Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber
Outline of Relevance Theory*
l. Introduction Pragmatics is the study of the general cognitive principles and abilitiesinvolved in utterance interpretation, and of their cognitive effects. In con-structing an explanatory pragmatic theory, a variety of specific problemsmust be solved. Utterances may be ambiguous or referentially ambiva-lent, as in (1):(1) The football team gathered round their coach.Pragmatic theory should explain how the hearer of (1) decides whichfootball team the speaker has in mind, and whether ‘coach’ was intendedto mean busor games teacher. Utterances have not only explicit contentbut implicit import, as in (2):(2)a.Peter:Is George a good sailor?b.Mary:ALL the English are good sailors.Pragmatic theory should explain how (2b) is understood as implyingthat George is a good sailor. Utterances may be metaphorical or ironical,as in (3) and (4):(3) Their friendship blossomed.(4) Mary, of Peter, who has just tripped over his own feet:Peter’s just like Rudolf Nureyev.Pragmatic theory should describe and explain the differences betweenliteral and non-literal interpretation. More generally, the style of an utter-ance may affect its interpretation — compare the mildly witty (4) withthe explicitly critical (5):(5) Peter is very clumsy.Pragmatic theory should describe such stylistic effects and explainhow they are achieved. In this paper, we outline a pragmatic theory —relevance theory — which offers a unitary solution to these and other
龙源期刊网
The Application of Cooperative Learning
Theory in Vocational College English
Reading Teaching
作者：伍杨
来源：《校园英语·下旬》2017年第12期
【Abstract】In China， every civilian must learn English for many years， but it is still difficult
for us to communicate fluently with foreigners. Maybe the reasons are multiple. But the immediate
cause I think is we have not made good use of the reading class. This thesis will introduce a newly
developed class pattern—cooperative learning. Cooperative study is a kind of learning pattern
advocated by modern teaching theory. Cooperative learning， adopted in vocational college English
teaching， must entail teachers’ organizational strategies， instruction as well as arrangement， and
it should be applied in more ways.
【Key words】English reading teaching； cooperative learning pattern； vocational college
⑧
硕士学位论文
ＭＡＳ【＇ＥＲ’ＳＴＩｔＥＳＩＳ
内容摘要
关联理论是二十世纪八十年代以来，语用学界研究的一个重要课题。作为
诠释人类自然语言的最新理论，关联理论是１９８６年由Ｓｐｅｒｂｅｒ和Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ在他
们合作出版的《关联性：交际与认知》中首次提出的与交际认知有关的语用学
理论。在前人研究的基础上，本文旨在采用该理论的一些主要观点和明示一推
理的交际模式，来解决文学作品中的对同一作品的不同理解问题。
脸文首先在第一章简要的介绍了国内外该理论的研究现状。第二章首先回
顾了关联理论的理论背景，然后重点阐述了关联理论的一些主要观点。这些观
点主要包括关联的定义；语境的定义；语境与关联的关系；关联的程度：最佳
关联两原则及最佳关联与最大关联的区别。第三章则主要论述了关联理论的明
示一推理交际模式。其中包括明示一推理交际的基础：认知环境的互明；交际中
的明说与暗含；以及明示一推理交际中说话人的明示的两意图和听话人的推理
过程。最后还谈论到应用关联理论来分析书面语篇的可行性。
在全面论述了关联理论的主要观点和交际模式之后，在第四章，论文作者
将重点放在了关联理论对文学作品的解释力上。论文作者认为，文学作品也是
一种明示一推理交际。作家写作，其中的语句就是一种明示刺激；读者阅读作
品，其Ｉ哥读过程就是从作者的明示刺激中寻找关联，推导作者写作意图的推理
过程』。基于以上观点，本文作者着重分析了鲁迅作品《阿Ｑ正传》中阿Ｑ的主
要性格特点。对于阿Ｑ的主要性格特点，有两种不同的观点：一是其典型的精
神胜利法，二是其狡猾的投机心理。本论文借助关联理论的帮助，详细分析了
在形成这两种不同观点过程中的不同之处，最终认为，精神胜利法是与读者的
最大关联性想吻合，而狡猾的投机心理则是读者能够获得的最佳关联。因此得
出结论：狡猾的投机心理才是阿Ｑ的主要性格特点。
伯此，本文作者认为，关联理论不仅可以用来解释人类的自然语言交际，
对于非自然语言，比如文学作品的理解，也有很强的说服力ｙ
Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｚｈｏｕｙｉ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ
ＳｔｕｄＶ ｏｎ Ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅ Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ａｎｄ Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ
Ｙａｎｈｕｉ Ｐｅｉ，ＸｉａｏＸｉａ Ｙｏｕ
（Ｈａｎｄａｎ Ｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，Ｈａｎｄａｎ，Ｈｅｂｅｉ，Ｃｈｉｎａ ０５６０００）
Ａｂｓｔｒａ ｃｔ．Ｔｈｅ ｓｔａｒｔｉｎｇ ｐｏｉｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓ ｔｈｅｓｉｓ ｉｓ ａｌｌ ｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅ ａ ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ ｖｉｅｗ ｏｆ ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅ－ｂａｓｅｄ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ ｂｙ Ｅｍｓｔ－Ａｕｇｎｓｔ Ｇｕｔｔ．Ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ａｉｍ ｉｓ ｔｏ ｐｕｔ ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅ ｔｏ ａ ｍｏｒｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｂｌｅ ｕｓｅ ｉｎ ｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓ ｉｎ ｅｘｌｉｃａｔｕｒｅｓ ａｎｄ
ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｕｒｅｓ． Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ：Ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅ Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ，ｏｐｔｉｍａｌ Ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅ，Ｅｘｐｌｉｃａｔｕｒｅｓ，Ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｕｒｅｓ
１．Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ Ｂｅｆｏｒｅ Ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅ Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ｉｓ ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ ｉｎ ｄｅｔａｉ１．ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ
ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ｐａｉｄ ｔｏ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．Ｆｒｏｍ Ａｒｉｓｔｏｔｌｅ ｔｏ
ｍｏｄｅｍ ｓｅｍｉｏｔｉｃｉａｎｓ ｔｈｅ ｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｗｅｒｅ ｍｏｓｔｌｙ
ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｉｎｇｌｅ ｍｏｄｅ１－－－ｔｈｅ ｃｏｄｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ ｗｉｔｈ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍ－
ｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｉｔｓｅｌｆ ｉｓ ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔｅｄ ａｓ ａｎ ｅｎｃｏｄｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｄｅｃｏｄｉｎｇ ｐｒｏ－ ｃｅｓｓ．Ｐａｕｌ Ｇｒｉｃｅ ｈａｓ ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ ａ ｑｕｉｔｅ ｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｍｏｄｅｌ，ｔｈｅ ｉｎｆｅｒｅｎ・
