单的金融工具准则，以全面取代原先的IAS 39。

IASB采取了分阶段逐个击破的策略，将整个项目分成若干阶段，对每个阶段采取单独的应循程序。

2009年6月，IASB将替代IAS 39的项目分为金融工具确认和分类、减值和套期会计三部分内容，并发布了阐述金融资产新的分类和计量模型的IFRS 9。

随后，IASB于2010年在IFRS 9中增加了涉及金融负债和终止确认的要求，并于2013年对IFRS 9作出修订，增加了关于一般套期会计的新规定。

关于金融工具减值的部分，为了应对金融危机中已发生损失模型带来利润的剧烈波动的情况，IASB建议启动使用预期信用损失模型计提减值的项目，但是预期信用损失如何计算以及何时确认仍然存在争议，该项目因为影响重大且缺乏可操作性问题，波折不断，经历了从“无组别”到“两组别”、再到“三组别”的过程。

国际会计准则九号
国际会计准则九号是《国际财务报告准则第9号：金融工具》（IFRS 9 Financial Instruments）的简称，由国际会计准则理事会（IASB）于2014年7月24日正式发布。

该准则于2018年1月1日起生效，是针对金融工具的会计准则，主要对权益资产重新归类。

IFRS 9发布后，2017年3月31日，我国财政部正式发布了参照IFRS 9修订后的金融工具相关会计准则，包括《企业会计准则第22号——金融工具确认和计量》《企业会计准则第23号——金融资产转移》和《企业会计准则第24号——套期会计》。

2018年，在A 股和H股同时上市的企业开始使用新金融工具准则；2019年，新金融工具准则将进一步推广至全部A股上市公司。

IFRS9号准则对我国保险业的影响分析作者：郑欣来源：《财会通讯》2010年第08期2009年11月12日国际会计准则理事会(简称IASB)颁布了一项新的国际财务报告准则——《国际财务报告准则第9号一金融工具》(简称IFRS9)，用于对金融资产的分类和计量。

该准则将分阶段取代原本广泛使用的金融工具计量准则——《国际会计准则第39号一公允价值：确认和计量》(简称IAS39)。

我国于2006年实现会计准则的重新调整后，已基本实现了我国会计准则与国际会计准则的趋同，因此该项会计准则的改革必然对国内金融行业产生巨大的影响，尤其对以金融资产为主的保险行业产生更为深远的影响。

本文通过保险公司的数据分析对可能产生的影响进行分析和探讨，为即将到来的准则变化提前做好相应的准备工作，以减少其对保险公司经营管理所带来的冲击。

一、国际会计准则的改革背景与变动(一)国际会计准则的改革背景金融工具会计准则改革的一个突出目的是为了简化金融工具会计处理的复杂性。

在2008年全球爆发金融危机后，人们对于现行金融工具会计分类和计量所暴露出来的问题日益关注。

由于现行金融工具会计分类和计量过于复杂，使得报表使用者难以清晰、准确地理解报表上所反映的经济实质，客观上为金融机构肆意地放大风险，获取高额利润创造了条件，从而造成了金融危机。

同时现行国际会计准则特别是金融工具会计准则的亲周期现象，也使得投资者、监管机构还是中介机构都认为应加以改进。

在20国集团(简称G20)领导人就降低金融会计准则的复杂性、通过纳入更广泛的信息来完善贷款损失准备的确认等问题达成共识的情况下，国际会计准则理事会发布了一系列旨在简化金融工具处理的征求意见稿，并决定分阶段完成新旧会计准则的替换工作。

(二)国际会计准则的主要变动由于各国监管机构对金融资产减值损失、金融负债计量等方面仍存在分歧，因此IASB对本次准则替换工作分三个阶段进行：第一阶段为分类和计量，在2009年7月发布分类和计量征求意见稿，并于2009年11月发布正式稿；第二阶段为减值方法，于2009年lO月发布减值征求意见稿；第三阶段为套期会计，于2009年12月发布套期会计的征求意见稿。

IFRS 9 is a 'work in progress' and will eventually replace IAS 39 in its entiretyOn 12 November 2009, the IASB issued IFRS 9 Financial Instruments as the first step in its project to replace IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. IFRS 9 introduced new requirements for classifying and measuring financial assets that had to be applied starting 1 January 2013, with early adoption permitted. Click for IASB Press Release (PDF 101k).On 28 October 2010, the IASB reissued IFRS 9, incorporating new requirements on accounting for financial liabilities, and carrying over from IAS 39 the requirements for derecognition of financial assets and financial liabilities (the Basis for Conclusions was also restructured, and IFRIC 9 and the 2009 version of IFRS 9 were withdrawn). Click for IASB Press Release (PDF 33k).On 16 December 2011, the IASB issued Mandatory Effective Date and Transition Disclosures (Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7), which amended the effective date of IFRS 9 to annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2015, and modified the relief from restating comparative periods and the associated disclosures in IFRS 7.On 19 November 2013, the IASB issued IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Hedge Accounting and amendments to IFRS 9, IFRS 7 and IAS 39) amending IFRS 9 to include the new general hedge accounting model, allow early adoption of the treatment of fair value changes due to own credit on liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss and remove the 1 January 2015 effective date. The IASB intends to expand IFRS 9 to add new requirements for impairment of financial assets measured at amortised cost and include limited amendments to the classification and measurement requirements. When these projects are completed an effective date will be added and IFRS 9 will be a complete replacement for IAS 39.Other sub-projects in the IASB's comprehensive project to replace IAS 39:o Impairment of financial assets measured at amortised costo Limited reconsideration of IFRS 9o Macro hedge accounting (now being treated as a separate project).Overview of IFRS 9Initial measurement of financial instrumentsAll financial instruments are initially measured at fair value plus or minus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs. [IFRS 9, paragraph 5.1.1] Subsequent measurement of financial assetsIFRS 9 divides all financial assets that are currently in the scope of IAS 39 into two classifications - those measured at amortised cost and those measured at fair value. Classification is made at the time the financial asset is initially recognised, namely when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.1.1]Debt instrumentsA debt instrument that meets the following two conditions can be measured at amortised cost (net of any write down for impairment) [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.1.2]:o Business model test: The objective of the entity's business model is to hold the financial asset to collect the contractual cash flows (rather than to sell the instrument prior to its contractual maturity to realise its fair value changes).o Cash flow characteristics test: The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal outstanding.All other debt instruments must be measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL). [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.1.4]Fair value optionEven if an instrument meets the two amortised cost tests, IFRS 9 contains an option to designate a financial asset as measured at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (sometimes referred to as an 'accounting mismatch') that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases. [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.1.5]IAS 39's AFS and HTM categories are eliminatedThe available-for-sale and held-to-maturity categories currently in IAS 39 are not included in IFRS 9. Equity instrumentsAll equity investments in scope of IFRS 9 are to be measured at fair value in the statement of financial position, with value changes recognised in profit or loss, except for those equity investments for which the entity has elected to report value changes in 'other comprehensive income'. There is no 'cost exception' for unquoted equities.'Other comprehensive income' optionIf an equity investment is not held for trading, an entity can make an irrevocable election at initial recognition to measure it at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI) with only dividend income recognised in profit or loss. [IFRS 9, paragraph 5.7.5]Measurement guidanceDespite the fair value requirement for all equity investments, IFRS 9 contains guidance on when cost may be the best estimate of fair value and also when it might not be representative of fair value. Subsequent measurement of financial liabilitiesIFRS 9 doesn't change the basic accounting model for financial liabilities under IAS 39. Two measurement categories continue to exist: fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) and amortised cost. Financial liabilities held for trading are measured at FVTPL, and all other financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost unless the fair value option is applied. [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.2.1]Fair value optionIFRS 9 contains an option to designate a financial liability as measured at FVTPL if [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.2.2]:o doing so eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (sometimes referred to as an 'accounting mismatch') that would otherwise arise from measuringassets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases, oro the liability is part or a group of financial liabilities or financial assets and financial liabilities that is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the group is provided internally on that basis to the entity's key management personnel.A financial liability which does not meet any of these criteria may still be designated as measured at FVTPL when it contains one or more embedded derivatives that would require separation. [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.3.5]IFRS 9 requires gains and losses on financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss to be split into the amount of change in the fair value that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of the liability, which shall be presented in other comprehensive income, and the remaining amount of changein the fair value of the liability which shall be presented in profit or loss. The new guidance allows the recognition of the full amount of change in the fair value in the profit or loss only if the recognition of changes in the liability's credit risk in other comprehensive income would create or enlarge an accounting mismatch in profit or loss. That determination is made at initial recognition and is not reassessed. [IFRS 9, paragraphs 5.7.7-5.7.8]Amounts presented in other comprehensive income shall not be subsequently transferred to profit or loss, the entity may only transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.Derecognition of financial assetsThe basic premise for the derecognition model in IFRS 9 (carried over from IAS 39) is to determine whether the asset under consideration for derecognition is: [IFRS 9, paragraph 3.2.2]o an asset in its entirety oro specifically identified cash flows from an asset (or a group of similar financial assets) oro a fully proportionate (pro rata) share of the cash flows from an asset (or a group of similar financial assets). oro a fully proportionate (pro rata) share of specifically identified cash flows from a financial asset (or a group of similar financial assets)Once the asset under consideration for derecognition has been determined, an assessment is made as to whether the asset has been transferred, and if so, whether the transfer of that asset is subsequently eligible for derecognition.An asset is transferred if either the entity has transferred the contractual rights to receive the cash flows, or the entity has retained the contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the asset, but has assumed a contractual obligation to pass those cash flows on under an arrangement that meets the following three conditions: [IFRS 9, paragraphs 3.2.4-3.2.5]o the entity has no obligation to pay amounts to the eventual recipient unless it collects equivalent amounts on the original asseto the entity is prohibited from selling or pledging the original asset (other than as security to the eventual recipient),o the entity has an obligation to remit those cash flows without material delayOnce an entity has determined that the asset has been transferred, it then determines whether or not it has transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset. If substantially all the risks and rewards have been transferred, the asset is derecognised. If substantially all the risks and rewards have been retained, derecognition of the asset is precluded. [IFRS 9, paragraphs 3.2.6]If the entity has neither retained nor transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of the asset, then the entity must assess whether it has relinquished control of the asset or not. If the entity does not control the asset then derecognition is appropriate; however if the entity has retained control of the asset, then the entity continues to recognise the asset to the extent to which it has a continuing involvement in the asset. [IFRS 9, paragraph 3.2.9]These various derecognition steps are summarised in the decision tree in paragraph B3.2.1. Derecognition of financial liabilitiesA financial liability should be removed from the balance sheet when, and only when, it is extinguished, that is, when the obligation specified in the contract is either discharged or cancelled or expires. [IFRS 9,paragraph 3.3.1] Where there has been an exchange between an existing borrower and lender of debt instruments with substantially different terms, or there has been a substantial modification of the terms of an existing financial liability, this transaction is accounted for as an extinguishment of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. A gain or loss from extinguishment of the original financial liability is recognised in profit or loss. [IFRS 9, paragraphs 3.3.2-3.3.3]DerivativesAll derivatives, including those linked to unquoted equity investments, are measured at fair value. Value changes are recognised in profit or loss unless the entity has elected to treat the derivative as a hedging instrument in accordance with IAS 39, in which case the requirements of IAS 39 apply.Embedded derivativesAn embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid contract that also includes a non-derivative host, with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative. A derivative that is attached to a financial instrument but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument, or has a different counterparty, is not an embedded derivative, but a separate financial instrument. [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.3.1]The embedded derivative concept of IAS 39 has been included in IFRS 9 to apply only to hosts that are not assets within the scope of the standard, Consequently, embedded derivatives that under IAS 39 would have been separately accounted for at FVTPL because they were not closely related to the financial host asset will no longer be separated. Instead, the contractual cash flows of the financial asset are assessed in their entirety, and the asset as a whole is measured at FVTPL if any of its cash flows do not represent payments of principal and interest. The embedded derivative concept of IAS 39 is now included in IFRS 9 and continues to apply to financial liabilities and hosts not within the scope of the standard (e.g. leasing contracts, insurance contracts, contracts for the purchase or sale of a non-financial items).ReclassificationFor financial assets, reclassification is required between FVTPL and amortised cost, or vice versa, if and only if the entity's business model objective for its financial assets changes so its previous model assessment would no longer apply. [IFRS 9, paragraph 4.4.1]If reclassification is appropriate, it must be done prospectively from the reclassification date. An entity does not restate any previously recognised gains, losses, or interest.IFRS 9 does not allow reclassification where:o the 'other comprehensive income' option has been exercised for a financial asset, oro the fair value option has been exercised in any circumstance for a financial assets or financial liability.Hedge accountingThe hedge accounting requirements in IFRS 9 are optional. If certain eligibility and qualification criteria are met, hedge accounting allows an entity to reflect risk management activities in the financial statements by matching gains or losses on financial hedging instruments with losses or gains on the risk exposures they hedge.The hedge accounting model in IFRS 9 is not designed to accommodate hedging of open, dynamic portfolios. As a result for a fair value hedge of interest rate risk of a portfolio of financial assets or liabilities an entity can apply the hedge accounting requirements in IAS 39 instead of those in IFRS 9. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.1.3]In addition when an entity first applies IFRS as amended in November 2013, it may choose as its accounting policy choice to continue to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39 instead of the requirements of Chapter 6 of IFRS 9 [IFRS 9 paragraph 7.2.16]Qualifying criteria for hedge accountingA hedging relationship qualifies for hedge accounting only if all of the following criteria are met:1. the hedging relationship consists only of eligible hedging instruments and eligible hedged items.2. at the inception of the hedging relationship there is formal designation and documentation of thehedging relationship and the entity’s risk management objective a nd strategy for undertaking the hedge.3. the hedging relationship meets all of the hedge effectiveness requirements (see below) [IFRS 9paragraph 6.4.1]Hedging instrumentsOnly contracts with a party external to the reporting entity may be designated as hedging instruments. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.3]A hedging instrument may be a derivative (except for some written options) or non-derivative financial instrument measured at FVTPL unless it is a financial liability designated as at FVTPL for which changes due to credit risk are presented in OCI. For a hedge of foreign currency risk, the foreign currency risk component of a non-derivative financial instrument, except equity investments designated as FVTOCI, may be designated as the hedging instrument. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.1-6.2.2]IFRS 9 allows a proportion (e.g. 60%) but not a time portion (eg the first 6 years of cash flows of a 10 year instrument) of a hedging instrument to be designated as the hedging instrument. IFRS 9 also allows only the intrinsic value of an option, or the spot element of a forward to be designated as the hedging instrument. An entity may also exclude the foreign currency basis spread from a designated hedging instrument. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.4]IFRS 9 allows combinations of derivatives and non-derivatives to be designated as the hedging instrument. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.5]Combinations of purchased and written options do not qualify if they amount to a net written option at the date of designation. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.6]Hedged itemsA hedged item can be a recognised asset or liability, an unrecognised firm commitment, a highly probable forecast transaction or a net investment in a foreign operation and must be reliably measurable. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.3.1-6.3.3]An aggregated exposure that is a combination of an eligible hedged item as described above and a derivative may be designated as a hedged item. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.3.4]The hedged item must generally be with a party external to the reporting entity however as an exception the foreign currency risk of an intragroup monetary item may qualify as a hedged item in the consolidated financial statements if it results in an exposure to foreign exchange rate gains or losses that are not fully eliminated on consolidation. In addition, the foreign currency risk of a highly probable forecast intragroup transaction may qualify as a hedged item in consolidated financial statements provided that the transaction is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity entering into that transaction and the foreign currency risk will affect consolidated profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.3.5 -6.3.6]An entity may designate an item in its entirety or a component of an item as the hedged item. The component may be a risk component that is separately identifiable and reliably measurable; one or more selected contractual cash flows; or components of a nominal amount. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.3.7]A group of items (including net positions is an eligible hedged item only if:1. it consists of items individually, eligible hedged items;2. the items in the group are managed together on a group basis for risk management purposes;and3. in the case of a cash flow hedge of a group of items whose variabilities in cash flows are notexpected to be approximately proportional to the overall variability in cash flows of the group:1. it is a hedge of foreign currency risk; and2. the designation of that net position specifies the reporting period in which the forecasttransactions are expected to affect profit or loss, as well as their nature and volume[IFRS 9 paragraph 6.6.1]For a hedge of a net position whose hedged risk affects different line items in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, any hedging gains or losses in that statement are presented in a separate line from those affected by the hedged items. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.6.4]Accounting for qualifying hedging relationshipsThere are three types of hedging relationships:Fair value hedge: a hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value of a recognised asset or liability or an unrecognised firm commitment, or a component of any such item, that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect profit or loss (or OCI in the case of an equity instrument designated as at FVTOCI). [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.2(a) and 6.5.3]For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in profit or loss (or OCI, if hedging an equity instrument at FVTOCI and the hedging gain or loss on the hedged item adjusts the carrying amount of the hedged item and is recognised in profit or loss. However, if the hedged item is an equity instrument at FVTOCI, those amounts remain in OCI. When a hedged item is an unrecognised firm commitment the cumulative hedging gain or loss is recognised as an asset or a liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognised in profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.8]If the hedged item is a financial instrument measured at amortised cost any hedge adjustment is amortised to profit or loss based on a recalculated effective interest rate. Amortisation may begin as soon as an adjustment exists and shall begin no later than when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for hedging gains and losses. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.10]Cash flow hedge: a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk associated with all, or a component of, a recognised asset or liability (such as all or some future interest payments on variable-rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction, and could affect profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.2(b)]For a cash flow hedge the cash flow hedge reserve in equity is adjusted to the lower of the following (in absolute amounts):o the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument from inception of the hedge; ando the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item from inception of the hedge.The portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is recognised in OCI and any remaining gain or loss is hedge ineffectiveness that is recognised in profit or loss.If a hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial item or becomes a firm commitment for which fair value hedge accounting is applied, The amount that has been accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve is removed and included directly in the initial cost or other carrying amount of the asset or the liability. In other cases The amount that has been accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve is reclassified to profit or loss in the same period(s) as the hedged cash flows. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.11]When an entity discontinues hedge accounting for a cash flow hedge, if the hedged future cash flows are still expected to occur, the amount that has been accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve remains there until the future cash flows occur; if the hedged future cash flows are no longer expected to occur, that amount is immediately reclassified to profit or loss [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.12]A hedge of the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment may be accounted for as a fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.4]Hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation (as defined in IAS 21), including a hedge of a monetary item that is accounted for as part of the net investment, is accounted for similarly to cash flow hedges:o the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is recognised in OCI; ando the ineffective portion is recognised in profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.13]The cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion of the hedge is reclassified to profit or loss on the disposal or partial disposal of the foreign operation. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.14]Hedge effectiveness requirementsIn order to qualify for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship must meet the following effectiveness criteria at the beginning of each hedged period:o there is an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument;o the effect of credit risk does not dominate the value changes that result from that economic relationship; ando the hedge ratio of the hedging relationship is the same as that actually used in the economic hedge [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.4.1(c)]Rebalancing and discontinuationIf a hedging relationship ceases to meet the hedge effectiveness requirement relating to the hedge ratio but the risk management objective for that designated hedging relationship remains the same, an entity adjusts the hedge ratio of the hedging relationship (i.e. rebalances the hedge) so that it meets the qualifying criteria again. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.5]An entity discontinues hedge accounting prospectively only when the hedging relationship (or a part of a hedging relationship) ceases to meet the qualifying criteria (after any rebalancing). This includes instances when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised. Discontinuing hedge accounting can either affect a hedging relationship in its entirety or only a part of it (in which case hedge accounting continues for the remainder of the hedging relationship). [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.6]Time value of optionsWhen an entity separates the intrinsic value and time value of an option contract and designates as the hedging instrument only the change in intrinsic value of the option, it recognises some or all of the change in the time value in OCI which is later removed or reclassified from equity as a single amount or on an amortised basis (depending on the nature of the hedged item) and ultimately recognised in profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.15] This reduces profit or loss volatility compared to recognising the change in value of time value directly in profit or loss.Forward points and foreign currency basis spreadsWhen an entity separates the forward points and the spot element of a forward contract and designates as the hedging instrument only the change in the value of the spot element, or when an entity excludes the foreign currency basis spread from a hedge the entity may recognise the change in value of the excluded portion in OCI to be later removed or reclassified from equity as a single amount or on an amortised basis (depending on the nature of the hedged item) and ultimately recognised in profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.16] This reduces profit or loss volatility compared to recognising the change in value of forward points or currency basis spreads directly in profit or loss.Credit exposures designated at FVTPLIf an entity uses a credit derivative measured at FVTPL to manage the credit risk of a financial instrument (credit exposure) it may designate all or a proportion of that financial instrument as measured at FVTPL if:o the name of the credit exposure matches the reference e ntity of the credit derivative (‘name matching’); ando the seniority of the financial instrument matches that of the instruments that can be delivered in accordance with the credit derivative.An entity may make this designation irrespective of whether the financial instrument that is managed for credit risk is within the scope of IFRS 9 (for example, it can apply to loan commitments that are outside the scope of IFRS 9). The entity may designate that financial instrument at, or subsequent to, initial recognition, or while it is unrecognised and shall document the designation concurrently. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.7.1]If designated after initial recognition, any difference in the previous carrying amount and fair value is recognised immediately in profit or loss [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.7.2]An entity discontinues measuring the financial instrument that gave rise to the credit risk at FVTPL if the qualifying criteria are no longer met and the instrument is not otherwise required to measure the instrument at FVTPL. The fair value at discontinuation becomes its new carrying amount. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.7.3 and 6.7.4]DisclosuresIFRS 9 amends some of the requirements of IFRS 7Financial Instruments: Disclosures including added disclosures about investments in equity instruments designated as at FVTOCI.。

《国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具》评析作者：朱小平夏璐来源：《财会通讯》2010年第11期全球金融危机促使国际准则理事会(IASB)提出以《国际财务报告准则第9号》(IFRS9)替代《国际会计准则第39号——金融工具:确认和计量》(IAS39)的计划,其目标是使准则更简化和审慎。

该次准则变革对与金融监管、行业发展和公司经营将产生深远的影响,同时也提出了更大的挑战。

一、我国金融工具会计准则改革及影响(一)我国会计准则体系改革的重要意义我国的会计标准是随着我国经济体制改革、法律法规不断健全和资本市场的发展而逐步修正和完善起来。

从1993年开始进行的一系列大规模的会计制度改革,到2006年财政部发布了包括39项准则在内的一整套新的企业会计准则体系,会计制度改革既提升了会计信息质量,又进一步加强了会计信息的可靠性,充分满足了会计信息使用者对会计信息的使用需求。

(二)金融工具变革的影响2007年1月1日起实施的《企业会计准则》标志着我国自1993年开始的会计改革进人最为重要的阶段。

其中,与保险公司和资产管理公司密切相关的金融工具准则体系,其制定的主要思路是参照国际财务报告准则。

实施前期广泛采纳了各方面专家的意见和建议,在充分考虑我国现阶段国情的前提下,坚持与国际会计准则趋同的原则。

此次变革改变了成本与市价孰低的计价方法,引入公允价值计量要求,反映企业金融工具所隐含的风险及其对企业财务状况和经营成果的影响,但该准则的实施也导致了金融企业在不同期间业绩波动的加剧。

面临新准则的实施,企业必须加强资产配置的能力,以避免经营业绩的不稳定性。

通过不断地实践与磨合,我国顺利完成了新准则的平稳过渡。

实践证明,与国际准则接轨的新准则为我国进一步吸引外资创造了优越的软环境,显著提高了我国财务数据的国际公信力,促使我国金融行业与国际金融行业的进一步融合,降低了金融行业的交易和会计遵循成本,大大增强我国在国际资本市场上的筹资能力。

浅析IFRS9下金融工具减值问题作者：杨国林来源：《财会学习》 2018年第28期摘要：国际会计准则理事会(IASB)发布了《国际财务报告准则第9 号——金融工具》(IFRS9)，确定了以“预期损失模型”为基础的减值方式。

根据我国会计准则国际趋同要求，IFRS9 关于金融工具损失计提模型的变动引起我国企业会计准则的调整，财政部发布了新修订的《企业会计准则第22 号——金融工具确认和计量》。

但是，根据IFRS9 修订的金融工具减值方式依然存在着一些问题。

因此本文基于此背景下，对金融工具减值方面的问题进行分析。

关键词：IFRS9；金融工具；减值一、前言财务报告中，金融工具的确认和计量是极为复杂的内容。

为了使金融工具的确认和计量简单、便于理解，国际会计准则理事会(IASB) 决定从改革，用IFRS9 取代现行的IAS39 的内容。

基于这样的背景，国际会计准则理事会(IASB) 着手修订国际会计准则，提出“预期损失模型(ECL)”的概念。

而我国也在国际会计准则趋同要求下，修订了新的金融会计准则，提出“以预期信用损失为基础”的减值模式。

二、金融工具减值存在的问题按照IFRS9 的规定，金融工具的信用损失是指会计报表编报主体根据合同应收的所有本金及利息现金流与预期将收取的所有现金流的差额的现值；预期信用损失，计算的是以违约风险为权重的加权平均信用损失。

评估预期信用损失，可以按照对手方信用风险变化的阶段化特征，IFRS9 采用了“三阶段” 法( 也称“通用模型”或“一般模型”) 以提取相应拨备。

此修订突破了金融资产减值评估的原则，对已经发生损失模型的“顺周期性”问题做出了解决。

( 一) 预期信用损失计量存在偏差预期信用损失，是指以发生违约的风险为权重的金融工具信用损失的加权平均值。

信用损失，是指企业按照原实际利率折现的、根据合同应收的所有合同现金流量与预期收取的所有现金流量之间的差额，即全部现金短缺的现值。

其中，对于企业购买或源生的已发生信用减值的金融资产，应按照该金融资产经信用调整的实际利率折现。

附件：《〈国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具:减值征求意见稿》简介一、国际会计准则理事会（“IASB”）发布该征求意见稿的背景现行会计准则中的已发生信用损失减值模型（“已发生损失模型”）将信用损失延迟到损失事件发生时确认，金融危机中，由于贷款和其他金融工具的信用损失延迟确认，业内普遍认为这是现行会计准则的不足。

金融危机咨询小组建议开发已发生损失模型的替代模型，使其采用的信息更具前瞻性1。

现行会计准则包含多种减值模型，带来的复杂性也被认为是额外的不足之处。

本征求意见稿主要是为财务报表使用者提供更多有用的信息，以理解有关金融资产和信贷承诺的预期信用损失。

本征求意见稿建议的模型提供了有关预期信用损失及对信用损失预期变化的信息，而且也要求采用更多合理及可支持的信息来确定预期信用损失。

针对现行实务的复杂性，本征求意见稿要求对所有金融工具采用相同的减值模型。

该征求意见稿是IASB取代《国际会计准则第39号——金融工具：确认和计量》整体项目的一部分，并且最终将被加入《国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具》，以对减值进行会计处理。

二、受本征求意见稿修订影响的企业1为了共同应对金融危机中出现的财务报告问题，IASB与美国会计准则制定者，即美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）于2008年10月成立了金融危机咨询小组来考虑如何改善财务报告以增强投资者对金融市场的信心。

持有金融资产和信贷承诺的企业将会受到影响。

本征求意见稿适用的金融工具如下：1.以摊余成本计量的金融资产，或强制以公允价值计量且其变动计入其他综合收益的金融资产2；2.应收账款及应收租赁款；3.其他面临信用风险的金融工具，如：(1)某些贷款承诺；及(2)某些财务担保合同。

三、本征求意见稿中的主要建议本征求意见稿中的主要建议要求企业于资产负债表日对金融资产和信贷承诺按照现行估计的未来现金流量不足确认其预期信用损失，并确认金融资产减值准备或信贷承诺拨备。

本征求意见稿不再要求企业以识别信用损失事件为确认信用损失的前提。

IFRS9正文国际财务报告准则第号——金融工具一、本文概述本文旨在介绍国际财务报告准则第9号（IFRS9）关于金融工具的内容。

该准则旨在规范和统一全球范围内的金融工具会计处理，以提高财务报告的可比性和透明度。

二、IFRS9主要内容IFRS9要求企业提供有关金融工具风险的定量和定性信息，包括市场风险、信用风险和流动性风险。

此外，还要求企业披露有关金融工具的会计政策和假设。

1、金融工具的确认1、金融工具的确认金融工具是指在一个交易日内订立或发放的，具有投资目的的，含有本金或具有本金或类似价值支持的任何合同或组合。

这些合同或组合包括但不限于以下几种类型：1.1 股票、债券和其他权益工具；1.2 贷款和应收账款；1.3 存款和其他负债；1.4 保单现金价值合同和年金合同；1.5 金融衍生工具；1.6 买入或卖出非金融项目的合同（除非该合同被归类为套期关系）。

在确认金融工具时，应考虑以下因素：1.1 该合同是否具有投资目的，即持有该合同是为了获取合同所规定的现金流量；1.2 该合同是否在交易日内订立或发放；1.3 该合同的条款和条件是否具有法律效力并能够执行。

确认金融工具时应当进行会计处理，并将该处理方法一贯应用于相关财务报表中。

确认金融工具的会计处理方法应当与对金融工具的风险管理和资本管理相关。

2、金融工具的计量2、金融工具的计量金融工具的计量是按照其性质和规模对资产负债表中涉及的金融工具进行计量的过程。

在IFRS9中，金融工具的计量采用了公允价值的概念，并规定了以下三种计量基础：（1）公允价值。

公允价值是指在公平交易中，熟悉情况的当事人自愿据以进行资产交换或负债清偿的金额。

公允价值计量需要考虑市场环境，包括市场参与者、资产或负债的特征以及可获得信息的范围等因素。

（2）摊余成本。

摊余成本是指初始确认时计算的账面价值，减去或加上因对未来现金流量净现值变动而导致的价值调整。

摊余成本计量主要应用于金融资产和金融负债，尤其是那些以收取或支付本金和利息为目的的金融工具。

新IFRS9下关于金融工具减值与美国会计准则比较邓俊杰浙江财经大学摘要：针对金融工具的减值会计处理，国际会计准则理事会(IASB)与美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)，双方在近年来产生较大差异。

国际会计准则理事会(IASB)颁布的《国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具》(简称“IFRS9”)，建立以“预期信用损失减值模型”(IFRS ECL)为基础的减值方式。

相反，美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)强调“现期预计损失减值模型”。

(US CECL)关键词：IFRS9；USAAP；金融工具；减值模型一、背景2008年国际金融危机爆发，现行已发生损失模型暴露出了一定的缺陷，当时IASB和FASB为解决金融资产会计计量存在的问题，联合成立了FCAG，目的在于寻求一个更好的减值损失模型来代替现有的已发生损失模型。

新IFRS9准则基于原IAS39对于金融工具的会计处理，由于金融资产减值在会计准则中分类计量处理较为复杂，因此在实际操作过程中也存在着一系列的问题。

上市企业经常通过之前国际会计准则和美国会计准则公认的模型，即“现行已发生损失模型(Incurred Loss Model)”计提减值损失，从而进行现金流量变现和盈余指数调节，但存在一定的财务漏洞。

因此新国际准则和美国会计准则同时对金融工具的减值测试进行调整与完善，并且二者因此也存在一定的差异性和可比较性。

二、金融工具减值模型差异根据原“现行已发生损失模型 (Incurred Loss Model)”存在减值误差较大、减值不足的现状，美国会计准则(USGAAP)提出了强调“现期预计损失减值模型”(US CECL)。

具体而言，美国会计准则按金融工具整个资产寿命期限，评估可能产生的信用风险和减值可能。

(简称：“一步法减值准备”)相反，国际准则新颁布的IFRS9金融工具减值是在金融资产每一个阶段都要确认更新减值准备的基础上，分为两个阶段：第一个阶段直接确认十二个月减值准备，计提减值损失，且如果信用风险大幅度上升，将按照金融资产预期整体寿命继续进一步确认减值损失。

浅谈新会计准则中金融工具的差异比较随着金融市场的不断发展和全球化程度的不断提高，金融工具在现代经济中扮演着至关重要的角色。

在会计领域，金融工具的会计处理一直是一个备受关注的问题。

为了更好地反映金融工具的本质特征和实际价值，国际财务报告准则理事会（IASB）和美国金融会计准则委员会（FASB）分别颁布了《国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具》（IFRS 9）和《金融会计准则第9号——金融工具》（FAS 9），并于2018年1月1日正式实施。

在新会计准则中，金融工具被分为三类：1、债务工具；2、权益工具；3、衍生工具。

不同于旧有的会计准则，在新的准则下，对于将要购买或出售的金融工具会在购买日确认并纳入财务报表，以更及时地反映其价值。

下面就来浅谈新会计准则中金融工具的差异比较。

一、分类标准不同旧有的会计准则将金融工具分为两类：长期投资和短期投资，而新会计准则则将金融工具分为三类：债务工具、权益工具和衍生工具。

对于金融工具的分类标准，新旧会计准则的主要区别在于：旧会计准则新会计准则投资以准备出售的金融资产投资不再以短期/长期区分，而是以债务工具、权益工具、衍生工具区分可供出售金融资产继续存在，但仅限于投资非相关方的股票与贷款和应收款有关的金融资产全部归入债务类金融资产非关联方债务性金融资产按不公允代价计量和摊余成本两种模式进行核算以上表格表明，新会计准则中的分类更加细致、全面，旨在更准确地反映金融工具的实际情况。

此外，在新会计准则下，每种金融工具的会计处理方式也有所不同。

二、会计处理方式不同旧会计准则新会计准则费用或收益费用或收益在确认为可供出售之前不计入损益计算，直到确认时计入持有成本按照摊余成本模式进行核算，直到准备转让或清算准备出售类金融资产按公允价值计量，通过综合损益计入利润和损失信用减值会计处理无法收回的资产损失计提减值，分摊到当期损益中利润率及公允价值相关金融工具调整利润率或被计入公允价值变动综上所述，新会计准则中金融工具的差异比较体现了金融工具日益复杂的性质和变化多端的特点。

国际财务报告准则第 9 号——金融工具一、新准则介绍目前关于股票收益的最新准则是国际准则委员会在2014年制定了《国际财务报告准则第 9 号——金融工具》（IFRS 9）,预计在2018年1月生效。

新的准则规定：所有的权益投资，不再允许以成本模式计量，必须采用公允价值模式计量。

对于股票等权益性投资分为以下两类：（一）对于以非交易性目的持有的权益性工具投资，企业可以在初始确认时作出不可撤销的选择，将其指定为以公允价值计量且其变动计入其他综合收益的金融资产。

但是一旦确认，计入其他综合收益的金融资产损益不可转回，因此该方式确认的收益无法计入当期损益。

（二）对于以交易性目的持有的权益性工具投资，企业可以在初始确认为以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产，该方式产生的投资收益可以计入当期损益。

二、会计准则变更前后的影响我国现行会计准则要求，可供出售金融资产的公允价值变动带来的利得和损失直接计入所有者权益中的“其他综合收益”，出售的时候将其他综合收益转为投资收益，股票公允价值变动并不会对当期利润产生影响，出售的时候一次性可以结转收益，相当于一个蓄水池的方式，可以方便企业用来调节利润。

而将来的准则以如果是上述第一种方式，那么将对损益无任何影响，如果是第二种方式，股票的公允价值变动会计入当期损益，那么对当期损益会产生较大的影响，这个影响是不受到企业控制的，因为股价的变动是不受控制的，当期的公允价值会随着企业的不动产生较大的变化，对当期利润的波动也会带来巨大的影响，企业难以用此种方式来调节利润，反而会对利润造成许多不确定性的因素。

三、记账方式（一）现行准则公允价值变动时，借：可供出售的金融资产-公允价值变动贷：其他综合收益出售时，借：其他综合收益贷：投资收益（二）新准则（1）公允价值计量且其变动计入其他综合收益账务处理公允价值变动时，借：可供出售的金融资产-公允价值变动贷：其他综合收益出售时，借：其他综合收益贷：资本公积（2）公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的账务处理公允价值变动时，借：可供出售的金融资产-公允价值变动贷：公允价值变动损益出售时，借：公允价值变动损益贷：投资收益注：目前关于新准则的账务处理，会计准则没有具体的规定，相关的账务处理仅是根据我个人理解的。

金融工具准则 ifrs9IFRS 9是一项金融工具准则，旨在提高金融报告质量，减少风险，促进国际会计标准的统一。

该准则于2018年初开始实施，取代了之前的IFRS 4。

该准则要求金融机构对其债务证券和金融资产进行分类、衡量和披露，并对预期信用损失进行准确计算。

以下是关于IFRS 9的一些重要内容。

分类和衡量IFRS 9要求金融机构基于业务模式和合同现金流量将金融资产分为三个分类：1. 持有至到期日：这类资产由于拥有明确到期日而具有较低的风险。

这些资产将按照成本计量法进行分类和衡量。

2. 符合公允价值选项：该选项允许金融机构选择把特定金融资产分类为公允价值计量，以反映实际市场价值。

这些资产的价值变化将反映在损益表中。

3. 持续公允价值选项：这类资产旨在通过被分为可供出售和可持有到到期日两种方法来反映实际市场价值。

这些资产的价值变化将反映在综合收益中。

IFRS 9对于每个分类都有不同的计算方法，以确保金融机构能够准确衡量其金融资产。

预期信用损失IFRS 9要求金融机构根据工作中发生的预计信用损失，对其持有的金融资产进行减值。

这意味着金融机构需要评估其资产风险，并预测未来的信用损失。

这可以通过以下两种方法实现：1. 均衡计量法：金融机构可以使用历史信用损失率来计算业务损失的期望值，然后考虑过去和当前市场条件之间的差异来调整这个数字。

2. 呈现计量法：金融机构可以根据当前市场信用情况和对未来的预期进行计算，以反映在受影响组合的信用损失预期值上。

无论使用哪种方法，IFRS 9都要求金融机构披露其重大信用风险和信用减值。

披露要求IFRS 9要求金融机构提供关于其金融工具业务的全面披露。

这些信息可以帮助利益相关者了解金融机构的实际业务情况和风险管理能力。

该准则要求披露的内容包括：1. 经济担保合同和知识产权的重要信息；2. 对期望信用损失的衡量；3. 对公允价值测量的披露；4. 对复杂结构性金融产品的披露；5. 报告应按时间和实质性组合进行分类。

附件：《〈国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具:减值征求意见稿》简介一、国际会计准则理事会（“IASB”）发布该征求意见稿的背景现行会计准则中的已发生信用损失减值模型（“已发生损失模型”）将信用损失延迟到损失事件发生时确认，金融危机中，由于贷款和其他金融工具的信用损失延迟确认，业内普遍认为这是现行会计准则的不足。

金融危机咨询小组建议开发已发生损失模型的替代模型，使其采用的信息更具前瞻性1。

现行会计准则包含多种减值模型，带来的复杂性也被认为是额外的不足之处。

本征求意见稿主要是为财务报表使用者提供更多有用的信息，以理解有关金融资产和信贷承诺的预期信用损失。

本征求意见稿建议的模型提供了有关预期信用损失及对信用损失预期变化的信息，而且也要求采用更多合理及可支持的信息来确定预期信用损失。

针对现行实务的复杂性，本征求意见稿要求对所有金融工具采用相同的减值模型。

该征求意见稿是IASB取代《国际会计准则第39号——金融工具：确认和计量》整体项目的一部分，并且最终将被加入《国际财务报告准则第9号——金融工具》，以对减值进行会计处理。

二、受本征求意见稿修订影响的企业1为了共同应对金融危机中出现的财务报告问题，IASB与美国会计准则制定者，即美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）于2008年10月成立了金融危机咨询小组来考虑如何改善财务报告以增强投资者对金融市场的信心。

持有金融资产和信贷承诺的企业将会受到影响。

本征求意见稿适用的金融工具如下：1.以摊余成本计量的金融资产，或强制以公允价值计量且其变动计入其他综合收益的金融资产2；2.应收账款及应收租赁款；3.其他面临信用风险的金融工具，如：(1)某些贷款承诺；及(2)某些财务担保合同。

三、本征求意见稿中的主要建议本征求意见稿中的主要建议要求企业于资产负债表日对金融资产和信贷承诺按照现行估计的未来现金流量不足确认其预期信用损失，并确认金融资产减值准备或信贷承诺拨备。

本征求意见稿不再要求企业以识别信用损失事件为确认信用损失的前提。

国际财务报告准则第9号的背景及主要变化陈兆伦【期刊名称】《中国注册会计师》【年(卷),期】2011(000)002【总页数】2页(P120-121)【作者】陈兆伦【作者单位】香港立信德豪会计师事务所【正文语种】中文国际会计准则第39号(IAS 39)《金融工具: 确认和计量》（Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement) 制定了确认和计量金融资产、金融负债和一些购买或出售非金融项目之合同的会计处理原则，也规范了金融工具的分类和其持续的计量(包括何时应作出减损的要求) 、金融工具何时应被确认和被终止确认，以及应用对冲会计的要求。

在2009年二十国集团(G20)的高峰会上，全球领袖宣布财务报告需要作出重大修改。

由于IAS 39之复杂性及其内在的不协调，加上被广泛地认为是“最不受欢迎”的国际会计报告准则之一，所以国际会计准则理事会(IASB)根据所获意见决定作出加速取代这条准则的计划。

可是，取代 IAS 39并非一件简单的工作。

因此，IASB把计划分拆成多个不同的模块，于2009年11月12日发布了国际财务报告准则第9号(IFRS 9)《金融工具》(Financial Instruments)。

这是第一个里程碑，因为IFRS 9只涵盖金融资产的分类和计量的要求，所以只是“解决方案”中的一个部分。

有鉴于此，IASB决定集中力量，希望在2010年内完成整个取代IAS 39的计划，其主要目标分别为:IFRS 9适用于2013年1月1日开始或以后会计年度期间，并允许提前采用，但必须遵守当地法律及法规是否容许其执行。

如果需要在2013年1月1日前采用，必须披露这个做法，同时需要采用对其他IFRSs所作出广泛相应的修订。

这条新准则需要在全面的追溯基础上 (retrospective basis) 应用，并受制于广泛的过渡性规定。

然而，在比较期间，若任何金融资产是在初次采用IFRS 9之前已被终止确认，则不可采用IFRS 9于这些已被终止确认的金融资产。